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| 2. |
- Grek, Sotiria, et al.
(författare)
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National policy brokering and the construction of the European Education Space in England, Sweden, Finland and Scotland
- 2009
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Ingår i: Comparative Education. - : Routledge. - 0305-0068 .- 1360-0486. ; 45:1, s. 5-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper draws on a comparative study of the growth of data and the changing governance of education in Europe. It looks at data and the 'making' of a European Education Policy Space, with a focus on 'policy brokers' in translating and mediating demands for data from the European Commission. It considers the ways in which such brokers use data production pressures from the Commission to justify policy directions in their national systems. The systems under consideration are Finland, Sweden, and England and Scotland. The paper focuses on the rise of Quality Assurance and Evaluation mechanisms and processes as providing the overarching rationale for data demands, both for accountability and performance improvement purposes. The theoretical resources that are drawn on to enable interpretation of the data are those that suggest a move from governing to governance and the use of comparison as a form of governance.
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| 3. |
- Lundahl, Lisbeth, et al.
(författare)
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Europeanisation of education policy
- 2002
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Ingår i: Paper presented in Network 23 at the European Conference on Educational Research, Lisbon September 11-14.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Symposium contact person: Professor Jenny Ozga, Centre for Educational Sociology (CES), University of Edinburgh OVERVIEW: The symposium looks at the topic of European integration and enlargement and considers the impact of these developments on the formation of education policy in Europe. It places this enquiry within the context of globalisation and explores the ways in which examination of the processes of Europeanization within different nation states enables better understanding of the phenomenon of globalisation. It also suggests that there may be new forms of educational governance arising in Europe that are not visible in formal mechanisms of policy making (for example legislation and regulation) but that are operating through networks and creating a new Policy Space in Europe. The symposium seeks to explore the tensions and accommodations around education policy within the nation state, through a series of papers that deal with the impact of European, and particularly EU policies on aspects of national policy. It also seeks to explore the ways in which policy is developing at a supra national level within Europe, and to consider the significance of these developments for the ways in which we theorise policy making in education, in the context of globalisation. That context has greatly enhanced the significance of education as an arena for policy, and has raised its status within the European Commission. Education policy is critical to the achievement of the key goals of promoting the knowledge economy and lifelong learning. These policy goals may be pursued in new ways; in particular through the operation of networked governance. Until recently, the scope and pace of Europeanisation has been concealed by the European Commissions evident preoccupation with the market, with law and with regulation (Banchoff and Smith 1999). However as the policy field of education has become more significant it has shifted its shape. Policy in education is no longer the concern of the nation state but provides a cornerstone for the new, and emerging Europe on which to build in competition with other strong economies (Andersen and Eliassen 2001). Lifelong learning as a policy goal is central to this new knowledge economy, and provides a distinctive mission for Europeanisation within globalisation (Shriewer 2000, Novoa 2000). As education policy becomes of greater significance in the globalised space that Castells calls the 'space of flows' (1996), so we may see new ways of connecting and shaping social practices that coexist with older regulatory forms of control. This draws our attention towards the 'policy actors' who work within national systems and across them to circulate key ideas about policy issues. These 'policy actors' are drawn from government departments, but may also work in agencies, companies, universities and the broader civil society. The key policy areas in which they are active include student mobility, harmonisation of qualifications and programmes, work and training, and new technologies of learning. The symposium sets out to explore the work of these system actors in their key policy areas, and to look at the operation of the new formal and informal networks through which they promote the idea of 'Europeanisation' of policy. We discuss, from research in our different national contexts and through studies of cross-national agencies, the ways in which the local and the national are connected to the transnational and borderless (Morrow and Torres 2000). We approach these issues from an interdisciplinary perspective that draws on policy network research within political science, as well as socio-cultural theory and cultural perspectives on national identity. In working through the symposium we will seek to clarify the operation of 'Europeanisation' and its operation through networks. We will also seek to contribute to the current debates about changes in education governance in the context of globalisation
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| 4. |
- O'Dowd, Mina, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative education in the North: Diversity in unity
- 2015
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Ingår i: Comparing Times and Spaces : Historical, theoretical and methodological approaches to comparative education. - 9789525401714 ; , s. 31-56
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- “Is there a Nordic block, complete with a Nordic economic model and a special kind of Nordic welfare? Nordic collective security? Nordic values, Nordic sex, Nordic gloom? Undeniably the Nordic countries—the Scandinavian trio of Sweden, Denmark and Norway, plus Finland on the eastern flank and Iceland far north-west in the Atlantic—have a great many things in common. And undeniably the lure of the European Union has been drawing all the Nordics, even stand-offish Norway and Iceland, into an ever tighter embrace of rules and regulations that are bound to have an economically unifying effect. In a generation or so, perhaps, the Nordic five will come more closely together in one big European family. But, this survey will argue, for the next few years they are as likely to stay apart, as they have done since the end of the cold war. Each of them has been following its own particular path. Nordic solidarity? For the moment, forget it”. So summarized Xan Smiley his view of the Nordic countries in the Economist in 1999 . In February 2013 the Nordic Countries are described in the same context as “the next supermodel”, a new model of Nordic capitalism and are heralded in a special report courtesy of the Economist for their pragmatism, which has led to “generous welfare state[s] that [do] not cost the earth” "Unless the points are pushed too hard the two traditions could locally be placed in Denmark (N.F.S. Grundtvig) and Sweden (the construction of the “new Sweden”) respectively. Due to differences like these and others, comparison is absolutely possible among the Nordic countries and history shows that we have been good at learning from each other. The fact remains, however, that difference is importance, raising the question: has time come to put more weight on the North in its entirety as a unit of comparison?"
