| 1. |
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Foti, M., et al.
(author)
-
P56Lck anchors CD4 to distinct microdomains on microvilli
- 2002
-
In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 99:4, s. 2008-2013
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Cell-surface microvilli play a central role in adhesion, fusion, and signaling processes. Some adhesion and signaling receptors segregate on microvilli but the determinants of this localization remain mostly unknown. In this study, we considered CD4, a receptor involved in immune response and HIV infection, and p56Lck, a CD4-associated tyrosine kinase. Analysis of CD4 trafficking reveals that p56Lck binds tightly to CD4 independently of its activation state and inhibits CD4 internalization. Electron microscopy analysis established that p56Lck mediates CD4 association with microvilli whereas biochemical data indicate that p56Lck expression renders CD4 insoluble by the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. In addition, cytoskeleton-disrupting agent increased CD4 solubility, suggesting the involvement of cytoskeletal elements in CD4 anchoring to microvilli. This concept was supported further by the observation that the lateral mobility of CD4 within the plasma membrane was decreased in cells expressing p56Lck. Finally, isolation of detergent-resistant membranes revealed that the complex CD4-p56Lck is enriched within these domains as opposed to conditions in which CD4 does not interact with p56Lck. In conclusion, our results show that p56Lck targets CD4 to specialized lipid microdomains preferentially localized on microvilli. This localization, which prevents CD4 internalization, might facilitate CD4-mediated adhesion processes and could correspond to the signaling site of the receptor.
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| 4. |
- Hedman, Johannes, et al.
(author)
-
Evaluation of amylase testing as a tool for saliva screening of crime scene trace swabs
- 2011
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In: FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL-GENETICS. - : ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND. - 1872-4973 .- 1878-0326. ; 5:3, s. 194-198
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Amylase testing has been used as a presumptive test for crime scene saliva for over three decades, mainly to locate saliva stains on surfaces. We have developed a saliva screening application for crime scene trace swabs, utilising an amylase sensitive paper (Phadebas (R) Forensic Press test). Positive results were obtained for all tested dried saliva stains (0.5-32 mu L) with high or intermediate amylase activity (840 and 290 kU/L). Results were typically obtained within 5 min, and all samples that produced DNA profiles were positive. However, salivary amylase activities, as well as DNA concentrations, vary significantly between individuals. We show that there is no correlation between amylase activity and amount of DNA in fresh saliva. Even so, a positive amylase result indicates presence of saliva, and thereby presence of DNA. Amylase testing may be useful for screening in investigations where the number of DNA analyses is limited due to cost, e. g., in volume crime.
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| 5. |
- Hedman, Johannes, et al.
(author)
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Improved forensic DNA analysis through the use of alternative DNA polymerases and statistical modeling of DNA profiles
- 2009
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In: BIOTECHNIQUES. - : Eaton Publishing. - 0736-6205 .- 1940-9818. ; 47:5, s. 951-958
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- DNA evidence, linking perpetrators to crime scenes, is central to many legal proceedings. However, DNA samples from crime scenes often contain PCR-inhibitory substances, which may generate blank or incomplete DNA profiles. Extensive DNA purification can be required to rid the sample of these inhibitors, although these procedures increase the risk of DNA loss. Most forensic laboratories use commercial DNA amplification kits (e.g., AmpFlSTR SGM Plus) with the DNA polymerase AmpliTaq Gold as the gold standard. Here, we show that alternative DNA polymerase-buffer systems can improve the quality of forensic DNA analysis and efficiently circumvent PCR inhibition in crime scene samples, without additional sample preparation. DNA profiles from 20 of 32 totally or partially inhibited crime scene saliva samples were significantly improved using Bio-X-Act Short, ExTaq Hot Start, or PicoMaxx High Fidelity instead of AmpliTaq Gold. A statistical model for unbiased quality control of forensic DNA profiles was developed to quantify the results. Our study demonstrates the importance of adjusting the chemistry of the PCR to enhance forensic DNA analysis and diagnostic PCR, providing an alternative to laborious sample preparation protocols.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Hedman, Johannes, et al.
(author)
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Pre-PCR processing in bioterrorism preparedness : improved diagnostic capabilities for laboratory response networks
- 2013
-
In: Biosecurity and bioterrorism. - : Mary Ann Liebert. - 1538-7135 .- 1557-850X. ; 11:S1, s. S87-S101
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Diagnostic DNA analysis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has become a valuable tool for rapid detection of biothreat agents. However, analysis is often challenging because of the limited size, quality, and purity of the biological target. Pre-PCR processing is an integrated concept in which the issues of analytical limit of detection and simplicity for automation are addressed in all steps leading up to PCR amplification—that is, sampling, sample treatment, and the chemical composition of PCR. The sampling method should maximize target uptake and minimize uptake of extraneous substances that could impair the analysis—so-called PCR inhibitors. In sample treatment, there is a trade-off between yield and purity, as extensive purification leads to DNA loss. A cornerstone of pre-PCR processing is to apply DNA polymerase-buffer systems that are tolerant to specific sample impurities, thereby lowering the need for expensive purification steps and maximizing DNA recovery. Improved awareness among Laboratory Response Networks (LRNs) regarding pre-PCR processing is important, as ineffective sample processing leads to increased cost and possibly false-negative or ambiguous results, hindering the decision-making process in a bioterrorism crisis. This article covers the nature and mechanisms of PCR-inhibitory substances relevant for agroterrorism and bioterrorism preparedness, methods for quality control of PCR reactions, and applications of pre-PCR processing to optimize and simplify the analysis of various biothreat agents. Knowledge about pre-PCR processing will improve diagnostic capabilities of LRNs involved in the response to bioterrorism incidents.
