| 1. |
- Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Applied Cognitive Task Analysis (ACTA) of marine piloting in a Swedish Context
- 2023
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Ingår i: Human Factors in Transportation. - New York : AHFE International. - 9781958651711 ; 95:2023, s. 709-718
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Modern-day marine pilots are a competent and experienced workforce. They are highly skilled navigators that support the merchant fleet in transiting through challenging sea areas and rivers, as well as in the navigation in and out of ports. In this study, Applied Cognitive Task Analysis (ACTA) was used to pursue a deeper understanding of expertise and tacit or procedural knowledge that experts rely on and exhibit, mostly in safety-critical situations. ACTA is a structured interview method, which relies on three distinct phases: a task diagram, a knowledge audit and a simulation interview. In this article, results from the first two interview steps are presented to show the intricate complexity of pilotage and building blocks of expertise within marine pilotage. A total of eight experienced pilots from two different port areas in Sweden were interviewed. The results show that there are large differences in how pilotage is conducted in the two areas with regards to both tasks, knowledge and understanding of the service as such. Further, despite recognizing maneuvering as cognitively demanding, the pilots emphasized social skills and learning on the job as key elements of expertise. Conclusions drawn from the ACTA structure highlight the mentally and socially complex task that piloting is, and that the pilots use great discernment and acuity when processing verbal and non-verbal input, as well as physical human and vessel movements.
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| 2. |
- Ferreira, Pedro, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing the Impacts of Ship Automation Using the Functional Resonance Analysis Method
- 2021
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Ingår i: Advancing Resilient Performance. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030746889 - 9783030746896
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The maritime industry is experiencing a steady evolution towards a concept of fully automated ship operation. The implementation and use of automated systems have been debated for many decades, and yet substantial issues remain regarding its achievements in terms of improved safety and efficiency (Wiener and Curry, 1980). The assessment of potential impacts (i.e. risk assessment) emerging from the introduction of automation remains a key challenge. The integration and streamlining of operations significantly increase complexity, and the transformations that are introduced tend to produce unforeseen side effects, often with serious safety consequences (Dekker et al., 2011). © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.
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| 3. |
- Franca, Josue, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Analysing the interactions and complexities of the operationsin the production area of an FPSO platform using the functionalresonance analysis method (FRAM)
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Arabian Journal of Geosciences. - : Springer. - 1866-7511 .- 1866-7538. ; 15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The technological evolution of several productive sectors of society has demanded the same level of evolution for the oiland gas industry, both for energy production and their own systems’ functioning. The production of crude oil and naturalgas in offshore units is one of the answers to this demand. However, these offshore units have critical onboard activities andrisks, notably FPSO units; it is necessary to have adequate recognition of the elements that can support these activities andmanage these risks, enabling productive and safe operations. In this sense, this article aims to increase the understanding ofthe complex interactions and inherent safety issues that arise in the operations of FPSOs, observing and analysing the workdone onboard such platforms. The FRAM methodology has been chosen because it allows for the recognition and analysisof the complex interactions involving workers, equipment, system and offshore environment, focusing on the oil treatmentarea of the process plant. The results demonstrated some interesting findings regarding onboard safety and the relationshipbetween human competences, work demands and process safety.
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| 4. |
- Franca, Josue, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Development of a Debriefing Tool for Performance Evaluation in Maritime Training Simulations
- 2021
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Ingår i: Development of a Debriefing Tool for Performance Evaluation in Maritime Training Simulations. ; , s. 1-7
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents a proposal for a debriefing tool developed to support the development of bridge resource management skills of nautical science students. This debriefing tool consists of a set of questions that aim to trigger reflection about the bridge team’s performance during simulator exercises. The tool has been tested by students in conjunctions with the ship handling exercises. After this test, feedback from the students has been obtained through a focus group. The results show constrains that may jeopardize the utilization of a debriefing tool, but also encourages discussions regarding undesirable and desirable outcomes, gathering a channel for feedbacks. The study also indorsed this tool as a way of enhancing performance through the understanding, development and training of individual competences needed for a safe onboard work.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Hedqvist, Ann-Therese, Doktorand, et al.
(författare)
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Entangled in complexity : An ethnographic study of organizational adaptability and safe care transitions for patients with complex care needs
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Journal of Advanced Nursing. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0309-2402 .- 1365-2648.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: The aim of this study was to visualize vulnerabilities and explore the dynamics of inter-professional collaboration and organizational adaptability in the context of care transitions for patients with complex care needs.Design: An ethnographic design using multiple convergent data collection techniques.Methods: Data collection involved document review, participant observations and interviews with healthcare and social care professionals (HSCPs). Narrative analysis was employed to construct two illustrative patient scenarios, which were then examined using the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM). Thematic analysis was subsequently applied to synthesize the findings.Results: Inconsistencies in timing and precision during care transitions pose risks for patients with complex care needs as they force healthcare systems to prioritize structural constraints over individualized care, especially during unforeseen events outside regular hours. Such systemic inflexibility can compromise patient safety, increase the workload for HSCPs and strain resources. Organizational adaptability is crucial to managing the inherent variability of patient needs. Our proposed ‘safe care transition pathway’ addresses these issues, providing proactive strategies such as sharing knowledge and increasing patient participation, and strengthening the capacity of professionals to meet dynamic care needs, promoting safer care transitions.Conclusion: To promote patient safety in care transitions, strategies must go beyond inter-professional collaboration, incorporating adaptability and flexible resource planning. The implementation of standardized safe care transition pathways, coupled with the active participation of patients and families, is crucial. These measures aim to create a resilient, person-centred approach that may effectively manage the complexities in care transitions.Implications: The recommendations of this study span the spectrum from policy-level changes aimed at strategic resource allocation and fostering inter-professional collaboration to practical measures like effective communication, information technology integration, patient participation and family involvement. Together, the recommendations offer a holistic approach to enhance care transitions and, ultimately, patient outcomes.
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| 7. |
- Hedqvist, Ann-Therese, Doktorand, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring interdependencies, vulnerabilities, gaps and bridges in care transitions of patients with complex care needs using the Functional Resonance Analysis Method
- 2023
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Ingår i: BMC Health Services Research. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1472-6963. ; 23:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundHospital discharge is a complex process encompassing multiple interactions and requiring coordination. To identify potential improvement measures in care transitions for people with complex care needs, intra- and inter-organisational everyday work needs to be properly understood, including its interdependencies, vulnerabilities and gaps. The aims of this study were to 1) map coordination and team collaboration across healthcare and social care organisations, 2) describe interdependencies and system variability in the discharge process for older people with complex care needs, and 3) evaluate the alignment between discharge planning and the needs in the home.MethodsData were collected through participant observations, interviews, and document review in a region of southern Sweden. The Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) was used to model the discharge process and visualise and analyse coordination of care across healthcare and social care organisations.ResultsHospital discharge is a time-sensitive process with numerous couplings and interdependencies where healthcare professionals’ performance is constrained by system design and organisational boundaries. The greatest vulnerability can be found when the patient arrives at home, as maladaptation earlier in the care chain can lead to an accumulation of issues for the municipal personnel in health and social care working closest to the patient. The possibilities for the personnel to adapt are limited, especially at certain times of day, pushing them to make trade-offs to ensure patient safety. Flexibility and appropriate resources enable for handling variability and responding to uncertainties in care after discharge.ConclusionsMapping hospital discharge using the FRAM reveals couplings and interdependencies between various individuals, teams, and organisations and the most vulnerable point, when the patient arrives at home. Resilient performance in responding to unexpected events and variations during the first days after the return home requires a system allowing flexibility and facilitating successful adaptation of discharge planning.
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| 8. |
- Hedqvist, Ann-Therese, Doktorand, et al.
