| 1. |
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Berg, Lotta, et al.
(författare)
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Yttrande från SLUs vetenskapliga råd för djurskydd om hållande av hund och katt
- 2018
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Detta yttrande är skrivet på uppdrag av Jordbruksverket i samband med verkets översyn av föreskrifterna för hund och katt. För att Jordbruksverkets föreskrifter ska vara väl förankrade i den senaste forskningen önskar verket inhämta underlag från det vetenskapliga rådet för djurskydd vid Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, specifikt gällande områdena rörelsebehov, social kontakt och avvänjning.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- De Oliveira, Daiana, et al.
(författare)
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Early human handling in non-weaned piglets: Effects on behaviour and body weight
- 2015
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Ingår i: Applied Animal Behaviour Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-1591 .- 1872-9045. ; 164, s. 56-63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Early handling of animals including tactile stimulation (TS) has been shown to have beneficial effects on the physical and psychological development of species where considerable maternal interaction, e.g. in the form of licking, already occurs. But little is known about the magnitude of these effects, if any, in species without this natural mechanism. Piglets from 13 litters (N=127) were subjected to four treatments: AH - all piglets in a litter received TS; NH - none of the piglets in a litter received TS; 50/50H - half of a litter received TS and 50/50NH - half of a litter did not receive TS. The TS was performed by a human stroking the back of the piglet for 2 min from 5 to 35 days of age. At 4 weeks of age the piglets were tested twice in an open-field/human-approach test, with either a familiar (F) or an unfamiliar person (U). Body weight was measured at birth, 5,9 and 12 weeks of age. In the tests, AH and 50/50H piglets allowed more physical contact, regardless of the familiarity of the person (AH: 22.5 +/- 2.3 F; 24.1 +/- 2.3 U, 50/50H: 18.1 +/- 2.2 F; 25.3 +/- 2.2 U, P = 0.05). Additionally, AH piglets vocalized least and were least often in the perimeter zone (PZ) of the arena (AH grunts: 6.0 +/- 0.8, P= 0.002; 12.8 +/- 0.8, P = 0.0005; 18.1 +/- 0.8, P= 0.08; AH PZ: 3.9 +/- 0.8, P=0.009; 9.1 +/- 0.8, P= 0.003; 12.6 +/- 0.7, P= 0.004 in isolation, stationary and moving person phase, respectively). In contrast, NH piglets vocalized most and were most often in the PZ. 50/50NH had higher body weights at 12 weeks than 50/50H, whereas AH and NH piglets were intermediate (AH: 36.9 +/- 0.9, NH: 35.6 +/- 1.0, 50/50H: 34.2 +/- 1.3, 50/50NH: 37.8 +/- 1.3, P= 0.03). This study suggests that early handling changed the way piglets reacted to challenging situations in that handled piglets showed behaviour suggesting they were less fearful in a novel environment and less fearful of being handled by people in general. Interestingly though, the early handling did not result in the same beneficial effects on the physical development of the piglets, as handled piglets were not heavier. Instead, it was the 50/50NH piglets that were the heaviest, implying that the daily presence of a human moving around in the pen to handle the 50/50H piglets seemed to stimulate weight gain. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Eriksson, Matilda, et al.