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| 8. |
- Hedman, Johannes, et al.
(author)
-
Synergy between DNA polymerases increases polymerase chain reaction inhibitor tolerance in forensic DNA analysis
- 2010
-
In: Analytical Biochemistry. - - : Elsevier Inc.. - 0003-2697 .- 1096-0309. ; 405, s. 192-200
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The success rate of diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis is lowered by inhibitory substancespresent in the samples. Recently, we showed that tolerance to PCR inhibitors in crime scene salivastains can be improved by replacing the standard DNA polymerase AmpliTaq Gold with alternative DNApolymerase–buffer systems (Hedman et al., BioTechniques 47 (2009) 951–958). Here we show thatblending inhibitor-resistant DNA polymerase–buffer systems further increases the success rate of PCRfor various types of real crime scene samples showing inhibition. For 34 of 42 ‘‘inhibited” crime scenestains, the DNA profile quality was significantly improved using a DNA polymerase blend of ExTaq HotStart and PicoMaxx High Fidelity compared with AmpliTaq Gold. The significance of the results was confirmedby analysis of variance. The blend performed as well as, or better than, the alternative DNA polymerasesused separately for all tested sample types. When used separately, the performance of the DNApolymerases varied depending on the nature of the sample. The superiority of the blend is discussed interms of complementary effects and synergy between the DNA polymerase–buffer systems.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Holm, Åsa, et al.
(author)
-
Leishmania donovani lipophosphoglycan causes periphagosomal actin accumulation : correlation with impaired translocation of PKCα and defective phagosome maturation
- 2001
-
In: Cellular Microbiology. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1462-5814 .- 1462-5822. ; 3:7, s. 439-447
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is the major surface glycoconjugate of Leishmania donovani promastigotes. The repeating disaccharide–phosphate units of LPG are crucial for promastigote survival inside macrophages and establishment of infection. LPG has a number of effects on the host cell, including inhibition of PKC activity, inhibition of nitric oxide production and altered expression of cytokines. LPG also inhibits phagosomal maturation, a process requiring depolymerization of periphagosomal F-actin. In the present study, we have characterized the dynamics of F-actin during the phagocytosis of L. donovani promastigotes in J774 macrophages. We observed that F-actin accumulated progressively around phagosomes containing wild-type L. donovani promastigotes during the first hour of phagocytosis. Using LPG-defective mutants and yeast particles coated with purified LPG, we obtained evidence that this effect could be attributed to the repeating units of LPG. LPG also disturbed cortical actin turnover during phagocytosis. The LPG-dependent accumulation of periphagosomal F-actin correlated with an impaired recruitment of the lysosomal marker LAMP1 and PKCα to the phagosome. Accumulation of periphagosomal F-actin during phagocytosis of L. donovani promastigotes may contribute to the inhibition of phagosomal maturation by physically preventing vesicular trafficking to and from the phagosome.
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| 11. |
- Holm, Åsa, et al.
(author)
-
Lipid rafts are required for the effects of Leishmania donovani lipophosphoglycan on periphagosomal F-actin and phagosomal maturation
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is the major surface glycoconjugate on Leishmania donovani promastigotes, and is cmcial for pro mastigote survival following phagocytosis by macrophages. LPG consists of a chain of repeating phosphodisaccharides anchored to the parasite membrane by a lysophosphatidylinositol lipid anchor with an unusually long saturated fatty acid residue. During phagocytosis, LPG transfers from the parasite surface to the plasma membrane of the host macrophage. The presence of LPG alters the biophysical properties of the host cell membrane and the signaling capacity of the macrophage. LPG induces accumulation ofF-actin around the phagosome, and inhibits phagosome maturation. The effects of LPG on the host ce!l include inhibition of PKCα, a PKC isoenzyme involved in F-actin tumover.The biophysical properties of the LPG lipid anchor suggest that it partitions into caveolae or lipid rafts, which are cholesterol-rich plasma membrane microdomains central for signal transduction. Since PKCa is enriched in caveolae/lipid rafts in other cell types, we investigated if lipid rafts constitute a platform for the interaction of LPG and PKCα. We found that the plasma membrane of human monocyte-derived macrophages were rich in lipid rafts, but did not contain caveolae. LPG colocalized with lipid raft markers after interaction with WT L. donovani promastigotes. The presence of LPG inhibited the translocation of PKCα to the plasma membrane. Destruction of lipid rafts by cholesterol depletion lead to a complete eradication of LPG's effects on periphagosomal F-actin and phagosomal maturation. We also found that cholesterol depletion reduced uptake of WT L. donovani promastigotes, while uptake of an LPG-defective mutant was not affected.We conclude that LPG partitions to lipid rafts in the plasma membrane of human macrophages and inhibits the translocation of PKCα to the membrane. The presence of lipid rafts is a prerequisite for LPG to exert its effects on host cell actin and phagosomal maturation.
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| 12. |
- Holm, Åsa, et al.
(author)
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Protein C α regulates phagocytosis actin dynamics and phagosomal maturation in macrophages
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Protein kinase C α (PKCα) participates in F-actin remodeling during phagocytosis and phagosomal maturation in macrophages. Promastigotes of the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani cause an accumulation of periphagosomal F-actin instead of the normal decrease seen with other prey [1]. This accumulation is dependent on promastigote lipophosphoglycan (LPG), which has several detrimental effects on the cell including inhibition of PKCα activity.To directly address the role of PKCα and LPG for actin remodeling in macrophages, we investigated F-actin dynamics in RAW 264.7 macrophages overexpressing a dominant-negative mutant of PKCα (DN PKCα). We found that DN PKCα-overexpressing cells displayed increased levels of cortical F-actin and decreased phagocytic capacity, which was augmented when the cells were subjected to LPG-coated prey. The DN PKCα-overexpressing cells also showed defective breakdown of periphagosomal F-actin and inhibition of phagosomal maturation. The level of periphagosomal F-actin was similar to that of controls subjected to LPG-coated prey. Our results show that PKCα regulates phagocytosis and F-actin turnover in macrophages, and that PKCα-dependent breakdown of periphagosomal F-actin is required for normal phagosomal maturation.
