| 1. |
- Boman, Christoffer, et al.
(författare)
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Development of innovative small(micro)-scale biomass-based CHP technologies
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- To enhance the overall efficiency of the use of biomass in the energy sector in Europe, the large electricity production potential from small-scale biomass heating systems should be utilised. So far, no technologically sound (in terms of efficiency and reliability) and economically affordable micro- and small-scale biomass CHP technologies are, however, available. Therefore, the present ERA-NET project (MiniBioCHP) aimed at the further development and test of new CHP technologies based on small-scale biomass combustion in the electric capacity range between some W and 100 kW. Within the project, an international consortium consisting of 12 partners from 4 countries, including university institutions, institutes and industry (both engineering and manufacturing), collaborated closely to perform high level R&D on three promising micro/small-scale biomass based CHP technologies which are covering a broad range of applications in the residential heating sector. The Austrian engineering company BIOS, coordinated the international project. The project was based on earlier basic research and development work related to these promising new technologies and aimed at the achievement of a technological level which allows a first (commercial) demonstration after the end of the project. The three CHP concepts included in the MiniBioCHP project were;1. Pellet stoves with a thermoelectric generator (TEG)2. Small-scale biomass boilers (10-30 kWth) with a micro-ORC process3. High temperature heat exchanger (HT-HE) for an externally fired gas turbine (EFGT)The Swedish part of the project was focused on the development of the concept of biomass based EFGT with dedicated R&D activities related to the development of the HT-HE system. The Swedish project consisted of the research partners Umeå University (project leader), Luleå University of Technology, Chalmers University of Technology and RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, together with the industrial partners Enertech AB/Osby Parca and Ecergy. The expertise of the Swedish partners regarding ash related problems, grate boiler combustion and modelling, deposit formation and high temperature corrosion, were combined with the know-how of a Polish partner regarding HT-HE design, construction, testing and optimisation.The HT-HE is the most crucial component in EFGT processes significantly influencing the investment costs, availabilities as well as the efficiencies that can be achieved. With a thermal capacity from several hundred kW up to 2-3 MWth) the CHP technology based on a biomass boiler and an EFGT is suitable for district heating systems, or process heat consumers. The electricity produced by the gas turbine (up to some 100 kWel) can be used to cover the own electricity consumption of a company and/or fed into the grid. Even though the concept of biomass based EFGT has been an interesting alternative for small-scale CHP production for some decades, and R&D activities have been undertaken, tackling both economic and technical aspects, only a few pilot-plants have been in operation and no initiative has so far reached the level of commercial implementation. Thus, the concept of EFGT fed with biomass is still considered to be in a rather early development stage and the main technical challenges are related to alkali deposit induced corrosion and thermal stress of the HT-HE material, turbine design/operation and system integration.Within the present project, a HT-HE prototype aimed for an EFGT system was therefore designed, constructed and successfully tested at flue gas temperatures up to 900°C. Thus, appropriate guidelines for a compact design of the HT-HE and recommendations have been worked out to minimize thermal stresses as well as ash related problems regarding ash deposit formation and high temperature corrosion in a biomass boiler system. Furthermore, different concepts for the overall biomass based EFGT system have been worked out and evaluated. The outcome of the project will hopefully be used in the further development work and form the basis for a first testing and demonstration plant within the coming years.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Bozaghian Bäckman, Marjan, et al.
(författare)
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Bed material performance of quartz, natural K-feldspar, and olivine in bubbling fluidized bed combustion of barley straw
- 2024
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Ingår i: Fuel. - : Elsevier. - 0016-2361 .- 1873-7153. ; 364
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study investigates how three different silicate-based bed materials behave in bubbling fluidized bed combustion of a model agricultural residue with respect to ash composition, namely barley straw. Quartz, natural K-feldspar, and olivine were all used in combustion at 700 °C, and the resulting layer formation and bed agglomeration characteristics were determined. Based on this, a general reaction model for bed ash from agricultural residues was proposed, taking into account the reactivity of the different silicates investigated towards the main ash-forming elements K, Ca, and Si. The proposed reaction model links bed material interaction with K-rich bed ash to the degree of polymerization of the silicate bed material, where addition reactions occur in systems with high polymerization, predominately in quartz, and substitution reactions dominate for depolymerized silicates such as K-feldspar and olivine.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Bozaghian, Marjan, et al.