(författare)
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Cats and owners interact more with each other after a longer duration of separation
- 2017
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Little is known about the cat's (Felis silvestris catus) need for human contact, although it is generally believed that cats are more independent pets than e. g. dogs. In this study, we investigated the effect of time left alone at home on cat behaviour (e. g. social and distressrelated) before, during and after separation from their owner. Fourteen privately owned cats (single-housed) were each subjected to two treatments: the cat was left alone in their home environment for 30 min (T-0.5) and for 4 h (T-4). There were no differences between treatments in the behaviour of the cat (or owner) before owner departure, nor during the first 5 min of separation. During separation, cats were lying down resting proportionally less (T = 22.5, P = 0.02) in T-0.5 (0.27 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- SE)) compared to in T-4 (0.58 +/- 0.08), probably due to a similar duration of higher activity early in the separation phase in both treatments. Comparisons of the time interval (min 20 +/- 25) in both treatments indicated no differences across treatments, which supports such an explanation. Towards the end of the separation phase (the last two 5-min intervals of separation in both treatments), no differences were observed in the cats' behaviour, indicating that cats were unaffected by separation length. At reunion however, cats purred more (T = 10.5, P = 0.03) and stretched their body more (T = 17, P = 0.04) after a longer duration of separation (T4: 0.05 +/- 0.02; 0.03 +/- 0.01; T-0.5: 0.01 +/- 0.007; 0.008 +/- 0.003). Also, owners initiated more verbal contact (T = 33.5, P = 0.04) after 4 h (0.18 +/- 0.05) compared to after 30 min (0.12 +/- 0.03). There was no evidence of any correlations between the level of purring or body stretching by the cat and verbal contact by the owner implying that the behavioural expressions seen in the cats are independent of the owner's behaviour. Hence, it seemed as cats coped well with being left alone, but they were affected by the time they were left alone, since they expressed differences in behaviour when the owner returned home. The increased level of social contact initiated by the cats after a longer duration of separation indicates a rebound of contact-seeking behaviour, implying that the owner is an important part of the cat's social environment.
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| 9. |
- Hartmann, Elke, et al.
(författare)
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From the horse’s perspective : Investigating attachment behaviour and the effect of training method on fear reactions and ease of handling—a pilot study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Animals. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-2615. ; 11:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study investigated equine responses to novelty and handling, aiming to reveal whether horse–human relationships reflect criteria of an attachment bond. Twelve adult Standardbreds were subjected to a fear-eliciting test (novel objects presented close to two humans) and a handling test (being led passing novel objects) to study attachment-related behaviours and ease of handling. The tests were performed both before (pre-test) and after (post-test) horses had been trained by the same female handler (10 sessions of 15 min). Horses were assigned to three groups of four, each of which underwent different operant conditioning protocols: negative reinforcement (NR; pressure, release of lead, and whip tap signals) or combined NR with either positive reinforcement using food (PRf) or wither scratching (PRs). Results showed that neither familiarity of the person nor training method had a significant impact on the horses’ behavioural responses in the post-tests. However, horses showed decreased heart rates between pre-and post-tests, which may indicate habituation, an effect of training per se, or that the presence of the familiar trainer served to calm the horses during the challenging situations. There were large individual variations among the horses’ responses and further studies are needed to increase our understanding of horse–human relationships. © 2021 by the authors.
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| 10. |
- Keeling, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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An International Comparison of Female and Male Students’ Attitudes to the Use of Animals
- 2011
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Ingår i: Animals. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-2615. ; 1, s. 7-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has demonstrated that in households where the male partner is more dominant, there is convergence in male and female attitudes towards animals, whereas if the female partner is empowered they exhibit greater empathy towards animals than the male partner. We tested this theory of ‘female empowered empathy’ internationally in a survey of female and male students’ attitudes towards use of animals, conducted in 11 Eurasian countries: China, Czech Republic, Great Britain, Iran, Ireland, South Korea, Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Spain and Sweden. Gender empowerment was estimated for each country using the Gender Empowerment Measure designed by the United Nations. The survey was administered via the internet in universities within countries, and 1,902 female and 1,530 male student responses from 