| 1. |
- Andersson Søe, Martina, et al.
(författare)
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‘Distance creates distance’ : preschool staff experiences and reflections concerning preschool introduction during the covid-19-Pandemic
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Early Years Education. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0966-9760 .- 1469-8463. ; 31:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The social restrictions during the covid-19 pandemic have challenged many aspects of preschool everyday life. Particularly vulnerable to these restrictions is the aspect of introducing new children to preschool, since preschool introduction constitutes a natural arena for establishment of preschool staff’s relationships with children and their parents. Based on analysis of open-ended survey data (N = 465), the present study explores how Swedish preschool staff has experienced and dealt with the pandemic restrictions during preschool introduction. Our qualitative analysis resulted in three categories and six subcategories, including results demonstrating that social distancing-restrictions accentuate the importance of engaging relationally with the families, while simultaneously constituting a disconcerting complication since the physical distance constrains the important relationship-building between staff and parents. Moreover, the children seem to interpret the parent-staff physical distance as relational distance, which negatively affects their emerging relationship to preschool staff. Our results also show that how parental participation is organised during preschool introduction may be of critical importance for staff-child relational establishment, providing insights for researchers and practitioners in the field valuable to consider also in a non-pandemic context.
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| 2. |
- Andersson Søe, Martina, et al.
(författare)
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Distance Creates Distance: Preschool Staff Reflections and Experiences Concerning Preschool Introduction During the Covid-19-Pandemic
- 2021
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent attachment research attests that children’s relationships to preschool staff can contribute to their attachment development. The preschool introduction phase constitutes a natural arena for establishing these relationships, so organizing this introduction to enable relation-building between staff and children is essential. In Sweden, preschools stayed open during the covid-19-pandemic, however several social restrictions were implemented. The present study focuses on how these pandemic-related social restrictions have affected the prerequisites for facilitating good preschool staff-child interactions. By analyzing open-ended survey data (N = 465), we explored how preschool staff experienced the pandemic restrictions during preschool introduction. Our qualitative analysis demonstrates that while social distancing-restrictions accentuated the importance of engaging relationally with the families, physical distancing simultaneously constrained the parent-staff relationship-building. Importantly, the children seemed to interpret the parent-staff physical distance as relational distance, which negatively affected their emerging relationship to preschool staff. Our results also suggest that how parental participation is organized during preschool introduction may be critically important for child-staff attachment-related interactions, in a pandemic as well as a non-pandemic context. Finally, our results also highlight the significant contribution of preschool staff in supporting children’s coping with the crisis-related constraints during the important life-event of preschool transition.
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| 3. |
- Andersson Søe, Martina, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction to Preschool During the Covid-19-Pandemic: Impacts of Social Restrictions on Staff-Family Relational Establishment
- 2022
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The social restrictions during the covid-19 pandemic have challenged many aspects of preschool everyday life. Particularly vulnerable to these restrictions is the aspect of introducing new children to preschool, since preschool introduction constitutes a natural arena for establishment of preschool staff’s relationships with children and their parents. Organizing the preschool introduction to enable constructive relationship-building between preschool staff and the families, is, thus, crucial, not the least as recent attachment research suggest that preschool staff in early childhood education and care contexts can contribute to attachment development in children. In Sweden, preschools stayed open during the pandemic of covid-19, however with implementation of several social restrictions, such as physical distancing between preschool staff and parents. It is therefore crucial to understand whether, and how, these pandemic-related social restrictions have affected the prerequisites for facilitating good interactions between preschool staff and the families. Based on analysis of open-ended survey data (N = 465), the present study explored how Swedish preschool staff experienced and dealt with the pandemic restrictions during preschool introduction. Our qualitative analysis resulted in three categories and six subcategories, including results demonstrating that social distancing-restrictions accentuated the importance of engaging relationally with the families, while simultaneously constituting a disconcerting complication since the physical distance constrained the relationship-building between staff and parents. Moreover, the children seemed to interpret the parent-staff physical distance as relational distance, which negatively affected their emerging relationship to preschool staff. Our results also showed that it might be of special concern, also in a non-pandemic context, to consider the organization of parental participation, as it may be of critical importance for staff-child relational establishment. Lastly, to promote engagement of preschool staff, our results indicated that it might be essential to have reflexively defined procedures when introducing children to preschool.
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| 4. |
- Andersson Søe, Martina, et al.