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| 13. |
- Holm, Åsa, et al.
(author)
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Role of protein kinase C α for uptake of unopsonized prey and phagosomal maturation in macrophages
- 2003
-
In: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications - BBRC. - 0006-291X .- 1090-2104. ; 302:4, s. 653-658
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Protein kinase C α (PKCα) participates in F-actin remodeling during phagocytosis and phagosomal maturation in macrophages. Leishmania donovani promastigotes, which inhibit phagosomal maturation, cause accumulation of periphagosomal F-actin instead of the dissassembly observed around other prey [Cell. Microbiol. 7 (2001) 439]. This accumulation is induced by promastigote lipophosphoglycan (LPG), which has several effects on macrophages including inhibition of PKCα. To investigate a possible connection between PKCα and LPG’s effects on actin dynamics, we utilized RAW264.7 macrophages overexpressing dominant-negative PKCα (DN PKCα). We found increased cortical F-actin and decreased phagocytic capacity, as well as defective periphagosomal F-actin breakdown and inhibited phagosomal maturation in the DN PKCα-overexpressing cells, effects similar to those seen in controls subjected to LPG-coated prey. The results indicate that PKCα is involved in F-actin turnover in macrophages and that PKCα-dependent breakdown of periphagosomal F-actin is required for phagosomal maturation, and endorse the hypothesis that intracellular survival of L. donovani involves inhibition of PKCα by LPG.
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| 14. |
- Karazisis, Dimitrios, 1977, et al.
(author)
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The influence of controlled surface nanotopography on the early biological events of osseointegration
- 2017
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In: Acta Biomaterialia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1742-7061 .- 1878-7568. ; 53, s. 559-571
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The early cell and tissue interactions with nanopatterned titanium implants are insufficiently described in vivo. A limitation has been to transfer a pre-determined, well-controlled nanotopography to 3D titanium implants, without affecting other surface parameters, including surface microtopography and chemistry. This in vivo study aimed to investigate the early cellular and molecular events at the bone interface with screw-shaped titanium implants superimposed with controlled nanotopography. Polished and machined titanium implants were firstly patterned with 75-nm semispherical protrusions. Polished and machined implants without nano-patterns were designated as controls. Thereafter, all nanopatterned and control implants were sputter-coated with a 30 nm titanium layer to unify the surface chemistry. The implants were inserted in rat tibiae and samples were harvested after 12 h,1 d and 3 d. In one group, the implants were unscrewed and the implant-adherent cells were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In another group, implants with surrounding bone were harvested en bloc for histology and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that nanotopography downregulated the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), at 1 d, and triggered the expression of osteocalcin (DC) at 3 d. This was in parallel with a relatively lower number of recruited CD68-positive macrophages in the tissue surrounding the nanopatterned implants. Moreover, a higher proportion of newly formed osteoid and woven bone was found at the nanopatterned implants at 3 d. It is concluded that nanotopography, per se, attenuates the inflammatory process and enhances the osteogenic response during the early phase of osseointegration. This nanotopography-induced effect appeared to be independent of the underlying microscale topography. This study provides a first line of evidence that pre-determined nanopatterns on clinically relevant, screw-shaped, titanium implants can be recognized by cells in the complex in vivo environment. Until now, most of the knowledge relating to cell interactions with nanopatterned surfaces has been acquired from in vitro studies involving mostly two-dimensional nanopatterned surfaces of varying chemical composition. We have managed to superimpose pre-determined nanoscale topography on polished and micro-rough, screw-shaped, implants, without changes in the microscale topography or chemistry. This was achieved by colloidal lithography in combination with a thin titanium film coating on top of both nanopatterned and control implants. The early events of osseointegration were evaluated at the bone interface to these implants. The results revealed that nanotopography, as such, elicits downregulatory effects on the early recruitment and activity of inflammatory cells while enhancing osteogenic activity and woven bone formation. (C) 2017 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 15. |
- Lerm, Maria, 1973-, et al.
(author)
-
Leishmania donovani requires functional Cdc42 and Rac1 to prevent phagosomal maturation
- 2006
-
In: Infection and Immunity. - 0019-9567 .- 1098-5522. ; 74:5, s. 2613-2618
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Leishmania donovani promastigotes survive inside macrophage phagosomes by inhibiting phagosomal maturation. The main surface glycoconjugate on promastigotes, lipophosphoglycan (LPG), is crucial for survival and mediates the formation of a protective shell of F-actin around the phagosome. Previous studies have demonstrated that this effect involves inhibition of protein kinase Cα. The present study shows that functional Cdc42 and Rac1 are required for the formation of F-actin around L. donovani phagosomes. Moreover, we present data showing that phagosomes containing LPG-defective L. donovani, which is unable to induce F-actin accumulation, display both elevated levels of periphagosomal F-actin and impaired phagosomal maturation in macrophages with permanently active forms of Cdc42 and Rac1. We conclude that L. donovani engages Cdc42 and Rac1 to build up a protective coat of F-actin around its phagosome to prevent phagosomal maturation. Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
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| 16. |
- Lerm, Maria, et al.