102 universities were received. Respondents rated the acceptability of 43 major concerns about human use of animals, and the importance of 13 world social issues, including animal protection, environmental protection and sustainable development. Females had greater concern for animal welfare and rights than males. There was a positive correlation between the Gender Empowerment Measure and the ratio of female to male concern for animal welfare and rights, but not for other world issues. Thus in countries where females were more empowered, principally Sweden, Norway and Great Britain, females had much greater concern than males for animal issues, whereas in other countries the responses of males and females were more similar. Across countries female students were more likely to avoid meat and less likely to avoid eggs, milk and seafood than male students, and were more likely to have kept pets than males. Females rated cats as more sentient than males did. The results demonstrate that females have greater concern for animal welfare and rights than males, and that this is more likely to be expressed in countries where females are relatively empowered, suggesting that ‘emancipated female empathy’ operates across countries as well as at a local level
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Keeling, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Students' attitudes to animal welfare and rights in Europe and Asia
- 2012
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Ingår i: Animal Welfare. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0962-7286 .- 2054-1538. ; 21, s. 87-100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A survey of attitudes towards the welfare and rights of animals was conducted in universities in 11 European and Asian countries, to improve understanding of cultural differences that might impact on trade and international relations. Collaborators’ universities were recruited in each country to assist in the design, translation and administration of the survey via the internet in a convenient selection of the country’s universities, providing 3,433 student responses from at least 103 universities. Respondents rated the acceptability of 43 major concerns about animals (focused on type of use, animal integrity, killing animals, animal welfare, experimentation on animals, changes in animal genotypes, the environment for animals and societal attitudes towards animals). Students from European countries had more concern for animal welfare than students from Asian countries, which may be partly explained by increased affluence of European students as there was a positive correlation between student expenditure and concern for animal welfare and rights. Southern and central European countries had most concern for animal rights and unnatural practices. Those in communist or former communist countries in Asia and Europe had most concern about killing animals and those in northern European countries the least. Regional similarities between neighbouring countries were evident in responses to animal issues and there were no differences between ethnic groups within a country. Thus, there were national and continental differences in European and Asian students’ attitudes to animals’ welfare and rights, which appear to arise as a result of the socio-political situation in regions rather than religious or other differences
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Norling, Yezica, et al.
(författare)
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Using judgement bias to measure positive affective state in dogs
- 2011
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Ingår i: Applied Animal Behaviour Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-1591 .- 1872-9045. ; 132, s. 160-168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interest in the induction and measurement of positive affective states in non-human animals is increasing. Here, we used a test of cognitive (judgement) bias, based on the finding that individuals experiencing different affective states judge ambiguous stimuli differently, to measure whether a positive low arousal affective state (e.g. 'satisfaction'/'contentment') could be induced in domestic dogs as a result of their experiencing a food-based rewarding event. In this rewarding event, subjects (1 year old female Beagles) had to search for small amounts of food randomly placed within a maze arena. Using a balanced within-subjects design, the dogs (N = 12) received a cognitive bias test either without experiencing the rewarding event (the 'Neutral' treatment), or directly after experiencing the rewarding event (the 'Post-consumption' treatment). In the test, dogs were trained that one visual cue (e.g. dark grey card) predicted a positive event (food in a bowl) whilst a different cue (e.g. light grey card) predicted a relatively 'negative' event (empty bowl). We hypothesised that dogs tested after experiencing the rewarding event, and in a presumed post-consummatory positive affective state, would be more likely to judge visually ambiguous stimuli (intermediate grey cards) positively, compared to dogs in the 'Neutral' treatment. In contrast, we found that they took significantly longer to approach an intermediate ambiguous stimulus, suggesting that they were less likely to anticipate food (a negative judgement) compared to dogs in the 'Neutral' treatment group. Various explanations for the observed results are discussed, in particular how reward acquisition and consumption may influence positive affective state induction in animals. (c) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 17. |
- Nygårdh, Annette, et al.
