| 1. |
- Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, et al.
(author)
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Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.
- 2015
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In: The Lancet. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 386:10010, s. 2287-2323
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution.METHODS: Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk-outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990-2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol.FINDINGS: All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8-58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1-43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5-89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa.INTERPRETATION: Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks.FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Mahadeva, Sreekanth K., et al.
(author)
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A comparative study of room temperature ferromagnetism in MgO films deposited by rf/dc sputtering using high purity Mg and MgO targets
- 2013
-
In: Materials Express. - : American Scientific Publishers. - 2158-5849 .- 2158-5857. ; 3:4, s. 328-334
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Thin films of nanocrystalline MgO were deposited on glass/Si substrates by rf/dc sputtering from metallic Mg, and ceramic MgO targets. The purpose of this study is to identify the differences in the properties, magnetic in particular, of MgO films obtained on sputter deposition from 99.99% pure metallic Mg target in a controlled [Nitrogen + Oxygen partial pressure (O(2)pp)] atmosphere as against those deposited using an equally pure ceramic MgO target in argon + identical oxygen ambience conditions while maintaining the same total pressure in the chamber in both cases. Characterization of the films was carried out by X-ray diffraction, focussed ion beam cross sectioning, atomic force microscopy and SQUID-magnetometry. The 'as-obtained' films from pure Mg target are found to be predominantly X-ray amorphous, while the ceramic MgO target gives crystalline films, (002) oriented with respect to the film plane. The films consisted of nano-crystalline grains of size in the range of about 0.4 to 4.15 nm with the films from metallic target being more homogeneous and consisting of mostly subnanometer grains. Both the types of films are found to be ferromagnetic to much above room temperature. We observe unusually high maximum saturation magnetization (MS) values of 13.75 emu/g and similar to 4.2 emu/g, respectively for the MgO films prepared from Mg, and MgO targets. The origin of magnetism in MgO films is attributed to Mg vacancy (V-Mg), and 2p holes localized on oxygen sites. The role of nitrogen in enhancing the magnetic moments is also discussed.
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| 4. |
- Mahadeva, Sreekanth K., et al.
(author)
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Magnetism of amorphous and nanocrystalized dc-sputter-deposited MgO Thin Films
- 2013
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In: Nanomaterials. - : MDPI AG. - 2079-4991. ; 3:3, s. 486-497
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report a systematic study of room-temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) in pristine MgO thin films in their amorphous and nano-crystalline states. The as deposited dc-sputtered films of pristine MgO on Si substrates using a metallic Mg target in an O-2 containing working gas atmosphere of (N-2 + O-2) are found to be X-ray amorphous. All these films obtained with oxygen partial pressure (P-O2) similar to 10% to 80% while maintaining the same total pressure of the working gas are found to be ferromagnetic at room temperature. The room temperature saturation magnetization (MS) value of 2.68 emu/cm(3) obtained for the MgO film deposited in P-O2 of 10% increases to 9.62 emu/cm3 for film deposited at P-O2 of 40%. However, the MS values decrease steadily for further increase of oxygen partial pressure during deposition. On thermal annealing at temperatures in the range 600 to 800 degrees C, the films become nanocrystalline and as the crystallite size grows with longer annealing times and higher temperature, MS decreases. Our study clearly points out that it is possible to tailor the magnetic properties of thin films of MgO. The room temperature ferromagnetism in MgO films is attributed to the presence of Mg cation vacancies.
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| 5. |
- Mahadeva, Sreekanth K., et al.
(author)
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Suppression of Ferromagnetic Ordering in thicker co-sputtered Mn doped MgO Films
- 2013
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In: Nanostructured metal oxides for advanced applications. - : Materials Research Society. - 9781605115290 ; , s. 83-88
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report on preliminary studies of low (14 at.%) and high (53at.%) concentration Mn doped MgO films deposited by co-sputtering from metallic Mn and Mg targets. The structural, surface morphologies and magnetic properties of the films of different thickness were studied. All the as grown films are found to be amorphous and film surfaces are found to be flawless and homogeneous. We observe at room temperature robust ferromagnetic loops with a saturation magnetization value that is a function of film thickness reaching a maximum of ~38.5 emu/cm3 in the Mn0.53Mg0.47O film at a thickness of ~92 nm. In thicker films room-temperature ferromagnetic ordering is suppressed and eventually at a thickness around 120nm the expected diamagnetism of the bulk appears. The origin of ferromagnetism may be attributed to cation defects at the Mg-site.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Araujo, Carlos Moyses, et al.
(author)
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Disorder-induced Room Temperature Ferromagnetism in Glassy Chromites
- 2014
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In: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 4, s. 4686-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report an unusual robust ferromagnetic order above room temperature upon amorphization of perovskite [YCrO3] in pulsed laser deposited thin films. This is contrary to the usual expected formation of a spin glass magnetic state in the resulting disordered structure. To understand the underlying physics of this phenomenon, we combine advanced spectroscopic techniques and first-principles calculations. We find that the observed order-disorder transformation is accompanied by an insulator-metal transition arising from a wide distribution of Cr-O-Cr bond angles and the consequent metallization through free carriers. Similar results also found in YbCrO3-films suggest that the observed phenomenon is more general and should, in principle, apply to a wider range of oxide systems. The ability to tailor ferromagnetic order above room temperature in oxide materials opens up many possibilities for novel technological applications of this counter intuitive effect.
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| 8. |
- Dahlberg, D, et al.
(author)
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Measurements of the ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic interfacial exchange energy in CO/CoO and Fe/FeF2 layers
- 1998
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In: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 83:11, s. 6893-6895
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Two measurement techniques, both relying on reversible rotations of the magnetization, have been used to determine the magnitude of the interfacial exchange energy (IEE) between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic (F/AF) layers. One technique is to use the anisotropic magnetoresistance to determine rotations of the magnetization away from the unidirectional easy axis, where the rotation is accomplished by applying external magnetic fields less than the effective F/AF exchange field. The second technique uses measurements of the ac susceptibility as a function of the angle between the ac field and the unidirectional exchange field. Both of the reversible process techniques result in values of the IEE larger (by as much as a factor of 10 in Co/CoO bilayers) than the traditional irreversible technique of measuring a shift in the hysteresis loop. The ac susceptibility technique was also used to measure one Fe/FeF2 bilayer. For this sample, the IEE values obtained by reversible and irreversible methods are equivalent.
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| 9. |
- Fang, Mei, et al.
(author)
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Designing photonic band gaps in SiO(2)-based face-centered cubic-structured crystals
- 2011
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In: Journal of nanophotonics. - : SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng. - 1934-2608. ; 5, s. 053514-
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We designed face-centered cubic-structured (fcc) photonic crystals whose lattice parameters were tuned by varying the size of the constituent spherical silica particles in the range 100 to 520 nm. From wide-angle optical transmission investigations and Gaussian fitting of the absorbance spectra over UV-Vis-Near IR range, we found that in these crystals the Bragg wavelengths of the photonic band gaps (PBGs) corresponding to the reflected crystal planes linearly increase with the size of the spheres as expected. From this data, the average refractive index along the different crystal planes of the fcc structure was found to be in the 1.24 to 1.32 range. The Bragg wavelengths were tuned between 400 and 1100 nm. Thus, photonic crystals of the same structure can be designed to tune the Bragg wavelengths of PBGs by selecting the sphere size. These studies open up possibilities to design a new class of "smart" photonic crystals consisting of dielectric entities of sub-micron silica spheres with added functionality from magnetic or piezoelectric nanoparticles embedded in them.