(författare)
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Combustion characteristics of straw stored with CaCO3 in bubbling fluidized bed using quartz and olivine as bed materials
- 2018
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 212, s. 1400-1408
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The addition of Ca-containing compounds can reduce mass loss from agricultural biomass during storage. The resulting alkaline environment is detrimental to microorganisms present in the material. Theoretical analysis of Ca-containing biomass suggests that combustion properties are improved with respect to slagging. To validate the theoretical calculations, barley straw was utilized as a typical model agricultural biomass and combustion characteristics of straw pre-treated with 2 and 4 w/w% CaCO3 for combined improvement of storage and combustion properties were determined through combustion at 700 degrees C in a bench-scale bubbling fluidized-bed reactor (5 kW) using quartz and olivine sand as bed materials. The combustion characteristics were determined in terms of elemental composition and compound identification in bed ash and bed material including agglomerates, fly ash, particulate matter as well as flue gas measurements. The addition of CaCO3 to straw had both positive and negative effects on its combustion characteristics. Both additive levels raised the total de fluidization temperature for both quartz and olivine, and olivine proved to be less susceptible than quartz to reactions with alkali. With Ca-additives, the composition of deposits and fine particulate matter changed to include higher amounts of KCl potentially leading to higher risk for alkali chloride-induced corrosion. Flue gas composition was heavily influenced by CaCO3 additives by significantly elevated CO concentrations likely related to increased levels of gaseous alkali compounds. The results suggest that it is necessary to reduce gaseous alkali compounds, e.g. through kaolin or sulphur addition, if alkali-rich straw is to be co-combusted with Ca-rich biomass or large amounts of Ca-additives.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Liu, Bokai, et al.
(författare)
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Data-driven quantitative analysis of an integrated open digital ecosystems platform for user-centric energy retrofits : A case study in northern Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Technology in society. - : Elsevier. - 0160-791X .- 1879-3274. ; 75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents an open digital ecosystem based on a web-framework with a functional back-end server for user-centric energy retrofits. This data-driven web framework is proposed for building energy renovation benchmarking as part of an energy advisory service development for the Västerbotten region, Sweden. A 4-tier architecture is developed and programmed to achieve users’ interactive design and visualization via a web browser. Six data-driven methods are integrated into this framework as backend server functions. Based on these functions, users can be supported by this decision-making system when they want to know if a renovation is needed or not. Meanwhile, influential factors (input values) from the database that affect energy usage in buildings are to be analyzed via quantitative analysis, i.e., sensitivity analysis. The contributions to this open ecosystem platform in energy renovation are: 1) A systematic framework that can be applied to energy efficiency with data-driven approaches, 2) A user-friendly web-based platform that is easy and flexible to use, and 3) integrated quantitative analysis into the framework to obtain the importance among all the relevant factors. This computational framework is designed for stakeholders who would like to get preliminary information in energy advisory. The improved energy advisor service enabled by the developed platform can significantly reduce the cost of decision-making, enabling decision-makers to participate in such professional knowledge-required decisions in a deliberate and efficient manner. This work is funded by the AURORAL project, which integrates an open and interoperable digital platform, demonstrated through regional large-scale pilots in different countries of Europe by interdisciplinary applications.
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| 11. |
- Näzelius, Ida-Linn, et al.
(författare)
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Fuel Indices for Estimation of Slagging of Phosphorus-Poor Biomass in Fixed Bed Combustion
- 2017
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Ingår i: Energy & Fuels. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0887-0624 .- 1520-5029. ; 31:1, s. 904-915
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The market for solid biofuels will grow rapidly during the coming years and there will be a great demand for raw materials. This will force the existing fuel base to also cover wooden materials of lower qualities as well as agricultural raw materials and residues, which often show unfavorable ash melting temperatures. This may lead to combustion related problems. Thus, for the utilization of lower quality fuels, it is important to be able to predict potential fuel ash related problems such as slagging. In light of this, the first objective of the present paper was to evaluate the applicability of previously defined indices for slagging of biomass fuels (phosphorus-poor) in fixed bed combustion. The evaluation showed that none of the previously suggested indices in the literature are suitable for qualitative (nor quantitative) prediction of slagging during fixed bed combustion of P-poor biomass fuels. Hence, a second objective was to develop improved novel fuel indices that can be applied to estimate the slagging of phosphorus-poor biomass in fixed bed combustion. The novel fuel indices give a qualitative prediction of the slagging tendency in biomass fixed bed combustion but still needs additional work to further extend the compositional range as well as to fine-tune the indices’ boundaries.