(författare)
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Integrating the FRAM and ethnography in nursing research : Insights from a project on complex care transitions
- 2024
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Ingår i: Presented at the 16th FRAMily meeting/workshop, Lund, Sweden, June 3-6, 2024.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The challenge of ensuring patient safety and continuity of care during complex care transitions necessitates a deeper understanding beyond what traditional research methodologies typically offer. This study explores the integration of the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) with ethnographically derived patient scenarios to thoroughly investigate the complexities, variabilities, and unforeseen dynamics within these transitions.Adopting an ethnographic methodology, we have developed patient scenarios through comprehensive document reviews, participant observations and interviews with 37 healthcare professionals across multiple healthcare environments. These scenarios set the stage for applying the FRAM analysis, enabling an in-depth analysis of the care transition process. This approach is pivotal for identifying critical moments and decisions that significantly affect patient safety and for revealing potential system vulnerabilities.Our research sheds light on the daily practices and challenges healthcare professionals face during complex care transitions. It highlights systemic vulnerabilities and areas prone to risks while emphasizing effective practices. It underscores the importance of patient and family participation in facilitating safe and seamless transitions. From our findings, we present a "safe care transition pathway," offering a structured approach that encapsulates strategies for patient and family participation, and recommendations for overcoming identified vulnerabilities.Our study demonstrates that combining the FRAM with ethnographic research and patient scenarios offers a comprehensive and nuanced methodology for analyzing complex healthcare processes. This approach is particularly valuable for uncovering the variabilities and emergent behaviors that can affect care transitions. It provides a scaffold for future nursing research and practice to improve understanding and management of complex care transitions in healthcare environments.
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| 9. |
- Hedqvist, Ann-Therese, Doktorand, et al.
(författare)
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Vulnerable patients in a complex system depend on interprofessional team adaptation at hospital discharge
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Society For Quality In Health Care (ISQua) 38th International Conference, Brisbane, Australia, October 17-20, 2022.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The highly differentiated and specialized healthcare systems are not optimally designed to provide patients with chronic conditions in need of treatment from multi-professional teams with a smooth and seamless care trajectory. Care transitions, especially hospital discharge, tend to be critical for patients' safety and health outcomes. Interprofessional team collaboration across care providers is crucial for efficient and safe care transitions, depending on dynamic and adaptive teams in the unavoidable uncertainty characterizing today's healthcare systems. This study explores adaptation and maladaptations in horizontal team collaboration in care transitions of vulnerable patients with complex care needs at discharge from hospital to their private homes.Methods: The study was conducted in a southern region in Sweden using an ethnographic methodology with participatory observations, document review and interviews. A total of 77 professionals from hospital and primary care participated. A purposive sampling strategy was utilized to capture the interprofessional team collaboration across organizations in the patient's care transition from hospital to home. The comprehensive data was then applied to two patient cases and analysed with the Functional Resonance Analysis Method.Results: Successful team adaptations as well as maladaptations are revealed as homecare team and patients attempt to manage the uncontrolled conditions in the home after discharge. Maladaptations occur as the organizational capacity is insufficient to meet the needs of the patients in their home environment. The demands challenge the resources of the patient, his or her family, and the homecare team must anticipate and adapt to the unexpected to maintain patient safety. Whether the team adaptations of preparing discharge were successful or not will be revealed through adaptive outcomes or adverse events. Information sharing emerges as a central prerequisite for successful team collaboration in care transitions. Flawed or insufficient access to information affected the team performance by hindering anticipating and planning for the care at home. In exacerbations of the chronic illness, information access and communication are needed to obtain a holistic view and respond to the altered care needs. For the team to adapt to the new demands, each team member require a clear understanding of their own as well as other team member’s roles and responsibilities. Ambiguity or imprecision could lead to uncertainty of who does what and where lines are drawn between organizations. By interprofessional collaboration during the discharge planning, a shared understanding of treatment and care needed at home is distributed to the team as a collective cognitive mind. Through a shared mental model, the team may anticipate and prepare for the patient's arrival home. When the team collaboration failed or communication was insufficient, gaps appeared, which pressed the need for further adaptations. Successful adaptations could bridge the gaps, maintaining safe and secure care for the patient, while maladaptations posed a risk of patient harm or re-hospitalisation.Conclusion: To maintain patient safety in transitional care from hospital to home, adaptations to the variability of the system are not to be stifled. Instead, the system needs to allow for flexibility, promoting availability of all resources needed since these are hard to predict. Responding to unexpected events and variations requires allocated resources in the first few days of homecoming, allowing for flexibility and thus increasing patient safety.
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| 10. |
- Hult, Carl, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Autonomi och Ansvar : Människans roll i framtidens sjöfart
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this project has been to explore future shipping centering around the human operators in the system. The ambition has been to offer a complementary perspective to ongoing technical developments and to put these into a social and organizational context. This report’s purpose has been to provide supportive information to administrations, the shipping industry and maritime vocational programs. Another goal has been to provide a clearer picture of the future, which hopefully will interest more young people for professions in the shipping industry.The role of human operators in future shipping has been explored based on two complementary perspectives, a sociological and a sociotechnical perspective. The main approach has been to collect, analyze and summarize attitudes, opinions and points of views of relevant actors. Data has been collected through focus groups with the advisory board, active seagoing officer and personnel in the maritime vocational education, as well as interviews with pilots and VTS-personnel. Further a survey was sent to all officers in the Swedish seafarer’s registry. In the beginning, two SWOT analyses (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) were conducted to provide a basis to the development of three different scenarios for future vessel concepts: vessel with less manning, convoy vessels, and vessel that is unmanned and supervised from shore for larger parts of the voyage. The vessel concepts were used in focus groups and semi-structured interviews to analyze the role of human operators, the organization of future traffic, resilience and potential competence demands in future shipping.The results show that the timeline for the implementation of different vessel concepts will certainly differ depending on the area of operation. The process will occur successively from well-protected test-areas towards routes in open waters. However, it is has been estimated that Swedish un-manned vessel operations in more established form will first be found in territorial coastal waters. The problem of operational responsibility is believed to become particularly difficult with unmanned vessels in international traffic.However, it has become clear that if the vessels become unmanned, the problem of operational responsibility becomes difficult to solve. Further, the results also show that the Swedish vocational training has the potential to quickly adapt to these changes. The results from the survey show that officers lack confidence and trust in the development towards unmanned traffic.Further, it might be hard to recruit older and more experienced officers to work ashore. However, nautical science and marine engineering student show a more positive attitude towards working in a shore-based center. The FRAM-analysis shows that the complexity of traffic organization and management is likely to increase with the introduction of unmanned vessels. It is anticipated that shore-based centers will not be able to substitute current services, such as pilotage or VTS. Thus, an increased need to communicate and coordinate across actors, such as pilots, VTS, port, may arise.The project’s results show that the complexity of change in the transport system is likely to require a systems approach to ensure that different perspectives and voices are acknowledge. It is not about developing the right technology, or services, but rather about understanding how various aspects, such as infrastructure, job motivation, competence demands, organization, and leadership will be affected by change.