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| 10. |
- Fang, Mei, et al.
(author)
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Effect of embedding Fe3O4 nanoparticles in silica spheres on the optical transmission properties of three-dimensional magnetic photonic crystals
- 2010
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In: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 108:10, s. 103501-
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Magnetic and optical properties of three-dimensional fcc-structured magnetic photonic crystals (MPCs), consisting of SiO2 spheres, in the size range 260-680 nm, embedded with 0-6.4 wt % Fe3O4 nanoparticles have been investigated. In the wide spatial angle transmission spectra for these crystals at normal incidence of light in the UV-visible range, five photonic band gaps (PBGs) due to Bragg diffraction from different crystal planes have been observed. The Bragg wavelengths (lambda(B)) of PBGs in both the nonmagnetic and MPCs of the same structure are found to depend linearly on the sphere size. From the slope of this linear function the calculated effective refractive index is found to increase with the concentration of the magnetite nanoparticles in the MPCs, and is consistent with the result calculated from the average dielectric constant. We also find lambda(B) of PBGs are dependent on the angle of the incidence of the light. Furthermore, for small angles this angular dependency is more strongly dependent on the polarization of incident light for MPCs than for the non-MPCs. Thus, magnetic nanocomposite PCs can be designed to incorporate additional functionality in the development of potential magneto-optical devices. c 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3509146]
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| 11. |
- Girgis, E., et al.
(author)
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Nanotoxicity of Gold and Gold-Cobalt Nanoalloy
- 2012
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In: Chemical Research in Toxicology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0893-228X .- 1520-5010. ; 25:5, s. 1086-1098
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Nanotoxicology test of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and gold-cobalt (Au-Co) nanoalloy is an important step in their safety evaluation for biomedical applications. The Au and Au-Co NPs were prepared by reducing the metal ions using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in the presence of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as a capping material. The average size and shape of the nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Cobalt presence in the nanoalloy was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis, and the magnetic properties of these particles were determined using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The Gold and gold-cobalt NPs of average size 15 +/- 1.5 nm were administered orally to mice with a dose of 80, 160, and 320 mg/kg per body weight (bw) using gavages. Samples were collected after 7 and 14 days of the treatment. The results indicated that the Au-Co NPs were able to induce significant alteration in the tumor-initiating genes associated with an increase of micronuclei (MNs) formation and generation of DNA adduct (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG) as well as a reduction in the glutathione peroxidase activity. This action of Au-Co NPs was observed using 160 and 320 mg/kg bw at both time intervals. However, Au NPs had much lower effects than Au-Co NPs on alteration in the tumor-initiating genes, frequency of MNs, and generation of 8-0HdG as well as glutathione peroxidase activity except with the highest dose of Au NPs. This study suggests that the potential to cause in vivo genetic and antioxidant enzyme alterations due to the treatment by Au-Co nanoalloy may be attributed to the increase in oxidative stress in mice.
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| 12. |
- Khalil, W. K. B., et al.
(author)
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Genotoxicity Evaluation of Nanomaterials : DNA Damage, Micronuclei, and 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine Induced by Magnetic Doped CdSe Quantum Dots in Male Mice
- 2011
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In: Chemical Research in Toxicology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0893-228X .- 1520-5010. ; 24:5, s. 640-650
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Quantum dots (QDs) are a novel class of inorganic fluorophores which are gaining widespread recognition as a result of their exceptional photophysical properties and their applications as a biomarker and in molecular biomedical imaging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo genotoxicity in mice exposed to CdSe quantum dots of average size 5.0 +/- 0.2 nm and CdSe doped with 1% cobalt ions of similar size. The quantum dots are surface modified using mercaptoacetic acid (MAA) in order to be biocompatible and water-soluble. The MAA-QDs were given to the mice orally at doses of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg by weight of MAA-QDs. Bone marrow and liver samples were collected after two and seven days of treatment. The results indicated that after two days of treatment, the high dose of doped MAA-QDs was significantly able to induce DNA damage, formation of micronuclei (MNs), and generation of DNA adduct (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG). However, increasing DNA damage and the frequency of MNs formation as well as the generation of DNA adducts were observed with both the undoped MAA-QDs (2000 mg/kg) and doped MAA-QDs (1000 and 2000 mg/kg) after seven days of treatment. The results of our study indicate that exposure to high doses of pure MAA-QDs or MAA-QDs doped with cobalt has the potential to cause indirect in vivo genetic damage, which may be attributed to free radical-induced oxidative stress in mice.
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| 13. |
- Nagar, Sandeep, et al.
(author)
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Room Temperature Ferromagnetism and Lack of Ferroelectricity in Thin Films of 'Biferroic?' YbCrO3
- 2009
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In: Novel Materials and Devices for Spintronics. - : Materials Research Society. - 9781605111568 ; , s. 163-168
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Search for novel multi-functional materials, especially multiferroics, which are ferromagnetic above room temperature and at the same time exhibit a ferroelectric behavior much above room temperature, is an active topic of extensive studies today Ability to address an entity with an external field, laser beam, and also electric potential is a welcome challenge to develop multifunctional devices enabled by nanoscience While most of the studies to date have been on various forms of Bi and Ba based Ferrites, rare earth chromites are a new class of materials which appear to show some promise However m the powder and bulk form these materials are at best canted antiferromagnets with the magnetic transition temperatures much below room temperature In this presentation we show that thin films of YbCrO3 deposited by Pulsed Laser Deposition exhibit robust ferromagnetic properties above room temperature It is indeed a welcome surprise and a challenge to understand the evolution of above room temperature ferromagnetism in such a thin film The thin films are amorphous in contrast to the powder and bulk forms which are crystalline The magnetic properties are those of a soft magnet with low coercivity We present extensive investigations of the magnetic and ferroelectric properties, and spectroscopic studies using XAS techniques to understand the electronic states of the constituent atoms in this novel Chromite While the amorphous films are ferromagnetic much above room temperature, we show that any observation of ferroelectric property in these films is an artifact of a leaky highly resistive material
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| 14. |
- Sharma, P., et al.
(author)
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Piezoelectric activity in c-axis oriented LiNbO3/ZnO bilayers grown by laser ablation technique
- 2005
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In: Ferroelectrics (Print). - : Informa UK Limited. - 0015-0193 .- 1563-5112. ; 329, s. 969-972
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- LiNbO3/ZnO multi-layer with a preferred c-axis orientation has been grown on glass and SiO2/Si substrates by laser ablation technique. The piezoelectric activity in as deposited films is demonstrated using a novel approach to the atomic force microscope. In the presence of an in plane low frequency (0.1 to 5 Hz) ac electric field, we monitor and image the induced piezoelectric response normal to the film plane between two electrodes.