(author)
-
Rac1 and Cdc42 are involved in the periphagosomal F-actin accumulation and inhibition of phagosomal maturation caused by Leishmania donovani lipophosphoglycan
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The intracellular parasite Leishmania donovani survives inside macrophage phagosomes by inhibiting phagosornal maturation. Its main surface glycoconjugate, lipophosphoglycan (LPG), is crucial for survival and essential for the build-up of a coat of F-actin surrounding the phagosome. Previous studies have shown that inhibition of PKCα by LPG is partly responsible for the elevated levels of F-actin around the phagosome (1, 2). This study shows that simultaneous inhibition of Cdc42 and Rac1, members of the Rho family of small GTPases, prevented the accumulation of F-actin around L. donovani containing phagosomes in murine macrophages. Moreover, an LPG-defective L. donovani mutant normally not capable of accumulating F-actin around it's phagosome, displayed elevated amounts of periphagosomal F-actin in cells pre-treated with permanently active forms of Cdc42 and Rac. The lysosomal marker LAMP1 did not translocate normally to phagosomes in these cells, indicating defective phagosomal maturation. We conclude that Cdc42 and Rac are activated by L. donovani in an LPG-dependent manner, and that this activation contributes to the accumulation of periphagosomal F-actin around L. donovani phagosomes. Our results also indicate a direct link between the build-up of periphagosomal F-actinand inhibition of phagosomal mahuation.
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| 17. |
- Lindmark, Maria, et al.
(author)
-
Complement- and IgG-mediated phagocytosis in human macrophages in calcium dependent and involves synoptotagmin IV
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Calcium regulates membrane fusion events during phagolysosome formation in neutrophil granulocytes and vesicle fusion at the neural synapse. Calcium is also required for uptake of IgG-opsonised particles by human neutrophils. The role of calcium during macrophage phagocytosis is less clear. Here we show that phagocytosis of IgG- or serum-opsonised prey is strictly calcium dependent in human monocyte-derived macrophages. We also show the presence and involvement of synaptotagmin II and IV in human macrophages and in the murine macrophage cell line J774. Synaptotagmin IV displayed a granular distribution in resting human macrophages with some translocation to the plasma membrane. Synaptotagrnin IV did not eo localise with the nucleus, the endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi apparatus. During phagocytosis of IgG- or serum-opsonised prey we observed a distinct, transient translocation of synaptotagmin IV to the phagosome. The kinnetics of synaptotagmin IV translocation was similar to Rab5. LAMP-1, a marker of late endosomes and mature phagolysosomes fused with the phagosome at a later time point. Our results show that complement- and IgG-mediated phagocytosis are dependent on calcium in human macrophages and indicate a role for synaptotagmin IV in the calcium dependent fusion of the phagosome with components of the early endocytic pathway.
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| 18. |
- Lindmark, Maria, et al.
(author)
-
Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) from Leishmania donovani inhibits phagosomal maturation and oxygen redical production in human neutrophils
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is the major surface glycoconjugate on Leishmania donovani promastigotes. LPG inhibits phagosome maturation and is crucial for parasite survival in macrophages. Fusion of vesicles with the phagosome is essential for the formation of a mature phagolysosorne and depolymerization of periphagosomal F-actin is likely a prerequisite for vesicle fusion. In macrophages LPG induces an accumulation of periphagosomal F-actin which is correlated to inhibition of vesicle fusion to the phagosome. In this work we investigated the effects of LPG on phagosome maturation in human neutrophils. We found that ingestion of serum-opsonised, LPG-coated yeast particles induced increased levels of periphagosomal Factin in neutrophils. Phagosome maturation was studied using antibodies to CD63 (azurophil granules), synaptotagmin II (specific granules) and LAMP-1 (specific granules, secretory vesicles, multivesicular bodies/multilaminar compartments). Results showed impaired translocation of all these three markers to phagosomes containing LPG-coated prey. The translocation of the early endosome marker Rab5A to the phagosome was not affected by LPG. The late endosomal marker Rab7 was not found in human neutrophils. Chemiluminescence studies revealed that serum-opsonised, LPG-coated yeast induced less production of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) compared to controls and that the production was mainly intracellular.
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| 19. |
- Lindmark, Maria, 1972-, et al.
(author)
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Synaptotagmin II could confer Ca(2+) sensitivity to phagocytosis in human neutrophils.
- 2002
-
In: Biochimica et biophysica acta. - 0006-3002. ; 1590:1-3, s. 159-166
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Phagolysosome fusion and granule exocytosis in neutrophils are calcium-dependent processes. The calcium requirements vary between granule types, suggesting the presence of different calcium sensors. The synaptotagmins, a family of calcium-binding proteins, previously shown to participate in vesicle fusion and vesicle recycling in excitable cells, are putative calcium-sensors of exocytosis in excitable cells. In this study, we show that synaptotagmin II is present in human neutrophils and may participate in phagocytic and in exocytotic processes. In protein extracts from human neutrophils, we identified synaptotagmin II by Western blot as an 80 kDa protein. Subcellular fractionation revealed that synaptotagmin II was associated with the specific granules. In fMLP-stimulated cells, synaptotagmin II translocated to the plasma membrane. This correlated with the upregulation of complement receptor 3 (CR 3), reflecting the translocation of specific granules to the cell surface. Synaptotagmin II also translocated to the phagosome after complement-mediated phagocytosis in the presence of calcium. LAMP-1 translocated in parallel but probably was located to another subcellular compartment than synaptotagmin II. Under calcium-reduced conditions, neither synaptotagmin II nor LAMP-1 translocated to the phagosome. We therefore suggest a role for synaptotagmin II as calcium-sensor during phagocytosis and secretion in neutrophils.
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| 20. |
- Loitto, Vesa-Matti, et al.
