| 1. |
- Almås, Ingvild, et al.
(författare)
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The Economics of Hypergamy
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Journal of human resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 58:1, s. 260-281
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Partner selection is a vital feature of human behavior with important consequences for individuals, families, and society. We use the term hypergamy to describe a phenomenon whereby there is a tendency for husbands to be of higher rank within the male earnings capacity distribution than their wives are within the female distribution. Such patterns are difficult to verify empirically because earnings are both a cause and an effect of the mating process. Using parental earnings rank as a predetermined measure of earnings capacity to solve the simultaneity problem, we show that hypergamy is an important feature of today’s mating patterns in one of the most gender-equal societies in the world, namely Norway. Through its influence on household specialization, we argue that hypergamy may explain parts of the remaining gender wage gap.
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| 2. |
- Dussex, Nicolas, et al.
(författare)
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Adaptation to the High-Arctic island environment despite long-term reduced genetic variation in Svalbard reindeer
- 2023
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Ingår i: iScience. - 2589-0042. ; 26:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Typically much smaller in number than their mainland counterparts, island populations are ideal systems to investigate genetic threats to small populations. The Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) is an endemic subspecies that colonized the Svalbard archipelago ca. 6,000–8,000 years ago and now shows numerous physiological and morphological adaptations to its arctic habitat. Here, we report a de-novo chromosome-level assembly for Svalbard reindeer and analyze 133 reindeer genomes spanning Svalbard and most of the species’ Holarctic range, to examine the genomic consequences of long-term isolation and small population size in this insular subspecies. Empirical data, demographic reconstructions, and forward simulations show that long-term isolation and high inbreeding levels may have facilitated the reduction of highly deleterious—and to a lesser extent, moderately deleterious—variation. Our study indicates that long-term reduced genetic diversity did not preclude local adaptation to the High Arctic, suggesting that even severely bottlenecked populations can retain evolutionary potential.
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| 3. |
- Ek, Susanne
(författare)
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Essays on Unemployment Insurance Design
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Essay 1: This paper adds to the literature on the effects of unemployment insurance (UI) on post-unemployment outcomes. A vast literature has established a relationship between the generosity of UI and unemployment duration. However, little is known about the impact of UI benefits on subsequent labor market outcomes. UI reduces search efforts but provides workers with more time to find a suitable job. To estimate the causal impact of benefit levels on several measures of job quality, I use a kink in the relationship between previous wages and benefits that is induced by the cap on UI benefits in Sweden. Like those of previous research, my findings indicate that higher UI benefits prolong unemployment duration. I also find that higher UI benefits decrease annual earnings and monthly wages. This negative effect on incomes continues to persist up to nine years after entry into unemployment. I find no effects of UI benefits on the probability of obtaining a full-time job, the employment probability in subsequent years, the duration of future employment or unemployment spells. In combination, these results suggest that workers gain, in monetary terms, from lower unemployment benefits.Essay 2: (with Bertil Holmlund) The paper develops an equilibrium search and matching model where two-person families as well as singles participate in the labor market. We show that marital status as well as spousal labor market status matter for wage outcomes: members of two-worker families receive higher wages than employed singles and also higher wages than employed members of two-person families where spouses are unemployed. The model is applied to a welfare analysis of alternative unemployment insurance systems, recognizing the role of spousal employment as a partial substitute for public insurance.Essay 3: (with Bertil Holmlund) A significant fraction of the labor force consists of employed workers who are part-time unemployed (underemployed) in the sense that they are unable to work as much as they prefer. This paper develops a search and matching model to study the design of optimal unemployment insurance in an economy with unemployment as well as part-time unemployment. Part-time unemployment provides income insurance and serves also as a stepping stone to full-time jobs. Unemployment benefits for part-timers increase the outflow from unemployment to part-time work but reduce the outflow from part-time work to full-time employment. We examine the optimal structure of benefits for unemployed and underemployed workers. The results indicate non-negligible welfare gains associated with time limits for unemployment benefits as well as for part-time benefits. The welfare gains from optimal UI are larger when wages are fixed than when they are flexible.Essay 4: This paper studies whether the optimal unemployment benefit levels should vary over the business cycle. Previous research suggests that policy makers should indeed make unemployment insurance (UI) dependent on the business cycle because the UI can be used to smooth consumption across different economic states. However, high benefits increase unemployment. An alternative way to redistribute income is to vary tax rates over the business cycle. In this paper, we develop an equilibrium search and matching model with risk-averse workers and two states, namely, a good and a bad state. The model yields potential ambiguity concerning the welfare effects of business cycle-dependent UI. The model is calibrated to United States (U.S.) labor market data. The numerical results suggest that higher benefits in the bad state are optimal, but the benefit differential is small. A more efficient way for policy makers to redistribute income over the business cycle is to decrease consumption taxes in the bad state. Compared to an optimal uniform system, however, differentiation yields small welfare gains. Nevertheless, imposing two tax rates strictly dominates imposing two benefit levels. This finding is robust to a wide range of sensitivity checks.
