| 1. |
- Botermans, Jos, et al.
(författare)
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Measures to reduce ammonia emissions in pig production – review
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this literature review, measures of reducing the ammonia (NH3) emissions from pig production are described, with focus on systems that can be used under Swedish conditions. The entire production chain with feed, housing, manure storage and application on the field is described and taken into consideration. However, in order to limit the study, the production of crops for feed is not included. As compared to many other countries, emissions of NH3 in Swedish pig production are already low, due to low protein levels in the feed, housing systems with a small excretory area, and storage of slurry outside the building. Lowering the crude protein level from 14.5 % to 12.5 % would reduce NH3 emission by 20 % from the pig house. Including fiber in the feed, leads to a shift from nitrogen in the urine towards more nitrogen in the faeces. In combination with removing the manure daily from the pig house, this might give opportunities for reducing NH3 emissions. A reduction in NH3 emission of up to 50 % might be possible. However, using fiber leads to higher methane (CH4) emissions (from animal and housing), and therefore this should be combined with biogas production. More research is needed in this field. Adding acids or salts to the feed could reduce NH3 emission by up to 40 %, while also improving feed conversion efficiency. Of course, good practice when preparing the feed must be followed. By applying multi-phase feeding and feeding according to the sex of the animals, NH3 emissions could be reduced by 5-15 %. By reducing feed spillage, offering a good environment for the pigs and maintaining good pig health, nitrogen losses could also be reduced with about 5 – 15 %. The importance of having clean pens is also discussed in this literature survey. Swedish housing systems, having a relatively high percentage of solid flooring (with some bedding) and a small excretory area in the pen, provides an opportunity for reducing NH3 emissions from the housing system. However, one prerequisite for this is that the pigs keep the pens clean, and therefore the room temperature should not be too high. This means that during hot periods, the air has to be conditioned before entering the pig house, e.g., by taking in the air via channels under the building. Removing manure daily by means of scrapers (reduction up to 40 %) and cooling the manure under the slats (reduction up to 50 %) are measures that are already implemented in Swedish pig production. The effect of air temperature, air flow and ventilation system are also discussed. Cleaning the exhaust air using bio-filters (up to 65 % reduction), bio-scrubbers (up to 70 % reduction) and chemical scrubbers (up to 96 % reduction) is also an option. By only purifying the exhaust air from the manure channels, the costs for this method can be reduced substantially. The emissions of CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O) from the housing system are also discussed. Removal of the manure under the slats appears to reduce CH4 emission from the building. The use of deep-litter bedding may in many cases result in high N2O emissions. More research is needed in this field. Treating the manure with sulphuric acid, in combination with aeration and re-circulation in the pig house, can reduce NH3 emissions by up to 70 %. Pumping slurry between different compartments in a pig house is not allowed according to the Swedish Welfare Legislation. Therefore it is not certain that the acidification of slurry, inside the pig house, can be applied in Sweden. Anaerobic treatment of biogas production, as another treatment of manure, may not reduce NH3 emissions when storing and spreading the manure, but it results in increasing the nitrogen availability for the crops. In that way nitrogen losses can be reduced since less nitrogen has to be spread per hectare. Besides, biogas production reduces odour problems as well as emissions of green house gas (GHG) by the production of energy and lower CH4 emissions. Aerobic treatment of manure, can reduce the emissions of NH3 and GHG. However, poorly controlled aeration processes can have the opposite effect. Storage of slurry in a tank having a cover lid has been pointed out in many investigations, to be the easiest and most effective way of reducing NH3 and CH4 emissions. The straw used for fattening pigs is mainly consumed by the pigs, and it is rare that a naturally stable crust will be developed on the slurry. However, within piglet production a crust on the slurry tank is often found. This crust can cause problems when the slurry tank is covered. Technical solutions have to be developed to solve this problem. On pig farms, the main crops are cereals, and the slurry is mainly applied either in the spring during tillage work, or band spread in the early summer on growing cereals. Incorporation of the slurry, e.g., by harrowing in the spring, effectively reduces the NH3 losses if it takes place as soon as possible after spreading, preferably directly or at least within 4 hours after spreading. Another possibility is to band spread the slurry onto the growing cereals because the canopy provides a microclimate which reduces the NH3 losses, as compared to spreading on a bare field. Late application during the vegetation period or spreading before the autumn sowing, often results in lower nitrogen utilization by the plants, and thereby higher risks of nitrogen leakage. Due to interactions between different sources on a farm, reduction in NH3 emission from the individual sections of the livestock production system cannot be simply added to give the net reduction in emission from the total system. Thus a whole farm system approach is needed for devising control strategies for reducing NH3 emission. Four scenarios were evaluated in this report. Scenario 1 consists of: Reduction of the crude protein in the feed from 14.5 % to 12.5 %, relatively simple technique inside the pig house to reduce NH3 emission, covering the slurry tank and new technique when spreading manure. Scenario 