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| 12. |
- Penaka, Santhan Reddy, et al.
(författare)
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A data-driven framework for building energy benchmarking and renovation decision-making support in Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: SBE23-Thessaloniki. - : Institute of Physics (IOP).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Europe, the buildings sector is responsible for 40% of energy use and more than 30% of buildings are older than 50 years. Due to ageing, a large number of houses require energy-efficient renovation to meet building energy performance standards and the national energy efficiency target. Although Swedish house owners are willing to improve energy efficiency, there is a need for a dedicated platform providing decision-making knowledge for house owners to benchmark their buildings. This paper proposes a data-driven framework for building energy renovation benchmarking as part of an energy advisory service development for the Vasterbotten region, Sweden. This benchmark model facilitates regional homeowners to benchmark their building energy performance relative to the national target and similar neighbourhood buildings. Specifically, based on user input data such as energy use, location, construction year, floor area, etc., this model benchmarks the user's building performance using two benchmark references i.e., 1) Sweden's target to reduce buildings by 50% energy use intensity (EUI) by 50% by 2050 compared to the average EUI in 1995, 2) comparing user building with the most relevant peer group of buildings, using energy performance certificates (EPC) big data. Several building groups will be classified based on influential factors that affect building energy use. Hence, this benchmark provides decision-making supportive knowledge to homeowners e.g., whether they need to perform an energy-efficient renovation. In the future, this methodology will be extended and implemented in the digital platform to provide helpful insights to decide on suitable EEMs. This work is an integral part of project AURORAL aims to deliver an interoperable, open, and integrated digital platform, demonstrated by cross-domain applications through large-scale pilots in 8 regions in Europe, including Vasterbotten.
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| 13. |
- Penaka, Santhan Reddy, et al.
(författare)
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Improved energy retrofit decision making through enhanced bottom-up building stock modelling
- 2024
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Ingår i: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier. - 0378-7788 .- 1872-6178. ; 318
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Modelling the performance of building stocks is crucial in facilitating the renovation at the building stock level. Bottom-up building stock modelling begins by detailing individual buildings and then aggregates them into stock level. Its primary advantage lies in capturing the inherent heterogeneity among distinct buildings, which enables tailored retrofitting. Naturally, this approach requires a comprehensive dataset with detailed building information such as geometry and envelope thermal properties. However, a common challenge is the incompleteness of available data in individual datasets. To address this, previous bottom-up studies have filled the missing data with representative or statistical data. Such practice could lead to homogeneous modelling of distinct buildings within the same statistical group. This limits the utilization of key ability of bottom-up building stock modelling in capturing heterogeneity, such as tailored retrofitting to explore potential retrofitting areas and strategies. To address this challenge of homogeneous modelling, we utilize data fusion framework for bottom-up building stock modelling, employing probabilistic record linkage and inverse modelling techniques to integrate multiple incomplete building performance datasets. This framework fills the missing data in one dataset with information from another, thus capturing inherent heterogeneity in the building stock. An empirical study was conducted in Umeå, Sweden, to investigate the framework's effectiveness by modelling building stock with various retrofitting strategies. This study contribution lies in enhancing bottom-up building stock modelling by capturing inherent heterogeneity, to provide tailored retrofitting solutions.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Piotrowska, Patrycja, et al.