(author)
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Assessment of neutrophil N-formyl peptide receptors by using antibodies and fluorescent peptides
- 2001
-
In: Journal of Leukocyte biology. - 0741-5400. ; 69:5, s. 762-771
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Enrichment of chemoattractant receptors on the neutrophil surface has been difficult to assess, primarily because of limitations in sensitivity of visualization. Using an ultrasensitive, cooled charge-coupled device camera, we investigated spatial-temporal relationships between N-formyl peptide receptor distribution and directional motility of human neutrophils. Live cells were labeled with fluorescent receptor ligands, i.e., fluoresceinated tert-butyl-oxycarbonyl-Phe-(D)-Leu-Phe-(D)-Leu-Phe-OH (Boc-FLFLF) and formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-Tyr-Lys (fnLLFnLYK), while fixed cells were labeled with either fluorescent peptides or monoclonal antibodies. Double labeling of receptors and filamentous actin (F-actin) was done to investigate possible colocalization. N-Formyl peptide receptors on unstimulated cells were randomly distributed. However, on polarized neutrophils, the receptors accumulated toward regions involved in motility and distributed nonuniformly. In fixed neutrophils, antibody-labeled receptors colocalized with the F-actin-rich leading edge whereas peptide-labeled receptors lagged behind this region. We suggest that neutrophils use an asymmetric receptor distribution for directional sensing and sustained migration. A separation between receptors labeled with peptides and those labeled with antibodies reflects two functionally distinct receptor populations at the membrane of motile neutrophils.
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| 21. |
- Nordenfelt, Pontus, et al.
(author)
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Different Requirements for Early and Late Phases of Azurophilic Granule-Phagosome Fusion
- 2009
-
In: TRAFFIC. - : Wiley. - 1398-9219 .- 1600-0854. ; 10:12, s. 1881-1893
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms are complex processes that involve tightly regulated membrane traffic events. Because many signaling molecules associate with membrane rafts and because these structures can be found on azurophilic granules, we decided to investigate raft recruitment and the signaling requirements for azurophilic granule secretion during phagosome maturation. At the site of phagocytosis of immunoglobulin G-opsonized prey in human neutrophils, we found that early secretion of azurophilic granules was both raft- and calcium-dependent. Subsequently, rafts at the phagocytic site were internalized with the prey. At the fully formed phagosome, the fusion of azurophilic granules was no longer dependent on rafts or calcium. These findings were found to be true also when using Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria as prey, and depletion of calcium affected the kinetics of bacterial intracellular survival. These findings suggest that the mechanisms for delivery of azurophilic content to nascent and sealed phagosomes, respectively, differ in their dependence on calcium and membrane rafts.
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| 22. |
- Nordenfelt, Pontus, et al.
(author)
-
Phagosomal membrane rafts : azurophilic origin, Ca2+ dependence, and modulation by Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Uptake and killing of microorganisms by neutrophils involve tightly regulated membrane traffic events that are governed by complex signals. Many of these are raft-associated, which implies that raft dynamics may be important during phagosome formation. Locally restricted, calcium-dependent, parallel upregulation of markers for membrane rafts and azurophilic granules was observed at the site of phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized prey in human neutrophils. Subsequent internalization of the prey reduced the levels of these markers in the plasma membrane. Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria, that can survive phagocytosis by neutrophils, modulated phagosomal raft acquisition by means of M proteins. Continued, but not early, delivery of rafts to the membrane of phagosomes in neutrophils and HL-60 cells was independent of calcium, as was fusion between azurophilic granules and phagosomes. Nevertheless, calcium depletion affected bacterial killing kinetics. These findings suggest that early delivery of membrane rafts is important for phagosomal maturation in neutrophils and provide new mechanistic insight into the processes required for generation of bactericidal phagosomes.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Nordgaard, Anders, 1962-, et al.
(author)
-
The likelihood ratio as value of evidence—more than a question of numbers
- 2012
-
In: Law, Probability and Risk. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 1470-8396 .- 1470-840X. ; 11, s. 303-315
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The ability of the experienced forensic scientist to evaluate his or her results given the circumstances and propositions in a particular case and present this to the court in a clear and concise way is very important for the legal process. Court officials can neither be expected to be able to interpret scientific data, nor is it their task to do so (in our opinion). The duty of the court is rather to perform the ultimate evidence evaluation of all the information in the case combined, including police reports, statements from suspects and victims, witness reports forensic expert statements, etc. Without the aid of the forensic expert, valuable forensic results may be overlooked or misinterpreted in this process. The scientific framework for forensic interpretation stems from Bayesian theory. The resulting likelihood ratio, which may be expressed using a verbal or a numerical scale, compares how frequent are the obtained results given that one of the propositions holds with how frequent they are given that the other proposition holds. A common misunderstanding is that this approach must be restricted to forensic areas such as DNA evidence where extensive background information is present in the form of comprehensive databases. In this article we argue that the approach with likelihood ratios is equally applicable in areas where the results rely on scientific background data combined with the knowledge and experience of the forensic scientist. In such forensic areas the scale of the likelihood ratio may be rougher compared to a DNA case, but the information that is conveyed by the likelihood ratio may nevertheless be highly valuable for the court.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Patcha Brodin, Veronika, et al.