(författare)
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Transition to Preschool : Paving the Way for Preschool Teacher and Family Relationship-Building
- 2023
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Ingår i: Child and Youth Care Forum. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1053-1890 .- 1573-3319. ; 52:6, s. 1249-1271
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Previous research suggests that interactions between preschool teachers and children in early care and educational contexts can contribute to the child’s positive attachment development and socioemotional adjustment. Objective: Investigate how the transition process to preschool is organized and whether various ways of organizing it may differently influence family–teacher relationship-building and child adjustment. Methods: Conducted a mixed methods study of quantitative and qualitative survey data from Swedish preschool professionals (N = 535). Results: Preschool introduction varied across preschools in several structural aspects such as introduction length and intensity, timing for first child–parent separation, and number of children and teachers involved in the introduction process. Results moreover suggested that different introduction models were associated with different ways of engaging the parent, where the “parent-active” model was characterized by a high level of parental participation during the introductory activities. This was perceived by preschool professionals as positively influencing the family–teacher relational formation. Conclusion: Findings suggest that inviting parents to participate actively in preschool transition may help better engage them in the introduction process, which in turn may positively influence family–teacher relationship-building. Future research should focus in more detail on how child–teacher and parent–teacher interactions, respectively, influence family–teacher relationship-building and child adjustment during, and after, the introduction period.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Bengtsson, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Mothers' representations of caregiving and their adult children's representations of attachment : intergenerational concordance and relations to beliefs about mothering
- 2008
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 49:3, s. 247-57
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mothers (N= 35) and their adult children completed questionnaires and were interviewed in order to examine relationships between mothers' caregiving representations and their adult children's attachment representations, and relationships between attachment/caregiving representations and beliefs about mothering. Mothers' and their children's accounts of and present thinking about their past relationship were highly similar, indicating that the two parts develop concordant states of mind regarding their relationship. In contrast, there was no relationship between mothers' and their adult children's beliefs about mothering, suggesting that such beliefs are not simply passed on from generation to generation within families. Attachment/caregiving classification interacted with generation in influencing a belief that biological facts determine maternal behavior, young adults with preoccupied attachment being particularly prone to reject this idea. Attachment/caregiving classification also had a significant effect on participants' tendency to adhere to an idealized conception of mothering, this tendency being associated with a dismissive attachment/caregiving representation.
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| 10. |
- Bengtsson, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Mothers' representations of caregiving and their adult children's representations of attachment: Intergenerational concordance and relations to beliefs about mothering.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1467-9450 .- 0036-5564. ; 49:3, s. 247-257
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mothers (N= 35) and their adult children completed questionnaires and were interviewed in order to examine relationships between mothers' caregiving representations and their adult children's attachment representations, and relationships between attachment/caregiving representations and beliefs about mothering. Mothers' and their children's accounts of and present thinking about their past relationship were highly similar, indicating that the two parts develop concordant states of mind regarding their relationship. In contrast, there was no relationship between mothers' and their adult children's beliefs about mothering, suggesting that such beliefs are not simply passed on from generation to generation within families. Attachment/caregiving classification interacted with generation in influencing a belief that biological facts determine maternal behavior, young adults with preoccupied attachment being particularly prone to reject this idea. Attachment/caregiving classification also had a significant effect on participants' tendency to adhere to an idealized conception of mothering, this tendency being associated with a dismissive attachment/caregiving representation.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Bobrowicz, Katarzyna, et al.
(författare)
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Flexibility in Problem Solving: Analogical Transfer of Tool Use in Toddlers Is Immune to Delay
- 2020
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Solving problems that are perceptually dissimilar but require similar solutions is a key skill in everyday life. In adults, this ability, termed analogical transfer, draws on memories of relevant past experiences that partially overlap with the present task at hand. Thanks to this support from long-term memory, analogical transfer allows remarkable behavioral flexibility beyond immediate situations. However, little is known about the interaction between long-term memory and analogical transfer in development as, to date, they have been studied separately. Here, for the first time, effects of age and memory on analogical transfer were investigated in 2-to-4.5-olds in a simple tool-use setup. Children attempted to solve a puzzle box after training the correct solution on a different looking box, either right before the test or 24 hours earlier. We found that children (N = 105) could transfer thesolution regardless of the delay and a perceptual conflict introduced in the tool set. For children who failed to transfer (N = 54) and repeated the test without a perceptual conflict, the odds of success did not improve. Our findings suggest that training promoted the detection of functional similarities between boxes and, thereby, flexible transfer both in the short and the long term.
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| 14. |
- Bobrowicz, Katarzyna, et al.
(författare)
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Generalizing solutions across functionally similar problems correlates with world knowledge and working memory in 2.5- to 4.5-year-olds
- 2022
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Ingår i: Cognitive Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0885-2014. ; 62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Analogical transfer, denoting the ability to use an action that solved a given problem in order to successfully handle a seemingly different but functionally similar problem, requires well- developed self-regulation, as it draws on previous knowledge and demands selecting and shift- ing between relevant features while ignoring irrelevant ones. Thus, analogical transfer involves executive functions (EFs), yet the contribution of specific EFs is unclear, particularly during the development of the capacity before the age of 5. Here, for the first time, we investigated the contribution of world knowledge, working memory and set-shifting in 2.5- to 4.5-year-olds’ (N = 86) capacity to single-event analogical transfer in a simple, non-verbal, tool-use task. Analogical transfer was independent of age but was predicted by a measure of world knowledge and a measure of working memory across the age-span tested. Our results suggest that world knowledge and working memory underscore analogical transfer early in development.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Cacciola, Emily, et al.
