| 1. |
- Fu, Jianjie, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of e-waste dismantling and its regulations : temporal trend, spatial distribution of heavy metals in rice grains, and its potential health risk
- 2013
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 47:13, s. 7437-7445
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Enhanced regulations, centralized dismantling processes, and sophisticated recycling technologies have been implemented in some e-waste dismantling areas in China with regard to environmental and economic aspects since 2005. In this study, rice grain samples were collected from 2006 to 2010 in an e-waste dismantling area to investigate the temporal trends and spatial distribution of As, Cd, Cu, and Pb. Geometric means of As, Cd, Cu, and Pb in rice samples from the e-waste dismantling area were 111, 217, 4676, and 237 ng g(-1), respectively. Levels of Pb showed a significant decreasing trend during the sampling period, whereas the other three elements remained relatively constant or even increased. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Pb in the e-waste dismantling area were significantly higher than those in the non-e-waste dismantling area (p < 0.05), which showed a close connection between e-waste dismantling activities and elevated Pb, Cu, and Cd contents. Risk assessment for human via rice consumption indicated that over 60% of the hazard quotient of Cd exceeded 1 in the e-waste dismantling area. Our study implied that stricter implementation of regulatory measures might lead to positive effects in controlling the release of some heavy metals to the environment. However, environmental behaviors differed with geochemical characteristics of individual elements. Further remediation actions to reduce heavy metal pollution to the surrounding environment might still be needed.
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| 2. |
- Fu, Jianjie, et al.
(författare)
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Temporal trends (2005-2009) of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs in rice hulls from an e-waste dismantling area after stricter environmental regulations
- 2012
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 88:3, s. 330-335
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Primitive e-waste dismantling activities have been of increasing concern due to serious environmental and human health problems, and therefore authorities in China have strengthened the regulations on illegal e-waste recycling activities. In this work, we used rice hull as a passive sampler and investigated temporal trends of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in areas near e-waste recycling sites after the stricter regulations. Furthermore, the distribution patterns and composition profiles of these contaminants were also discussed. The average concentrations of the three groups of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in rice hulls have markedly decreased during the period of 2005-2009. Specifically, from 12.9 (average value in 2005) to 0.37 pg WHO-TEQ/g (dry weight, dw) (in 2009) for PCDD/Fs, 47.6 (2005) to 7.10 ng g(-1)dw (2009) for PCBs, and 2.51 (2005) to 0.89 ng g(-1), dw (2009) for PBDEs. The significant decrease of combustion markers 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, 1,2,3,6,7,8HxCDF and PCB126, and the PCDD/PCDF ratio from 1:9 (2005) to 7:3 (2009) is likely a result of stricter regulations on open combustion activities. This study suggests that stricter control measures, strengthened laws and regulations and more environmental friendly techniques could be effective measures in reducing the release and formation of related POPs in typical e-waste dismantling sites, and these measures could further improve the quality of the environment and health of the local inhabitants.
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| 3. |
- GuangBo, Qu, et al.
(författare)
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Detection of tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate as a neuronal toxicant in environmental samples using neuronal toxicity-directed analysis
- 2011
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Ingår i: Science in China Series B. - : Science Press. - 1674-7291 .- 1869-1870. ; 54:10, s. 1651-1658
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neuronal toxic pollutants in environment possess hazards to human health. It is essential to determine the causative neuronal toxicants in environmental samples. In the present study, viability of primary cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), combined with sample extraction, chemical fractionation and identification, was applied for screening acid-resistant neuronal toxic substances in environmental samples. River sediments and agricultural soils along the river near a brominated flame retardant (BFR) manufacturing plant in South China were collected to screen the key neuronal toxicants. The results indicated that the manufacturing plant was a source of neuronal toxicity risks. In the sediment and soil near the plant, one of the causative toxicants was identified as tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC) using HPLC-MS/MS. In addition, an unknown chemical possibly causing significant neuronal toxicity was isolated from all the soil samples in the region.