2 consists of: Using biproducts from industry (16.5 % crude protein instead of 14.5 %) and cleaning of exhausting air, covering the slurry tank and new technique when spreading manure. Scenario 3 comprises conditions similar to those of Scenario 1, including high dietary feed fiber content in combination with biogas production. Scenario 4 comprises conditions similar to those of Scenario 2, including high dietary feed fiber content and in combination with biogas production. Preliminary calculations indicate that the scenarios may reduce emissions by 47-68 %. It should be pointed out that the calculations are still very uncertain. The calculations show that Scenario 3 appears to be the most effective way of reducing NH3 emissions. So the combination of using low protein feed with high fiber content together with the production of biogas appears to be a promising method for future development. Even Scenario 1, which used only simple techniques, has a significant result: lowering the protein content affects the entire chain from feed to the field. From the literature review, it can be concluded that one should consider whole farm systems when trying to reduce NH3 emissions. Having a roof on the manure storage, using band spreading together with incorporation, e.g. harrowing, within a few hours after spreading, are the most important and easiest ways of reducing NH3losses. When discussing the method of animal keeping, feeding and housing, a low protein level in the feed has a positive effect along the entire production chain, and appears to be the most effective means of reducing NH3 emissions. Using more fiber or acids/salts in the feed will reduce the NH3 emission even more. When biproducts from industry are used in the pig feed, cleaning the exhausting air from the manure channel may be an option. More research is needed before recommendations can be given
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| 2. |
- Claquin, T, et al.
(författare)
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Radiative forcing of climate by ice-age atmospheric dust
- 2003
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Ingår i: Climate Dynamics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-0894 .- 0930-7575. ; 20:2-3, s. 193-202
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During glacial periods, dust deposition rates and inferred atmospheric concentrations were globally much higher than present. According to recent model results, the large enhancement of atmospheric dust content at the last glacial maximum (LGM) can be explained only if increases in the potential dust source areas are taken into account. Such increases are to be expected, due to effects of low precipitation and low atmospheric (CO2) on plant growth. Here the modelled three-dimensional dust fields from Mahowald et al. and modelled seasonally varying surface-albedo fields derived in a parallel manner, are used to quantify the mean radiative forcing due to modern (non-anthropogenic) and LGM dust. The effect of mineralogical provenance on the radiative properties of the dust is taken into account, as is the range of optical properties associated with uncertainties about the mixing state of the dust particles. The high-latitude (poleward of 45degrees) mean change in forcing (LGM minus modern) is estimated to be small (-0.9 to +0.2 W m(-2)), especially when compared to nearly -20 W m(-2) due to reflection from the extended ice sheets. Although the net effect of dust over ice sheets is a positive forcing (warming), much of the simulated high-latitude dust was not over the ice sheets, but over unglaciated regions close to the expanded dust source region in central Asia. In the tropics the change in forcing is estimated to be overall negative, and of similarly large magnitude (-2.2 to -3.2 W m(-2)) to the radiative cooling effect of low atmospheric (CO2). Thus, the largest long-term climatic effect of the LGM dust is likely to have been a cooling of the tropics. Low tropical sea-surface temperatures, low atmospheric (CO2) and high atmospheric dust loading may be mutually reinforcing due to multiple positive feedbacks, including the negative radiative forcing effect of dust.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Finnveden, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of integration of sustainable development in higher education in Sweden
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1467-6370 .- 1758-6739. ; 21:4, s. 685-698
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose Since 2006, higher education institutions (HEIs) in Sweden, should according to the Higher Education Act, promote sustainable development (SD). In 2016, the Swedish Government asked the Swedish higher education authority to evaluate how this study is proceeding. The authority chose to focus on education. This paper aims to produce a report on this evaluation. Design/methodology/approach All 47 HEIs in Sweden were asked to write a self-evaluation report based on certain evaluation criteria. A panel was appointed consisting of academics and representatives for students and working life. The panel wrote an evaluation of each HEI, a report on general findings and recommendations, and gave an overall judgement of each HEI in two classes as follows: the HEI has well-developed processes for integration of SD in education or the HEI needs to develop their processes. Findings Overall, a mixed picture developed. Most HEIs could give examples of programmes or courses where SD was integrated. However, less than half of the HEIs had overarching goals for integration of SD in education or had a systematic follow-up of these goals. Even fewer worked specifically with pedagogy and didactics, teaching and learning methods and environments, sustainability competences or other characters of education for SD. Overall, only 12 out of 47 got a higher judgement. Originality/value This is a unique study in which all HEIs in a country are evaluated. This provides unique possibilities for identifying success factors and barriers. The importance of the leadership of the HEIs became clear.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Heiskanen, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Educating sustainability change agents : The importance of practical skills and experience