(författare)
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Insecure Attachment and Other Help-Seeking Barriers among Women Depressed Post-Partum.
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1660-4601. ; 17:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When untreated, postpartum depression (PPD) can severely, negatively affect maternal health, child development, and the wellbeing and functioning of the entire family. Yet, despite screening and treatment programs for PPD, many women who experience depression with onset in the postpartum year do not communicate their symptoms. Negative relational experiences early in life, such as not receiving sensitive help and support when needed, often result in so-called insecure attachment styles, and there is evidence that these may contribute to the development and maintenance of PPD. However, the role of insecure attachment styles in non-help-seeking is unknown for this group. Using mixed quantitative and qualitative methodology, we identified help-seeking barriers of women who experienced depression with onset in the postpartum year but who had not sought help for their depression (N = 37), and explored links to their attachment orientations as assessed through both self-reported attachment style and narrative based attachment script assessment. The sample was non-normative regarding attachment, with an over-representation of avoidant attachment styles. Help-seeking barriers varied systematically with the mother’s adult attachment style. Specifically, convictions of a strong self and lack of trust in healthcare professionals constituted a common barrier among women with avoidant attachment styles, while unrealistic expectations about motherhood constituted a barrier for women with secure attachment styles. This new knowledge on how barriers to communicating symptoms and seeking help when suffering from PPD vary systematically with attachment orientation can help formulate individualized, and therefore more efficient, approaches to addressing non-help-seeking behavior in women who suffer in silence.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Compagno Strandberg, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Validation of the Swedish version of the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire, based on people with epilepsy
- 2021
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Ingår i: Epilepsy and Behavior. - : Elsevier BV. - 1525-5050 .- 1525-5069. ; 115
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Title: Validation of the Swedish version of the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire, based on people with epilepsy. Purpose: The aims of the study were to explore the latent structure of the Swedish Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ), to investigate its reliability and to identify the extent to which individual factors among people with epilepsy (PWE), as well as their general beliefs about medication, predict their beliefs about their specific anti-seizure drugs (ASDs). Methods: One-hundred and fifty six included study participants diagnosed with epilepsy and with a well-established neurological follow-up completed an array of rating scales. Included were the Swedish BMQ, which captures beliefs about medicines, scales for symptoms of anxiety and depression and sense of self-efficacy, as well as a general questionnaire regarding their social situation in general. Statistical analysis included Principal Component Analyses (PCA) and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Results: The PCA revealed a two-factor structure for each of the BMQ-subscales with acceptable (BMQ-G) to high (BMQ-S) internal consistency. The only individual factor that predicted variance in beliefs about medication was patient gender, where levels of both anxiety and depression were elevated in women. Conclusion: The Swedish BMQ exhibits psychometric features indicating its reliable use in adult PWE. Our results suggest that the BMQ provides information about the patients’ view of their medication regardless of their general mood and that women hold stronger beliefs of concern beyond influence from their levels of depression and anxiety.
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| 20. |
- Cox, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Coparent exclusion, prenatal experiences, and mental health during COVID-19 in Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Family Psychology. - 0893-3200 .- 1939-1293. ; 37:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pregnant women were classified as a risk group during the COVID-19 pandemic, and restrictions resulted in nonbirthing parents being excluded from antenatal care and in uncertain or brief involvement in the birth of the child. Sweden presents a unique context for examining parents’ experiences during the pandemic because of the country’s policy to not enforce lockdown and its commitment to gender equality in parenting. This study aimed to explore the experiences and mental health of expecting parents in Sweden by combining qualitative content analysis of parents’ own narratives (n = 212) and quantitative analysis of established measures of perinatal depression, anxiety, and self-efficacy (N = 378). Content analysis indicated that parents reported feeling isolated and missing social support. Regarding the medical context, nonbirthing parents reported feeling excluded, and birthing parents reported increased worry about a potential birth with their partner absent. However, parents with a partner also reported feeling closer with their coparent and appreciating the increased time and nearness. Quantitative results indicated that symptoms of depression and anxiety significantly predicted mentions of feeling isolated and absence of mentions of positives. Concerns of exclusion were significantly linked to lower self-efficacy. Together, the findings highlight the risks of reducing social support and excluding nonbirthing parents in health care during the pandemic, as well as the potential for more positive perinatal experiences if parents’ time together is enabled in the prenatal period. Implications for health care and workplaces are discussed.
