| 1. |
- Fahlquist, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Human animal machine interaction : Animal behavior awareness and digital experience
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of ACM Multimedia 2010 - Brave New Ideas, 25-29 October 2010, Firenze, Italy.. - New York, NY, USA : ACM. - 9781605589336 ; , s. 1269-1274
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper proposes an intuitive wireless sensor/actuator based communication network for human animal interaction for a digital zoo. In order to enhance effective observation and control over wild life, we have built a wireless sensor network. 25 video transmitting nodes are installed for animal behavior observation and experimental vibrotactile collars have been designed for effective control in an animal park. The goal of our research is two-folded. Firstly, to provide an interaction between digital users and animals, and monitor the animal behavior for safety purposes. Secondly, we investigate how animals can be controlled or trained based on vibrotactile stimuli instead of electric stimuli. We have designed a multimedia sensor network for human animal machine interaction. We have evaluated the effect of human animal machine state communication model in field experiments.
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| 2. |
- Hansson, I, et al.
(författare)
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Cow characteristics associated with the variation in number of contacts between dairy cows
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Dairy Science. - : Elsevier Inc.. - 0022-0302 .- 1525-3198. ; 106:4, s. 2685-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In modern freestall barns where large groups of cows are housed together, the behavior displayed by herd mates can influence the welfare and production of other individuals. Therefore, understanding social interactions in groups of dairy cows is important to enhance herd management and optimize the outcomes of both animal health and welfare in the future. Many factors can affect the number of social contacts in a group. This study aimed to identify which characteristics of a cow are associated with the number of contacts it has with other group members in 2 different functional areas (feeding and resting area) to increase our understanding of the social behavior of dairy cows. Inside 2 herds housed in freestall barns with around 200 lactating cows each, cow positions were recorded with an ultra-wideband real-time location system collecting all cows' positions every second over 2 wk. Using the positioning data of the cows, we quantified the number of contacts between them, assuming that cows spending time in proximity to one another (within a distance of 2.5 m for at least 10 min per day) were interacting socially. We documented in which barn areas these interactions occurred and used linear mixed models to investigate if lactation stage, parity, breed, pregnancy status, estrus, udder health, and claw health affect the number of contacts. We found variation in the number of contacts a cow had between individuals in both functional areas. Cows in later lactation had more contacts in the feeding area than cows in early lactation. Furthermore, in one herd, higher parity cows had fewer contacts in the feeding area than first parity cows, and in the other herd, cows in third parity or higher had more contacts in the resting area. This study indicates that cow characteristics such as parity and days in milk are associated with the number of contacts a cow has daily to its herd mates and provides useful information for further research on social interactions of dairy cows.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Karlsson, Johannes, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Applications of wireless visual sensor networks : the digital zoo
- 2010
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Ingår i: Visual information processing in wireless sensor networks. - : IGI Global.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this chapter we will describe our work to set up a large scale wireless visual sensor network in a Swedish zoo. It is located close to the Arctic Circle making the environment very hard for this type of deployment. The goal is to make the zoo digitally enhanced, leading to a more attractive and interactive zoo. To reach this goal the sensed data will be processed and semantic information will be used to support interaction design, which is a key component to provide a new type of experience for the visitors. In this chapter we will describe our research work related to the various aspects of a digital zoo
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| 5. |
- Karlsson, Johannes, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Tracking and identification of animals for a digital zoo
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 1st IEEE/ACM Internet of Things Symposium, 18-20 December 2010, Hangzhou, China..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we present our approach to use a combination of radio frequency identification (RFID) and a wireless camera sensor network to identify and track animals at a zoo. We have developed and installed 25 cameras covering the whole zoo. The cameras are totally autonomous and they are configuring themselves in a wireless ad-hoc network. At strategic locations RFID readers are deployed to identify animals in close proximity. The camera network deployed in the zoo is continuous tracking animals in its field of view. By using data fusion from the camera system and the RFID readers we can get semi-continuous tracking of individual animals. The camera network has been running in the zoo for more than one year and about 5 000 hours of video has been captured and recorded. This will give us a very large dataset for offline development and testing of computer vision algorithms for animal detection and tracking.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Lindström, Fredric, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of two methods of voice activity detection in field studies
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research. - Rockville : American speech-language-hearing association. - 1092-4388 .- 1558-9102. ; 52:6, s. 1658-1663
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: To evaluate and compare the performance of 2 methods of voice activity detection (neck-attached accelerometer vs. binaural recordings) in field studies in environments where voice activity normally occurs.Method: A group of 11 healthy adults wore recording equipment during their lunch break. We used binary classification to analyze the results from the 2 methods. The output was compared to a gold standard, obtained through listening tests, and the probability for sensitivity (Ps) and false positive (Pf) was rated. The binary classifiers were set for consistent sensitivity of 99%; thus, the lower false positive rate would indicate the method with the better performance.Results: The neck-attached accelerometer (Pf = 0.5%) performed significantly (p < .001) better than the binaural method (Pf = 7%).Conclusion: The neck-attached accelerometer is more suitable than the binaural method for voice assessments in environments where people are speaking in close proximity to each other and where the signal-to-noise ratio is moderate to low.
