| 1. |
- Abelev, Betty, et al.
(författare)
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Long-range angular correlations on the near and away side in p-Pb collisions at root S-NN=5.02 TeV
- 2013
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Ingår i: Physics Letters. Section B: Nuclear, Elementary Particle and High-Energy Physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-2693. ; 719:1-3, s. 29-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Angular correlations between charged trigger and associated particles are measured by the ALICE detector in p-Pb collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV for transverse momentum ranges within 0.5 < P-T,P-assoc < P-T,P-trig < 4 GeV/c. The correlations are measured over two units of pseudorapidity and full azimuthal angle in different intervals of event multiplicity, and expressed as associated yield per trigger particle. Two long-range ridge-like structures, one on the near side and one on the away side, are observed when the per-trigger yield obtained in low-multiplicity events is subtracted from the one in high-multiplicity events. The excess on the near-side is qualitatively similar to that recently reported by the CMS Collaboration, while the excess on the away-side is reported for the first time. The two-ridge structure projected onto azimuthal angle is quantified with the second and third Fourier coefficients as well as by near-side and away-side yields and widths. The yields on the near side and on the away side are equal within the uncertainties for all studied event multiplicity and p(T) bins, and the widths show no significant evolution with event multiplicity or p(T). These findings suggest that the near-side ridge is accompanied by an essentially identical away-side ridge. (c) 2013 CERN. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Abelev, Betty, et al.
(författare)
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Measurement of prompt J/psi and beauty hadron production cross sections at mid-rapidity in pp collisions at root s=7 TeV
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics. - 1029-8479. ; :11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ALICE experiment at the LHC has studied J/psi production at mid-rapidity in pp collisions at root s = 7 TeV through its electron pair decay on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity L-int = 5.6 nb(-1). The fraction of J/psi from the decay of long-lived beauty hadrons was determined for J/psi candidates with transverse momentum p(t) > 1,3 GeV/c and rapidity vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.9. The cross section for prompt J/psi mesons, i.e. directly produced J/psi and prompt decays of heavier charmonium states such as the psi(2S) and chi(c) resonances, is sigma(prompt J/psi) (p(t) > 1.3 GeV/c, vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.9) = 8.3 +/- 0.8(stat.) +/- 1.1 (syst.)(-1.4)(+1.5) (syst. pol.) mu b. The cross section for the production of b-hadrons decaying to J/psi with p(t) > 1.3 GeV/c and vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.9 is a sigma(J/psi <- hB) (p(t) > 1.3 GeV/c, vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.9) = 1.46 +/- 0.38 (stat.)(-0.32)(+0.26) (syst.) mu b. The results are compared to QCD model predictions. The shape of the p(t) and y distributions of b-quarks predicted by perturbative QCD model calculations are used to extrapolate the measured cross section to derive the b (b) over bar pair total cross section and d sigma/dy at mid-rapidity.
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| 3. |
- Abelev, Betty, et al.
(författare)
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Underlying Event measurements in pp collisions at root s=0.9 and 7 TeV with the ALICE experiment at the LHC
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics. - 1029-8479. ; :7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present measurements of Underlying Event observables in pp collisions at root s = 0 : 9 and 7 TeV. The analysis is performed as a function of the highest charged-particle transverse momentum p(T),L-T in the event. Different regions are defined with respect to the azimuthal direction of the leading (highest transverse momentum) track: Toward, Transverse and Away. The Toward and Away regions collect the fragmentation products of the hardest partonic interaction. The Transverse region is expected to be most sensitive to the Underlying Event activity. The study is performed with charged particles above three different p(T) thresholds: 0.15, 0.5 and 1.0 GeV/c. In the Transverse region we observe an increase in the multiplicity of a factor 2-3 between the lower and higher collision energies, depending on the track p(T) threshold considered. Data are compared to PYTHIA 6.4, PYTHIA 8.1 and PHOJET. On average, all models considered underestimate the multiplicity and summed p(T) in the Transverse region by about 10-30%.