(författare)
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Waste gypsum bpard and ash related problems during combustion of biomass : Part 1 : fluidized bed
- 2015
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Ingår i: Energy & Fuels. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0887-0624 .- 1520-5029. ; 29:2, s. 877-893
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is the first in a series of two describing the use of waste gypsum boards as an additive during combustion of biomass. This paper is focusing on experiments performed in a bench-scale bubbling fluidized-bed reactor (5 kW). Three biomass fuels were used; i.e. wheat straw (WS), reed canary grass (RC), and spruce bark (SB), with and without addition of shredded waste gypsum board (SWGB). The objective of this work was to determine the effect of SWGB addition on biomass ash transformation reactions during fluidized bed combustion. The combustion was carried out in a bed of quartz sand at 800 °C or 700 °C for 8 hours. After the combustion stage a controlled fluidized-bed agglomeration test was carried out to determine the defluidization temperature. During combustion experiments outlet gas composition was continuously measured by means of FT-IR. At the same place in the flue gas channel particulate matter (PM) was collected with a 13-stage Dekati low-pressure impactor. Bottom and cyclone fly ash samples were collected after the combustion tests. In addition, during the combustion tests a 6-hour deposit sample was collected with an air-cooled (430 °C) probe. All ash samples were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscope combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDS) for elemental composition and with X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD) for the detection of crystalline phases. Decomposition of CaSO4 originating from SWGB was mainly observed during combustion of reed canary grass at 800 °C. The decomposition was observed as doubled SO2 emissions. No significant increase of SO2 during combustion of SB and WS was observed. However, the interaction of SWGB particles with WS and SB ash forming matter, mainly potassium containing compounds, led to the formation of K2Ca2(SO4)3
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| 16. |
- Rebbling, Anders, 1980-
(författare)
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Application of fuel design to mitigate ash-related problems during combustion of biomass
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The energy supply of today is, through the use of fossil energy carriers,contributing to increased net emissions of greenhouse gases. This hasseveral negative effects on our environment and our climate. In order toreduce the impact of this, and possibly to reverse some of the effects, allrenewable energy sources must be used. Biomass is the renewable energycarrier that has the greatest potential to reduce net greenhouse gasemissions, but the transition from fossil fuels to biofuels is challenging.The combustion of biomass is associated with various technical andenvironmental problems such as slagging, corrosion, and emissions ofparticles, soot, or harmful chemical compounds. Most of these problemsare linked to ash chemical reactions involving alkali metals. Therefore, toreduce the risk of operational and environmental problems, it is importantto understand and control the ash transformation reactions involvingalkali metals.The research presented in this thesis has focused on the development oftools, such as models and indices, for predicting the behaviour of variousbiofuels during combustion, and on the development of the concept of fueldesign and implementation of the same during industrial combustion ofbiomass. The development of easy-to-use tools for predicting problematicash behaviour is crucial in order to make it possible to increase the use ofbiomass as an alternative to fossil fuels. The tools presented here are basedon theoretical and empirical knowledge and can be used to predictchallenges concerning the fuel ash composition and to propose relevantfuel design measures.The purpose of fuel design, as used here, is to broaden the fuel feedstockand to increase the usability of biomass in the global energy system. Thisis achieved through measures to change the ash chemical composition inorder to enhance beneficial properties, or reduce problematic properties,via the use of additives or blending of two or more different fuels.The present thesis extends the foundation of knowledge regarding fuel ashtransformation reactions and their implications for operational problemsthrough in-depth laboratory studies and analyses. Furthermore, thefeasibility of applying this extended knowledge in the medium and largescaleindustrial combustion of biomass is demonstrated and validated. More specifically, a slagging index has been developed using the results ofseveral years of combustion experiments. Fuel designs based on the indexwas demonstrated during normal operation in local and district heatingplants. Furthermore, a model was developed for predicting slaggingproblems that take into account both the chemical composition of the fueland the burner technology.Several studies have also been performed on different fuel designs basedon the same foundation as the index and the model. Additives to supply forexample calcium and sulphur, as well as the clay kaolin, have been used toreduce both technical and environmental problems.The conclusion is that fuel design, based on ash chemistry, is a possiblepath for increased fuel flexibility and a broader feedstock for bioenergy.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Rebbling, Anders, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Demonstrating Fuel Design To Reduce Particulate Emissions and Control Slagging in Industrial-Scale Grate Combustion of Woody Biomass
- 2020
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Ingår i: Energy & Fuels. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 0887-0624 .- 1520-5029. ; 34:2, s. 2574-2583