(författare)
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The visibility of QSEN competencies in clinical assessment tools in Swedish nurse education
- 2017
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Ingår i: Nurse Education Today. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0260-6917 .- 1532-2793. ; 59, s. 110-117
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Prospective nurses need specific and sufficient knowledge to be able to provide quality care. The Swedish Society of Nursing has emphasized the importance of the six quality and safety competencies (QSEN), originated in the US, in Swedish nursing education.PURPOSE: To investigate the visibility of the QSEN competencies in the assessment tools used in clinical practiceMETHOD: A quantitative descriptive method was used to analyze assessment tools from 23 universities.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Teamwork and collaboration was the most visible competency. Patient-centered care was visible to a large degree but was not referred to by name. Informatics was the least visible, a notable concern since all nurses should be competent in informatics to provide quality and safety in care. These results provide guidance as academic and clinical programs around the world implement assessment of how well nurses have developed these essential quality and safety competencies.
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| 18. |
- Rehn, Therese
(författare)
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Best of friends? Investigating the dog-human relationship
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dogs are commonly referred to as man's best friend, but the main focus of this thesis was to investigate how the dog experiences the relationship. The first part of the thesis dealt with methodology currently used to assess the dog-human relationship: the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) and the Monash Dog Owner Relationship Scale (MDORS). In one experiment, possible associations between the dog's bond to its owner (using the SSP) and the strength of the owner's relationship to the dog (using the MDORS) were investigated. Associations found were linked to how much the owner interacted with the dog on a daily basis, but not to the level of the owner's emotional closeness to the dog. In another experiment, the SSP was evaluated for its suitability to measure a dog's bond to a human. Findings showed that the test procedure was sensitive to order effects, but that there was variation in how the dog behaved during reunion with the person. The second part of the thesis targeted the dog's reaction upon reunion with a human in different situations. In one study, the effect of time being separated from the owner was studied in the dog's home. While the owner was away dogs rested for most of the time, regardless of the duration of time alone. But once the owner returned, dogs initiated more physical contact and expressed higher frequencies of lip licking, body shaking and tail wagging after a longer duration of separation compared to a shorter one. In the final study, the type of interaction initiated by the human upon reunion was manipulated and endocrine measures were taken to better interpret the dog's behavioural reaction. It was found that when the person initiated both physical and verbal ('full') contact with the dog, oxytocin levels increased and stayed high for a longer time after the reunion event compared to when the person only talked to the dog or ignored it. The levels of physical contact initiated by the dog and lip licking behaviour were highest when the person interacted fully with the dog. In summary, at reunion the dog's greeting behaviour differed according to the familiarity of the person, to the duration of the separation and to the type of interaction initiated by the person. It is proposed that this variation in dog behaviour during reunion should be the target of future studies of dog-human relationships.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Rehn, Therese, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) to Assess the Bond between Dogs and Humans
- 2013
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) is increasingly being used to study attachment between dogs and humans. It has been developed from the Ainsworth Strange Situation Procedure, which is used extensively to investigate attachment between children and their parents. In this experiment, 12 female beagle dogs were tested in two treatments to identify possible order effects in the test, a potential weakness in the SSP. In one treatment (FS), dogs participated together with a 'familiar person' and a 'stranger'. In a control treatment (SS), the same dogs participated together with two unfamiliar people, 'stranger A' and 'stranger B'. Comparisons were made between episodes within as well as between treatments. As predicted in FS, dogs explored more in the presence of the familiar person than the stranger. Importantly, they also explored more in the presence of stranger A (who appeared in the same order as the familiar person and followed the same procedure) than stranger B in SS. Furthermore, comparisons between treatments, where a familiar person was present in FS and stranger A was present in SS, showed no differences in exploration. In combination, these results indicate that the effect of a familiar person on dogs' exploratory behaviour, a key feature when assessing secure attachment styles, could not be tested reliably due to the order in which the familiar person and the stranger appear. It is proposed that in the future only counterbalanced versions of the SSP are used. Alternatively, since dogs reliably initiated more contact with the familiar person compared to the strangers, it is suggested that future studies on attachment in dogs towards humans should focus either on the behaviour of the dog in those episodes of the SSP when the person returns, or on reunion behaviour in other studies, specially designed to address dog-human interactions at this time.