(author)
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Differential inside-out activation of β2 integrins by leukotriene B4 and fMLP in human neutrophils
- 2004
-
In: Experimental Cell Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0014-4827 .- 1090-2422. ; 300:2, s. 308-319
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We have investigated how LTB4, an endogenous chemoattractant encountered early in the inflammatory process, and fMLP, a bacteria-derived chemotactic peptide emanating from the site of infection, mediate inside-out regulation of the β2-integrin. The role of the two chemoattractants on β2-integrin avidity was investigated by measuring their effect on β2-integrin clustering and surface mobility, whereas their effect on β2-integrin affinity was measured by the expression of a high affinity epitope, a ligand-binding domain on β2-integrins, and by integrin binding to s-ICAM. We find that the two chemoattractants modulate the β2-integrin differently. LTB4 induces an increase in integrin clustering and surface mobility, but only a modest increase in integrin affinity. fMLP evokes a large increase in β2-integrin affinity as well as in clustering and mobility. Lipoxin, which acts as a stop signal for the functions mediated by pro-inflammatory agents, was used as a tool for further examining the inside-out mechanisms. While LTB4-induced integrin clustering and mobility were inhibited by lipoxin, only a minor inhibition of fMLP-induced β2-integrin avidity and no inhibition of integrin affinity were detected. The different modes of the inside-out regulation of β2-integrins suggest that distinct mechanisms are involved in the β2-integrin modulation induced by various chemoattractants.
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| 27. |
- Rasmusson, Birgitta, 1963-, et al.
(author)
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Contribution of electron and confocal microscopy in the study of Leishmania-macrophage interactions
- 2004
-
In: Microscopy and Microanalysis. - 1431-9276 .- 1435-8115. ; 10:5, s. 656-661
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Promastigotes of the protozoan parasite genus Leishmania are inoculated into a mammalian host when an infected sand fly takes a bloodmeal. Following their opsonization by complement, promastigotes are phagocytosed by macrophages. There, promastigotes differentiate into amastigotes, the form of the parasite that replicates in the phagolysosomal compartments of host macrophages. Although the mechanisms by which promastigotes survive the microbicidal consequence of phagocytosis remain, for the most part, to be elucidated, evidence indicates that glycoconjugates play a role in this process. One such glycoconjugate is lipophosphoglycan, an abundant promastigote surface glycolipid. Using quantitative electron and confocal laser scanning microscopy approaches, evidence was provided that L. donovani promastigotes inhibit phagolysosome biogenesis in a lipophosphoglycan-dependent manner. This inhibition correlates with an accumulation of periphagosomal F-actin, which may potentially form a physical barrier that prevents L. donovani promastigote-containing phagosomes from interacting with endocytic vacuoles. Inhibition of phagosome maturation may constitute a strategy to provide an environment propitious to the promastigote-to-amastigote differentiation.
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| 28. |
- Serrander, Lena, et al.
(author)
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Selective Inhibition of IgG-Mediated Phagocytosis in Gelsolin-Deficient Murine Neutrophils
- 2000
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In: Journal of Immunology. - 0022-1767 .- 1550-6606. ; 165:5, s. 2451-2457
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Phagocytosis and the microbicidal functions of neutrophils require dynamic changes of the actin cytoskeleton. We have investigated the role of gelsolin, a calcium-dependent actin severing and capping protein, in peripheral blood neutrophils from gelsolin-null (Gsn−) mice. The phagocytosis of complement opsonized yeast was only minimally affected. In contrast, phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized yeast was reduced close to background level in Gsn− neutrophils. Thus, gelsolin is essential for efficient IgG- but not complement-mediated phagocytosis. Furthermore, attachment of IgG-opsonized yeast to Gsn− neutrophils was reduced (∼50%) but not to the same extent as ingestion (∼73%). This was not due to reduced surface expression of the Fcγ-receptor or its lateral mobility. This suggests that attachment and ingestion of IgG-opsonized yeast by murine neutrophils are actin-dependent and gelsolin is important for both steps in phagocytosis. We also investigated granule exocytosis and several steps in phagosome processing, namely the formation of actin around the phagosome, translocation of granules, and activation of the NADPH-oxidase. All these functions were normal in Gsn− neutrophils. Thus, the role of gelsolin is specific for IgG-mediated phagocytosis. Our data suggest that gelsolin is part of the molecular machinery that distinguishes complement and IgG-mediated phagocytosis. The latter requires a more dynamic reorganization of the cytoskeleton.
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| 29. |
- Sjodin, Andreas, et al.
(author)
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The Need for High-Quality Whole-Genome Sequence Databases in Microbial Forensics
- 2013
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In: Biosecurity and Bioterrorism. - : Mary Ann Liebert Inc. - 1557-850X .- 1538-7135. ; 11, s. 78-86
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Microbial forensics is an important part of a strengthened capability to respond to biocrime and bioterrorism incidents to aid in the complex task of distinguishing between natural outbreaks and deliberate acts. The goal of a microbial forensic investigation is to identify and criminally prosecute those responsible for a biological attack, and it involves a detailed analysis of the weapon-that is, the pathogen. The recent development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has greatly increased the resolution that can be achieved in microbial forensic analyses. It is now possible to identify, quickly and in an unbiased manner, previously undetectable genome differences between closely related isolates. This development is particularly relevant for the most deadly bacterial diseases that are caused by bacterial lineages with extremely low levels of genetic diversity. Whole-genome analysis of pathogens is envisaged to be increasingly essential for this purpose. In a microbial forensic context, whole-genome sequence analysis is the ultimate method for strain comparisons as it is informative during identification, characterization, and attribution-all 3 major stages of the investigation-and at all levels of microbial strain identity resolution (ie, it resolves the full spectrum from family to isolate). Given these capabilities, one bottleneck in microbial forensics investigations is the availability of high-quality reference databases of bacterial whole-genome sequences. To be of high quality, databases need to be curated and accurate in terms of sequences, metadata, and genetic diversity coverage. The development of whole-genome sequence databases will be instrumental in successfully tracing pathogens in the future.