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The demand for increased overall efficiency, improved fuel flexibility, and more stringent environmental legislations promotes the development of new fuel- and technology-related concepts for the bioenergy sector. Previous research has shown that careful consideration of the fuel ash composition and the adjustment of the same via various routes, i.e., fuel design, have the potential to alter the ash transformation reactions, leading to, e.g., a reduction of the formation of slag or entrained inorganic ash particles. The objective of the present work was, therefore, to demonstrate the use of fuel design as a primary measure to reduce the emission of PM1 during combustion of woody biomass in medium-scale grate-fired boilers while keeping the slag formation at a manageable level. This was achieved by designing fuel blends of woody biomass with carefully selected Scandinavian peats rich in Si, Ca, and S. The work includes results from three experimental campaigns, performed in three separate grate-fired boilers of different sizes, specifically 0.2 MWth, 2 MWth, and 4 MWth. In one of the campaigns, softwood-based stemwood pellets were copelletized with different additions of peat (5 and 15 wt %) before combustion. In the other campaigns, peat was added in a separate fuel feed to Salix chips (15 wt % peat) and softwood-based stemwood pellets (10 and 20 wt % peat). Particulate matter and bottom ashes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for morphology and elemental composition as well as by powder X-ray diffraction for crystalline phase composition. The results show that the fuel design approach provided PM1 reduction for all fuel blends between 30 and 50%. The PM1 reduction could be achieved without causing operational problems due to slagging for any of the three commercial boilers used, although an expected increased slagging tendency was observed. Overall, this paper illustrates that fuel design can be implemented on an industrial scale by achieving the desired ash transformation reactions, in this case, leading to a reduction of fine particulate emissions by up to 50% without any operational disturbances due to slag formation on the grate.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Rebbling, Anders, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Prediction of slag related problems during fixed bed combustion of biomass by application of a multivariate statistical approach on fuel properties and burner technology
- 2020
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 137
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Slag is related to the melting properties of ash and is affected by both the chemical composition of the fuel ash and the combustion parameters. Chemical analysis of slag from fixed bed combustion of phosphorus-poor biomass show that the main constituents are Si, Ca, K, O (and some Mg, Al, and Na), which indicates that the slag consists of different silicates. Earlier research also points out viscosity and fraction of the ash that melts, as crucial parameters for slag formation. To the authors’ knowledge, very few of the papers published to this day discuss slagging problems of different pelletized fuels combusted in multiple combustion appliances. Furthermore, no comprehensive classification of both burner technology and fuel ash parameters has been presented in the literature so far. The objective of the present paper was therefore to give a first description of a qualitative model where ash content, concentrations of main ash forming elements in the fuel and type of combustion appliance are related to slagging behaviour and potential operational problems of a biomass fuel in different small- and medium scale fixed bed appliances.Based on the results from the combustion of a wide range of pelletized biomass fuels in nine different burners, a model is presented for amount of slag formed and expected severity of operational problems. The model was validated by data collected from extensive combustion experiments and it can be concluded that the model predicts qualitative results.
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| 23. |
- Rebbling, Anders, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Reduction of Alkali Release by Two Fuel Additives at Different Bed Temperatures during Grate Combustion of Woody Biomass
- 2019
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Ingår i: Energy & Fuels. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0887-0624 .- 1520-5029. ; 33:11, s. 11041-11048
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of small- and medium-scale combustion of biomass for energy utilization is expected to grow in the coming decades. To meet standards and legislation regarding particle emissions and to reduce corrosion and deposit formation, it is crucial to reduce the release of alkali species from the fuel. This can be achieved by capturing the volatile alkali in the residual bottom ash as more thermally stable compounds. In this work, we investigate the combination of primary measures, i.e., process parameters and fuel additives, for reduction of the release of K and Na from the fuel bed during fixed bed combustion. In addition, the influence of these combined measures on fine particle emissions was explored. The results showed a clear influence of the process parameters, herein bed temperature, and that a significant reduction of the alkali release and PM1 emissions can be achieved by correct settings. Furthermore, the application of additives (kaolin and diammonium sulfate) reduced both K and Na release even further. The observed effects on the release behavior was mainly explained by the formation of KAlSiO4 and K2SO4 during addition of kaolin and diammonium sulfate, respectively. This work therefore emphasizes the importance of good control over the fuel bed conditions, especially temperature, when these additives are applied. To reduce the potential deactivation (for kaolinite) and melting (for K2SO4), the control of bed temperature is vital. Thus, it was concluded that the release of volatile alkali species and related fine particle emissions in small- and medium-scale biomass heat and power plants using wood fuels could be significantly reduced by a correct combination of controlling the combustion parameters and the use of fuel additives.