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| 4. |
- Nguyen, Thanh N, et al.
(författare)
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Global Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Stroke Volumes and Cerebrovascular Events: A 1-Year Follow-up.
- 2023
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Ingår i: Neurology. - 1526-632X. ; 100:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Declines in stroke admission, IV thrombolysis (IVT), and mechanical thrombectomy volumes were reported during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. There is a paucity of data on the longer-term effect of the pandemic on stroke volumes over the course of a year and through the second wave of the pandemic. We sought to measure the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the volumes of stroke admissions, intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), IVT, and mechanical thrombectomy over a 1-year period at the onset of the pandemic (March 1, 2020, to February 28, 2021) compared with the immediately preceding year (March 1, 2019, to February 29, 2020).We conducted a longitudinal retrospective study across 6 continents, 56 countries, and 275 stroke centers. We collected volume data for COVID-19 admissions and 4 stroke metrics: ischemic stroke admissions, ICH admissions, IVT treatments, and mechanical thrombectomy procedures. Diagnoses were identified by their ICD-10 codes or classifications in stroke databases.There were 148,895 stroke admissions in the 1 year immediately before compared with 138,453 admissions during the 1-year pandemic, representing a 7% decline (95% CI [95% CI 7.1-6.9]; p < 0.0001). ICH volumes declined from 29,585 to 28,156 (4.8% [5.1-4.6]; p < 0.0001) and IVT volume from 24,584 to 23,077 (6.1% [6.4-5.8]; p < 0.0001). Larger declines were observed at high-volume compared with low-volume centers (all p < 0.0001). There was no significant change in mechanical thrombectomy volumes (0.7% [0.6-0.9]; p = 0.49). Stroke was diagnosed in 1.3% [1.31-1.38] of 406,792 COVID-19 hospitalizations. SARS-CoV-2 infection was present in 2.9% ([2.82-2.97], 5,656/195,539) of all stroke hospitalizations.There was a global decline and shift to lower-volume centers of stroke admission volumes, ICH volumes, and IVT volumes during the 1st year of the COVID-19 pandemic compared with the prior year. Mechanical thrombectomy volumes were preserved. These results suggest preservation in the stroke care of higher severity of disease through the first pandemic year.This study is registered under NCT04934020.
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| 5. |
- Fortes-Lima, Cesar A., PhD, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Population structure and admixture during the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples across sub-Saharan Africa
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The migration of Bantu-speaking groups out of West Africa, thought to have started around 4 000 years ago, is known as the Bantu expansion. This movement of people changed the genetic landscape of sub-equatorial Africa. To investigate the demographic history and population structure in Bantu-speaking populations (BSP), we genotyped 1,740 individuals, including 1,487 Bantu speakers from 143 populations across 13 sub-Saharan African countries. We find patterns of fine-scale population structure that correlate with linguistics and geography. Bantu speakers received significant amounts of admixture through interaction with local groups from the regions that they expanded into. Spatial modeling indicated possible migration corridors during the Bantu-expansion. Inferences based on modern-day genomes, however, need to be supported by ancient DNA studies. We demonstrated the utility of our dataset as an exhaustive modern-day African comparative dataset for ancient DNA studies by comparing our data to published aDNA studies. By gathering the largest set of genome-wide data to date, enriched with new data from previously unsampled regions and people, we shed new light on the intricacies of the Bantu expansion.