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| 21. |
- Cox, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Mothers’ experiences of family life during COVID-19: a qualitative comparison between Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States
- 2023
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Ingår i: Community, Work and Family. - 1366-8803 .- 1469-3615.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The COVID-19 pandemic amplified demands on parents regarding balancing childcare and working from home. How parents distribute responsibilities differs culturally, and governments undertook varied strategies to address COVID-19. Research indicates that the pandemic resulted in increased burden for mothers, but also that it created a novel situation in which parenting and working styles could be re-evaluated. However, Swedish mothers of toddlers and school-aged children were underrepresented in this research, and their voices can contribute to understanding how mothers in countries with different gender norms and lockdown statuses were affected. This study aimed to illuminate how mothers in a country with explicit commitment to gender equality in parenting and no lockdown (Sweden) experienced the pandemic, in contrast to mothers from countries that had lockdowns and different gender norms in parenting (the UK and US). Findings based on 193 mothers’ qualitative responses to open-ended questions indicated that mothers struggled with COVID-19 financial worries and concerns about family wellbeing. Support, both external and in coparenting, varied considerably among participants. Positives were reported, such as gratitude, closeness, and better quality of coparent interactions. We highlight the importance of considering emotional work, and the need to support parents both in times of crisis and beyond.
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| 22. |
- Dahlin, L. B., et al.
(författare)
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Hand injuries in children.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Textbook in Hand Surgery.
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 23. |
- Di Folco, Simona, et al.
(författare)
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A Comparison of Attachment representations to Mother and Father using the MCAST
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 61:2, s. 243-252
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the current study was to examine the factorial structure of the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task (MCAST), using a father doll to address the child's attachment representation to father. While the MCAST, a doll story completion task measuring attachment representations in early childhood, has been validated for use with a mother doll, its use for assessing attachment to father is relatively unexplored. Thus, an additional aim was to compare the factorial structure of the child's attachment representation to father and mother, respectively. We analyzed data from 118 first-grade children who underwent counterbalanced administration of the MCAST with a mother and father doll, respectively, within a period of three months. Exploratory factorial analysis revealed similar, three-factor solutions for attachment to father and mother, with a first factor capturing the child's (scripted) knowledge of secure base/safe haven and a second factor reflecting intrusive and conflict behavior. The third factor was different in the father and mother representations, capturing self-care and role-reversal in attachment to father and disorganization in attachment to mother. Findings support the potential usefulness of the MCAST for exploring the father-child relationship and highlight a need for further research on early attachment representations to father.
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| 24. |
- Di Folco, Simona, et al.
(författare)
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Attachment to mother and father at transition to middle childhood. Journal of Child and Family Studies.
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Child and Family Studies. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1062-1024 .- 1573-2843. ; 26:3, s. 721-733
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study investigated concordance between representations of attachment to mother and attachment to father, and convergence between two narrative-based methods addressing these representations in middle childhood: the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task (MCAST) and the Secure Base Script Test (SBST). One hundred and twenty 6-year-old children were assessed by separate administrations of the MCAST for mother and father, respectively, and results showed concordance of representations of attachment to mother and attachment to father at age 6.5 years. 75 children were additionally tested about 12 months later, with the SBST, which assesses scripted knowledge of secure base (and safe haven), not differentiating between mother and father attachment relationships. Concerning attachment to father, dichotomous classifications (MCAST) and a continuous dimension capturing scripted secure base knowledge (MCAST) converged with secure base scriptedness (SBST), yet we could not show the same pattern of convergence concerning attachment to mother. Results suggest some convergence between the two narrative methods of assessment of secure base script but also highlight complications when using the MCAST for measuring attachment to father in middle childhood.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
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Attachment goes to court : child protection and custody issues
- 2022
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Ingår i: Attachment & Human Development. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1461-6734 .- 1469-2988. ; 24:1, s. 1-52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Attachment theory and research are drawn upon in many applied settings, including family courts, but misunderstandings are widespread and sometimes result in misapplications. The aim of this consensus statement is, therefore, to enhance understanding, counter misinformation, and steer family-court utilisation of attachment theory in a supportive, evidence-based direction, especially with regard to child protection and child custody decision-making. The article is divided into two parts. In the first, we address problems related to the use of attachment theory and research in family courts, and discuss reasons for these problems. To this end, we examine family court applications of attachment theory in the current context of the best-interest-of-the-child standard, discuss misunderstandings regarding attachment theory, and identify factors that have hindered accurate implementation. In the second part, we provide recommendations for the application of attachment theory and research. To this end, we set out three attachment principles: the child’s need for familiar, non-abusive caregivers; the value of continuity of good-enough care; and the benefits of networks of attachment relationships. We also discuss the suitability of assessments of attachment quality and caregiving behaviour to inform family court decision-making. We conclude that assessments of caregiver behaviour should take center stage. Although there is dissensus among us regarding the use of assessments of attachment quality to inform child custody and child-protection decisions, such assessments are currently most suitable for targeting and directing supportive interventions. Finally, we provide directions to guide future interdisciplinary research collaboration.