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| 24. |
- Rebbling, Anders, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding reactivity using fuel design - phosphorus vs kaolin in combustion of stem wood
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The fate of various ash-forming elements determine how well a fuel will perform in a given thermochemical energy conversion process. In order understand ash-related process problems it is particularly important in which compounds alkali metal ions, for biomass this primarily means K+ and Na+, are bonded. Their low charge and relatively large ionic radii leads to poor bond strengths in compounds where they provide the only Lewis acid component, i.e. electron acceptor. This can be remedied by trying to bond alkali metal ions to stronger, predominantly molecular Lewis bases which is the case in for instance arkanite, K2SO4 – the targeted reaction product when (NH4)2SO4 is added in the flue gas to reduce KCl formation. Another approach is to bond alkali in bottom or bed ash, by including Lewis base forming elements such as phosphorus or the additive kaolin which is dominated by kaolinite. This route attempts to promote formation of high-temperature melting compounds with at least one alkali metal ion per phosphate or other starting molecule.While the understanding of how phosphorus reacts in combustion process is increasing it is valuable to understand how it will react in presence of other elements or molecules that play an important role for alkali capture. This will be of interest in situations where the base fuels may be combusted with addition of sulphur or kaolin, for instance. If the base fuels has a high concentration of phosphorus the amount of additive may need to be adjusted according to what phosphates will form, and if they will form even in the presence of the amending additives. Using the inherent composition of the fuel to decide suitable strategies for additive choice or possibly co-combustion is a key component of fuel design.The aim of this study is to investigate the relative Lewis base potential for capture of alkali metal ions between phosphates and kaolin. This is made by adding highly available phosphorus in the form of di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate, (NH4)2HPO4, and kaolin, a mineral where kaolinite is the main constituent for capturing alkali to the fuel blend. The fuel chosen is stem wood where the amount of Lewis acid forming elements greatly surpass that of Lewis base forming elements found in the ash forming matter.
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| 25. |
- Rebbling, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Waste Gypsum Board and Ash-Related Problems during Combustion of Biomass : 2. Fixed Bed
- 2016
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Ingår i: Energy & Fuels. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0887-0624 .- 1520-5029. ; 30:12, s. 10705-10713
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is the second of two describing the use of shredded waste gypsum board (SWGB) as an additive during combustion of biomass. The focus of this paper is to determine whether SWGB can be used as a fuel additive providing CaO and SO2/SO3 for mitigation of ash-related operational problems during combustion of biomass and waste derived fuels in grate fired fixed bed applications. The former study in this series was performed in a fluidized bed and thus allow for comparison of results. Gypsum may decompose at elevated temperatures and forms solid CaO and gaseous SO2/SO3 which have been shown to reduce problems with slagging on the fixed bed and alkali chloride deposit formation. Three different biomasses, spruce bark (SB), reed canary grass (RG), and wheat straw (WS), were combusted with and without addition of SWGB in a residential pellet burner (20 kWth). Waste derived fuel with and without the addition of SWGB was combusted in a large scale grate-fired boiler (25 MWth). The amount of added SWGB varied between 1 and 4 wt %. Ash, slag, and particulate matter (PM) were sampled and subsequently analyzed with scanning electron microscopy/ energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Decomposition of CaSO4 originating from SWGB was observed as elevated SO2 emissions in both the large scale and small scale facilities and significantly higher than was observed in the fluidized bed study. Slag formation was significantly reduced due to formation of calcium-silicates in small scale application, but no conclusive observations regarding calcium reactivity could be made in the large scale application. In the small scale study the formation of K2SO4 was favored over KCl in PM, while in the large scale study K3Na(SO4)2 and K2Zn2(SO4)3 increased. It is concluded that SWGB can be used as a source of CaO and SO2/SO3 to mitigate slag formation on the grate and chloride-induced high temperature corrosion and that fixed bed applications are likely more suitable than bubbling fluidized beds when using SWGB as an additive.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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