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 123, s. 218-226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sustainability professionals are agents for change towards sustainable development. Such professionals require knowledge from a variety of disciplines, but also competencies to accomplish real-word change. This article evaluates an innovative course, Strategic Environmental Development, which immerses students in a real-life solution-oriented consultancy project in order to develop critical sustainability change agent skills and confidence in using them. Since 1996, students have worked in 127 projects in 28 countries. The evaluation builds on a post-graduation survey and personal interviews with graduates. Our findings indicate that the course, which is conducted as teamwork and often overseas, helps to prepare students for their challenges at work. It does so by requiring them to work with interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary situations, and to find, translate and combine information outside their own area of expertise, including knowledge from the field. We also argue that working in real-life contexts helps to build up the confidence and leadership that practicing sustainability professionals direly need. A real-life consultancy course helps students become professionals by helping them experience that they are able to access the necessary knowledge for problem-solving quickly and decisively. Moreover, students develop a sense of agency through the experience of being capable to accomplish change. Our findings contribute to a small but growing body of knowledge on the value of using real-world learning experiences in the education of sustainability professionals.
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| 9. |
- Honkasalo, Niina, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental permitting as a driver for eco-efficiency in the dairy industry: A closer look at the IPPC directive
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 13:10-11, s. 1049-1060
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study contributes to the discussion on the potential of the IPPC Directive to serve as a driver for eco-efficiency through the analysis of case studies of British, Finnish and Swedish dairy industries and the corresponding regulatory bodies. The signals given to the companies on the required improvements and the focus of the permitting process - on the manufacturing process rather than end-of-pipe measures - were identified as major factors in determining the influence of the permitting process with regards to eco-efficiency. The analysis revealed that the influence of the IPPC Directive on the dairy industry would probably be noticeable in the UK but less significant in Finland and Sweden. Key issues that require further attention are presented.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Leire, Charlotte, et al.
(författare)
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Online teaching going massive: input and outcomes
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 123, s. 230-233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The proliferation of massive open online courses is a recent phenomenon in higher education. At the International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics at Lund University in Sweden, emerging pedagogical approaches in e-learning have long been embraced, allowing for valuable experience with new educational technologies applied in education for sustainability. In 2014, the Institute was given a formal task to develop a massive open online course on “Greening the Economy: Lessons from Scandinavia”, thereby utilizing existing capacities and experiences while experiencing new challenges revealed by courses of larger scale. This article presents the background to the Institute's undertaking with massive open online courses and the range of expectations from the main stakeholders. The article discusses massive open online courses as a novel venue for e-learning in sustainability education as regards learning activities, design and content. It concludes that while the initial experience of such a course has been positive, in order to better cater to the learner groups, continued attention needs to be paid to course design, teacher capacity and in particular an examination of learner motivations.
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| 13. |
- Lidgren, A, et al.
(författare)
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A systemic approach to incorporate sustainability into university courses and curricula
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 14:9-11, s. 797-809
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article is based on an analysis of Lund University that took place during the summer and autumn of 2004 (available for download at www.iiiee.lu.se, click library and publications). The university had experienced a loss of momentum in their progress regarding environmental issues. The purpose of the study was to identify barriers to including sustainability-related content throughout Lund University curricula, and eventually to develop solutions to eliminate/overcome these barriers. The article describes how Meadows' "Places to intervene in a system" [Meadows D. Leverage points: places to intervene in a system. Hartland, VT, USA: Sustainability Institute; 1999] was used as a tool to systematically discover these barriers. The same intervention places are used as a basis for deriving solutions to eliminate/overcome the barriers. The main conclusions of this article are that Meadows list can be a useful tool to a. systematically identify and characterise the barriers towards achieving the organisational objective of incorporating SD into courses and curricula; b. identify ways to overcome these barriers; c. increase chances that these barriers are addressed with sufficient leverage. The authors also experienced that the work method described here provides excellent fuel for creativity. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 14. |
- McCormick, Kes, et al.