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| 8. |
- Marina, H., et al.
(författare)
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New insight into social relationships in dairy cows and how time of birth, parity, and relatedness affect spatial interactions later in life
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Dairy Science. - 0022-0302 .- 1525-3198. ; 107:2, s. 1110-1123
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social interactions between cows play a fundamental role in the daily activities of dairy cattle. Real-time location systems provide on a continuous and automated basis information about the position of individual cows inside barns, offering a valuable opportunity to monitor dyadic social contacts. Understanding dyadic social interactions could be applied to enhance the stability of the social structure promoting animal welfare and to model disease transmission in dairy cattle. This study aimed to identify the effect of different cow characteristics on the likelihood of the formation and persistence of social contacts in dairy cattle. The individual position of the lactating cows was automatically collected once per second for 2 wk, using an ultra-wideband system on a Swedish commercial farm consisting of almost 200 dairy cows inside a freestall barn. Social networks were constructed using the position data of 149 cows with available information on all characteristics during the study period. Social contacts were considered as a binary variable indicating whether a cow pair was within 2.5 m of each other for at least 10 min per day. The role of cow characteristics in social networks was studied by applying separable temporal exponential random graph models. Our results revealed that cows of the same parity interacted more consistently, as well as those born within 7 d of each other or closely related by pedigree. The repeatability of the topological parameters indicated a consistent short-term stability of the individual animal roles within the social network structure. Additional research is required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms governing the long-term evolution of social contacts among dairy cattle and to investigate the relationship between these networks and the transmission of diseases in the dairy cattle population. .
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Ren, Keni, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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A 3D computer vision system for automatic detection of sheep standing and lying behaviour
- 2018
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Ingår i: 10th International Livestock Environment Symposium, ILES 2018. - St. Joseph, MI : American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The growing interest of animal welfare is prompted amongst other by understanding basic behavioural need of the animals. The aim of this study was to develop a system that automatically generates animal activity data. Therefore, a computer vision-based system for detecting sheep standing and lying behaviour was proposed. The system was composed of a multi-camera video recording system and a software module which can detect sheep standing/ lying behaviour by using the depth video stream and infrared video stream. Assessment of the detection results were carried out by comparison with the results by observation. The sensitivity of the system achieved for detecting sheep standing and lying was 96.4% and 94.16% respectively. The proposed system was able to compute sheep behaviour and the real-time detection can be achieved. The system can increase the convenience for animal behaviour studies and monitoring of animal welfare in the production environment.
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| 11. |
- Ren, Keni, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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A sensor-fusion-system for tracking sheep location and behaviour
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks. - : Sage Publications. - 1550-1329 .- 1550-1477. ; 16:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The growing interest in precision livestock farming is prompted by a desire to understand the basic behavioural needs of the animals and optimize the contribution of each animal. The aim of this study was to develop a system that automatically generated individual animal behaviour and localization data in sheep. A sensor-fusion-system tracking individual sheep position and detecting sheep standing/lying behaviour was proposed. The mean error and standard deviation of sheep position performed by the ultra-wideband location system was 0.357 +/- 0.254 m, and the sensitivity of the sheep standing and lying detection performed by infrared radiation cameras and three-dimenional computer vision technology were 98.16% and 100%, respectively. The proposed system was able to generate individual animal activity reports and the real-time detection was achieved. The system can increase the convenience for animal behaviour studies and monitoring of animal welfare in the production environment.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Ren, Keni, et al.