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| 31. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
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El Apego Va a Juicio: Problemas de Custodia y Protección Infantil : [Attachment goes to court: Child protection and custody issues]
- 2021
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Ingår i: Anuario de psicología jurídica. - : Colegio Oficial de la Psicologia de Madrid. - 1133-0740 .- 2174-0542. ; 32:1, s. 115-139
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Attachment theory and research are drawn upon in many applied settings, including family courts, but misunderstandings are widespread and sometimes result in misapplications. The aim of this consensus statement is, therefore, to enhance understanding, counter misinformation, and steer family-court utilisation of attachment theory in a supportive, evidence-based direction, especially with regard to child protection and child custody decision-making. This article is divided into two parts. In the first part, we address problems related to the use of attachment theory and research in family courts, and discuss reasons for these problems. To this end, we examine family court applications of attachment theory in the current context of the best-interest-of-the-child standard, discuss misunderstandings regarding attachment theory, and identify factors that have hindered accurate implementation. In the second part, we provide recommendations for the application of attachment theory and research. To this end, we set out three attachment principles: the child's need for familiar, non-abusive caregivers; the value of continuity of good-enough care; and the benefits of networks of attachment relationships. We also discuss the suitability of assessments of attachment quality and caregiving behaviour to inform family court decision-making. We conclude that assessments of caregiver behaviour should take center stage. Although there is dissensus among us regarding the use of assessments of attachment quality to inform child custody and child-protection decisions, such assessments are currently most suitable for targeting and directing supportive interventions. Finally, we provide directions to guide future interdisciplinary research collaboration.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Garwicz, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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A unifying model for timing of walking onset in humans and other mammals
- 2009
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 106:51, s. 21889-21893
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The onset of walking is a fundamental milestone in motor development of humans and other mammals, yet little is known about what factors determine its timing. Hoofed animals start walking within hours after birth, rodents and small carnivores require days or weeks, and nonhuman primates take months and humans approximately a year to achieve this locomotor skill. Here we show that a key to the explanation for these differences is that time to the onset of walking counts from conception and not from birth, indicating that mechanisms underlying motor development constitute a functional continuum from pre- to postnatal life. In a multiple-regression model encompassing 24 species representative of 11 extant orders of placental mammals that habitually walk on the ground, including humans, adult brain mass accounted for 94% of variance in time to walking onset postconception. A dichotomous variable reflecting species differences in functional limb anatomy accounted for another 3.8% of variance. The model predicted the timing of walking onset in humans with high accuracy, showing that this milestone in human motor development occurs no later than expected given the mass of the adult human brain, which in turn reflects the duration of its ontogenetic development. The timing of motor development appears to be highly conserved in mammalian evolution as the ancestors of some of the species in the sample presented here diverged in phylogenesis as long as 100 million years ago. Fundamental patterns of early human life history may therefore have evolved before the evolution of primates.
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| 34. |
- Garwicz, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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A unifying model for timing of walking onset in humans and other mammals.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 1091-6490 .- 0027-8424. ; 106, s. 21889-21893
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The onset of walking is a fundamental milestone in motor development of humans and other mammals, yet little is known about what factors determine its timing. Hoofed animals start walking within hours after birth, rodents and small carnivores require days or weeks, and nonhuman primates take months and humans approximately a year to achieve this locomotor skill. Here we show that a key to the explanation for these differences is that time to the onset of walking counts from conception and not from birth, indicating that mechanisms underlying motor development constitute a functional continuum from pre- to postnatal life. In a multiple-regression model encompassing 24 species representative of 11 extant orders of placental mammals that habitually walk on the ground, including humans, adult brain mass accounted for 94% of variance in time to walking onset postconception. A dichotomous variable reflecting species differences in functional limb anatomy accounted for another 3.8% of variance. The model predicted the timing of walking onset in humans with high accuracy, showing that this milestone in human motor development occurs no later than expected given the mass of the adult human brain, which in turn reflects the duration of its ontogenetic development. The timing of motor development appears to be highly conserved in mammalian evolution as the ancestors of some of the species in the sample presented here diverged in phylogenesis as long as 100 million years ago. Fundamental patterns of early human life history may therefore have evolved before the evolution of primates.
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| 35. |
- Hamad, Hussein, et al.
(författare)
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Protocol for evaluation of effects of a psychoeducational trauma-informed intervention directed at schools
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Journal of Psychotraumatology. - 2000-8066. ; 14:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) can have negative effects on cognitive, social and emotion regulation abilities, which can threaten the child’s school integration and capacity to learn. While steady relations to sensitive, understanding adults may moderate these negative outcomes, the difficulties of children with ACEs pose a major challenge for teachers, whose insufficient preparation may lead to career attrition. Objective: Psychoeducational trauma-informed care (TIC) interventions targeting teachers may strengthen teacher preparation and buffer the deleterious outcomes of ACEs, yet the evidence-base for these interventions is limited. Importantly, while minority groups are overrepresented among those with ACEs and additionally risk exposure to ethno-racial trauma, TIC interventions lack a social disadvantage/discrimination perspective. The Present trial addresses these issues. Method: The study protocol employs a quasi-experimental design for assessing effects of a psychoeducational TIC intervention carried out in Swedish schools by Save the Children, Sweden (SCS). We compare, for the first time, an intervention group (N = 160) and a control group (N = 160) over time (pre-intervention, immediately after, 6 and 12 months post-intervention), assessing teacher stress, compassion fatigue, self-efficacy and trauma-informed knowledge. We monitor teacher attitudes and attributions of students’ academic weaknesses and behavioural and mental difficulties. The trial is preregistered (DOI:10.17605/OSF.IO/V7SH8). Results: We hope that the mitigating effects of the SCS-TIC school intervention may be independent of social category, and that the trial will additionally generate knowledge of how providers and recipients of TIC may respond to it differently depending on their social and cultural identities. As school-based TIC practices and interventions are expansively relied on as means of preventing teacher burnout and career attrition, and buffering negative consequences of ACEs for children, establishing their effects with methodological robustness is important and timely. Conclusion: Such knowledge may be used to tailor and target interventions to specific populations, while ensuring maximum effectiveness.