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| 6. |
- Fortes-Lima, Cesar A., PhD, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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The genetic legacy of the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples in Africa
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Nature. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 625:7995, s. 540-547
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The expansion of people speaking Bantu languages is the most dramatic demographic event in Late Holocene Africa and fundamentally reshaped the linguistic, cultural and biological landscape of the continent1-7. With a comprehensive genomic dataset, including newly generated data of modern-day and ancient DNA from previously unsampled regions in Africa, we contribute insights into this expansion that started 6,000-4,000 years ago in western Africa. We genotyped 1,763 participants, including 1,526 Bantu speakers from 147 populations across 14 African countries, and generated whole-genome sequences from 12 Late Iron Age individuals8. We show that genetic diversity amongst Bantu-speaking populations declines with distance from western Africa, with current-day Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo as possible crossroads of interaction. Using spatially explicit methods9 and correlating genetic, linguistic and geographical data, we provide cross-disciplinary support for a serial-founder migration model. We further show that Bantu speakers received significant gene flow from local groups in regions they expanded into. Our genetic dataset provides an exhaustive modern-day African comparative dataset for ancient DNA studies10 and will be important to a wide range of disciplines from science and humanities, as well as to the medical sector studying human genetic variation and health in African and African-descendant populations.
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| 7. |
- Hattori, Yocefu, et al.
(författare)
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Light-induced ultrafast proton-coupled electron transfer responsible for H-2 evolution on silver plasmonics
- 2018
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Ingår i: Materials Today. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 1369-7021 .- 1873-4103. ; 21:6, s. 590-593
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Light-driven proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions on nanoplasmonics would bring temporal control of their reactive pathways, in particular, prolong their charge separation state. Using a silver nano-hybrid plasmonic structure, we observed that optical excitation of Ag-localized surface plasmon instigated electron injection into TiO2 conduction band and oxidation of isopropanol alcoholic functionality. Femtosecond transient infrared absorption studies show that electron transfer from Ag to TiO2 occurs in ca. 650 fs, while IPA molecules near the Ag surface undergo an ultrafast bidirectional PCET step within 400 fs. Our work demonstrates that ultrafast PCET reaction plays a determinant role in prolonging charge separation state, providing an innovative strategy for visible-light photocatalysis with plasmonic nanostructures.
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| 8. |
- Hua, Kai, et al.
(författare)
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Transition from bioinert to bioactive material by tailoring the biological cell response to carboxylated nanocellulose
- 2016
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Ingår i: Biomacromolecules. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1525-7797 .- 1526-4602. ; 17:3, s. 1224-1233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work presents an insight into the relationship between cell response and physicochemical properties of Cladophora cellulose (CC) by investigating the effect of CC functional group density on the response of model cell lines. CC was carboxylated by electrochemical TEMPO-mediated oxidation. By varying the amount of charge passed through the electrolysis setup, CC materials with different degrees of oxidation were obtained. The effect of carboxyl group density on the material’s physicochemical properties was investigated together with the response of human dermal fibroblasts (hDF) and human osteoblastic cells (Saos-2) to the carboxylated CC films. The introduction of carboxyl groups resulted in CC films with decreased specific surface area and smaller total pore volume compared with the unmodified CC (u-CC). While u-CC films presented a porous network of randomly oriented fibers, a compact and aligned fiber pattern was depicted for the carboxylated-CC films. The decrease in surface area and total pore volume, and the orientation and aggregation of the fibers tended to augment parallel to the increase in the carboxyl group density. hDF and Saos-2 cells presented poor cell adhesion and spreading on u-CC, which gradually increased for the carboxylated CC as the degree of oxidation increased. It was found that a threshold value in carboxyl group density needs be reached to obtain a carboxylated-CC film with cytocompatibility comparable to commercial tissue culture material. Hence, this study demonstrates that a normally bioinert nanomaterial can be rendered bioactive by carefully tuning the density of charged groups on the material surface, a finding that not only may contribute to the fundamental understanding of biointerface phenomena, but also to the development of bioinert/bioactive materials.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Marto, João Pedro, et al.
(författare)
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Safety and Outcome of Revascularization Treatment in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke and COVID-19: The Global COVID-19 Stroke Registry.