(författare)
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BearWatcher : animal motion estimation application for tourism and welfare
- 2015
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Ingår i: Distributed, ambient, and pervasive interactions. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319208046 - 9783319208039 ; , s. 536-546
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper purposes an application based on video supervision systems in the zoo for human animal computer interaction. Bear-Watcher system covers the entire process from collecting animal's visual data, analyzing their movement and behavior, and presenting them to user interface for tourism and animal welfare. With the interaction between the users and animal movement information, the system gives the tourist more digital, more available, more involved experience. In the meanwhile, zoo keepers get reliable, accurate, cost-effective way to take care of animals.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Ren, Keni, et al.
(författare)
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Interaction Design for Digital Zoo
- 2011
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Ingår i: 2011 IEEE International Conferences on Internet of Things and Cyber, Physical and Social Computing. - Los Alamitos : IEEE Computer Society. - 9781457719769 ; , s. 744-747
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper proposes a consumer-oriented design of Interaction System applied in a digital zoo. In order to introduce a new experience of visiting zoos, a series of interaction interfaces and applications is designed based on the web surfing. The applications can be located anywhere has Internet connection, used by visitors both in and out of the zoo. In the meantime, zoo staffs can use the system implement to manage the zoo more efficiently on both computer and smart phone. The digital zoo, as the showcase of the interaction system, employed the technology that combine radio frequency identification (RFID), wireless camera sensor network and computer vision system for collecting and processing information in a reality zoo. The Interaction System for digital zoo enhances effective interaction behavior between human-animals, human-human, and management over animals. The design is based on the Digital Djurpark Porject with current deployment a multimedia sensor network for human animal machine interaction. We have evaluated the effect of interaction model in field experiments.
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| 16. |
- Ren, Keni, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Interpolation methods to improve data quality of indoor positioning data for dairy cattle
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Animal Science. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2673-6225. ; 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Position data from real-time indoor positioning systems are increasingly used for studying individual cow behavior and social behavior in dairy herds. However, missing data challenges achieving reliable continuous activity monitoring and behavior studies. This study investigates the pattern of missing data and alternative interpolation methods in ultra-wideband based real-time indoor positioning systems in a free-stall barn. We collected 3 months of position data from a Swedish farm with around 200 cows. Data sampled for 6 days from 69 cows were used in subsequent analyzes to determine the location and duration of missing data. Data from 20 cows with the most reliable tags were selected to compare the effects of four different interpolation methods (previous, linear interpolation, cubic spline data interpolation and modified Akima interpolation). By comparing the observed data with the interpolations of the simulated missing data, the mean error distance varied from around 55 cm, using the previously last observed position, to around 17 cm for modified Akima. Modified Akima interpolation has the lowest error distance for all investigated activities (rest, walking, standing, feeding). Larger error distances were found in areas where the cows walk and turn, such as the corner between feeding and cubicles. Modified Akima interpolation is expected to be useful in the subsequent analyses of data gathered using real-time indoor positioning systems.
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| 17. |
- Ren, Keni, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Tracking and analysing social interactions in dairy cattle with real-time locating system and machine learning
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of systems architecture. - : Elsevier. - 1383-7621 .- 1873-6165. ; 116
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a need for reliable and efficient methods for monitoring the activity and social behaviour in cows, in order to optimise management in modern dairy farms. This research presents an embedded system that could track individual cows using Ultra-wideband technology. At the same time, social interactions between individuals around the feeding area were analysed with a computer vision module. Detections of the dairy cows' negative and positive interactions were performed on foreground video stream using a Long-term Recurrent Convolution Networks model. The sensor fusion system was implemented and tested on seven dairy cows during 45 days in an experimental dairy farm. The system performance was evaluated at the feeding area. The real-time locating system based on Ultra-wideband technology reached an accuracy with mean error 0.39 m and standard deviation 0.62 m. The accuracy of detecting the affiliative and agonistic social interactions reached 93.2%. This study demonstrates a potential system for monitoring social interactions between dairy cows.