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| 36. |
- Han, Gizem, et al.
(författare)
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Variation in coparenting quality in relation to child age : Links to coparents' relationship satisfaction and education
- 2023
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 64:5, s. 632-643
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coparenting, denoting shared responsibilities in caring for a child, is a core component of parenthood for most parents. Research has linked quality in the coparenting relationship to several child outcomes as well as parent relationship satisfaction and mental health, yet whether and how these links may differ depending on child age is unclear. Here, we investigated links between coparenting quality, relationship satisfaction, parents' education, and child age, after assessing the psychometric properties of a Swedish version of the 35-item Coparenting Relationship Scale (CRS) in a sample of 206 parents in Sweden. Participants completed the full 35-item CRS, alongside the Parenting Alliance Measure (PAM) and a relationship satisfaction measure. Our findings reveal good psychometric qualities and construct validity for both the CRS and PAM used with Swedish parents. Consistent with other adaptations of the CRS, we found four composite factors for the CRS, all demonstrating high reliability and convergence with the PAM. In relation to child age, parents of older children reported poorer coparenting quality than parents of younger children. The link between relationship satisfaction and coparenting quality was stronger for highly educated parents. Education also predicted partner endorsement in parents of children in early and middle childhood, but not parents of infants. Together, our findings expand the empirical base for understanding coparenting and its links to relationship satisfaction in parents with children of different ages, and they highlight a moderating role of parental education in these links.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Larsson, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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The Role of Family Function and Triadic Interaction on Preterm Child Development—A Systematic Review
- 2022
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Ingår i: Children. - : MDPI AG. - 2227-9067. ; 9:11
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Preterm infants are at high risk of developmental disability/delay and are more dependent on their caregiving environment for regulation due to their neurological immaturity. A premature birth is also a major stressor to the family system that constitutes the infant’s caregiving environment. The following systematic review investigates whether families with preterm children differ from families with full-term children in their interactions, and what impact the quality of family interaction has on child development. Using the Cochrane model, we conducted a systematic review of quantitative studies published in psycINFO, socINDEX, and PubMed, concerning family quality in triadic interactions in families with premature infants and children, and at least one child development outcome variable. The quality of these studies was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale assessment form for cohort studies (NOS). Eleven studies were included in the review. Quality of family interactions is either equal to or poorer in families with preterm children, compared with families with full-term children. Importantly, the link between quality of family interactions and child development outcome is stronger in preterm children compared with full-term children, regarding both positive and negative influence. Our results highlight the importance of strengthening family interactions in order to promote development in preterm children. Notably, this review provides the first systematic overview of family function and the quality of triadic interactions in preterm families. The limited number of studies with a family-system focus makes it difficult for us to draw any definitive conclusions, while underscoring the need for more observational studies, particularly post-infancy, to be able to identify specific aspects of family interactions that may be critical for preterm child development.
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| 39. |
- Li, Ru, et al.
(författare)
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Attachment relationships and physical activity in adolescents: The mediation role of physical self-concept
- 2016
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Ingår i: Psychology of Sport and Exercise. - : Elsevier BV. - 1469-0292. ; 22, s. 160-169
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Based on the integration of attachment and physical self-perception perspectives, the present study examined links between adolescents' engagement in physical activity and their attachment relationships with mothers, fathers, and friends, respectively, and assessed the potential mediation role of physical self-perception in this link. Design and methods: Using a cross-sectional design, questionnaire data was obtained from 767 adolescents (49% boys, Mage = 12.92, SD = .86) and structural equation modeling was used to examine relationships among variables. Results: Attachment security with parents and friend was associated with higher levels of physical activity. There was partial support of the mediation role of physical self-perception, as adolescents who were securely attached to mother and friend perceived themselves as having better physical condition, which in turn predicted greater engagement in physical activity. The mediation role of physical self-perception between mother attachment and PA was stronger for female adolescents. Secure attachment to father had a direct positive effect on physical activity. The direct effect was strongest for male adolescents. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the importance of relationship-based intervention strategies to enhance and maintain healthy regular physical activity among adolescents.