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| 23. |
- Rehn, Therese, et al.
(författare)
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Hunden lockar fram vår kärlek
- 2016
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Ingår i: Forskning och framsteg. - 0015-7937. ; , s. 58-58
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 24. |
- Rehn, Therese, et al.
(författare)
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I like my dog, does my dog like me?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Applied Animal Behaviour Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-1591 .- 1872-9045. ; 150, s. 65-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, the possibility of there being an association between how an owner perceives his/her relationship to their dog and the way the dog experiences the relationship to its owner was investigated using two well-established methods within the anthrozoology literature. Twenty dog-owner dyads participated in the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP), to evaluate the bond on the dog's part, and the Monash Dog Owner Relationship Scale (MOORS) was used to investigate the strength of the relationship from the owner's view. Six attachment variables were created based on changes in the dogs' behaviour when it was with the owner vs. when it was with the stranger in the SSP. These were: changes in exploration, passive behaviour, independent play, social play, physical contact and tail wagging. The magnitude of these changes in the dogs' behaviour was then tested for correlations with the owners' scores in the MDORS. Only two correlations were found and both were with the MOORS subscale that measures "Dog-owner interaction". They suggested that owners who interact more frequently with their dog, have dogs showing more proximity-seeking behaviour upon reunion (rho=0.56, P=0.01, N=20) and less independent play behaviour (rho = -0.52, P=0.02, N=20). This might be a consequence of dogs being positively reinforced for close interaction by the owner, or these dogs may have developed an attachment style similar to insecurely attached children. No correlation was found between any of the six attachment variables in the SSP and the overall MOORS score, the MOORS subscale "Perceived costs" and, more importantly, no correlation to "Perceived emotional closeness". In summary, there is no support from this study for the view that the strength of the relationship an owner feels to his/her dog is mirrored in the strength of the bond of the dog to its owner. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Rehn, Therese, et al.
(författare)
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Links between an Owner's Adult Attachment Style and the Support-Seeking Behavior of Their Dog
- 2017
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to investigate if an owner's adult attachment style (AAS) influences how their dog interacts and obtains support from them during challenging events. A person's AAS describes how they perceive their relationship to other people, but it may also reflect their caregiving behavior, and so their behavior toward the dog. We measured the AAS of 51 female Golden retriever owners, using the Adult Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ), and observed the reactions of the dog-owner dyads in response to different challenging situations [visual surprise, auditory stressor and social stressors like a person approaching dressed as ghost or in coat, hat and sunglasses]. In addition, the dog was left alone in a novel environment for 3 min. Interactions between the dog and owner were observed both before and after separation. Spearman rank correlation tests were made (between owner AAS and dog behavior) and where correlations were found, Mann-Whitney U-tests were made on the dogs' behavioral response between high and low scoring groups of owners of the different subscales of the ASQ. The more secure the owner (ASQ subscale 'Confidence'), the longer the dog was oriented to the two sudden stressors (the visual and auditory stressor). The more anxious the owner (ASQ subscale 'Attachment anxiety'), the longer the dog oriented toward the owner during the approach of the strange-looking person and the dog showed less lip licking during separation from the owner. The more avoidant the owner (ASQ subscale 'Avoidant attachment'), the longer the dog oriented toward the owner during the visual stressor, the less it was located behind the owner during the auditory stressor and the less it was oriented toward the auditory stressor. These links between owner attachment style and dog behavior imply that dogs may develop different strategies to handle challenging situations, based on the type of support they get from their owner.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Rehn, Therese, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring dog-owner relationships: Crossing boundaries between animal behaviour and human psychology
- 2016
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Ingår i: Applied Animal Behaviour Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-1591 .- 1872-9045. ; 183, s. 1-9