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| 30. |
- Tejle, Katarina, 1945-
(author)
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Leishmania donovani Lipophosphoglycan : Modulation of Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Function
- 2006
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Leishmania donovani is a blood-borne tropicial parasite, which infects humans through bites by Phlebotomus sandflies. The parasite survives and multiplies inside macrophages in inner organs, and causes the deadly disease visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar).Macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen-presenting cells involved in the initiation of immune responses. Immature DC are present in all tissues where they internalise and process antigen, in response to which they migrate from tissue, into draining lymphoid organs, undergo maturation and present antigens to lymphocytes. Control measures for leishmaniasis include testing of new diagnostics and development of affordable and effective vaccines for humans.Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is the major surface component of Leishmania donovani promastigotes. LPG comprises a membrane-anchoring lysophosphatidylinositol part and an extracellular chain of disaccharide phosphates. These repetitions are crucial for parasite survival inside macrophages following phagocytosis. LPG has several specific effects on the host cell including inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) activity, and inhibition of phagosomal maturation, a process requiring depolymerization of periphagosomal F-actin.Confocal microscopy and image analysis were used to follow F-actin dynamics in single macrophages during phagocytosis of L. donovani promastigotes and LPG-coated particles. F-actin did not depolymerize, but instead progressively polymerized around phagosomes with LPG-containing prey. This correlated with reduced translocation of PKCα to the phagosome and blocked phagosomal maturation. LPG also inhibited cortical actin turnover, which could be the underlying cause of the reduced uptake of LPG-containing prey. Extracellular- and intracellular calcium was necessary for phagocytosis, periphagosomal F-actin breakdown and phagosomal maturation in macrophages interacting with unopsonized prey,and for the action of LPG.We also studied F-actin turnover in macrophages overexpressing dominant-negative (DN) PKCα. DN PKCα macrophages showed increased amounts of cortical F-actin, decreased phagocytic capacity, inhibition of periphagosomal F-actin breakdown and defective phagosomal maturation. When DN PKCα macrophages interacted with LPG-containing prey, phagocytosis was almost completely blocked.Moreover, we found that Leishmania promastigotes and particularly LPG inhibit DC maturation and detachment from distinct surfaces. Thus, LPG from Leishmania donovani could directly inhibit DC migration to lymphoid organs, antigen-presentation and development of immunity.
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| 31. |
- Tejle, Katarina, et al.
(author)
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Phagocytosis and phagosome maturation are regulated by calcium in J774 macrophages interacting with un-opsonized prey
- 2002
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In: Bioscience Reports. - 0144-8463 .- 1573-4935. ; 22:5-6, s. 529-540
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Phagocytosis by neutrophils, macrophages, and other professional phagocytes requires rapid remodeling of actin. Early phagosomes are surrounded by a rim of F-actin that is disassembled during phagosomoal maturation. Breakdown of periphagosomal F-actin and phagolysosome fusion are calcium dependent processes in neutrophils interacting with serum-opsonized prey, but appears to be calcium independent in macrophages interacting with serum- or IgG-opsonized prey. In the present study, we found that calcium was necessary for phagocytosis, breakdown of periphagosomal F-actin, and phagosomal maturation in J774 macrophages interacting with unopsonized prey. We also observed that lipophosphoglycan (LPG) from Leishmania donovani promastigotes required calcium to exert its inhibitory effect on macrophage phagocytosis and periphagosomal F-actin breakdown. We conclude that calcium is essential for phagocytosis, depolymerization of periphagosomal F-actin, and phagosomal maturation in J774 macrophages interacting with unopsonized prey, as well as for proper functioning of LPG.
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| 32. |
- Tejle, Katarina, 1945-, et al.
(author)
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Wild-type Leishmania donovani promastigotes block maturation, increase integrin expression and inhibit detachment of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells - The influence of phosphoglycans
- 2008
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In: FEMS Microbiology Letters. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0378-1097 .- 1574-6968. ; 279:1, s. 92-102
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The protective immune response against the parasite, including the role of dendritic cells (DC) in the course of infection, plays a fundamental role. This study shows that wild-type (WT) Leishmania promastigotes and specifically the phosphoglycans family of virulence-associated antigens inhibit human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) maturation and detachment to distinct surfaces. Immature phagocytosis of Leishmania donovani promastigotes by immature MoDC results in the increased expression of CD11b and CD51, and inhibition of cell detachment to distinct surfaces, which was dependent on the presence of phosphoglycans. These findings demonstrate that phosphoglycans of WT L. donovani might also inhibit human DC migration to lymphoid organs. © 2007 Federation of European Microbiological Societies.
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| 33. |
- Welin, Amanda, et al.
(author)
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Incorporation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan into macrophage membrane rafts is a prerequisite for the phagosomal maturation block.
- 2008
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In: Infection and Immunity. - Washington DC, USA : American society for microbiology. - 0019-9567 .- 1098-5522. ; 76:7, s. 2882-2887
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is one of the key virulence factors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of tuberculosis. During uptake of mycobacteria, LAM interacts with the cell membrane of the host macrophage and can be detected throughout the cell upon infection. LAM can inhibit phagosomal maturation as well as induce a proinflammatory response in bystander cells. The aim of this study was to investigate how LAM exerts its action on human macrophages. We show that LAM is incorporated into membrane rafts of the macrophage cell membrane via its glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor and that incorporation of mannose-capped LAM from M. tuberculosis results in reduced phagosomal maturation. This is dependent on successful insertion of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. LAM does not, however, induce the phagosomal maturation block through activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, contradicting some previous suggestions.
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| 34. |
- Winberg Tinnerfelt, Martin, et al.