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| 18. |
- Ren, Keni, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Where do we find missing data in a commercial real-time location system? Evidence from 2 dairy farms
- 2021
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Ingår i: JDS Communications. - : American Dairy Science Association. - 2666-9102. ; 2, s. 345-350
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Real-time indoor positioning using ultra-wideband devices provides an opportunity for modern dairy farms to monitor the behavior of individual cows; however, missing data from these devices hinders reliable continuous monitoring and analysis of animal movement and social behavior. The objective of this study was to examine the data quality, in terms of missing data, in one commercially available ultra-wideband–based real-time location system for dairy cows. The focus was on detecting major obstacles, or sections, inside open freestall barns that resulted in increased levels of missing data. The study was conducted on 2 dairy farms with an existing commercial real-time location system. Position data were recorded for 6 full days from 69 cows on farm 1 and from 59 cows on farm 2. These data were used in subsequent analyses to determine the locations within the dairy barns where position data were missing for individual cows. The proportions of missing data were found to be evenly distributed within the 2 barns after fitting a linear mixed model with spatial smoothing to logit-transformed proportions (mean = 18% vs. 4% missing data for farm 1 and farm 2, respectively), with the exception of larger proportions of missing data along one of the walls on both farms. On farm 1, the variation between individual tags was large (range: 9–49%) compared with farm 2 (range: 12–38%). This greater individual variation of proportions of missing data indicates a potential problem with the individual tag, such as a battery malfunction or tag placement issue. Further research is needed to guide researchers in identifying problems relating to data capture problems in real-time monitoring systems on dairy farms. This is especially important when undertaking detailed analyses of animal movement and social interactions between animals.
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| 19. |
- Ren, Keni, 1983-
(författare)
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Zoom in on the precision livestock farming
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Global attention to the welfare of zoo animals and livestock results in stronger legislation and higher pressure for achieving higher standards of animal welfare. Monitoring and understanding animal behaviour can assist in optimising the welfare of zoo and livestock animals. Precision livestock farming solutions open the door to increase automation of behaviour monitoring and welfare management. The overall purpose of the thesis was to investigate the possibilities of using computer vision and sensor technology for studying animal behaviour in zoo and production environments. To fulfil this overall purpose, two main research questions were addressed: How can we identify and track individual animals using computer vision and sensor technology? Combining the identity and position information, how well animal behaviour can be monitored and analysed?First, we developed and justified methods for identifying and tracking individual animals in different livestock environments: zoo outdoor environment, sheep barn and free-stall dairy cattle barn's indoor production environment. Three methods were developed to identify and track individual animals: a combination of radio frequency identification and camera sensor, a deep learning method based on visual biometrics and behaviour features and an ultra-wideband based real-time location system method. The data quality, in terms of missing data, in one commercially available ultra-wideband system was examined. The choice of method was justified according to different species' natural appearance, breeding strategy and housing conditions. We found that the computer vision system can perform as good as an expert in identifying individual bears based on images. The real-time location system can provide the position of individual animals inside barns with a mean error under 0.4 m. No major obstacles were found to interfere with the ultra-wideband based real-time location system. The between-cow variation was statistically significant.Second, two animal behaviour monitoring systems that assist activity registration and analysing social interactions were proposed. To detect sheep's standing and lying behaviour in sheep barn environments, infrared radiation cameras, and three-dimensional computer vision technology were used. Dairy cows' negative and positive social interactions were analysed using a Long-term Recurrent Convolution Networks model. Both systems integrated the real-time location system and computer vision system to perform identification, tracking and analysing animal behaviour tasks. Working with real systems in a real-world application setting made the study more credible and valuable for the related research. The result showed that the system was able to understand animal standing lying activity and social behaviour.The developed technologies and the results of the experiments added value for the animal behaviour monitoring by focusing on individual or sub-group in a herd and analysing individual activity and social behaviour continuously. By understanding animal behaviour, it can push the continuous surveillance system towards a welfare decision support system.
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