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research suggests that dogs (Canis familiaris) form attachment bonds to their owners and that the strengths of the attachment can vary. However, it does not seem reasonable to believe that all dogs share the same attachment style, considering their differences in genetic background, their previous experiences and the many different caregiving strategies that are known to exist among humans. Rather, the level of security felt by dogs towards their owner probably varies, as seen in children towards their parent. The aim of this review is to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of current approaches of investigating the dog-human relationship in order to contribute to this rapidly developing field. The main focus is related to trying to increase our understanding about the dog's experience of the relationship. Current knowledge about the dog-human relationship is reviewed and discussed. Concepts from human psychology are used to clarify some of the terms that are also used in anthrozoology, thereby giving stronger theoretical support to our suggestions of how to adapt and apply methods to further develop assessments of dog-owner relationships. We highlight potential factors that deserve more attention in future studies to improve our understanding of the dog-human relationship, and we suggest a more coordinated approach, with a unified terminology, to develop an overarching framework. Suggestions for the future to achieve this include focusing on attachment styles at the individual dog level, rather than talking about the 'average' dog. Furthermore, a dyadic approach is suggested, where both the attributes of the dog (its attachment style) and the owner (its caregiving strategy) are incorporated when assessing the relationship. One way to do this is to focus on the balance between the dog's separation distress and how effective the owner's caregiving strategy is in calming the dog when reunited. The consequence, from an applied point of view, is owners becoming more aware of what type of attachment style their dog has and what caregiving strategy they have. Knowing this may contribute to identifying sources of conflict in past or present relationships, so helping owners form more successful and positive relationships in the future. It may also contribute to better matching when rehoming shelter dogs. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Rehn, Therese, et al.
(författare)
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Reliability of an injury scoring system for horses
- 2010
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Ingår i: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-605X .- 1751-0147. ; 52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The risk of injuries is of major concern when keeping horses in groups and there is a need for a system to record external injuries in a standardised and simple way. The objective of this study, therefore, was to develop and validate a system for injury recording in horses and to test its reliability and feasibility under field conditions.Methods: Injuries were classified into five categories according to severity. The scoring system was tested for intra- and inter-observer agreement as well as agreement with a 'golden standard' (diagnosis established by a veterinarian). The scoring was done by 43 agricultural students who classified 40 photographs presented to them twice in a random order, 10 days apart. Attribute agreement analysis was performed using Kendall's coefficient of concordance (Kendall's W), Kendall's correlation coefficient (Kendall's tau) and Fleiss' kappa. The system was also tested on a sample of 100 horses kept in groups where injury location was recorded as well.Results: Intra-observer agreement showed Kendall's W ranging from 0.94 to 0.99 and 86% of observers had kappa values above 0.66 (substantial agreement). Inter-observer agreement had an overall Kendall's W of 0.91 and the mean kappa value was 0.59 (moderate). Agreement for all observers versus the 'golden standard' had Kendall's t of 0.88 and the mean kappa value was 0.66 (substantial). The system was easy to use for trained persons under field conditions. Injuries of the more serious categories were not found in the field trial.Conclusion: The proposed injury scoring system is easy to learn and use also for people without a veterinary education, it shows high reliability, and it is clinically useful. The injury scoring system could be a valuable tool in future clinical and epidemiological studies.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Rehn, Therese, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of time left alone at home on dog welfare
- 2011
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Ingår i: Applied Animal Behaviour Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-1591 .- 1872-9045. ; 129, s. 129-135