(author)
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Leishmania donovani : Inhibition of phagosomal maturation is rescued by nitric oxide in macrophages
- 2007
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In: Experimental parasitology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0014-4894 .- 1090-2449. ; 117:2, s. 165-170
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Leishmania donovani promastigotes, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, survive inside macrophages by inhibiting phagosomal maturation. The main surface glycoconjugate on promastigotes, lipophosphoglycan (LPG), is crucial for parasite survival. LPG has several detrimental effects on macrophage function, including inhibition of periphagosomal filamentous actin (F-actin) breakdown during phagosomal maturation. However, in RAW 264.7 macrophages pre-stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon ? (IFN?), known to up-regulate inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) production, L. donovani promastigotes are unable to inhibit periphagosomal F-actin breakdown and phagosomal maturation proceeds normally. Moreover, the iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine, blocked the positive effects of LPS/IFN? suggesting that NO is a key player in F-actin remodeling. In conclusion, production of NO by stimulated macrophages seems to allow phagosomal maturation following uptake of L. donovani promastigotes, suggesting a novel mechanism whereby NO facilitates killing of an intracellular pathogen. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 35. |
- Winberg Tinnerfelt, Martin, et al.
(author)
-
Leishmania donovani lipophosphoglycan inhibits phagosomal maturation via action on membrane rafts
- 2009
-
In: Microbes and infection. - Paris, France : Elsevier BV. - 1286-4579 .- 1769-714X. ; 11:2, s. 215-222
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Lipophosphoglycan (LPG), the major surface glycoconjugate on Leishmania donovani promastigotes, is crucial for the establishment of infection inside macrophages. LPG comprises a polymer of repeating Gal beta 1,4Man alpha-PO4 attached to a lysophosphatidylinositol membrane anchor. LPG is transferred from the parasite to the host macrophage membrane during phagocytosis and induces periphagosomal F-actin accumulation correlating with an inhibition of phagosomal maturation. The biophysical properties of LPG suggest that it may be intercalated into membrane rafts of the host-cell membrane. The aim of this study was to investigate if the effects of LPG on phagosomal maturation are mediated via action on membrane rafts. We show that LPG accumulates in rafts during phagocytosis of L. donovani and that disruption of membrane rafts abolished the effects of LPG on periphagosomal F-actin and phagosomal maturation, indicating that LPG requires intact membrane rafts to manipulate host-cell functions. We conclude that LPG associates with membrane rafts in the host cell and exert its actions on host-cell actin and phagosomal maturation through subversion of raft function.
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| 36. |
- Winberg Tinnerfelt, Martin, 1976-
(author)
-
Leukocyte responses to pathogens : integrins, membrane rafts and nitric oxide
- 2008
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- During microbial invasion, leukocytes of the innate immunity are rapidly recruited to the site of infection where they internalize (phagocytose), kill and digest the invaders. To aid this process, leukocytes express surface receptors such as Toll-like receptors, β2-integrins and Fc-receptors. The β2-integrins are also used for attachment to the extracellular matrix and are important for migration. When pro- vs. anti-inflammatory regulation of β2-integrins was investigated, it was found that chemotactic factors modulate neutrophil adhesion through altered affinity and/or avidity of β2-integrins. A bacteria-derived chemoattractant evoked a large increase in affinity as well as in mobility and clustering, while an early, host-derived chemotactic factor induced increased clustering and surface mobility, but only a slight increase in affinity. Anti-inflammatory lipoxin affected β2-integrin avidity, but not affinity.The leukocyte membrane is composed of lipids and proteins, which are inhomogeneously distributed. Specific domains in the membrane, membrane rafts, are enriched in signaling proteins and receptors. It was found that lipophosphoglycan (LPG) a virulence factor and membrane component of the parasite Leishmania donovani, accumulated in macrophage rafts during infection, inhibited PKCα translocation to the membrane and halted phagosomal maturation. Membrane rafts were instrumental for LPG to exert its effect. We further showed that nitric oxide (NO) rescued phagosomal maturation halted by Leishmania donovani parasites, possibly through effects on actin dynamics. NO did not affect parasite virulence per se. Moreover, lipoarabinomannan (LAM), a virulence factor on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) bacteria, also inserted itself into macrophage membrane rafts. LAM from a less virulent strain (PILAM) was less efficiently inserted. Insertion could to some extent be inhibited by phosphatidylinositol mannoside (PIM), another structural molecule from Mtb. LAM did not activate the p38 MAPK signaling pathway nor did LAM interfere with TLR 2 or 4 signaling. In neutrophil leukocytes we observed a simultaneous, calciumdependent up-regulation of membrane rafts and secretion of azurophilic granules at the site of phagocytosis. Rafts were also found in the phagosome membrane. Wild type Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria, which can survive phagocytosis, modulated raft delivery.
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| 37. |
- Ydrenius, Liselotte, et al.
(author)
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Activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase is necessary for actin rearrangements in human neutrophils during phagocytosis
- 2000
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In: Journal of Leukocyte Biology. - 0741-5400 .- 1938-3673. ; 67:4, s. 520-528
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We have investigated the role of cAMP and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK) in neutrophil phagocytosis. Inhibition of cAPK with H-89 reduced complement- and IgG-dependent phagocytosis to 83 and 46%, respectively. Fluorescence intensity measurements of phalloidin-stained actin in neutrophils showed a reduced amount of filamentous actin (F-actin) in pseudopods and around the phagosome in cells treated with H-89 or cAMP-elevating agents (forskolin and rolipram). The amount of phosphotyrosine-containing proteins was also reduced in pseudopods and around the phagosome. Taken together, the data show that cAMP/cAPK regulates F-actin reorganization during receptor-mediated phagocytosis, particularly triggered by IgG-FcR interaction. Our results support the hypothesis that active subcortical reorganization of F-actin is a prerequisite for FcR-mediated phagocytosis, but is less important during CR3-mediated ingestion.
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