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| 15. |
- Sreekanth K., Mahadeva, et al.
(author)
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Room Temperature Ferromagnetism and Band Gap Engineering in Mg Doped ZnO RF/DC Sputtered Films
- 2013
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In: Oxide thin films and heterostructures for advanced information and energy technologies. - : Materials Research Society. - 9781632661562 ; , s. 1-6
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Mg doped ZnO thin films were prepared by DC/RF magnetron co-sputtering in (Ar+O2) ambient conditions using metallic Mg and Zn targets. We present a comprehensive study of the effects of film thickness on the structural, optical and magnetic properties. Room temperature ferromagnetism was observed in the films and the saturation magnetization (Ms) increases at first as the film's thickness increases and then decreases. The Ms value as high as ∼15.76 emu/cm3 was achieved for the Mg-doped ZnO film of thickness 120 nm. The optical band gap of the films determined to be in the range 3.42 to 3.52 eV.
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| 16. |
- Sreekanth K., Mahadeva, et al.
(author)
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Room Temperature Ferromagnetism and Band Gap Investigations in Mg Doped ZnO RF/DC Sputtered Films
- 2013
-
In: Oxide semiconductors and thin films. - : Materials Research Society. - 9781605114712 ; , s. 115-120
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Mg@ZnO thin films were prepared by DC/RF magnetron co-sputtering in (N2+O2) ambient conditions using metallic Mg and Zn targets. We present a comprehensive study of the effects of film thickness, variation of O2 content in the working gas and annealing temperature on the structural, optical and magnetic properties. The band gap energy of the films is found to increase from 4.1 to 4.24 eV with the increase of O2 partial pressures from 5 to 20 % in the working gas. The films are found to be ferromagnetic at room temperature and the saturation magnetization increases initially with the film’s thickness reaching a maximum value of 14.6 emu/cm3 and then decreases to finally become diamagnetic beyond 95 nm thickness. Intrinsic strain seems to play an important role in the observed structural and magnetic properties of the Mg@ZnO films. On annealing, the as-obtained ‘mostly amorphous’ films in the temperature range 600 to 800°C become more crystalline and consequently the saturation magnetization values reduce.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Varea, A., et al.
(author)
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Tuneable magnetic patterning of paramagnetic Fe60Al40 (at. %) by consecutive ion irradiation through pre-lithographed shadow masks
- 2011
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In: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 109:9, s. 093918-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Arrays of ferromagnetic circular dots (with diameters ranging from 225 to 420 nm) have been prepared at the surface of atomically ordered paramagnetic Fe60Al40 (at. %) sheets by means of ion irradiation through prelithographed poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) masks. The cumulative effects of consecutive ion irradiation (using Ar+ ions at 1.2 x 10(14) ions/cm(2) with 10, 13, 16, 19 and 22 keV incident energies) on the properties of the patterned dots have been investigated. A progressive increase in the overall magneto-optical Kerr signal is observed for increasingly larger irradiation energies, an effect which is ascribed to accumulation of atomic disorder. Conversely, the coercivity, H-C, shows a maximum after irradiating at 16-19 keV and it decreases for larger irradiation energies. Such a decrease in H-C is ascribed to the formation of vortex states during magnetization reversal, in agreement with results obtained from micromagnetic simulations. At the same time, the PMMA layer, with an initial thickness of 90 nm, becomes progressively thinned during the successive irradiation processes. After irradiation at 22 keV, the remaining PMMA layer is too thin to stop the incoming ions and, consequently, ferromagnetism starts to be generated underneath the nominally masked areas. These experimental results are in agreement with calculations using the Monte-Carlo simulation Stopping Range of Ions in Matter software, which show that for exceedingly thin PMMA layers Ar+ ions can reach the Fe60Al40 layer despite the presence of the mask.
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| 20. |
- Araujo, C. Moysés, et al.
(author)
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Room temperature ferromagnetism in pristine MgO thin films
- 2010
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In: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 96:23
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Robust ferromagnetic ordering at, and well above room temperature is observed in pure transparent MgO thin films (<170 nm thick) deposited by three different techniques. Careful study of the wide scan x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy rule out the possible presence of any magnetic contaminants. In the magnetron sputtered films, we observe magnetic phase transitions as a function of film thickness. The maximum saturation magnetization of 5.7 emu/cm(3) is measured on a 170 nm thick film. The films above 500 nm are found to be diamagnetic. Ab initio calculations suggest that the ferromagnetism is mediated by cation vacancies.
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| 21. |
- Biswas, Anis, et al.
(author)
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The effect of oxygen partial pressure during deposition in the magnetic properties of ZnO thin film
- 2011
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In: Mater Res Soc Symp Proc. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 9781605112695 ; , s. 117-122
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We have studied the magnetic properties of 100 nm thick ZnO thin films prepared by magnetron sputtering in different oxygen partial pressures (ratio of oxygen pressure to total pressure in deposition chamber, P Oxy). Only the films fabricated at P Oxy below ∼ 0.5 show room temperature ferromagnetism. The saturation magnetization at room temperature is initially found to increase as P Oxy increases and reaches maximum value of ∼ 5 emu/gm at P Oxy ∼ 0.3 and then starts to decrease and becomes diamagnetic for P Oxy > 0.5. From small angle XRD study of structural properties of the films, we find that the lattice stress developed in the film along c-axis also exhibits a similar behavior with the variation of P Oxy. Thus, both the room temperature ferromagnetism and lattice stress appear to originate from the intrinsic defects present in the sample.
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| 22. |
- Chastellain, M., et al.
(author)
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Superparamagnetic silica-iron oxide nanocomposites for application in hyperthermia
- 2004
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In: Advanced Engineering Materials. - : Wiley. - 1438-1656 .- 1527-2648. ; 6:4, s. 235-241
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Superparamagnetic iron oxide particles embedded in silica are studied for application in hyperthermia. The temperature increase is studied when submitting the samples to a weak alternating magnetic field. The influence of the iron oxide size distribution, saturation magnetization, out of phase susceptibility and anisotropy constant is discussed. A theoretical calculation of power loss is carried out and agrees with experimental data.
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| 23. |
- Chey, Chan Oeurn, et al.
(author)
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Synthesis of Fe-Doped ZnO Nanorods by Rapid Mixing Hydrothermal Method and Its Application for High Performance UV Photodetector
- 2014
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In: Journal of Nanomaterials. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1687-4110 .- 1687-4129. ; , s. 524530-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We have successfully synthesized Fe-doped ZnO nanorods by a new and simple method in which the adopted approach is by using ammonia as a continuous source of OH- for hydrolysis instead of hexamethylenetetramine (HMT). The energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra revealed that the Fe peaks were presented in the grown Fe-doped ZnO nanorods samples and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results suggested that Fe3+ is incorporated into the ZnO lattice. Structural characterization indicated that the Fe-doped ZnO nanorods grow along the c-axis with a hexagonal wurtzite structure and have single crystalline nature without any secondary phases or clusters of FeO or Fe3O4 observed in the samples. The Fe-doped ZnO nanorods showed room temperature (300 K) ferromagnetic magnetization versus field (M-H) hysteresis and the magnetization increases from 2.5 mu emu to 9.1 mu emu for Zn0.99Fe0.01O and Zn0.95Fe0.05O, respectively. Moreover, the fabricated Au/Fe-doped ZnO Schottky diode based UV photodetector achieved 2.33 A/W of responsivity and 5 s of time response. Compared to other Au/ZnO nanorods Schottky devices, the presented responsivity is an improvement by a factor of 3.9.