- 2023
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Ingår i: Neurology. - 1526-632X. ; 100:7
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- COVID-19-related inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and coagulopathy may increase the bleeding risk and lower the efficacy of revascularization treatments in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We aimed to evaluate the safety and outcomes of revascularization treatments in patients with AIS and COVID-19.This was a retrospective multicenter cohort study of consecutive patients with AIS receiving intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and/or endovascular treatment (EVT) between March 2020 and June 2021 tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. With a doubly robust model combining propensity score weighting and multivariate regression, we studied the association of COVID-19 with intracranial bleeding complications and clinical outcomes. Subgroup analyses were performed according to treatment groups (IVT-only and EVT).Of a total of 15,128 included patients from 105 centers, 853 (5.6%) were diagnosed with COVID-19; of those, 5,848 (38.7%) patients received IVT-only and 9,280 (61.3%) EVT (with or without IVT). Patients with COVID-19 had a higher rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) (adjusted OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.16-2.01), symptomatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SSAH) (OR 1.80; 95% CI 1.20-2.69), SICH and/or SSAH combined (OR 1.56; 95% CI 1.23-1.99), 24-hour mortality (OR 2.47; 95% CI 1.58-3.86), and 3-month mortality (OR 1.88; 95% CI 1.52-2.33). Patients with COVID-19 also had an unfavorable shift in the distribution of the modified Rankin score at 3 months (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.26-1.60).Patients with AIS and COVID-19 showed higher rates of intracranial bleeding complications and worse clinical outcomes after revascularization treatments than contemporaneous non-COVID-19 patients receiving treatment. Current available data do not allow direct conclusions to be drawn on the effectiveness of revascularization treatments in patients with COVID-19 or to establish different treatment recommendations in this subgroup of patients with ischemic stroke. Our findings can be taken into consideration for treatment decisions, patient monitoring, and establishing prognosis.The study was registered under ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04895462.
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| 11. |
- Oliveira, Helena Rodrigues, et al.
(författare)
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Biogas potential of biowaste: A case study in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- 2024
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Ingår i: Renewable energy. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0960-1481 .- 1879-0682. ; 221
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Anaerobic digestion has been widely applied for waste treatment, renewable energy generation , biofertilizer production. The biogas potential in Brazil is sizable, but the state of Rio de Janeiro is largely dependent on fossil fuels , there is a lack of biogas potential assessments in the state. Thus, this study evaluated biomethane, electricity and biofertilizer potentials in the region. Three different scenarios of biomass supply were considered for four major biowaste streams: sewage sludge; cattle manure; sugarcane processing waste; and food waste. Biomethane generation from the assessed sources could reach 0.6-1.3 billion Nm(3) year(-1), corresponding to 1,768-3,961 GWh year(-1) of electricity , 1.6-3.3 million Mg year- 1 of biofertilizer. Cattle manure was responsible for 73-84% of the projected biomethane production, presenting an opportunity to reduce the sig-nificant emissions from livestock farming. The estimated biofertilizer production could meet the demands of the state , the produced electricity could offset up to 10% of the demand. The gas grid could facilitate the dis-tribution of upgraded biomethane, and 10-22% of the natural gas demand could be met. The findings of this work highlight the high potential for biogas generation in Rio de Janeiro, which is up to seven times larger than the current production.
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| 12. |
- Pavliuk, Mariia V., et al.
(författare)
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Nano-hybrid plasmonic photocatalyst for hydrogen production at 20% efficiency
- 2017
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The efficient conversion of light energy into chemical energy is key for sustainable human development. Several photocatalytic systems based on photovoltaic electrolysis have been used to produce hydrogen via water reduction. However, in such devices, light harvesting and proton reduction are carried separately, showing quantum efficiency of about 10–12%. Here, we report a nano-hybrid photocatalytic assembly that enables concomitant reductive hydrogen production and pollutant oxidation with solar-to-fuel efficiencies up to 20%. The modular architecture of this plasmonic material allows the fine-tuning of its photocatalytic properties by simple manipulation of a reduced number of basic components.
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| 13. |
- Rocha, Igor, et al.