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| 4. |
- Holand, Øystein, et al.
(författare)
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Project ReiGN: reindeer husbandry in a globalizing North : resilience, adaptations and pathways for actions
- 2020
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Ingår i: ordic perspectives on the responsible development of the Arctic. - Cham : Springer Nature. - 9783030523237 - 9783030523268 - 9783030523244 ; , s. 227-248
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fennoscandian reindeer husbandry represents ecological, social-economical and institutional gradients reflected in different adaptations and management regimes. This provides for an interdisciplinary comparative research approach, between and within countries. By integrating perspectives from natural and social sciences, ReiGN engages in (1) identifying key drivers, (2) their effects on this pastoral system, and (3) how they are linked to ecological, social and political differences. In this chapter we outline the main challenges confronting this diverse and dynamic social-ecological system within a globalization and climate change perspective. This enables us to evaluate its adaptive capacities as well as its potential to stimulate policy decisions, societal responses and management actions for a viable reindeer husbandry. In this chapter we present reindeer husbandry in a historical context and introduce key concepts of Sámi reindeer husbandry to ease the understanding of our findings presented and discussed. We also offer an overview of the main research areas in which the ReiGN NCoE has conducted its work over the past several years.
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| 5. |
- Hold, Katharina, et al.
(författare)
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Ancient reindeer mitogenomes reveal island-hopping colonisation of the Arctic archipelagos
- 2024
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Nature. - 2045-2322. ; 14:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate warming at the end of the last glacial period had profound effects on the distribution of cold-adapted species. As their range shifted towards northern latitudes, they were able to colonise previously glaciated areas, including remote Arctic islands. However, there is still uncertainty about the routes and timing of colonisation. At the end of the last ice age, reindeer/caribou (Rangifer tarandus) expanded to the Holarctic region and colonised the archipelagos of Svalbard and Franz Josef Land. Earlier studies have proposed two possible colonisation routes, either from the Eurasian mainland or from Canada via Greenland. Here, we used 174 ancient, historical and modern mitogenomes to reconstruct the phylogeny of reindeer across its whole range and to infer the colonisation route of the Arctic islands. Our data shows a close affinity among Svalbard, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya reindeer. We also found tentative evidence for positive selection in the mitochondrial gene ND4, which is possibly associated with increased heat production. Our results thus support a colonisation of the Eurasian Arctic archipelagos from the Eurasian mainland and provide some insights into the evolutionary history and adaptation of the species to its High Arctic habitat.
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| 6. |
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Image as Site : Skjærgård
- 2021
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Konstnärligt arbeteabstract
- By appropriating the concept of site from the discourses of site-specific art and the concept of field from sound art, and applying them to the moving image, the project Image as Site explores the potential of video art for enabling certain elements of performance that appear in these discourses. The project aims at creating artworks that present themselves as specific realities rather than mere representations of place. The research originates from an understanding of video as a particular mode of inquiry that activates relationships between bodies, images, and places. The project expands this understanding and engages it to create meetings between visual arts and film and media practices where new questions are be triggered.As part of Image as Site, Ellen Røed collaborated in 2021 with researchers Hans Knut Sveen and Jostein Gundersen in an audiovisual exploration, through video, flutes and keyboards in which moving images were treated as a form of site, a place that informed musical improvisation and response. The collaboration culminated in a concert at Kulturhuset WRAP in Bergen in November 2021.
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