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| 4. |
- Li, Zhuona, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of polycyclic musks HHCB and AHTN on steroidogenesis in H295R cells
- 2013
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 90:3, s. 1227-1235
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1,3,4,6,7,8-Hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-(γ)-2-benzopyran (HHCB) and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN) are widely used in personal care products. Previous studies showed that HHCB and AHTN can be found in various environmental matrices and have potential endocrine disrupting effects. However, the effects on adrenocortical function of HHCB and AHTN are not fully understood. This study evaluated the influences of HHCB and AHTN on seven steroid hormones (progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol, 17α-OH-progesterone, androstenedione, 17β-estradiol, and testosterone) and 10 genes involved in steroidogenic pathways (HMGR, StAR, CYP11A1, 3βHSD2, CYP17, CYP21, CYP11B1, CYP11B2, 17βHSD, and CYP19) using the H295R cell line in the absence and presence of 8-Br-cAMP. MC2R transcription on the cell membrane was also examined to further investigate the effects of HHCB and AHTN on adrenal steroidogenesis. The results demonstrated that HHCB and AHTN could inhibit progesterone and cortisol production mainly by the suppression of 3βHSD2 and CYP21. Meanwhile, high concentrations of AHTN can affect the sensitivity of H295R cells to ACTH by disrupting MC2R transcription. Overall, the results indicate that high concentrations of HHCB and AHTN can affect steroidogenesis in vitro using the H295R cell line.
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| 5. |
- Liu, Yanna, et al.
(författare)
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High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) methods for nontarget discovery and characterization of poly- and per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in environmental and human samples
- 2019
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Ingår i: TrAC. Trends in analytical chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-9936 .- 1879-3142. ; 121
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Widespread environmental contamination of legacy long-chain poly- and per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has triggered chemical regulatory action and a global transitioning to alternative PFASs. More than 5000 PFASs are now recognized on various lists, but few have been monitored despite ample evidence of unidentified organic fluorine in human and environmental samples. Nevertheless, our review of the literature indicates that nontarget analytical methods based on high-resolution mass spectrometry have been used to discover more than 750 PFASs, belonging to more than 130 diverse classes, in strategically selected environmental samples, biofluids or commercial products. Among these reports, we summarize the analytical and data-processing strategies for nontarget PFAS discovery, identify knowledge gaps and propose new areas for method development. Discovery of emerging PFASs before they are global contaminants could mitigate future contamination if strategic techniques can be developed to prioritize some of these substances for synthesis and confirmation, further monitoring, source elucidation and hazard characterization.
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| 6. |
- Qu, Guangbo, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of tetrabromobisphenol A allyl ether and tetrabromobisphenol A 2,3-dibromopropyl ether in the ambient environment near a manufacturing site and in mollusks at a coastal region
- 2013
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 47:9, s. 4760-4767
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is one of the most widely used brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and has been frequently detected in the environment and biota. Recent studies have found that derivatives of TBBPA, such as TBBPA bis(allyl) ether (TBBPA BAE) and TBBPA bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) ether (TBBPA BDBPE) are present in various environmental compartments. In this work, using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS), TBBPA allyl ether (TBBPA AE) and TBBPA 2,3-dibromopropyl ether (TBBPA DBPE) were identified in environmental samples and further confirmed by synthesized standards. Soil, sediment, rice hull, and earthworm samples collected near a BFR manufacturing plant were found to contain these two compounds. In sediments, the concentrations of TBBPA AE and TBBPA DBPE ranged from 1.0 to 346.6 ng/g of dry weight (dw) and from 0.7 to 292.7 ng/g of dw, respectively. TBBPA AE and TBBPA DBPE in earthworm and rice hull samples were similar to soil samples, which ranged from below the method limit of detection (LOD, <0.002 ng/g of dw) to 0.064 ng/g of dw and from below the LOD (<0.008 ng/g of dw) to 0.58 ng/g of dw, respectively. Furthermore, mollusks collected from the Chinese Bohai Sea were used as a bioindicator to investigate the occurrence and distribution of these compounds in the coastal environment. The detection frequencies of TBBPA AE and TBBPA DBPE were 41 and 32%, respectively, and the concentrations ranged from below LOD (<0.003 ng/g of dw) to 0.54 ng/g of dw, with an average of 0.09 ng/g of dw, for TBBPA AE, and from below LOD (<0.008 ng/g of dw) to 1.41 ng/g of dw, with an average of 0.15 ng/g of dw, for TBBPA DBPE.