(författare)
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Blood Compatibility of Sulfonated Cladophora Nanocellulose Beads
- 2018
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Ingår i: Molecules. - : MDPI AG. - 1431-5157 .- 1420-3049. ; 23:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sulfonated cellulose beads were prepared by oxidation of Cladophora nanocellulose to 2,3-dialdehyde cellulose followed by sulfonation using bisulfite. The physicochemical properties of the sulfonated beads, i.e., high surface area, high degree of oxidation, spherical shape, and the possibility of tailoring the porosity, make them interesting candidates for the development of immunosorbent platforms, including their application in extracorporeal blood treatments. A desired property for materials used in such applications is blood compatibility; therefore in the present work, we investigate the hemocompatibility of the sulfonated cellulose beads using an in vitro whole blood model. Complement system activation (C3a and sC5b-9 levels), coagulation activation (thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) levels) and hemolysis were evaluated after whole blood contact with the sulfonated beads and the results were compared with the values obtained with the unmodified Cladophora nanocellulose. Results showed that neither of the cellulosic materials presented hemolytic activity. A marked decrease in TAT levels was observed after blood contact with the sulfonated beads, compared with Cladophora nanocellulose. However, the chemical modification did not promote an improvement in Cladophora nanocellulose hemocompatibility in terms of complement system activation. Even though the sulfonated beads presented a significant reduction in pro-coagulant activity compared with the unmodified material, further modification strategies need to be investigated to control the complement activation by the cellulosic materials.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Rocha, Igor, et al.
(författare)
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Chemical modification of Cladophora nanocellulose to provide a non-toxic material with anticoagulant properties
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Blood purification is a common procedure for treating patients with kidney failure in which an extracorporeal device filled with a porous material containing antibodies can retain toxins from the blood. In order to avoid activation and coagulation, heparin is administrated to patients; however this sulfonated polysaccharide may cause many side effects such as intense bleeding and osteoporosis. In this project nanocellulose from Cladophora green algae was used for the development of a porous material with anticoagulant properties. A periodate oxidation followed by an amine cross-linking and subsequent reduction produced dialdehyde cellulose beads ranging from 10-100 mm in diameter with improved mechanical properties and high stability in alkaline media. This material was then sulfonated to acquire anticoagulant properties and characterized by FTIR, z-potential, condutometric titration, elemental analysis and BET surface area showing that its porosity varies with the degree of sulfonation. After extensive washing, toxicology experiments were performed with a THP-1 monocyte cell line in order to examine if the material was non-toxic and could be suitable as a matrix in blood purification.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Rocha, Igor, 1988-
(författare)
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Oxidized Cladophora nanocellulose derivatives : Functionalization towards biocompatible materials
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Nanocellulose is a promising candidate for biomedical applications because of its enhanced mechanical properties, increased surface area and greater porosity compared to bulk cellulose.This thesis investigates the functionalization of Cladophora nanocellulose and evaluates the influence of these modifications on physicochemical properties and biocompatibility of the material.An electrochemically assisted TEMPO-mediated oxidation setup produced cellulose materials with varying degrees of carboxyl groups. This approach allowed control of the charge applied during the process and adjustment of the carboxylation. Carboxylated nanocellulose membranes had smaller surface area and total pore volume and a more compact structure than the membranes of the unmodified material. Moreover, the introduction of carboxyl groups resulted in membranes with an aligned fiber pattern; the alignment and aggregation of the fibers tended to increase with higher degrees of oxidation.Cytocompatibility studies using fibroblasts and osteoblastic cells have shown that the bioinert Cladophora nanocellulose membranes can be rendered bioactive by the introduction of carboxyl groups. Nevertheless, at least 260 µmol g-1 carboxyl groups are required to obtain nanocellulose membranes that promote cell adhesion and spreading comparable to those observed when cells are cultured on tissue culture material.In parallel, a periodate oxidation produced 10-20 µm 2,3-dialdehyde cellulose beads with very smooth and compact surfaces. This material was sulfonated up to 50% of the aldehyde groups, resulting in charged, porous structures that maintained the spherical shape. The mesoporous assembly could be tailored by altering the degree of sulfonation, which also produced variations in surface charge, ζ-potential, specific density, surface area and thermal stability.Because the physicochemical properties make these sulfonated beads potential candidates for immunosorption and blood-related applications, they were further characterized regarding hemocompatibility. In vitro studies showed that both sulfonated beads and unmodified Cladophora nanocellulose did not present hemolytic activity. The pro-coagulant activity of the sulfonated beads was significantly lower than that of the unmodified nanocellulose; however, the material’s modifications did not diminish the activation of the complement system.The results presented in this thesis show that it is possible to tailor the biocompatibility of Cladophora nanocellulose by introducing chemical modifications to its structure and by carefully tuning its physicochemical properties.