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of time left alone on dog behaviour and cardiac activity. Twelve privately owned dogs, with no history of separation related behaviour problems, were video-recorded on three different occasions when left alone in their home environment. The treatments lasted for 0.5 h (T(0.5)); 2 h (T(2)) and 4 h (T(4)). Video-recording started 10 min before the owner left the house and continued until 10 min after the owner returned, so that interactions between dog and owner as well as behaviour during separation could be studied. Data on heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) were collected within the same time period in each treatment. In addition to analysing behaviours separately, behaviours were also grouped together and defined as new variables; physically active, attentive behaviour, vocal, interaction initiated by owner and interaction initiated by dog. There were no differences in behaviour between treatments at equivalent time intervals until the owner returned, although a number of differences were observed at reunion with the owner. Dogs showed a higher frequency of physical activity (P < 0.05) and attentive behaviour (P < 0.01) in T(2) (0.37 +/- 0.07; 0.52 +/- 0.08, mean frequency of occurrence/15 s +/- SE) and T(4) (0.48 +/- 0.08; 0.48 +/- 0.07) compared to T(0.5) (0.20 +/- 0.07; 0.21 +/- 0.05). They also showed more tail wagging (P < 0.01) and interacted more with their owners (P < 0.01) in T(2) (0.27 +/- 0.08; 0.47 +/- 0.09) and T(4) (0.26 +/- 0.04; 0.42 +/- 0.09) compared to T(0.5) (0.09 +/- 0.04; 0.14 +/- 0.03). After a longer time of separation, the dogs also showed higher frequencies of lip licking (P < 0.05) and body shaking (P < 0.05) at the owner's return (T(0.5) = 0.09 +/- 0.05: T(2) = 0.24 +/- 0.08: T(4) = 0.27 +/- 0.06 and T(0.5) = 0.03 +/- 0.01; T(2) = 0.08 +/- 0.03: T(4) = 0.07 +/- 0.01, respectively). There was a tendency for higher HR (P < 0.1) during the first and second minute after reunion in T(2) (127.6 +/- 1.25, mean bpm +/- SE; 111.3 +/- 1.24) compared to T(0.5) (106.2 +/- 1.06; 87.5 +/- 1.02). According to the results of this study, the effect of time left alone was shown by a more intense greeting behaviour by the dog towards their owner as well as by a higher frequency of physical activity and attentive behaviour when the owner returned, already after 2 h of separation. Although this study cannot distinguish between whether dogs were aware of the length of time they were alone (but did not signal it) or whether they were unaware until reminded of it by the return of their owner, it does confirm that dogs are affected by the duration of time at home alone. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 36. |
- Rehn, Therese
(författare)
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The role of the emotional relationship with humans on dog welfare
- 2011
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall aim with this thesis was to identify reliable ways to assess the emotional bond between dogs and humans and to investigate the effect of length of separation from the owner on dog behaviour upon reunion. In Study I, an evaluation was made as to whether the Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Procedure (ASSP), developed in child psychology, can be reliably transferred to investigate attachment between dogs and humans. In a balanced cross-over design, 12 research dogs participated in the ASSP in two different treatments, where the target figure was either a familiar person or a stranger. Results showed that dogs clearly preferred to be in physical contact with the familiar person, indicating that the dogs discriminated between people according to their previous experience of the relationship. They also showed more intense greeting behaviour towards the familiar person. However, there was no evidence to support the earlier proposal that the emotional relationship with a familiar person is of the ‘secure base’ attachment type, since the results for this comparison were similar when the target figure in the ASSP was a stranger. In paper II, the behaviour and cardiac activity of privately owned dogs without separation anxiety was investigated when they were left alone at home for 0.5, 2 and 4h. Each period of separation was preceded and followed by a 10-min period during which the owner was present and could interact with the dog. It was found that dogs were inactive most of the time they were alone and that their behaviour did not change over time. However, the length of time left alone significantly influenced the dogs’ behaviour when the owner returned. After longer separation periods (2 and 4 h), dogs had a higher heart rate and expressed a higher frequency of behaviours previously suggested to indicate arousal (body shaking and lip licking) during reunion with the owner. Dogs also displayed more tail wagging and initiated more contact with their owners after longer times of separation, regardless of owner behaviour. It was concluded that the ASSP is an inappropriate method to assess the emotional bond between dogs and humans due to inherent order effects in the procedure. Instead, dog behaviour upon reunion with their attachment figure is proposed as a better and more robust measure to assess the quality of the emotional bond.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Rehn, Therese, et al.