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| 7. |
- Qu, Guangbo, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of tetrabromobisphenol A diallyl ether as an emerging neurotoxicant in environmental samples by bioassay-directed fractionation and HPLC-APCI-MS/MS
- 2011
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 45:11, s. 5009-5016
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been widely used as additives in products to reduce their flammability. Recent findings suggested that some BFRs exhibit neurotoxicity and thus might pose a threat to human health. In this work, a neurotoxicity assay-directed analysis was developed, combining sample cleanup, fractionation, chemical identification, and bioassay. Viability of primary cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) was used to evaluate the neurotoxicity of extracts or separated fractions from environmental samples. Tetrabromobisphenol A diallyl ether (TBBPA DAE) was identified as the causative toxicant in sediment samples collected from a river near a brominated flame retardant (BFR) manufacturing plant in South China. Liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS/MS) was optimized to determine TBBPA DAE levels in the potent fractions and to confirm TBBPA DAE as the key neurotoxicant. On the basis of comparison with the structure of other TBBPA derivatives, the 1-propenyl group in TBBPA DAE appears to be the cause for the neurotoxic potency. The levels of TBBPA DAE in samples along the river were found at up to 49 ng/L for river water, 10,183 ng/g dry weight (dw) in surface sediments, and 42 ng/g dw in soils. According to the distribution of TBBPA DAE in the environmental samples, the manufacturing plant was identified as the release source of TBBPA DAE. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate potential neurotoxicity induced by TBBPA DAE in real environmental samples.
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| 8. |
- Ruan, Ting, et al.
(författare)
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Identification and evaluation of a novel heterocyclic brominated flame retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate in environmental matrices near a manufacturing plant in southern China
- 2009
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 43:9, s. 3080-3086
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A brominated flame retardant (BFR), hexabrominated heterocyclic tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC), was identified,forthe first time, in the natural environment.The chemical was found in river water (2.33-163 ng/L), surface sediments (85.0 ng/g-6.03 microg/g dry weight (dw)), soils (19.6-672 ng/g dw), earthworm (9.75-78.8 ng/g dw), and carp samples (12.0-646 ng/g dw) from a factory-polluted area in southern China. It was found that TBC can strongly adsorb to organic material in sediment, and a trend of decreasing concentration with distance from the source in soil and earthworm samples, combined with calculated Kow (octanol-water partition coefficient) and Koa (octanol-air partition coefficient), suggests its potential ability to undergo regional transportation through dust deposition. Calculated results showed high Kow (log Kow = 7.37) and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) (log BAF = 4.30) of this BFR and indicate that TBC has semivolatile properties and bioaccumulation characteristic in certain biological species. Quantitative structure property relationships (QSPRs) modeling revealed that TBC has Koa (log Koa = 23.68) and Kaw (air-water partition coefficient) (log Kaw = -16.31) values several orders higher than those of other BFRs. The identification of this chemical additive further reminds us that the production and usage of heterocyclic BFRs may cause potential contamination to the surrounding environment
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| 9. |
- Ruan, Ting, et al.
(författare)
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Presence and partitioning behavior of polyfluorinated iodine alkanes in environmental matrices around a fluorochemical manufacturing plant : another possible source for perfluorinated carboxylic acids?