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| 20. |
- Rocha, Igor, et al.
(författare)
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Spectroscopic and physicochemical characterization of sulfonated Cladophora cellulose beads
- 2018
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Ingår i: Langmuir. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0743-7463 .- 1520-5827. ; 34:37, s. 11121-11125
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The work presents a full physicochemical characterization of sulfonated cellulose beads prepared from Cladophora nanocellulose intended for use in biological systems. 2,3-Dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) beads were sulfonated, and transformation of up to 50% of the aldehyde groups was achieved, resulting in highly charged and porous materials compared to the compact surface of the DAC beads. The porosity could be tailored by adjusting the degree of sulfonation, and a subsequent reduction of the aldehyde groups to hydroxyl groups maintained the bead structure without considerable alteration of the surface properties. The thermal stability of the DAC beads was significantly increased with the sulfonation and reduction reactions. Raman spectroscopy also showed to be a useful technique for the characterization of sulfonated cellulose materials.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Rocha, Igor, et al.
(författare)
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Sulfonated Nanocellulose Beads as Potential Immunosorbents
- 2018
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Ingår i: Cellulose. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0969-0239 .- 1572-882X. ; 28:3, s. 1899-1910
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Herein 2,3-dialdehyde cellulose beads prepared from Cladophora green algae nanocellulose were sulfonated and characterized by FTIR, conductometric titration, elemental analysis, SEM, ζ-potential, nitrogen adsorption–desorption and laser diffraction, aiming for its application as a potential immunosorbent material. Porous beads were prepared at mild reaction conditions in water and were chemically modified by sulfonation and reduction. The obtained 15 µm sized sulfonated beads were found to be highly charged and to have a high surface area of ~ 100 m2 g−1 and pore sizes between 20 and 60 nm, adequate for usage as immunosorbents. After reduction of remaining aldehyde groups, the beads could be classified as non-cytotoxic in indirect toxicity studies with human dermal fibroblasts as a first screening of their biocompatibility. The observed properties make the sulfonated cellulose beads interesting for further development as matrix material in immunosorbent devices.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Sartelli, Massimo, et al.
(författare)
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Ten golden rules for optimal antibiotic use in hospital settings: the WARNING call to action
- 2023
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Ingår i: WORLD JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY SURGERY. - 1749-7922. ; 18:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Antibiotics are recognized widely for their benefits when used appropriately. However, they are often used inappropriately despite the importance of responsible use within good clinical practice. Effective antibiotic treatment is an essential component of universal healthcare, and it is a global responsibility to ensure appropriate use. Currently, pharmaceutical companies have little incentive to develop new antibiotics due to scientific, regulatory, and financial barriers, further emphasizing the importance of appropriate antibiotic use. To address this issue, the Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery established an international multidisciplinary task force of 295 experts from 115 countries with different backgrounds. The task force developed a position statement called WARNING (Worldwide Antimicrobial Resistance National/International Network Group) aimed at raising awareness of antimicrobial resistance and improving antibiotic prescribing practices worldwide. The statement outlined is 10 axioms, or "golden rules," for the appropriate use of antibiotics that all healthcare workers should consistently adhere in clinical practice.
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