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Ljung, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Test-specific differences in verbal memory assessments used prior to surgery in temporal lobe epilepsy
- 2018
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Ingår i: Epilepsy and Behavior. - : Elsevier BV. - 1525-5069 .- 1525-5050. ; 87, s. 18-24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between two commonly used verbal memory tests in presurgical evaluation for temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in Sweden, the Claeson-Dahl Test for verbal learning and retention (CDT) and the Swedish version of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT).METHODS: Fifty-nine patients with TLE (male: 41%, mean: age 41.7 ± 12.3 years; epilepsy onset at mean age: 18.3 ± 13.1 years) previously tested with the CDT, the RAVLT, and three nonverbal memory tests on the same occasion were included. We performed (1) a principal component analysis (PCA) on test performances in the CDT and the RAVLT as well as in nonverbal memory tests; (2) a Pearson's correlation analysis for memory components, biological age, education, age at epilepsy onset, and self-rating scores for depression and anxiety; and (3) an estimation of clinically significant verbal memory impairment in patients with left TLE and left-sided hippocampal sclerosis.RESULTS: The PCAs showed coherence between the learning variables of the CDT and the RAVLT and divergence between the recall variables of the two tests. The RAVLT delayed recall variable was correlated to four out of five nonverbal memory measures. Both tests showed 70-80% clinically significant impairment of verbal memory in patients with left TLE, with or without hippocampal sclerosis, similar to other cohorts with resistant TLE.CONCLUSIONS: The construct structure of the two verbal memory differs. It was shown that the RAVLT correlated with visuospatial memory, whereas the CDT did not. The study highlights that there are important nonoverlapping features regarding verbal recall of the two tests, indicating that these tests cannot fully replace one another.
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| 42. |
- Mellor, Rebecca Louise, et al.
(författare)
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The Study of Security Priming on Avoidant Attentional Biases : Combining Microsaccadic Eye-Movement Measurement With a Dot-Probe Task
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Microsaccades are small fixational eye movements that have shown to index covert attentional shifts. The present experiment combined microsaccades with performance measures from a dot-probe task to study influences of attachment security priming on the attentional biases of individuals high in attachment avoidance. Security priming is an experimental manipulation aimed at boosting felt security. Using a randomized, mixed design, we measured differences in attentional vigilance toward angry and neutral faces as a function of priming (neutral vs. secure) and attachment avoidance. Individuals high in avoidance habitually tend to withdraw from, or otherwise dismiss, emotionally salient stimuli. Here, we operationalized attentional withdrawal based on both task performance in the dot-probe task and microsaccadic movements. In addition, unlike previous studies where priming salience for the individual participant has been unclear, we used a standardized narrative method for attachment script assessment, securing an indication of how strongly each participant was primed. Dot-probe data significantly captured the link between avoidance and attentional disengagement, though from all facial stimuli (angry and neutral). Although microsaccadic movements did not capture avoidant attentional disengagement, they positively correlated to dot-probe data suggesting measurement convergence. Avoidance was associated with weaker security priming and no overall effect of priming on attention was found, indicating a need for further exploration of suitable priming methods to bypass avoidant deactivation. Our results provide a first indication that, as an implicit looking measure, microsaccadic movements can potentially reveal where early attention is directed at the exact moment of stimulus presentation.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Moberg, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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De unga gör helt rätt när de stämmer staten
- 2022
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Ingår i: Aftonbladet. - 1103-9000.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- 1 620 forskare och lärare i forskarvärlden: Vi ställer oss bakom Auroras klimatkrav
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| 45. |
- Naivar Sen, Celia K., et al.
(författare)
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The Role of Physical Activity on Parental Rejection and Body Image Perceptions
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1660-4601. ; 17:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study investigated the potential moderating role of physical activity on the relationship between parental rejection and poor body image perceptions. Late adolescents and young adults from Turkey (N = 373; 256 females/117 males) reported their memories of upbringing (Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran/EMBU) related to both their mother and father, respectively, levels of physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaires/IPAQ), and body image perception (Body Cathexis Scale/body dissatisfaction and Social Physique Anxiety Scale/SPAS). EMBU mother and father rejection scores were combined and dichotomized, placing participants into high and low rejection groups. Multiple analysis of covariance, controlling for gender and body mass index, showed that high parental rejection was associated with poorer overall body image perception (η2 = 0.09; η2Body Dissatisfaction = 0.09; η2SPAS = 0.04), whereas higher physical activity was linked to better body image perception η2 = 0.02; η2Body Dissatisfaction = 0.04; η2SPAS = 0.03). While level of physical activity did not mediate the negative relationship between parental rejection on body image perceptions, very physically active individuals recalling high parental rejection displayed body image perceptions similar to participants with low parental rejection. Thus, although higher parental rejection is related to poorer body image perception, interventions targeting regular physical activity may help buffer against these negative effects.
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| 46. |
- Ness, Torunn, et al.