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| 11. |
- Hult, Carl, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Intendenturpersonalens arbetsmiljö : arbetsmiljö, arbetsupplevelser, motivation och sjukskrivningar på passagerarfartyg
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det här projektet undersöker arbetsmiljön för intendenturpersonalen på svenska passagerarfar-tyg. Bakgrunden till projektet ligger i upptäckten att intendenturpersonal ombord passagerar-fartyg år 2010 uppvisade en betydligt högre upplevelse av utmattning, jämfört med andra per-sonalgrupper. Utmattningsupplevelsen indikerades med ett utmattningsindex bestående av ett flertal upplevelseaspekter rörande trötthet och stress i arbetet. Passagerarfartygens intendentur-personal har även rapporterat högre ohälsotal än andra personalkategorier i svensk sjöfart.Projektet innefattar en jämförelse av svenskregistrerad sjöpersonals upplevelser av utmattning fördelat på ombordfunktioner och fartygstyp vid mellan 2010 och 2015, samt förhållandet mel-lan arbetstillfredsställelse, motivation och utmattningsupplevelse inom intendenturen år 2015. I projektet analyseras även Försäkringskassans sjukskrivningsstatistik för åren 2011–2014 med avseende på sjuktalen för långa sjukskrivningar över 60 dagar och diagnosfördelning för inten-denturpersonalen, samt om det möjligt att göra en analytisk koppling till upplevelsen av utmatt-ning. Genom intervjuer och observationer med chefer och medarbetare ombord och iland un-dersöks vilka fysiska, organisatoriska och sociala faktorer som upplevs vara av betydelse för arbetsmiljön.Det övergripande målet är att identifiera friskfaktorer för att minska risken för utmattning och ohälsa som kan leda till långa sjukskrivningar och lämna välgrundade rekommendationer för branschen.Resultaten visar att passagerarfartygens besättning rapporterar högst utmattningsupplevelse både 2010 och 2015. Intendenturpersonalen är också klart överrepresenterade i sjukskrivnings-statistiken och sjuktalen, vilket kan kopplas till upplevelsen av utmattning.Enkätundersökningen 2015 visar att intendenturpersonalen rapporterar mest negativa upplevel-ser av arbetssituation, kamratskap och ledarskap jämfört med andra avdelningar. Det är dock en generellt motiverad yrkesgrupp med hög arbetstillfredsställelse. Friskfaktorer som visat sig lindra utmattningsupplevelsen (bemanning, vila, ledarskap, relationer till andra avdelningar) stärker personalens motivation att arbeta till sjössÖkad delaktighet hos intendenturpersonalen i arbetsmiljöarbete och arbetsplatsens utformning kan minska de negativa och höja de hälsofrämjande effekterna av förändringsarbete ombord. Den sociala arbetsmiljön är en viktig del av arbetet till sjöss och omfattar även den lediga tid som tillbringas ombord. Arbetsmiljöarbete bör därför omfatta åtgärder som bryter ner gränser mellan avdelningar, skapar sammanhållning och en gemensam identitet för intendenturen och besättningen i stort.
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| 12. |
- Hult, Carl, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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On the Future of Maritime Transport - Discussing Terminology and Timeframes
- 2019
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Ingår i: TransNav, International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation. - : Faculty of Navigation. - 2083-6473 .- 2083-6481. ; 13:2, s. 269-273
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper offers an analytical discussion on the terminology and timeframes related to the future of shipping. The discussion is based on issues that have surfaced within the Swedish research project Autonomy and responsibility. The paper argues that the concept 'autonomous ships' has become an indicator of that seafarers soon will become obsolete - which may have negative consequences for the supply of maritime competence in coming years - and that the proper definition of the term 'autonomous' describes something that will never apply to a ship. Ships can be given the possibility, but hardly the full right or condition of self-government. It is argued that 'smart ships', or perhaps 'intelligent ships', are more appropriate, since these terms describe the current and future state of technology without predicting how humans will prefer to use it. The estimated timeframes for implementation of unmanned ships suggest no threat to the seafaring occupation for coming generation. The content of the occupation will of course change due to the phase of implementation of degree of digitalization, but there will always be a need for maritime knowledge and understanding.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Huzzard, Tony, et al.
(författare)
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Utforska ohälsans orsaker
- 2017
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Ingår i: Upsala Nya Tidning (UNT). - Uppsala. - 1104-0173. ; , s. A5-
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Organisationsforskning ur arbetsperspektiv har fått sämre förutsättningar, fast den kan minska ohälsa på arbetsplatserna, skriver fem forskare.
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| 16. |
- Hybinette, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring patient flow management through a lens of cognitive systems engineering
- 2023
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Ingår i: Ergonomics. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0014-0139 .- 1366-5847. ; 66:12, s. 2106-2120
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hospitals work to provide quality, safety, and availability to patients with a wide variety of care needs, which makes efficient prioritisation and resource utilisation essential. Anticipation of each patients' trajectory, while monitoring available resources across the hospital, are major challenges for patient flow management. This study focuses on how hospital patient flow management is realised in situ with the help of concepts from cognitive systems engineering. Five semi-structured interviews with high level managers and shadowing observations of seven full work-shifts with management teams were conducted, to explore how patient flow is coordinated and communicated across the hospital. The data has been analysed using qualitative content analysis. The results describe patient flow management using an adapted Extended Control Model (ECOM) and reveal how authority and information might be better placed closer to clinical work for increased efficiency of patient flow.Practitioner summary: This study describes how a large tertiary paediatric hospital's patient flow management functions. The results offer a new understanding of how patient flow management is communicated and coordinated across organisational levels of the hospital and how authority and information might be better placed closer to clinical work for increased efficiency.
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| 17. |
- Kataria, Aditi, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring Bridge-Engine Control Room Collaborative Team Communication
- 2015
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Ingår i: TransNav, International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation. - : Faculty of Navigation. - 2083-6473 .- 2083-6481. ; 9:2, s. 169-176
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The EC funded CyClaDes research project is designed to promote the increased impact of the human element in shipping across the design and operational lifecycle of ships. It addresses the design and operation of ships and ship systems. One of the CyClaDes’ tasks is to create a crew‐centered design case‐study examination of the information that is shared between the Bridge and Engine Control Room (ECR) that helps the crew coordinate to ensure understanding and complete interconnected tasks. This information can be provided in various ways, including communication devices or obtained from a common database, display, or even the ship environment (e.g., the roll of the ship). A series of semi‐structured interviews were conducted with seafarers of diverse ranks to get a better idea of what communication does, or should, take place and any problems or challenges existing in current operations and interdepartmental communications, as seen from both the bridge and ECR operators’ perspectives. Included in the interview were both the standard communications and information shared during planning and executing a voyage, as well as special situations such as safety/casualty tasks or encountering heavy weather. The results were analyzed in terms of the goals of the communication, the primary situations of interest for communication and collaboration, the communication media used, the information shared, and the problems experienced. The seafarer interviews helped to explore on‐board interdepartmental communication and the results are presented in the paper.
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| 18. |
- Kataria, Aditi, et al.
(författare)
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On common ground at sea : The proactive negotiation for channel navigation
- 2014
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Ingår i: Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation. - : AHFE Conference. - 9781495120978 ; , s. 222-230
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) provides support to marine traffic in congested waters to ensure safe and smooth vessel movement in the waters under its purview. The VTS operators monitor the traffic with the decision support system at hand and talk to the ships on the Very High Frequency (VHF) radio. Safe channel navigation is proactively achieved by interaction and communication on the radio. Thus traffic management within the VTS domain is a complex joint activity, in which diverse stakeholders (bridge teams, VTS operators, pilots etc.) adopt one or more available communicative roles within technologically-mediated interactions to achieve safe and fluent traffic movement. This paper argues that the communicative achievement of channel navigation is a complex joint activity requiring the building up and active sustenance of common ground to promote teamwork and contribute to safe and efficient vessel movements. Monitoring common ground is integral to monitoring oceangoing traffic. This paper draws upon data from the audio recordings of the working channel of the VTS in a major South Asian world port. The authors argue that the proactive, real-time dynamic management of common ground contributes to enhanced situational awareness and sustains safe channel navigation.
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| 19. |
- Klomp, Rolf, et al.