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| 5. |
- Rantala, Pekka, et al.
(författare)
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Anthropogenic and biogenic influence on VOC fluxes at an urban background site in Helsinki, Finland
- 2016
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7324. ; 16:12, s. 7981-8007
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We measured volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) at an urban background site near the city centre of Helsinki, Finland, northern Europe. The VOC and CO2 measurements were obtained between January 2013 and September 2014 whereas for CO a shorter measurement campaign in April–May 2014 was conducted. Both anthropogenic and biogenic sources were identified for VOCs in the study. Strong correlations between VOC fluxes and CO fluxes and traffic rates indicated anthropogenic source of many VOCs. The VOC with the highest emission rate to the atmosphere was methanol, which originated mostly from traffic and other anthropogenic sources. The traffic was also a major source for aromatic compounds in all seasons whereas isoprene was mostly emitted from biogenic sources during summer. Some amount of traffic-related isoprene emissions were detected during other seasons but this might have also been an instrumental contamination from cycloalkane products. Generally, the observed VOC fluxes were found to be small in comparison with previous urban VOC flux studies. However, the differences were probably caused by lower anthropogenic activities as the CO2 fluxes were also relatively small at the site.
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| 6. |
- Räsänen, Matti, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from mounds of African fungus-growing termites
- 2023
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Ingår i: Biogeosciences. - 1726-4170. ; 20:19, s. 4029-4042
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Termites play an essential role in decomposing dead plant material in tropical ecosystems and are thus major sources of gaseous C emissions in many environments. In African savannas, fungus-growing termites are among the ecologically most influential termite species. We studied the gas exchange from mounds of two closely related fungus-growing species (Macrotermes subhyalinus and M. michaelseni, respectively) in two habitats representing different vegetation types (grassland, bushland) together with soil fluxes around the mounds. The fluxes from active termite mounds varied from 120 to 2100 mg CO2-C m-2h-1 for carbon dioxide (CO2) and from 0.06 to 3.7 mg CH4-C m-2 h-1 for methane (CH4) fluxes. Mound CO2 fluxes varied seasonally with a 64 % decrease and 41 % increase in the fluxes from the dry to wet season at the grassland and bushland sites, respectively. During the wet season, the CO2 fluxes were significantly correlated with termite mound volume. The diurnal measurements from two M. michaelseni mounds suggest that the gas fluxes peak during the daytime, possibly reflecting changes in mound internal air circulation. Soil fluxes of both CO2 and CH4 were enhanced at up to 2 m distance from the mounds compared to the local soil respiration, indicating that, in addition to mound ventilation structures, a small proportion of the metabolic gases produced also leave the nest via surrounding soils.
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| 7. |
- Treydte, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Recent human-induced atmospheric drying across Europe unprecedented in the last 400 years
- 2024
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Ingår i: NATURE GEOSCIENCE. - 1752-0894 .- 1752-0908. ; 17, s. 58-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The vapor pressure deficit reflects the difference between how much moisture the atmosphere could and actually does hold, a factor that fundamentally affects evapotranspiration, ecosystem functioning, and vegetation carbon uptake. Its spatial variability and long-term trends under natural versus human-influenced climate are poorly known despite being essential for predicting future effects on natural ecosystems and human societies such as crop yield, wildfires, and health. Here we combine regionally distinct reconstructions of pre-industrial summer vapor pressure deficit variability from Europe's largest oxygen-isotope network of tree-ring cellulose with observational records and Earth system model simulations with and without human forcing included. We demonstrate that an intensification of atmospheric drying during the recent decades across different European target regions is unprecedented in a pre-industrial context and that it is attributed to human influence with more than 98% probability. The magnitude of this trend is largest in Western and Central Europe, the Alps and Pyrenees region, and the smallest in southern Fennoscandia. In view of the extreme drought and compound events of the recent years, further atmospheric drying poses an enhanced risk to vegetation, specifically in the densely populated areas of the European temperate lowlands. The atmosphere has dried across most regions of Europe in recent decades, a trend that can be attributed primarily to human impacts, according to tree ring records spanning 400 years and Earth system model simulations.
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