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| 24. |
- Davydova, Alexandra, et al.
(author)
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Fabrication of thin ZnO films with wide-range tuned optical properties by reactive magnetron sputtering
- 2018
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In: Semiconductor Science and Technology. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 0268-1242 .- 1361-6641. ; 33:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report the manufacturing of thin zinc oxide films by reactive magnetron sputtering at room temperature, and examine their structural and optical properties. We show that the partial oxygen pressure in DC mode can have dramatic effect on absorption and refractive index (RI) of the films in a broad spectral range. In particular, the change of the oxygen pressure from 7% to 5% can lead to either conventional crystalline ZnO films having low absorption and characteristic descending dependence of RI from 2.4-2.7 RIU in the visible to 1.8-2 RIU in the near-infrared (1600 nm) range, or to untypical films, composed of ZnO nano-crystals embedded into amorphous matrix, exhibiting unexpectedly high absorption in the visible-infrared region and ascending dependence of RI with values varying from 1.5 RIU in the visible to 4 RIU in the IR (1600 nm), respectively. Untypical optical characteristics in the second case are explained by defects in ZnO structure arising due to under-oxidation of ZnO crystals. We also show that the observed defect-related film structure remains stable even after annealing of films under relatively high temperatures (30 min under 450 degrees C). We assume that both types of films can be of importance for photovoltaic (as contact or active layers, respectively), as well as for chemical or biological sensing, optoelectronics etc.
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| 25. |
- Emam, A. N., et al.
(author)
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Hybrid magnetic-plasmonic nanocomposite : Embedding cobalt clusters in gold nanorods
- 2015
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In: RSC Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2046-2069. ; 5:44, s. 34696-34703
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We developed a method to fabricate hybrid magnetic-plasmonic nanorods (Au-Co NRs) via a modified seed mediated method. The only modification is to use cobalt ions instead of Au3+ in the preparation of the seed solution to obtain gold nanorods doped with Co clusters. By adjusting the amount of cobalt seed solution, Au-Co NRs of controlled aspect ratio can be obtained. The optical properties of the obtained Au-Co NRs were investigated and compared to those of the pure Au NRs. A slight shift and broadening were observed in the alloys compared to the pure ones, which was attributed to the presence of Co clusters leading to suppression of the dielectric properties. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images indicate the existence of Co clusters in situ in the Au NR host and clearly show the metal-metal interface. The magnetic properties of the obtained Au-Co NRs increase as the concentration of dopant Co cluster seeds increases, as investigated by vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). Our approach allows us to design nanomaterials of controlled shape, optical and magnetic properties which have many promising applications in tharanostics and photoelectronics.
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| 26. |
- Fan, Jincheng, et al.
(author)
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P-Type ZnO materials : Theory, growth, properties and devices
- 2013
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In: Progress in Materials Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0079-6425 .- 1873-2208. ; 58:6, s. 874-985
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the past 10 years, ZnO as a semiconductor has attracted considerable attention due to its unique properties, such as high electron mobility, wide and direct band gap and large exciton binding energy. ZnO has been considered a promising material for optoelectronic device applications, and the fabrications of high quality p-type ZnO and p-n junction are the key steps to realize these applications. However, the reliable p-type doping of the material remains a major challenge because of the self-compensation from native donor defects (VO and Zni) and/or hydrogen incorporation. Considerable efforts have been made to obtain p-type ZnO by doping different elements with various techniques. Remarkable progresses have been achieved, both theoretically and experimentally. In this paper, we discuss p-type ZnO materials: theory, growth, properties and devices, comprehensively. We first discuss the native defects in ZnO. Among the native defects in ZnO, VZn and O i act as acceptors. We then present the theory of p-type doping in ZnO, and summarize the growth techniques for p-type ZnO and the properties of p-type ZnO materials. Theoretically, the principles of selection of p-type dopant, codoping method and XZn-2VZn acceptor model are introduced. Experimentally, besides the intrinsic p-type ZnO grown at O-rich ambient, p-type ZnO (MgZnO) materials have been prepared by various techniques using Group-I, IV and V elements. We pay a special attention to the band gap of p-type ZnO by band-gap engineering and room temperature ferromagnetism observed in p-type ZnO. Finally, we summarize the devices based on p-type ZnO materials.
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| 27. |
- Fang, Mei, 1984-
(author)
-
3D Magnetic Photonic Crystals : Synthesis and Characterization
- 2010
-
Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis presents the synthesis methods and the characterizations of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles, silica spheres with Fe3O4 nanoparticles embedded, and three dimensional magnetic photonic crystals (MPCs) prepared from the spheres. The structure, material composition, magnetic and optical properties, photonic band gaps (PBGs), as well as how these properties depend on the concentration of the magnetic nanoparticles, are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), Faraday rotation (FR) and optical spectrophotometers. Well-organized, face center cubic (fcc)-structured, super-paramagnetic 3D MPCs have been obtained and their PBGs are investigated through optical spectra. Fe3O4 nanoparticles are synthesized by standard co-precipitation method and a rapid mixing co-precipitation method with particle size varied from 6.6 nm to 15.0 nm at different synthesis temperature (0°C ~ 100°C). The obtained Fe3O4 nanoparticles, which show crystalline structure with superparamagnetic property, are embedded into silica spheres prepared at room temperature through a sol-gel method using the hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in a base solution with different concentrations. By controlling the synthesis conditions (e.g., chemicals, the ratio of chemicals and stirring time), different size of MPC spheres in range of 75 nm to 680 nm has been obtained in a narrow distribution. The sphere suspensions in ethanol are dropped on glass substrate in the permanent magnetic field to achieve well organized 3D MPCs with (111) triangular close packed crystal plane of fcc structure parallel to the surface of substrate. From the transmission & forward scattering spectra (TF), five PBGs have been distinguished for these MPCs and they are defined as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th PBGs according to the order of peaks that appear in mathematic fitting analysis. The positions (peak wavelengths) of PBGs show sphere size dependence: with the increase of the sphere size, they increase linearly. Comparing with pure SiO2 PCs at certain sphere size, the positions of PBGs for MPCs containing moderate Fe3O4 conc. (4.3 wt. %) are at longer wavelengths. On increasing the Fe3O4 conc., however, the PBGs shift back to shorter wavelength. The PBGs shift to longer or shorter wavelength is due to the combined effect of refractive index n increasing, as well as the increase of refractive index difference Δn, which are caused by the embedded Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The transmission spectra (T) with varied incidence angle of p- and s- polarized light are studied, obtaining angular dependent and polarization sensitive PBGs. It is found that with the increase of the incidence angle, the 1st PBGs shift to shorter wavelength while the 3rd ones shift to longer wavelength. High Fe3O4 conc. MPCs (6.4 wt. %) show enhancement of this angular dependence. It is also found that the PBGs show dependence on the polarize direction of incident light. Normally, at a certain incidence angle the PBGs sift more for p- polarized incident light than for s-polarized light with respect to normal incidence. This polarized dependence can also be enhanced for high Fe3O4 conc. MPCs. With a high concentration of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, the polarization sensitivity of p- and s- increased. These PBG properties indicate applications of 3D MPCs as functional optical materials, coatings, wavelength and polarization fibers for fiber optical communications devices and dielectric sensors of magnetic field, etc..