(författare)
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Ecological interface design : Control space robustness in future trajectory-based Air Traffic control decision support
- 2014
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Ingår i: 2014 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC). - : IEEE conference proceedings. - 9781479938407 - 9781479938414 - 9781479938391 ; 2014:January, s. 329-334
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract:The current evolution of the Air Traffic Management system towards trajectory-based operations is foreseen to bring large changes to the work domain of the Air Traffic Controller. Although this new form of Air Traffic Control leans heavily on the introduction of advanced automation, the general consensus is that the human must remain actively involved in the decision-making loop, and retain the ultimate responsibility for the safety of operations. These responsibilities, together with the complexities of the new task, require the development of innovative decision support tools. In previous research, and following the principles of Ecological Interface Design, a constraint-based decision support tool has been developed for the task of strategic trajectory manipulation. Rather than presenting discrete optimized solutions to the controller, this Travel Space Representation visualizes the constraints for safe control in the form of a set of `go' and `no go' areas. A validation experiment demonstrated that when using this tool, controllers sometimes opted for controlling close to the boundaries of safe control, or for resolutions in narrow control spaces. These results gave rise to concern that such a representation could actually work against the flexibility of the system to cope with inherent system variability. In this study, a metric and two measures have been developed in order to quantify and compare trajectory-based robustness to probabilistic disturbances. A batch-analysis has been performed to investigate how these measures vary for a crossing pair of aircraft under various geometry. Results show that the metric captures additional information which is currently not represented in the tool. When visualized to the controller, this could support them to choose more robust control strategies.
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| 20. |
- Klomp, Rolf, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental Evaluation of a Joint Cognitive System for 4D Trajectory Management
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the SESAR Innovation Days (2013). - Brussels : Eurocontrol. - 9782874970740 ; , s. 1-7
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Effective joint human-automation coordination is essential in order to support the central role of the human operator in foreseen future trajectory-based air traffic operations. The SESAR WP-E project C-SHARE aims to achieve this by taking a Cognitive Systems Engineering approach, based upon accomplishing joint human and automation cognition through a shared representation of 4D-trajectory management. In foregoing research, a work domain model and a joint humanmachine interface has been developed to support the human operator in the task of en-route 4D trajectory re-planning. This paper presents the findings of two experiments that aimed to determine the effect of both the initial level of traffic orderliness (i.e., structured versus unstructured traffic) and the scale of perturbations acting upon the airspace (e.g., number of conflicts and restricted areas) on the overall effectiveness of such a system. The findings of the experimental evaluation show that the CSHARE approach to joint human-automation coordination in perturbation management is promising. Further, the experiment subjects accepted the tool and found it supportive for the task at hand, resulting in a manageable degree of workload during all experiment scenarios.
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| 21. |
- Larsson, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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Drift och operation av smarta fartyg
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Färjerederiet har beställt två nya vägfärjor som är utrustade med ett smart system och är förberedda för automation. Färjorna kommer innebära stora förändringar i Färjerederiets organisation och ett nytt behov av kompetens. I dagsläget finns enbart några få autonoma färjor i drift i omvärlden, och Färjerederiets blir några av de första att driftsättas. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur de nya färjorna kommer att påverka drift, organisation, utbildning och personal. Metoden som följdes var Training Needs Analysis (TNA), och projektet inleddes med en litteraturstudie som kartlade tidigare forskning om smarta fartyg. Därefter startades datainsamlingen som bestod av ett 20-tal intervjuer med besättning, underhållspersonal, utbildningspersonal samt annan personal i organisationen Färjerederiet, samt observationer vid två färjeleder. Dagslägets processcheman och befattningsbeskrivningar, samt beställningsspecifikationerna för de nya färjorna, har också studerats.Det är tydligt att det kommer att bli skillnader både i drift och i organisation. Arbetsuppgifter försvinner, tillkommer och förändras. De nya färjorna är tekniskt mer avancerade än dagens, precis den nya simulatorn som är beställd som en kopia av de nya färjebryggorna. ROC kommer också innebära förändringar, både i regelverk och befattningsbeskrivningar. Planen på att dra ned på personal ombord färjorna är heller inte möjlig innan regelverksändringar är klara. Vidare har intervjupersonerna spridda inställningar till de nya färjorna, och vissa tror att de kommer att mötas av motstånd av många anställda. De intervjuade är dock överens om att en övergång till fullt autonoma färjor kommer att ta lång tid. Slutligen, har en lista med olösta frågor kopplade till införskaffandet har också identifierats, som måste lösas innan en lyckad implementation är möjlig.
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| 22. |
- Lundberg, Jonas, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
-
Modelling operator control work across traffic management domains : implications for interaction design
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Traffic management in aviation, shipping, and rail transport shows similarities and dissimilarities in the work process. For example, they share the temporal aspect, but different levels of urgency in the control work set different requirements on monitoring, decisions, and actions. However, few studies have been presented that model and compare the different domains in terms of temporal decision-making. The Joint Control Framework (JCF) is an approach to analyse and temporally model operators’ control processes from a cognitive systems engineering perspective. In this study, we have used JCF to map, and compare, cognitive joints, such as perceptions, decisions, and actions, in temporally challenging control situations in air traffic control, maritime vessel traffic service, and train traffic management. Data was collected collaboratively with traffic operators, focusing on (1) identifying challenging traffic situations and (2) jointly modelling the temporal decision-making patterns of these situations using simplified JCF. Post-analysis was done by breaking down the results into different processes and comparing domains to ascertain how operators maintain control. An intermediate level of activity—between general monitoring and work with specific vehicles—was identified: processes-in-focus. A shared problem arises in the shift between general monitoring and the processes-in-focus. All processes-in-focus comprise cognitive joint cycles of perceptions, decisions, and actions. However, depending on the framing of processes-in-focus, the patterns of joints, such as temporal extension and complexity, differ. In the remainder of the article, implications for the interaction design, in particular the potential for human–AI/automation teaming with higher levels of automation and cognitive autonomy, are discussed.
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| 23. |
- Osvalder, Anna-Lisa, 1961, et al.
(författare)
-
Evaluation of eye-tracking as support in simulator training for maritime pilots
- 2023
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Swedish Maritime Administration provides maritime pilotage when vessels operate in Swedish pilotage-obliged water. Through the maritime pilot's knowledge of the waterways and experience of maneuvering different types of vessels, the pilot contributes to ensure that maritime and environmental safety as well as accessibility can be maintained. In addition to skills in ship maneuvering, navigation and seamanship, the ability to interact with various types of technology, cultures and crews is also required. Each ship is unique in terms of propulsion, steering, navigation, and communication equipment as well as maneuvering and information instruments. With increased levels of automation, the demands on maritime pilots to interpret, understand and handle technology are increasing. Today, the maritime pilot training is based on a long tradition of apprenticeship, where the pilot's competence can be seen as implicit (tacit) knowledge developed through years of experience at sea. But, since the maritime pilot profession is a practice in change, it puts higher demands on the pilot training. One step is to find out the experienced maritime pilots' valuable tacit knowledge and transfer this to the next generation. Another step is to include new technology in teaching activities, such as using eye-tracking in simulator training. The purpose of this multidisciplinary research project was to investigate what it means to be a professionally competent maritime pilot, and how current training practitioners are organized for pilot students to develop professional competence. Also, how the training can be further developed to achieve improved quality. The following research questions have been answered: (1) What are the strengths and weaknesses of today's simulator maritime pilot training? (2) What methods can be used to find tacit knowledge and visual expertise from experienced pilots useful in the pilot training? (3) What didactic methods and technical support can be used to transfer tacit knowledge and visual expertise efficiently and reliably from experienced pilots to pilot students? (4) What needs for technical and didactical competence development do instructors require when implementing new technology in the pilot training? The research questions were answered through four empirical studies: (1) Mapping strengths, weaknesses, and challenges in today's pilot training. Special focus was on exploring aspects of the pilot's tacit knowledge. (2) Studying how the pilot's visual expertise develops within and through social interaction during simulator-based activities in the pilot training. If and how is the simulator environment a realistic and relevant training context for pilots. (3) Exploration of eye movement patterns in experienced pilots and pilot students. (4) Evaluation of how instructors can interpret and use data from eye-tracking as a basis for training and assessment of pilot students. 3 The overall results from the research project have contributed to an increased understanding of how challenges and opportunities in today's maritime pilot training can be met with the help of new didactical and technical approaches in simulator training. The project has also generated recommendations and measures for how professional knowledge can be trained and assessed through participation in simulator environments. The specified results about using eye-tracking as a didactic tool, and facilitator of tacit knowledge transfer in simulator based maritime pilot training are: Eye-tracking • Eye-tracking is usable as a support during the simulator training in the Pilot Training Program (PTP) in terms of visualizing attention, scanning, gaze behavior, and as a mean to support simulator session briefings. • A systematic implementation of eye-tracking in terms of establishing pedagogical and didactical documentation is required to reach set training objectives. • Effective utilization of eye-tracking requires considerable resources in terms of time, equipment, infrastructure, staff, and training of staff by the PTP organization. • Physiological prerequisites among participants such as corrected vison and head posture requires mitigation. • Using eye-tracking to assess collaborative task performance lacks a specific methodology. • Links between visual attention, cognition, and learning are not clear and require more research. Tacit knowledge transfer • The reproduction of pilots’ tacit knowledge was not found during the simulator part of the PTP, except during the part dealing with Marine Resource Management (MRM) training. • It is ambiguous if the reproduction of specific pilot skills is based on tacit knowledge transfer or on development of know-how (using volume training) combined with pattern recognition over time (experiences from different vessels on the same waterway). • Pilot specific skills such as controlled navigation, ships handling, and hydrodynamics were initially regarded as plausible tacit knowledge nodes but were subsequently assessed as generic for any Master. • Using volume training, pilot specific skills were systematically trained to a higher standard. • Developing pilot specific skills are in terms of guided experiences during apprenticeship predominantly located at the Local Training Plan (LTP) part of the PTP. • Identified tacit knowledge transfer events may contain more of articulated rules, procedures, or operational descriptions than tacit knowledge.