(författare)
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Word length effects on pictorial memory encoding in 5- to 7-year-old children: An eye-tracking study
- 2020
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Ingår i: Cognitive Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0885-2014. ; 55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How speech coding is used for visual material is critical to understanding the link between language and memory development. Using eye-tracking, the present study examined whether the number of syllables of pictured objects’ names, monosyllabic versus multisyllabic, predicts looking time at the stimuli-objects in the context of a memory task, thereby indicating verbal recoding. The children’s (N = 39, ages 5–7 years) language ability was also considered. Younger children (5;1–6;3 years) did not appear to sub-vocally recode the verbal labels of visual stimuli during encoding, whereas older children (6;4–7;3 years) who were already attending elementary school looked longer at objects with multisyllabic labels. Notably, it was primarily the less verbally competent among those children who contributed to the effect. Thus, our results demonstrate, for the first time, that young children’s sub-vocal verbal processing when trying to memorize visual stimuli may be contingent upon verbal competence.
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| 47. |
- Nilsson, Hans Jörgen, et al.
(författare)
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Long term depression of human nociceptive skin senses induced by thin fibre stimulation.
- 2003
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Ingår i: European Journal of Pain. - 1090-3801. ; 7:3, s. 225-233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have recently shown that stimulation, through a multi-electrode array, of thin nerve fibres close to the dermo-epidermal junction in the skin, produces powerful inhibition of itch and, to a lesser degree, cutaneous pain in humans. Here, we have studied the induction time and frequency dependency (range 1–10 Hz) of the inhibitory effects of such stimulation on itch, mechanical, and thermal pain, in 20 healthy subjects. Sixteen electrodes applied on the skin were consecutively stimulated using a method termed cutaneous field stimulation (CFS). The results show that different treatment periods with CFS were required for the induction of significant inhibitory effects on different nociceptive qualities: 1st heat pain (1 min), itch (3 min), 2nd heat pain (6 min), pinch evoked pain (8 min). Six to ten minutes stimulation sufficed to induce peak inhibitory effects on all these sensory qualities while longer stimulation (up to 40 min) did not cause significantly stronger inhibition. The effects on itch, 1st and 2nd heat pain lasted over 55 min after termination of CFS. There was no effect on prickle. No significant difference in inhibitory effects of different stimulation frequencies (1, 4 and 10 Hz/electrode) was found. The induction time and effective stimulation frequencies may suggest that the underlying mechanisms are similar to those of long term depression (LTD) previously described in the spinal cord in animal experiments.
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| 48. |
- Nilsson, H-J., et al.
(författare)
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Profound inhibition of chronic itch induced by stimulation of thin cutaneous nerve fibres
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. - : Elsevier. - 0926-9959 .- 1468-3083. ; 18:1, s. 37-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Despite the fact that severe itch is common in many dermatological diseases, the therapeutic arsenal against itching is limited. From neurophysiological experiments, using a new technique termed cutaneous field stimulation, it is known that acute itch can be effectively relieved by stimulation of cutaneous nociceptors. METHODS: We tested the effects of cutaneous field stimulation (25 min, 16 electrodes, 4 Hz per electrode, up to 0.8 mA) on chronic itch due to atopic dermatitis. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (100 Hz, up to 26 mA) was used for comparison. In 27 patients, itch was measured just prior to, during and at regular intervals up to 12 h after either type of treatment. RESULTS: Both treatments augmented the itch sensation during ongoing stimulation, presumably reflecting an altered sensory processing in the somatosensory pathways of chronic itch patients. However, after cessation of cutaneous field stimulation, but not transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, the itch sensation was significantly depressed for up to 7 h. The peak inhibitory effect (about 25% of control) was reached between 1 and 5 h poststimulation. Neither treatment had any significant effect on alloknesis, as measured before and 10 min after stimulation. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that cutaneous field stimulation strongly depresses chronic itch, and is a potentially useful symptomatic treatment of itch.
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| 49. |
- Nilsson, H-J, et al.
(författare)
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Profound inhibition of chronic itch induced by stimulation of thin cutaneous nerve fibres.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. - : Wiley. - 1468-3083 .- 0926-9959. ; 18:1, s. 37-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Despite the fact that severe itch is common in many dermatological diseases, the therapeutic arsenal against itching is limited. From neurophysiological experiments, using a new technique termed cutaneous field stimulation, it is known that acute itch can be effectively relieved by stimulation of cutaneous nociceptors. Methods We tested the effects of cutaneous field stimulation (25 min, 16 electrodes, 4 Hz per electrode, up to 0.8 mA) on chronic itch due to atopic dermatitis. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (100 Hz, up to 26 mA) was used for comparison. In 27 patients, itch was measured just prior to, during and at regular intervals up to 12 h after either type of treatment. Results Both treatments augmented the itch sensation during ongoing stimulation, presumably reflecting an altered sensory processing in the somatosensory pathways of chronic itch patients. However, after cessation of cutaneous field stimulation, but not transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, the itch sensation was significantly depressed for up to 7 h. The peak inhibitory effect (about 25% of control) was reached between 1 and 5 h poststimulation. Neither treatment had any significant effect on alloknesis, as measured before and 10 min after stimulation. Conclusion It is concluded that cutaneous field stimulation strongly depresses chronic itch, and is a potentially useful symptomatic treatment of itch.
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| 50. |
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