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| 28. |
- Fang, Mei, et al.
(author)
-
Design and tailoring of inks for inkjet patterning of metal oxides
- 2020
-
In: Royal Society Open Science. - : The Royal Society. - 2054-5703. ; 7:4
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Inkjet printing has become a promising, efficient, inexpensive, scalable technique for materials deposition, mask-less and digital patterning in many device applications. Meanwhile, the ink preparation remains a challenge especially for printing functional oxide materials. Based on the principles of inkjet printing (especially relevant for piezoelectric drop-on-demand inkjet printer) and the process of the conversion of liquid ink into solid thin films of oxide materials, we present two approaches to the design and tailoring of inks: (i) oxide particle suspensions (e.g. SiO2, TiO2, Fe3O4) and (ii) metal-acetates precursor solutions for directly printing oxide thin films (e.g. ZnO, MgO, ITO and so forth). The solution inks are stable and produce tunable oxide films with high density and smooth surface. For some of the inks containing multi-type acetates with possible phase separation even before calcinations, we have developed a chelating procedure in order to tailor the films into single-phase homogeneity. The work lays a foundation for inkjet printing of oxides films for functional applications in electronic, photonic and energy devices.
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| 29. |
- Fang, Mei, et al.
(author)
-
'In-situ' ink-jet printed Fe-doped MgO thin films with tunable ferromagnetism
- 2020
-
In: Zhongguó wùli xuékan. - : Elsevier. - 0577-9073. ; 67, s. 398-404
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Magnetism in wide band gap materials is of great interests for future spintronic device applications. We prepared MgO and Fe-doped MgO films 'in-situ' on substrates by inkjet printing, and investigated the ferromagnetism tuned by the doping of Fe, the annealing temperature and the film thickness. It is found that the Fe-doping improves the crystallinity of the films with lattice structure changed by annealing temperature. The saturation magnetization (M-s) of the films enhanced by similar to 5 times comparing with the pure MgO thin film of similar thickness (similar to 90 nm), because of both the long-range ordering of localized 3d electrons in Fe and the defects induced magnetism. The M-s at 5 K decreases with the film thickness, which is mainly attributed to the interface induced ferromagnetism. The Fe-doped MgO films with ferromagnetism in this work can be used in future spintronic devices.
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| 30. |
- Fang, Mej, et al.
(author)
-
'In-situ' preparation of metal oxide thin films by inkjet printing acetates solutions
- 2013
-
In: Mater Res Soc Symp Proc. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 9781605115245 ; , s. 13-20
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Direct printing of functional oxide thin films could provide a new route to low-cost, efficient and scalable fabrications of electronic devices. One challenge that remains open is to design the inks with long term stability for effective deposition of specific oxide materials of industrial importance. In this paper, we introduce a reliable method of producing stable inks for 'in-situ' deposition of oxide thin films by inkjet printing. The inks were prepared from metal-acetates solutions and printed on a variety of substrates. The acetate precursors were decomposed into oxide films during the subsequent calcination process to achieve the 'in-situ' deposition of the desired oxide films directly on the substrate. By this procedure we have obtained room temperature contamination free ferromagnetic spintronic materials like Fe doped MgO and ZnO films from their acetate(s) solutions. We find that the origin of magnetism in ZnO, MgO and their Fe-doped films to be intrinsic. For a 28 nm thick film of Fe-doped ZnO we observe an enhanced magnetic moment of 16.0 emu/cm3 while it is 5.5 emu/cm3 for the doped MgO film of single pass printed. The origin of magnetism is attributed to cat-ion vacancies. We have also fabricated highly transparent indium tin oxide films with a transparency >95% both in the visible and IR range which is rather unique compared to films grown by any other technique. The films have a nano-porous structure, an added bonus from inkjetting that makes such films advantageous for a broad range of applications.
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| 31. |
- Fang, Mei, et al.
(author)
-
Inkjet printing Ag-TiO2 thin films with suppressed photoluminescence
- 2019
-
In: Semiconductor Science and Technology. - : IOP PUBLISHING LTD. - 0268-1242 .- 1361-6641. ; 34:10
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- With ultraviolet sensitive photochemistry and photoelectric properties, TiO2 is attractive for applications like photocatalysis, photovoltaic devices, and sunscreen products, among others. By coating Ag on TiO2 surface, the sensitivity can be extended to visible light, endowing enhanced properties with potential new applications. In this work we inkjet print Ag-TiO2 films from particle suspensions, and investigate the structure, morphology, Ag distribution and the photoluminescence of the films It is found that Ag nanoparticles form bridges among TiO2 particles during the post-annealing. These metallic bridges can transport the excited electrons and suppress the recombination of electrons and holes with the photoluminescence of the film reduced by more than half. The work provides an industrial applicable, low-cost, environment friendly route of preparing Ag-TiO2 films for attractive photochemistry and photoelectric device applications.
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| 32. |
- Fang, Mei, 1984-, et al.
(author)
-
Magnetic properties of inkjet printed Fe-doped ZnO thin films
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Magnetic properties in semiconductors show dependences on the substance itself (the doped element and the matrix), the states (e.g., bulk, nanoparticles, or film) and the preparation methods, which attract huge interest for both functional applications and fundamental science. As a widespread used semiconductor, ZnO and Fe-doped ZnO thin films were prepared via calcination of the as-prepared acetates precursor films printed by inkjet technique. Their room temperature (RT) magnetic properties were investigated to obtain the insight into the origin of RT ferromagnetism (FM). It was found that the grain size of the films was reduced by Fe-doping. For ~30 nm thick films, the saturation magnetization (MS) of 10 at.% Fe-doped ZnO (3.8 emu/g) is 4 times higher than that of pure ZnO thin film (0.9 emu/g) prepared with the same route. We attribute the enhancement to: (i) the introduction of Fe atoms with unpaired 3d electrons which contribute to magnetism; and (ii) the Fe-doping increase the defect in the lattice structure of the ZnO matrix. The effects of calcination temperature on RTFM of 10 at.% Fe-doped thin films were studied, and the temperature dependent MS was observed. The RTFM depended on film thickness as well, which shows an initial increase and then decrease with the maximum MS of 4.44 emu/g obtained from the ~45 nm 10 at.% Fe-doped ZnO film. Possible reasons for the observed phenomena were discussed.
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| 33. |
- Fang, Mei, 1984-, et al.