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| 24. |
- Patriarca, Riccardo, et al.
(författare)
-
Framing the FRAM : A literature review on the functional resonance analysis method
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Safety Science. - : Elsevier. - 0925-7535 .- 1879-1042. ; 129, s. 1-23
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) has been motivated by the perceived limitations of fundamentally deterministic and probabilistic approaches to understand complex systems’ behaviour. Congruent with the principles of Resilience Engineering, over recent years the FRAM has been progressively developed in scientific terms, and increasingly adopted in industrial environments with reportedly successful results. Nevertheless, a wide literature review focused on the method is currently lacking. On these premises, this paper aims to summarise all available published research in English about FRAM. More than 1700 documents from multiple scientific repositories were reviewed through a protocol based on the PRISMA review technique. The paper aims to uncover a number of characteristics of the FRAM research, both in terms of the method’s application and of the authors contributing to its development. The systematic analysis explores the method in terms of its methodological aspects, application domains, and enhancements in qualitative and quantitative terms, as well as proposing potential future research directions.
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| 25. |
- Porathe, Thomas, 1954, et al.
(författare)
-
Communicating intended routes in ECDIS : Evaluating technological change
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 60, s. 366-370
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Misunderstanding each other's intentions is one of the most common causes of shipping accidents. By sending out a number of waypoints ahead and displaying them on the Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) a ship's intentions would be clearly visible for other ships. Displaying ships’ intentions would be a major change compared to navigation today. It could be very beneficial but it could also have unintended consequences. This paper reports on findings from an evaluation looking for unintended consequences of change using system simulation. During the simulation an unanticipated behavior was observed. Bridge crews started to click and drag waypoints too negotiate crossing situations ahead of time. The behavior could be compared to agreeing over the VHF. However further research is needed to evaluate this new behavior and how it aligns to COLREGS.
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| 26. |
- Porathe, Thomas, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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What is your Intention? Communicating Routes in Electronic Nautical Charts
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1877-0428. ; , s. 3266-3273
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reports preliminary findings on a simulator study looking for unintended consequences of letting ships exchange routs by use of the Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS). In a prototype system tested ship's intended routes are visible to other ships, and the Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) has the ability to send suggested routes to addressed ships. Preliminary findings show positive response from professional participants in the study although some concerns were also raised.
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| 27. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980
(författare)
-
A Matter of Best Practice and Common Sense: Maritime Safety from a Crew Perspective
- 2010
-
Ingår i: D-CIS Lab Human Factors Event.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The concept of maritime safety is widely used in regulations, recommendations and guidelines, e.g. SOLAS (IMO, 1974), in the shipping domain. Various regulators (e.g. IMO, national maritime administrations) define this concept as the overall goal which is to be achieved by measures such as Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS), Vessel Traffic Service (VTS), and fairway design etc. Common is also the introduction of new technology, e.g. decision support systems, with the aim to improve this specific type of safety. To the best of my knowledge, most of the research in the shipping domain connected to safety issues has up to now focused on technology development or on quantitative measures of performance in simulated environments (e.g. Sablowski, 1989; Perdok & Wewerinke, 1995; Hockey et al., 2003; Stitt, 2003; Koester & Sørensen 2004; Hetherington et al., 2006). It has also been a common approach to study maritime safety by assessing the safety culture on board (Ek, Olsson, & Akselsson, 2000) as well as to identify the human element or human error as the root of accidents in this domain (e.g. Schager, 2008; Zachau, 2008). Although there is a large body of quantitative research, the results of these studies fail to explain maritime safety as a concept from a crew perspective. Therefore this qualitative study has been conducted to derive insights in how crew members on board of merchant vessels define, promote and act in relation to the concept maritime safety.The preliminary results of this study indicate that maritime safety from the crew perspective is more than what is stated in legal national and international guidelines, rules and regulations. The work the individual crew member conducts in relation to safety consists of actions taken based on knowledge and experience. The resources and precondition for the work on board are highly dependent on the investments a company is willing to make to promote safety. Further, instead of identifying the human as the failing part in the system, it should be considered that the crew members actively shape and promote maritime safety by the work that they are conducting within the boundaries set by external parties. Finally, rather than introducing more technology, there should be considerations on what type of systems and services are needed to conduct the safety-related activities carried out daily by the crew members to maintain a constant level of safety.
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| 28. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Control and Resilience Within the Maritime Traffic Management Domain
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making. - : SAGE Publications. - 1555-3434 .- 2169-5032. ; 8:4, s. 303-317
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents research conducted within the Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) domain. VTS is a service that is provided close to ports and geographically challenging areas to support merchant vessels in their navigation. Although VTS is legally an advice and assistance service, applying concepts from Cognitive Systems Engineering and Resilience Engineering can highlight how the joint human-machine system works to promote safe and efficient traffic movements. The VTS is a Joint Cognitive System that maintains control through a mixture of opportunistic and tactical control. Strategic control is only partially supported by the higher levels of system aggregation that provide the basis for defining daily operations within the settings of the VTS. To increase the VTS system’s ability to anticipate, respond, monitor, and learn, and therefore the ability to be resilient, there is a need to promote more strategic and tactical control within daily operations.
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| 29. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980, et al.
(författare)
-
Decision support for vessel traffic service (VTS): user needs for dynamic risk management in the VTS
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Work. - 1051-9815 .- 1875-9270. ; 41:Suppl. 1, s. 4866-4872
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) is a shore-side service implemented by a “Competent Authority to improve the safetyand efficiency of vessel traffic and to protect the environment”. It is a service that operates through VTS centers, from which VTS operators monitor traffic, assist in navigational matters and provide information to all ships in a designated area. As VTS is provided by operators located on shore, they usually make use of several decision support systems to be able to monitor thetraffic and to provide information to the vessels. Although several new tools and approaches have been introduced in the VTS domain, there is still room for improvements.This paper summarizes the results from three studies conducted within the EfficienSea project to approach user needs for dynamic risk management in the VTS domain. Data was collected by conducting study visits and observations at VTS centers, a focus group interview as well as several semi-structured interviews. The paper summarizes the results and presents technical and organizational user needs for dynamic risk management within the VTSdomain.