(författare)
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Vi är flockdjur
- 2016
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Ingår i: Modern Psykologi. - 2000-4087. ; , s. 69-69
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Trudelle-Schwarz, Ragen, et al.
(författare)
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Positive affect and learning: exploring the "Eureka Effect" in dogs
- 2014
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Ingår i: Animal Cognition. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-9448 .- 1435-9456. ; 17, s. 577-587
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Animals may experience positive affective states in response to their own achievements. We investigated emotional responses to problem-solving in dogs, separating these from reactions to rewards per se using a yoked control design. We also questioned whether the intensity of reaction would vary with reward type. We examined the response (behavior and heart rate) of dogs as they learned to gain access to different rewards: (1) food (2) human contact, and (3) dog contact. Twelve beagles were assigned to matched pairs, and each dog served as both an experimental and a control animal during different stages of the experiment. We trained all dogs to perform distinct operant tasks and exposed them to additional devices to which they were not trained. Later, dogs were tested in a new context. When acting as an experimental dog, access to the reward was granted immediately upon completion of trained operant tasks. When acting as a control, access to the reward was independent of the dog's actions and was instead granted after a delay equal to their matched partner's latency to complete their task. Thus, differences between the two situations could be attributed to experimental dogs having the opportunity to learn to control access to the reward. Experimental dogs showed signs of excitement (e.g., increased tail wagging and activity) in response to their achievements, whereas controls showed signs of frustration (e.g., chewing of the operant device) in response to the unpredictability of the situation. The intensity of emotional response in experimental dogs was influenced by the reward type, i.e., greatest response to food and least to another dog. Our results suggest that dogs react emotionally to problem-solving opportunities and that tail wagging may be a useful indicator of positive affective states in dogs.
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| 42. |
- Zupan, Manja, et al.
(författare)
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Individual play patterns stimulated by a familiar object are group-driven
- 2019
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates the dynamics of play behaviour within groups of four juvenile pigs and uses a novel clustering and statistical modelling approach to describe new details in how individuals play with a familiar object (toy rope). We examined complex state sequence data collected during a 30 min home pen play test, using the package TraMineR, where the states were defined as object play, locomotor/social play and no play. From behavioural observations, and based on the relative proportion of the different types of object play observed, each individual was later categorised as an initiator or joiner type of player. Initiators were found to be more solitary and to show more object play whereas joiners were more social and showed less object play. The majority of groups did not have an initiator type of player, yet on average they played more. Despite strong group and type of player effects, we identified three general individual play patterns. On a group level, our results demonstrate differences in how a period of playing develops, that playing with the object simultaneously occurs more often in groups than expected by chance and that the number of pigs playing together is stable over time.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Zupan, Manja, et al.
(författare)
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Promoting positive states: the effect of early human handling on play and exploratory behaviour in pigs
- 2016
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Ingår i: Animal. - 1751-7311 .- 1751-732X. ; 10, s. 135-141
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is known that tactile stimulation (TS) during ontogeny modifies brain plasticity and enhances the motor and cognitive skills. Our hypothesis was that early handling including TS would increase play and exploratory behaviour in commercial pigs under standardized test conditions. Piglets from 13 litters were subjected to three handling treatments from 5 to 35 days of age: all the piglets were handled (H), none of the piglets were handled (NH) or half of the piglets in the litter were handled (50/50). At 42 days of age, the pigs' behaviour was observed in pairs in a novel pen with a toy' (tug rope). The main results were that more locomotor play was performed by pigs from litters where all or half of them had been handled, whereas social exploratory behaviour was more pronounced in pigs from litters where half of them had been handled. Although behaviour was affected by the interaction of treatment with sex or with weight category, we propose that the handling procedure does seem to have acted to increase locomotor skills and that handling half of the piglets in the litter may have triggered a series of socio-emotional interactions that were beneficial for the whole group.
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