(author)
-
Magnetism of Fe-doped MgO thin films prepared by inkjet printing
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- We prepared MgO and Fe-doped MgO thin films by inkjet printing and investigated the room temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) of the films. Films prepared from the same route show amorphous for pure MgO films while crystals for Fe-doped MgO thin films, indicating that the doped Fe atoms can improve the crystallinity of the films. The saturation magnetization of 10 at.% Fe-doped MgO film is ~5 times as much as that of pure MgO film with same thickness (~90 nm), implying the great enhancement of magnetism introduced by Fe-doping. The RTFM of 10 at.% Fe-doped MgO films shows dependence on calcination temperature and the film thickness, where the effects of defect and crystal structure on magnetism of films were discussed. From the L2,3-edge features, the coexistence of Fe2+ and Fe3+ cations in octahedral and tetrahedral sites of the crystals was deduced, which was consistent with the two lattice structures determined from X-ray diffraction. The unpaired 3d electrons in the lattices could interact with each other directly or mediated by anions/carriers, which contribute to the enhancement of RTFM in the Fe-doped films. The saturation magnetization of ~30 nm 10at.% Fe-doped MgO film was detected to be ~6.3 emu•cm-3 and the coercively was ~50 Oe.
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| 34. |
- Fang, Mei, et al.
(author)
-
Particle-free inkjet printing of nanostructured porous indium tin oxide thin films
- 2013
-
In: RSC Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2046-2069. ; 3:42, s. 19501-19507
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report a simple, low-cost, single-step inkjet printing method for the fabrication of nanostructured, highly transparent and conductive ITO films, which completely avoids the use of ITO particles in the fabrication process. In our method, the inks are formed from a liquid solution presenting a properly selected mixture of indium and tin acetates. After jet printing, the ink is decomposed during a subsequent annealing step, in which the released CO2 gas bubbles control the ITO nucleation process to provide a porous film texture. We show that the fabricated ITO films are highly crystalline, stoichiometric, and nanoporous with controlled porosity. Electrical measurements show relatively low resistivity values for the films (down to 0.029 Omega cm) comparable to those of the best ITO thin films fabricated by other methods. Optical ellipsometry tests demonstrate a relatively high refractive index (1.5-1.7) and high transparency of the films over a wide region of the spectrum ranging from 500 to 1700 nm. Since the method does not require any pre-fabricated ITO particles, masks or templates, and enables the deposition of films on substrates of various materials and shapes, it can be employed for fabrication of nanoporous ITO films for a diversity of applications, including solar cell, bio- and chemical sensing, etc.
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| 35. |
- Fang, Mei, et al.
(author)
-
Particle size and magnetic properties dependence on growth temperature for rapid mixed co-precipitated magnetite nanoparticles
- 2012
-
In: Nanotechnology. - : IOP Publishing. - 0957-4484 .- 1361-6528. ; 23:14, s. 145601-
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Magnetite nanoparticles have been prepared by co-precipitation using a custom-designed jet mixer to achieve rapid mixing (RM) of reactants in a timescale of milliseconds. The quick and stable nucleation obtained allows control of the particle size and size distribution via a more defined growth process. Nanoparticles of different sizes were prepared by controlling the processing temperature in the first few seconds post-mixing. The average size of the nanoparticles investigated using a Tecnai transmission electron microscope is found to increase with the temperature from 3.8 nm at 1 +/- 1 degrees C to 10.9 nm for particles grown at 95 +/- 1 degrees C. The temperature dependence of the size distribution follows the same trend and is explained in terms of Ostwald ripening of the magnetite nanoparticles during the co-precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+. The magnetic properties were studied by monitoring the blocking temperature via both DC and AC techniques. Strikingly, the obtained RM particles maintain the high magnetization (as high as similar to 88 A m(2) kg(-1) at 500 kA m(-1)) while the coercivity is as low as similar to 12 A m(-1) with the expected temperature dependence. Besides, by adding a drop of tetramethylammonium hydroxide, aqueous ferrofluids with long term stability are obtained, suggesting their suitability for applications in ferrofluid technology and biomedicine.
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| 36. |
- Fang, Mei, 1984-
(author)
-
Properties of Multifunctional Oxide Thin Films Despostied by Ink-jet Printing
- 2012
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Ink-jet printing offers an ideal answer to the emerging trends and demands of depositing at ambient temperatures picoliter droplets of oxide solutions into functional thin films and device components with a high degree of pixel precision. It is a direct single-step mask-free patterning technique that enables multi-layer and 3D patterning. This method is fast, simple, easily scalable, precise, inexpensive and cost effective compared to any of other methods available for the realization of the promise of flexible, and/or stretchable electronics of the future on virtually any type of substrate. Because low temperatures are used and no aggressive chemicals are required for ink preparation, ink-jet technique is compatible with a very broad range of functional materials like polymers, proteins and even live cells, which can be used to fabricate inorganic/organic/bio hybrids, bio-sensors and lab-on-chip architectures. After a discussion of the essentials of ink-jet technology, this thesis focuses particularly on the art of designing long term stable inks for fabricating thin films and devices especially oxide functional components for electronics, solar energy conversion, opto-electronics and spintronics. We have investigated three classes of inks: nanoparticle suspension based, surface modified nanoparticles based, and direct precursor solution based. Examples of the films produced using these inks and their functional properties are:1) In order to obtain magnetite nanoparticles with high magnetic moment and narrow size distribution in suspensions for medical diagnostics, we have developed a rapid mixing technique and produced nanoparticles with moments close to theoretical values (APL 2011 and Nanotechnology 2012). The suspensions produced have been tailored to be stable over a long period of time.2)In order to design photonic band gaps, suspensions of spherical SiO2 particles were produced by chemical hydrolysis (JAP 2010 and JNP 2011 - not discussed in the thesis).3) Using suspension inks, (ZnO)1-x(TiO2)x composite films have been printed and used to fabricate dye sensitized solar cells (JMR 2012). The thickness and the composition of the films can be easily tailored in the inkjet printing process. Consequently, the solar cell performance is optimized. We find that adding Ag nanoparticles improves the ‘metal-bridge’ between the TiO2 grains while maintaining the desired porous structure in the films. The photoluminescence spectra show that adding Ag reduces the emission intensity by a factor of two. This indicates that Ag atoms act as traps to capture electrons and inhibit recombination of electron-hole pairs, which is desirable for photo-voltaic applications.4) To obtain and study room temperature contamination free ferromagnetic spintronic materials, defect induced and Fe doped MgO and ZnO were synthesized ‘in-situ’ by precursor solution technique (preprints). It is found that the origin of magnetism in these materials (APL 2012 and MRS 2012) is intrinsic and probably due to charge transfer hole doping.5) ITO thin films were fabricated via inkjet printing directly from liquid precursors. The films are highly transparent (transparency >90% both in the visible and IR range, which is rather unique as compared to any other film growth technique) and conductive (resistivity can be ~0.03 Ω•cm). The films have nano-porous structure, which is an added bonus from ink jetting that makes such films applicable for a broad range of applications. One example is in implantable biomedical components and lab-on-chip architectures where high transparency of the well conductive ITO electrodes makes them easily compatible with the use of quantum dots and fluorescent dyes.In summary, the inkjet patterning technique is incredibly versatile and applicable for a multitude of metal and oxide deposition and patterning. Especially in the case of using acetate solutions as inks (a method demonstrated for the first time by our group), the oxide films can be prepared ‘in-situ’ by direct patterning on the substrate without any prior synthesis stages, and the fabricated films are stoichiometric, uniform and smooth. This technique will most certainly continue to be a versatile tool in industrial manufacturing processes for material deposition in the future, as well as a unique fabrication tool for tailorable functional components and devices.
