| 1. |
- Iacomussi, P, et al.
(author)
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Metrology of Road Surface for Smart Lighting
- 2017
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In: PROCEEDINGSOF THE LUX EUROPA 2017 European Lighting Conference. - Ljubljana. - 9789619373347 ; , s. 103-107
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The knowledge of the luminance coefficient q or of the reduced luminance coefficient r of road surface is an unavoidable requirement for designing road lighting installations able to assure adequate road luminance for visual conditions, energy consumption and traffic safety according to standard requirements. Unfortunately q available data refers to measurements made during the seventies with no traceability or measurement uncertainty. In the last 40 years the road surfaces pavements evolved as well the road lighting sources and luminaires. EMPIR project SURFACE will provide validated, optimised and reliable geometrical conditions for the measurement of q as well as reference data representative of current road pavements and future needs, as support of the European Standardisation process, CIE and European Metrology infrastructure.
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| 2. |
- Lumsden, A, et al.
(author)
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Neurobiology.
- 2001
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In: Current Opinion in Neurobiology. - 0959-4388 .- 1873-6882. ; 11:3, s. 259-66
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Research review (peer-reviewed)
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| 3. |
- Muzet, V, et al.
(author)
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Review of road surface photometry methods and devices – Proposal for new measurement geometries
- 2021
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In: Lighting Research and Technology. - : SAGE Publications Ltd STM. - 1477-1535 .- 1477-0938. ; 53:3, s. 213-229
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Specifications concerning road lighting and photometry of road surfaces were established more than 50 years ago. Road lighting design and road marking visibility were developed for vehicle driving. The observation distance defined by standards corresponds to interurban applications; however, within Europe these areas do not tend to be lit. The objective of the SURFACE project is to propose new geometries for the photometric characterisation of pavements, both adapted to different urban travel modes and new lighting technologies. This article reviews the available guidelines, standards, measuring devices and literature regarding geometries and road lighting applications, and presents the project SURFACE analysis and proposal. The SURFACE consortium recommends adding several new angles for different driving conditions and road users; 2.29° for urban environments and consistency with road marking standard, and 1° for extra-urban environment and consistency with previous geometries. A 5° angle, corresponding to 17-m viewing distance, could be an interesting compromise, suitable for urban driving at low speed, cycling and for scooters. The angles of 10° and 20° are under consideration for describing the boundary between diffuse and specular behaviour.
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| 4. |
- Reber, A, et al.
(author)
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The expression and impact of antifungal grooming in ants.
- 2011
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In: Journal of Evolutionary Biology. - : Wiley. - 1010-061X .- 1420-9101. ; 24:5, s. 954-64
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Parasites can cause extensive damage to animal societies in which many related individuals frequently interact. In response, social animals have evolved diverse individual and collective defences. Here, we measured the expression and efficiency of self-grooming and allo-grooming when workers of the ant Formica selysi were contaminated with spores of the fungal entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae. The amount of self-grooming increased in the presence of fungal spores, which shows that the ants are able to detect the risk of infection. In contrast, the amount of allo-grooming did not depend on fungal contamination. Workers groomed all nestmate workers that were re-introduced into their groups. The amount of allo-grooming towards noncontaminated individuals was higher when the group had been previously exposed to the pathogen. Allo-grooming decreased the number of fungal spores on the surface of contaminated workers, but did not prevent infection in the conditions tested (high dose of spores and late allo-grooming). The rate of disease transmission to groomers and other nestmates was extremely low. The systematic allo-grooming of all individuals returning to the colony, be they contaminated or not, is probably a simple but robust prophylactic defence preventing the spread of fungal diseases in insect societies.
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