- 2010
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 44:15, s. 5755-5761
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The indistinct origins of some ubiquitous perfluorinated alkyl acids have attracted great attention in recent decades. In this present work, even-chained polyfluorinated iodides (PFIs), a group of volatile perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), including four perfluorinated iodine alkanes (FIAs) and three polyfluorinated telomer iodides (FTIs) were confirmed to be present in the environment. A wide concentration range was found for FIAs at 1.41 to 3.08x104 pg/L, and for FTIs at 1.39 to 1.32x103 pg/L in the ambient air collected around a fluorochemical manufacturing plant in Shandong province, northern China. Whereas for surface soils, most of these PFIs were below detection limits and only small amounts of analytes with higher carbon chain (such as perfluorododecyl iodide and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl iodide, 16.6-499 pg/g) could be sporadically detected. The presence of the PFIs in different environmental matrices in the investigated area and calculated vapor pressures (0.095-20.4 Torr) verify that they can be considered as volatile organic chemicals and easily be released into the atmosphere. Together with reported degradation ability and long-range transport potential, the identification of these PFIs indicates that unintentional release during the telomer reaction process might also be another route for the formation and distribution of certain polyfluorinated alcohols, aldehydes, and carboxylic acid derivatives under oxidative conditions in the environment.
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| 10. |
- Ruan, Ting, et al.
(författare)
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Trace determination of airborne polyfluorinated iodine alkanes using multisorbent thermal desorption/gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Chromatography A. - : Elsevier. - 0021-9673 .- 1873-3778. ; 1217:26, s. 4439-4447
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A novel gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry method coupled with multisorbent thermal desorption cartridges has been developed for the determination of volatile neutral polyfluorinated iodine alkanes (PFIs) in airborne samples. It allows, for the first time, simultaneous analysis of four mono-iodized perfluorinated alkanes, three diiodized perfluorinated alkanes and four mono-iodized polyfluorinated telomers in ambient air samples. 3.75 L air sample was passed through a sorbent tube packed with 150 mg of Tenax TA and 200mg of Carbograph 1 TD for analyte adsorption. Important factors during the analysis procedures, such as safe sampling volume, air sampling rate, analyte desorption and transfer strategies, were optimized and good thermal desorption efficiencies were obtained. The method detection limit (MDL) concentration ranged from 0.04 pg/L for 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorododecyl iodide to 1.2 pg/L for perfluorohexyl iodide, and instrument response of a seven-point calibration was linear in the range of 10-1000 pg. Travel spike recoveries ranged from 83% to 116%. Small variabilities of less than 36% were obtained near the MDLs and the differences between triplicates were even smaller (2.1-7.3%) at 200 pg spiked level. The method was successfully applied to analyze ambient air samples collected near a point source, and five PFIs were identified (10.8-85.0 pg/L), with none of the analytes detectable at the background site.
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| 11. |
- Zhu, Nali, et al.
(författare)
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Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate, hexabromocyclododecanes, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in mollusks from Chinese Bohai Sea.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - Washington DC, USA : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 46:13, s. 7174-7181
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A novel brominated flame retardant (BFR), tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC), as well as hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were analyzed in 11 species of mollusks collected from nine coastal cities around the Chinese Bohai Sea in 2009 and 2010. The detection frequencies were 100%, 99%, and 77% for PBDEs, HBCDs, and TBC, respectively. Concentrations of ∑HBCDs ranged from below detection limit (nd) to 28.8 ng g(-1) on a dry weight (dw) basis, followed by ∑(12)PBDE (0.01-20.4 ng g(-1) dw) and TBC (nd-12.1 ng g(-1) dw). Statistically significant linear correlations were found among the three BFRs. Positive correlations were found between BFRs concentrations and lipid content in mollusks. The concentrations tend to decrease with increasing trophic levels of the mollusks, implying trophic dilution rather than biomagnifications of the BFRs in the aquatic food chains of the sampling area. Among the 11 mollusks species, Mytilus edulis showed higher bioaccumulation capability than others and was therefore considered to be an appropriate bioindicator of contamination by the BFRs in the Chinese Bohai Sea, in agreement with its previous selection for the biomonitoring of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). A dramatic decrease in PBDE concentrations in mollusks of the area was found for the time period from 2003 to 2010, with a half-life of only 2.3 ± 1.7 years, reflecting a rapid response of mollusks to the change in pollution of the marine environment.
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