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| 37. |
- Fang, Mei, et al.
(author)
-
Rapid mixing : A route to synthesize magnetite nanoparticles with high moment
- 2011
-
In: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 99:22, s. 222501-
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We demonstrate the impact of rapid mixing of the precursors in a time scale of milliseconds on the reaction rate and magnetic properties of co-precipitated magnetite with a custom-made mixer. The mixed volume is directed into a desk-top AC susceptometer to monitor the magnetic response from the growing particles in real-time. These measurements indicate that the reaction is mostly completed within a minute. The obtained superparamagnetic nanoparticles exhibit a narrow size distribution and large magnetization (87 Am(2) kg(-1)). Transmission electron micrographs suggest that rapid mixing is the key for better crystallinity and a more uniform morphology leading to the observed magnetization values.
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| 38. |
- Fang, Mei, 1984-, et al.
(author)
-
Room temperature ferromagnetism of Fe-doped ZnO and MgO thin films prepared by ink-jet printing
- 2012
-
In: MRS Proceedings. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0272-9172 .- 1946-4274.
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Room temperature magnetic properties of un-doped, as well as 10 at.% Fe-doped ZnOand MgO single-pass layer of ink-jet printed thin films have been investigated to obtain insightinto the role of the band gaps and mechanisms for the origin of ferromagnetic order in thesematerials. It is found that on doping with Fe, the saturation magnetization is enhanced by severalfoldin both systems when compared with the respective un-doped thin films. For a ~28 nm thickfilm of Fe-doped ZnO (Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor, DMS) we observe an enhancedmoment of 0.465 μB/Fe atom while it is around 0.111μB/Fe atom for the doped MgO (DilutedMagnetic Insulator, DMI) film of comparable thickness. Also, the pure ZnO is far moreferromagnetic than pure MgO at comparable low film thicknesses which can be attributed todefect induced magnetism originating from cat-ion vacancies. However, the film thicknessdependence of the magnetization and the defect concentrations are found to be significantlydifferent in the two systems so that a comparison of the magnetism becomes more complex forthicker films.
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| 39. |
- Fang, Mei, 1984-, et al.
(author)
-
The art of tailoring inks for inkjet printing metal oxides
- 2012
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Inkjet printing has become a promising, efficient, inexpensive, scalable technique for materials deposition and mask-less patterning in many device applications. This article provides an introduction of the essentials of inkjet printing technology and ink preparation which remains a challenge especially for printing oxide transparent materials. After introducing the essentials of an inkjet printer and the process of the conversion of liquid ink into solid thin films of oxide materials, we present two approaches to the tailoring of inks, especially relevant for piezoelectric drop-on-demand ink jet printer: (1) the inks prepared from oxide particle suspensions (e.g., SiO2, TiO2, Fe3O4), and (2) metal-acetates precursor solutions for direct printing of thin films subsequently processed by calcination into the respective oxides like undoped and doped ZnO, MgO, ITO among others. The oxide films prepared this way using high purity precursors are free from undesirable contaminations, stoichiometric and when annealed appropriately produce smooth printed thin films. We place special emphasis upon preparation of inks that are stable without sediments over time so that the printing process is reliable and repeatable, and the obtained oxide films are dense and uniform. Also, for some of the inks containing multi-type acetates with possible phase separation even before calcinations we have developed a chelating procedure in order to tailor the films into single phase homogeneity. The films are characterized by optical microscope for micro features, high resolution SEM in a Nova600-Nanolab SEM/FIB system, and JEOL atomic force microscope for their morphology.
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| 40. |
- Fang, Mei, 1984-, et al.
(author)
-
Thermal anealing effects on Ag/TiO2 thin films prepared by ink-jet printing
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The effects of heat treatment on both the phase structure and the electronic band structure were studied for Ag/TiO2 composite films prepared by inkjet printing. Ag nanoparticles can form ‘metal-bridge’ to link TiO2 particles in the mesoporous structured films and improve the transport properties of the films. The distribution of Ag in the composite films shows dependence on the annealing conditions: Ag clusters were observed at high annealing temperature (>600 °C), and they can be annihilated by a longer time annealing. Comparing with pure TiO2 films, the decreased intensity of the photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra of Ag/TiO2 composite films indicates that the doped Ag atoms could act as traps to capture electron and inhabit the recombination of electron-hole pairs. From the identifiable PL emission peaks, the band structure of the films is deduced.
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| 41. |
- Fang, Mei, et al.
(author)
-
Tuning room temperature ferromagnetism of 'in-situ' inkjet printed Fe-doped ZnO films
- 2019
-
In: Semiconductor Science and Technology. - : IOP PUBLISHING LTD. - 0268-1242 .- 1361-6641. ; 34:5
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- ZnO is a wide-band gap semiconductor widely used in optical and electric devices, associating with ferromagnetism at low dimension endowing its possibility for functional applications with magneto-optical and magneto-electric properties. We prepared ZnO and Fe-doped ZnO thin films 'in-situ' on substrate by inkjet printing, and tuned the room temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) of the film by Fe-doping concentration, film thickness and post annealing temperature. It was found that by Fe doping the saturation magnetization (M-s) of the film can be enhanced by more than 4 folds comparing with the un-doped film, i.e. from 0.9 emu g(-1) for the ZnO film to 3.8 emu g(-1) for the Fe-doped ZnO film with comparable thickness. The enhancement was attributed to the introduction of un-paired 3d electrons which formed long range ferromagnetic ordering, as well as the consequent structure changes with smaller grains which increased the interface induced magnetism. By changing the annealing temperature and the film thickness, the defect-induced ferromagnetism was investigated. The RTFM shows thickness dependence with peak saturation magnetization value of 4.44 emu g(-1) for the 45 nm thick film. The work provides an effective way of tuning magnetism in ZnO based films for functional device applications.
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| 42. |
- Fraerman, A. A., et al.
(author)
-
Magnetic force microscopy to determine vorticity direction in elliptical Co nanoparticles
- 2004
-
In: Physics of low-Dimensional structures. - 0204-3467. ; 1-2, s. 35-40
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present a magnetic force microscopy investigation into the magnetic properties of arrays of Co nanoparticles fabricated by electron be am lithography. Vorticity directions are determined in zero applied magnetic fields. Experimental dependence of height on stable magnetic states of the particles is investigated. The statistics of the vorticity direction distribution is discussed.
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| 43. |
- Girgis, E., et al.