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| 30. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Design of a Tool to Explore the Relationship Between Non-technical Skills and Resilience Capabilities
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030800116 - 9783030800123 ; , s. 487-494
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Non-technical skills (NTS) training is an important part of frontline operator training across many high-risk domains. Within maritime education and training (MET), NTS are trained as part of Maritime Resource Management (MRM) courses. MRM represents the maritime adaptation of the original crew resource management training from the aviation domain. While the ambition of resource management training is to enhance team performance, research reports a strong focus on the assessment and measurement of NTS on an individual level, not always taking the team as unit of analysis into concern. Therefore, this paper aims to contribute to a critical discussion of the relationship between NTS and teamperformance. It explores how to potentially analyze the relationship between NTS and experiences of operational resilience an presents an attempt to operationalize NTS and resilience cornerstones (REC) in a questionnaire for maritime trainees. While the questionnaire focuses on the maritime domain, the lessons learned from the construction of items may guide the development of further operationalization in other high-risk domains.
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| 31. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Enacting Reliability : First steps to define safety in the VTS domain
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Conference on Human Performance at Sea, HPAS 2010.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although the term maritime safety is widely used in the maritime industry, there is no exact definition of what it entails. An explorative study of the VTS domain has been conducted to approach the concept of maritime safety. Four VTS centres were visited and 16 VTS operators were interviewed and observed to derive insights in how maritime safety is constructed from the perspective of an operator. Further, definitions of maritime safety by central actors in the maritime domain have been investigated through a literature study and several interviews. The results indicate that there is no common definition of the term maritime safety. The organisations generally identify maritime safety as an overall goal or an umbrella term for measures such as traffic separation schemes or fairway design. In contrast to this, VTS operators consider maritime safety as a context-dependent condition that is shaped by their own actions. Risk and safety therefore are assessed based on situational factors, such as traffic density and geography, as well as on the individual experiences. We conclude that there is a gap concerning the understanding and definition of maritime safety between most of the central actors (regulators, administrative bodies etc.) and the VTS operators.
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| 32. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Exploring strengths and weaknesses in professional marine pilot education
- 2022
-
Ingår i: In: Katie Plant and Gesa Praetorius (eds) Human Factors in Transportation. AHFE (2022) International Conference. AHFE Open Access, vol 60. AHFE International, USA. - New York : AHFE International. ; , s. 657-664
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents findings from a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT)-analysis of the current marine pilot training. Five experts participated in a focused group interview. The results show that the training is strengthened by the wide variety of practical experiences that the instructors gain from actively working as pilots while being engaged in the education. Furthermore, the advantage of being able to use real-life experience to design training units increases the transferability of training to work settings. However, the experts also highlight the general lack of organizational support and pedagogical training, which may affect the quality and delivery of the education, as well as the lack of short- and long-term evaluation, so it remains unknown what parts of the education are successful and where potential improvements are necessary. The paper concludes by arguing that maritime pilot training should be developed into a professionalized teaching practice.
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| 33. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
FRAM in FSA : Introducing a Function-Based Approach to the Formal Safety Assessment Framework
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319416823 ; , s. 399-411
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) is a structured methodology in maritime safety rule making processes. FSA takes organizational, technical and human-related factors into concern. While the method allows for the use of expert input during the identification of hazards and risk control options, the FSA guidelines give preference to assessment methods grounded in quantitative risk assessment. No specific guidance is given on how expert input should be obtained. This article therefore presents the findings of a pilot study with the objective to introduce the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) as a method to enrich FSA studies through structured expert input. Two focus groups (n = 6) were conducted to compare hazards and risk control options identified in one scenario with the help of fault tree analysis and FRAM. The results of the study show that FRAM has the potential to enrich hazard identification as a complementary tool.
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| 34. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Have a Healthy Lifestyle or Organize Work : Creating Healthy Shipboard Work Environments
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 20th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2018). - Cham : Springer. - 9783319960883 ; , s. 455-464
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents findings from a study concerning the work environment on board Swedish passenger vessels. The study explored workrelated experiences of personnel in the service department (hotel, restaurant, catering, shops) based on individual and group interviews, observations, survey data and social insurance statistics concerning sick leave longer than 60 days. The results of this paper are based on ten semi-structured individual and group interviews with 16 respondents. The respondents were HR personnel from six shipping companies and crewmembers working onboard. The results show that in the HR personnel’s perception, healthy work environments are often associated to individual personal health activities, such as access to a gym or healthcare, lectures or other measures directed towards the individual seafarer. Aspects of the organizational and social work environments were barely mentioned as stressors or as contributing factors to an increasing number of sick absences. The interviewed crewmembers, however, highlighted the need for both organizational and social measures to foster healthy work environments. The need for employee participation within the organizational design and decision-making processes, including methods on how to conduct risk assessments prior to physical and organizational changes and follow up their consequences were emphasized. Thus, to create safe and sustainable work environments on board, more attention needs to be directed towards including shipboard personnel in the physical and organizational design of their own work environment rather than promoting a healthy lifestyle through measures directed towards the individual worker.
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| 35. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
How to Train for Everyday Work - A Comparative Study of Non-technical Skill Training
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2021). - Cham : Springer. - 9783030746018 - 9783030746025 ; , s. 534-542
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a comparative study of training of non-technical skills in the maritime and lignite power domains. Non-technical skills (NTS) are the cognitive, social and personal resource skills that complement technical skills in operations within high-risk domains. Training NTS is essential to maintain safety in operational contexts, such as onboard a merchant vessel or in the operation of a lignite power plant. Contextual interviews and observations have been conducted across 8 operator training courses, three maritime and five lignite power. The results indicate that the training approaches and their execution differs greatly despite having a common theoretical basis. While training in the observed maritime courses often combined longer theoretical lectures with group exercises and high-fidelity simulations, the focus of the training remained on the use of specific NTS techniques or tools to prevent accidents and incidents. In contrast to this approach, the training in the lignite power domain primarily focused on how to integrate selected NTS into daily operations. While the lignite training also utilized incident examples and shorter lectures, the focus remained on simulating everyday work tasks and to apply newly learned practices as part of routine operations and standard operational procedures. Further, trainees in the lignite training courses were empowered to take charge of their learning processes, as parts of the training let them recreate situations from their work within the simulator. This article highlights lessons learned from each domain with the goal of improving training practices for NTS in high-risk operations.
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| 36. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Increased Awareness for Maritime Human Factors through e-learning in Crew-centered Design
- 2015
-
Ingår i: 6th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2015) and the Affiliated Conferences, AHFE 2015. - : Elsevier. ; , s. 2824-2831
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the past two decades, the need to address human factors in shipping through integration of ergonomics in the design of ships and shipboard equipment has increased significantly as a result of the technological development of modern ships. The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the United Nations’ specialized organizationfor ship safety issues, has adopted a vision to address human factors as a key element for the improvement of maritime safety, and in that context acknowledges the human element as complex and multi-dimensional. IMO’s standards focus on the avoidance of human and organization error. But in spite of this, and despite the availability of qualified guidance on maritime human factors, there is little evidence of what could be seen as a comprehensive regulatory framework for crew-centered design, i.e. a design practice where ships and ships’ equipment is explicitly designed with human operator usability as an integral part of the design process. Recently, a European Commission sponsored project CyClaDes has made an attempt to address this paradox from a number of vantage points: An accident analysis, interviews with mariners (n=23), and short visits on board 5 vessels have been conducted to identify knowledge that provides insights into crew involvement in design, which, in turn, have been used to develop five training packages as one outcome of the project.
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| 37. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980, et al.
(författare)
-
Learning from the past for pro-activity -A re-analysis of the accident of the MV Herald of Free Enterprise
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the fourth Resilience Engineering Symposium, June 8-10, 2011, Sophia Antipolis. - 9782911256479 ; , s. 217-225
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- On the evening of the 6th of March, 1987, the Roll on/Roll off Ferry Herald of Free Enterprise left the berth in the port of Zeebrugge at 18.05 and capsized about 20 minutes later. 188 people died in this tragic event. A formal investigation report concluded that both the crewmembers and the shipping company were to be held responsible for the outcome.Although the shipping company was considered partly accountable, the investigation based its result on a rather person-centered view on how accidents occur. This perspective on accidents, being the outcome of a chain of events leading to an unwanted consequence, has been challenged during the past 20 years by several researchers. This article re-analyzes this specific accident from a systemic perspective. Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) is used to shed new light on what may have cause the ship to capsize. In addition, we discuss whether results from accident analysis can be used to develop pro-active measures for the safe operation of ships.
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| 38. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Learning lessons in resilient traffic management : A cross-domain study of Vessel Traffic Service and Air Traffic Control
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Human Factors : a view from an integrative perspective. - Groningen : HFES Europe Chapter. - 9780945289449 ; , s. 277-287
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although younger than the maritime domain, aviation has had a huge impact on the system design and development within shipping. Stakeholders often look towards aviation to make shipping, and the way that traffic is handled and organised, safer, more efficient and more effective. Although legally not the same, Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) is frequently compared to Air Traffic Control (ATC). In this article the area of traffic management within the maritime and aviation domains is addressed from a Resilience Engineering perspective. Focus is placed on the arrival part of a mission. The comparison is based on information collected during two study visits at VTS centres and one study visit at an ATC centre. The two organisations are described with the help of the Resilient Engineering capabilities: to respond, to monitor, to anticipate, and to learn. Furthermore, it is discussed how VTS and ATC adapt to cope with the complexity encountered during daily work.
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| 39. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Maritime Resource Management : Current Training Approaches and Potential Improvements
- 2020
-
Ingår i: TransNav, International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation. - Gdynia, Poland : Gdynia Maritime University. - 2083-6473 .- 2083-6481. ; 14:3, s. 573-584
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Shipping can be regarded as a high-risk domain with a large complexity in operations. Accidents and incidents may involve serious danger for seafarers and passengers, as well as for the environment and society at large. Education and training play a crucial role for the safe conduct of ships. While technical skills have been at the core of a mariner’s skillset, non-technical skills (NTS) have become increasingly important for the safe conduct of merchant vessels. Therefore, knowledge in NTS has become a mandatory requirement for officers serving on board. This knowledge is normally taught in courses labelled Bridge Resource Management, Engine room Resource Management, or Maritime Resource Management. While the number of courses in the industry is steadily increasing, research focused on NTS training and its relation to safety in operation seems sparse. This review article aims to provide an overview of scientific literature focused on training NTS for maritime operations published between 2000 and 2018. Based on the reviewed literature the article identifies and discusses current research gaps, trends and potential future directions to improve maritime resource management training.
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| 40. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Maritime Resource Management in the Marine Engineering and Nautical Science Education : Attitudes and Implication for Training and Evaluation
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030509422 - 9783030509439 ; , s. 461-467
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study presents a survey that has been conducted as part of a larger research project focused on crew resource management in the maritime domain. As research focused on this type of training is currently limited, the Ship Management Attitude Questionnaire (SMAQ) developed by a Swedish marine insurance company, has been adopted to explore NTS knowledge of fourth year students in a maritime education program. Thirty-one students within the maritime academy’s Nautical Science (n = 21) and Marine Engineering (n = 10) programs participated in the survey. The age of the participants ranged between 22 and 46 years (M = 26.6, SD = 5.79). The results show that the questionnaire as is, is maladapted to explore NTS. It is also indicated that practices trained are not always encountered in the work onboard. The article concludes with a discussion on how to potentially improve the evaluation and assessment of NTS in maritime degree programs.
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| 41. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Modelling Vessel Traffic Service to understand resilience in everyday operations
- 2015
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Ingår i: Reliability Engineering & System Safety. - : Elsevier BV. - 0951-8320 .- 1879-0836. ; 141, s. 10-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) is a service to promote traffic fluency and safety in the entrance to ports. This article׳s purpose has been to explore everyday operations of the VTS system to gain insights in how it contributes to safe and efficient traffic movements. Interviews, focus groups and an observation have been conducted to collect data about everyday operations, as well as to grasp how the VTS system adapts to changing operational conditions. The results show that work within the VTS domain is highly complex and that the two systems modelled realise their services vastly differently, which in turn affects the systems׳ ability to monitor, respond and anticipate. This is of great importance to consider whenever changes are planned and implemented within the VTS domain. Only if everyday operations are properly analysed and understood, it can be estimated how alterations to technology and organisation will affect the overall system performance.
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| 42. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
"Safety is everywhere" : The Constituents of Maritime Safety
- 2011
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 55th Annual Meeting 2011. - : Sage Publications. ; , s. 1798-1802, s. 1798-1802
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although maritime safety is one of the key terms in regulation, guidelines and recommendations, such as SOLAS (International Convention for the safety of life at sea (IMO, 1974), in the shipping domain, there is, to the best of our knowledge, neither an explanation of this specific type of safety nor any explicit understanding on how it is promoted by those who work on board of merchant vessel. This qualitative study approaches maritime safety from a crew perspective and discusses what constituents should be considered to be part of maritime safety.
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| 43. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980
(författare)
-
Safety within the Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) Domain. Understanding the role of the VTS for safety within maritime traffic management
- 2012
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) is a shore-sided service implemented to promote the safety of navigation, safety of life at sea, and the protection of the marine environment. Its purpose is to work for safe and fluent traffic movements within a determined area, a VTS area. VTS is provided by VTS operators, skilled experts that provide vessels with information and advice, and work for the overall traffic organisation. Although VTS is regulated on an international level there are differences in how the service is provided in between countries, and even VTS centres. This licentiate thesis focuses on understanding the role of the VTS for safety within maritime traffic management. Concepts derived from three bodies of research: High Reliability Organisation (HRO) theory, Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM), and Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE), have been applied to analyse and discuss how safety is constructed, promoted, and can possibly be improved in the light of future demands within the maritime domain.The results show that maritime safety is experienced as a context-dependent condition in which the single operator has a direct impact on the outcome. Maritime safety therefore identified as being actively constructed through the actions of a control system, the Joint Cognitive System of the VTS operator and the decision support system at hand. This system, as it is today, is an unbalanced system in which actions need to be determined based on the “situation-as-it-was”, due to delays in information presentation in the decision support at hand, in contrast to the information on the vessel’s side that represents the “situation-as-it-is”. Although there has been a heavy focus on technical developments within the VTS domain, there is a lack of results when it comes to how or if these tools were implemented and used by the actual VTS operators.Further, the scope of participation within the VTS should be re-evaluated. The international and national authorities need to decide whether VTS is meant to be an effective service regulating the safe and fluent flow of traffic within an area or an information service. More attention needs also to be paid to both the ship-side and the shore-side of the VTS domain. They each reflect one perspective on maritime safety and the function of the VTS. Therefore, they are to be seen as equally important whenever means and measures with the aim to improve maritime safety are introduced within the VTS domain. Finally, more knowledge on what a VTS is and what purpose it serves needs to be fostered in the maritime domain. It is otherwise hard to take advice and trust instructions when there is a wide range of differences in how a services is provided under the same label world-wide.