(author)
-
Cobalt ferrite nanotubes and porous nanorods for dye removal
- 2015
-
In: ADVANCES IN NANO RESEARCH. - : TECHNO-PRESS. - 2287-237X. ; 3:2, s. 111-121
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- CoFe2O4 nanotubes and porous nanorods were prepared via a simple one-pot template-free hydrothermal method and were used as an adsorbent for the removal of dye contaminants from water. The properties of the synthesized nanotubes and porous nanorods were characterized by electron diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and x-ray powder diffraction. The Adsorption characteristics of the CoFe2O4 were examined using polar red dye and the factors affecting adsorption, such as, initial dye concentration, pH and contact time were evaluated. The overall trend followed an increase of the sorption capacity reaching a maximum of 95% dye removal at low pHs of 2-4. An enhancement in the removal efficiency was also noticed upon increasing the contact time between dye molecules and CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. The final results indicated that the CoFe2O4 nanotubes and porous nanorods can be considered as an efficient low cost and recyclable adsorbent for dye removal with efficiency 94% for Cobalt ferrite nanotubes and for Cobalt ferrite porous nanorods equals 95%
|
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| 44. |
- Girgis, E., et al.
(author)
-
Ink-jet-printed (ZnO)(1-x)( TiO2)(x) composite films for solar cell applications
- 2013
-
In: Journal of Materials Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0884-2914 .- 2044-5326. ; 28:3, s. 502-506
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ink-jet printing technique is used to prepare porous (ZnO)(1-x)(TiO2)(x) composite films on indium tin oxide-coated glass substrates. Dye-sensitized solar cells were fabricated using well-characterized printed films of thickness similar to 20 and 30 mu m, respectively. It is found that the photovoltaic performance of the cells is dependent on the film thickness and the concentrations of ZnO. The obtained results are compared with those of pure ZnO- and TiO2-based cells prepared by the same route to optimize the device efficiency. This study suggests that ink-jet printers promise an inexpensive and simple technology for manufacturing solar cell composite films.
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| 45. |
|
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| 46. |
- Girgis, Emad, et al.
(author)
-
Synthesis, magnetic and optical properties of core/shell Co(1-x)Zn(x)Fe(2)O(4)/SiO(2) nanoparticles
- 2011
-
In: Nanoscale Research Letters. - 1931-7573 .- 1556-276X. ; 6, s. 460-
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The optical properties of multi-functionalized cobalt ferrite (CoFe(2)O(4)), cobalt zinc ferrite (Co(0.5)Zn(0.5)Fe(2)O(4)), and zinc ferrite (ZnFe(2)O(4)) nanoparticles have been enhanced by coating them with silica shell using a modified Stober method. The ferrites nanoparticles were prepared by a modified citrate gel technique. These core/shell ferrites nanoparticles have been fired at temperatures: 400 degrees C, 600 degrees C and 800 degrees C, respectively, for 2 h. The composition, phase, and morphology of the prepared core/shell ferrites nanoparticles were determined by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The diffuse reflectance and magnetic properties of the core/shell ferrites nanoparticles at room temperature were investigated using UV/VIS double-beam spectrophotometer and vibrating sample magnetometer, respectively. It was found that, by increasing the firing temperature from 400 degrees C to 800 degrees C, the average crystallite size of the core/shell ferrites nanoparticles increases. The cobalt ferrite nanoparticles fired at temperature 800 degrees C; show the highest saturation magnetization while the zinc ferrite nanoparticles coated with silica shell shows the highest diffuse reflectance. On the other hand, core/shell zinc ferrite/silica nanoparticles fired at 400 degrees C show a ferromagnetic behavior and high diffuse reflectance when compared with all the uncoated or coated ferrites nanoparticles. These characteristics of core/shell zinc ferrite/silica nanostructures make them promising candidates for magneto-optical nanodevice applications.
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| 47. |
- Gupta, Amita, et al.
(author)
-
Room temperature ferromagnetism in transition metal (V, Cr, Ti) doped In(2)O(3)
- 2007
-
In: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 101:9, s. 09N513-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Indium oxide is chosen as the host material for doping Ti, V, and Cr transition metal ions. Theoretical calculations based on density functional theory within a local spin density approximation show that V-V separation of 5.6 A is more stable with a strong ferromagnetic coupling. Our calculations clearly predict that substitution of vanadium for indium should yield ferromagnetism in In(2)O(3). Experimentally, (In(0.95)TM(0.05))O(3) (TM=Ti,V,Cr) were prepared using sol-gel as well as solid state reaction methods. Superconducting quantum interference device magnetization measurements as a function of field and temperature clearly showed that the V and Cr doped samples are ferromagnetic with Curie temperature well above room temperature. Thin films deposited by pulsed laser ablation using these materials on sapphire substrates exhibit a preferred 222 orientation normal to the plane of the film. The magnetic moment for (In(0.95)V(0.05))O(3) film deposited in 0.1 mbar oxygen pressure was estimated to be 1.7 mu(B)/V and is comparable to the theoretical value of 2 mu(B)/V.
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| 48. |
- Iqbal, Z., et al.
(author)
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Enhanced Super conducting Properties and Defects in Shock Compacted YBa2Cu3O7.x and Shock-Synthesized TI2Ba2Cu06 Super conductors
- 2023
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In: Shock Wave and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena in Materials. - : CRC Press. ; , s. 821-830
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Commercially obtained polycrystalline YBa2Cu307-x powders (~40 micron particle size) were shock consolidated using a cylindrical implosion geometry at peak pressures of ~1-5 GPa and powder packing density of -50%. The shock compacted powders were then subjected to controlled oxygen annealing treatments to homogenize the microstructural defects produced during shock compaction and optimize the particle size. The resulting shock processed and annealed samples showed significant improvement of flux pinning forces in contrast to conventionally sintered samples. The intergrain critical currents obtained via low-field and AC susceptibility data show an enhancement by a factor of three at temperatures between 4K and 78K, and magnetic fields up to 150 Oe. Even higher intergrain critical currents were obtained for samples that were shocked and then melt-processed. Electron microscopic analysis indicates formation of interpenetrating twins which may be the seat of defects in microcrystals. At the atomic scale level, the defects consist of intergrowths of a Y-Ba-Cu 223 phase sequence in bulk 123 structure. Some studies on shock-synthesized TI2Ba2Cu06 are also presented.
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
- Kapilashrami, Mukes, et al.
(author)
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Coexistence of ultraviolet photo-response and room-temperature ferromagnetism in polycrystalline ZnO thin films
- 2010
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In: Materials letters (General ed.). - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-577X .- 1873-4979. ; 64:11, s. 1291-1294
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The coexistence of ultraviolet (UV) photoconductivity (PC) and room-temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) is observed in polycrystalline ZnO thin films deposited by unbalanced magnetron sputtering under high oxygen pressure. A significant increase in PC (similar to 870% to 40000%) is observed with increasing film thickness and the consequent structural disorder and film porosity. In contrast, the saturation magnetization (M(S)) at room temperature is found to decrease from 1.02 emu/g to 0.53 emu/g with increasing film thickness from 50 to 150 nm.
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