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| 44. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Strategies and measures to improve the work environment of service crew on board Swedish passenger vessel
- 2018
-
Ingår i: TransNav, International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation. - Gdynia : TransNav, Faculty of Navigation, Gdynia Maritime University. - 2083-6473 .- 2083-6481. ; 12:3, s. 587-595
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents findings from three workshops focused on the physical, organizational and social work environment of service crew working on board Swedish passenger vessels. The first workshop aimed to identify underlying causes of long‐term sick leave among employees in the service department, and potential measures that can be taken to reduce ill‐health. The second and third workshop explored knowledge of available methods to identify occupational safety and health risks, and suggest health‐promotion strategies at individual, team and company levels. A total of 58 persons from the Swedish maritime cluster participated in the workshops. During the workshops, open and structured brainstorming was used to create affinity diagrams to systematically summarize the identified causes, risks and strategies. Although the results presented in this article stem from a research project focused on Swedish passenger vessels, many of the findings may be transferable to an international maritime setting towards a deeper understanding of seafarers’ work environment and working conditions.
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| 45. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980, et al.
(författare)
-
The context matters: Maritime safety in the Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) Domain
- 2010
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Ingår i: Reliability, Risk and Safety. Back to the Future (Proceedings of ESREL 2010). - : CRC Press. - 9780415604277 ; , s. 1773-1780
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) is a service to the maritime community implemented to promote and improve maritime safety. In recent years VTS has become a topic of increased interest for maritime stakeholders and the general public. To derive insights on how maritime safety is constructed in the VTS domain this exploratory study was conducted. Four VTS centres were visited and 15 VTS operators were interviewed and observed at work. Further, a focus group interview with 8 VTS operators with focus on decision support tools in the VTS domain was conducted. The results of the study indicate that VTS operators define maritime safety as context-dependent a condition which is formed by their individual actions. Regulations and guidelines exist, but do not shape the daily work of the operators as much as their own experience and expertise. Safety arises in the interaction between the individual actor and others; it is influenced by contextual aspects, such as traffic density or weather conditions, rather than by what is stated by the regulating organisation.
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| 46. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980, et al.
(författare)
-
The Subject, not just an object: Safety construction in the Vessel Traffic Service Domain
- 2009
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Ingår i: HFES European Chapter Annual Meeting 2009.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) is a shore-based system for monitoring and assisting maritime traffic within a certain framework of international and governmental guidelines. The service is provided by operators ashore, which use complex systems for traffic monitoring and decision making.In the VTS-domain, safety is often associated with risk management supported by complex technological systems, with little concern for how operators actually perform their day-to-day work. Much safety management research indicates that safety cannot be achieved by defining risk and safety as something separate from the actual work of the operators. It thus seems necessary to get an understanding of how operators construct safety as part of their work. This study presents observations conducted at 4 different VTS centers, along with interviews with 15 VTS-operators. The results indicate that VTS operators consider risk and safety as being highly context-dependent and not connected to what is defined by international and governmental organizations. Instead, the operator is forced to identify his own goals and concerns. Consequently, safety in this domain is constructed on the lowest level of the organization, by the operator as a routine part of work. Any technological implementation that fails to consider this will not promote safety
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| 47. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards Autonomous Shipping : Exploring Potential Threats and Opportunities in Future Maritime Operations
- 2020
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Ingår i: Advances in Human Factors of Transportation. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030205027 - 9783030205034 ; , s. 633-644
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents findings from an ongoing research project aiming to study the future of shipping operations with a specific focus on issues related to human roles, responsibilities and the organization of work. A focus group with representatives for the Swedish shipping cluster (n = 6) and academia (n = 2) has been conducted to explore potential strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) with the developments towards autonomous shipping. The results show an overall concern for how to realize the transition between today’s maritime traffic and a future setting where vessels may be operated from shore. Technology to automate navigational tasks and increase the degree of autonomy in shipping are developing, but more attention needs to be paid to the transition of work that may accompany the ongoing developments. Clear roles, responsibili- ties and a definition of potential operator competences need to be formulated to ensure a human-centered development for safer shipping.
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| 48. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
“Under Dangerous Conditions” : Safety Construction and Safety-Related Work Onboard of Merchant Vessels
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings, 5th Symposium on Resilience Engineering: Managing Trade-offs. - Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France : Resilience Engineering Association. ; , s. 61-66
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The following paper presents findings from a qualitative study conducted on board of two merchant vessels. Interviews and observations have been used to obtain insights in how safety is defined and promoted by the personnel working on board. The merchant vessel, the crew and the single mariner are identified to be part of a sociotechnical system displaying three levels of system aggregation; personcentred, crew-centred, and vessel-centred. The common ground of a crew, an overlap of the individual mariners’ experience and knowledge, is identified as a basis for trust and predictability of action on board, which is a necessity to be able to conduct work safely. Furthermore, the results also show how storytelling is used to transform individual and organisational experiences into knowledge that can guide safety-related work on board. The stories told among the crew often exemplify how mariners, both on an individual, but also on a crew-centred level of system aggregation, balance safety and efficiency in the light of increasing production demands.
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| 49. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Underlying Causes of and Potential Measures to Reduce Long-term Sick Leave Among Employees in the Service Department on Board Swedish Passenger Vessels
- 2017
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Ingår i: Safety of Sea Transportation. - Leiden : CRC Press. - 9781138297685 - 9781351582049 ; , s. 287-293
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents findings from a workshop focused on the physical, social and organizational work environment in the service department on board Swedish passenger vessels. Twentyseven maritime professionals participated to provide input to potential causes and measures for long-term sick leave. During the workshop, an affinity diagram was created to systematically order the input of the respondents. The results show a wide range of causes and potential measures across multiple organizational levels. Unclear leadership, ambiguous or high demands with limited decision latitude, as well as aspects of work organization, i.e. manning, pressure for effectiveness, and extensive working hours were identified as important contributors to long-term sick leave. Although the findings are based on a workshop with Swedish maritime professionals, the results may be transferable to the international maritime sector to gain a deeper understanding of how to create, organize and promote a safe and efficient work environment.
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| 50. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980
(författare)
-
Vessel Traffic Service (VTS): a maritime information service or traffic control system?
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) is a shore-side maritime assistance service that supports bridge teams in their safe navigation of port approaches and other areas that present navigational difficulties. The VTS is implemented in national waters and provides vessels with information through transmissions and broadcasts on Very High Frequency (VHF) radio. With a continued growth in the number, size and cargo volumes of merchant vessels, the role of the VTS has recently become a matter of discussion, and it has been argued that changes, such as implementing an aviation-like control system, would be of an enormous benefit for stakeholders and guarantee safe and efficient traffic movements in the future.The complexity of processes in safety-critical domains, such as maritime traffic management, is increasing due to continuing technical, organisational and environmental developments. The VTS is currently undergoing drastic changes, primarily driven by strategies and projects focusing on increasing the overall efficiency of the maritime transportation system through advanced technology. To reduce the risk of unforeseen consequences, it is important to study and understand the service and its contribution to traffic management before changes are implemented. The purpose of this thesis has been to increase the overall understanding of everyday performance of the VTS system and identify ways of modelling the performance of the service, as a contribution to the ongoing debate on the future needs of maritime traffic management.The VTS is described as socio-technical system that controls and manages maritime traffic in port approaches and other areas that pose navigational difficulties for bridge teams. Field data collected through semi-structured interviews, observations and focus groups have been analysed with the aid of concepts derived from Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE) and Resilience Engineering (RE) to understand how the VTS actively contributes to safety through monitoring, responding to and anticipating changes in traffic patterns in the VTS area. The data have also been used to model performance variability in everyday operation with the aid of the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM). Performance variability is necessary for a system to be adaptive, and is therefore essential for the system’s functioning. By using the FRAM, a new angle of the VTS system has been explored to understand how variability in its functional units affects the overall system performance. The thesis demonstrates the importance of understanding how performance in a socio-technical system can vary and the consequences this may have. The FRAM can be used to analyse the functional design of a socio-technical system, and therefore help to identify and assess ways in which performance variability can be monitored and managed. By understanding the functional design of the VTS system and the complexity of everyday operation, stakeholders will be able to identify advantages and disadvantages of current system design and use this to consider how future demands can best be met.
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