(författare)
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Advancing sustainable solutions : An interdisciplinary and collaborative research agenda
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 123, s. 1-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sustainable solutions are needed to drive a profound industrial and societal transformation towards a sustainable, low-carbon, resilient, equitable and prosperous future. This Special Volume of the Journal of Cleaner Production addresses possibilities and drivers for change by focusing on strategies for sustainable solutions with the underlying purpose of defining an interdisciplinary and collaborative research agenda for the next 10 years. Based on over 20 articles from around the world, we identify 10 key areas for targeted research and action, which are underpinned by 5 themes on sustainable solutions, including consumption governance and lifestyles, cities and buildings, business management and practice, international and national policies, and education and learning. The main message of this Special Volume is that we need creative, robust and audacious strategies in governance, management and education to catalyse and mainstream sustainable development across scales and sectors.
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| 15. |
- Mundaca, Luis, et al.
(författare)
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CDM wind-energy projects: exploring small capacity thresholds and low performances
- 2005
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Ingår i: Climate Policy. - 1469-3062. ; 4:4, s. 399-418
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article analyses existing small-scale wind farms located in India as hypothetical projects implemented under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). It addresses them from three different viewpoints (sustainable development, financial feasibility and institutional conditions), focusing mostly on identifying the smallest capacities and lowest performances at which these cases may become attractive for CDM investors. Although the case studies exhibit the potential to achieve the dual objective of the CDM; based on our estimates of related transaction costs we find that small-scale CDM wind farms that generate a minimum of 3,500-5,000 certified emission reductions (CERs) per year may start to attract the attention of CDM investors, as long as a minimum of just US$5 per CER is obtained and supportive strategies such as project bundling and unilateral implementation model are in place. Lessons from the Indian wind-energy experience indicate that non-Annex I countries interested in attracting the attention of CDM investors for wind-energy projects should undertake domestic efforts to build institutional and human competences capable of supporting both their domestic wind-energy markets and the development of CDM wind-energy projects in general. Some policy recommendations are drawn.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Richter, Jessika Luth, et al.
(författare)
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Greening the global classroom: experiences using MOOCs to advance sustainability education
- 2015
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Ingår i: Global Cleaner Production and Sustainable Consumption Conference Proceedings.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The proliferation of massive open online courses (MOOCs) has been a phenomenon in higher education but only recently the subject of academic literature. MOOCs combine the traditional ideas of cohort and guided learning with open access and a truly global classroom. With over twenty thousand learners attracted to such courses, we argue that they can be a powerful tool in advancing sustainability education in terms of global reach. Like traditional education, the quality of the education delivered by MOOCs is influenced by their design and this is also integral to their success in promoting deeper learning of sustainability topics. However, designing a quality course and ensuring genuine learning experiences in this open and massive context is not without challenges. We describe our practical experience with curriculum design, production and delivery of a MOOC with a wide sustainability focus of "Greening the Economy: Lessons from Scandinavia". The background of students taking the MOOC, motivations and reasons for seeking this type of sustainability education and perceived benefits from this MOOC and other MOOCs with topics related to sustainability are discussed. Combining pedagogical approaches in the form of teacher-led lectures and quizzes for basic understanding with more constructivist forum discussions and peer assessment created the opportunity for the MOOC to not only disseminate knowledge about sustainability issues, but also encourage discussion, peer interaction, and deeper engagement with these issues. An interesting aspect of this reciprocal learning was the collected insights from learners in the form of case studies and survey responses. The promise, as well as potential issues, of MOOCs in contributing to the goals of sustainability education and lifelong learning are discussed and reflected upon.
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| 18. |
- Rodhe, Håkan
(författare)
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Active Poster Presentation
- 2005
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Ingår i: 3rd Pedagogical Inspirational Conference, 28th May 2005, Lund Institute of Technology.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 19. |
- Rodhe, Håkan
(författare)
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Preventive Environmental Strategies in Eastern European Industry: An analysis of donor support for cleaner production
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since 1991 cleaner production projects have been pursued by the donors in Eastern European industry. These projects have aimed at demonstrating the benefits of a preventive approach to environmental protection, and to train people within the industry to perform the cleaner production assessments that constitute the core element of the preventive approach. The large merit of the preventive approach is the contribution to economical performance of the organization while at the same time reducing the environmental impact. Despite the benefits, the support for this area remains very small compared to other areas of environmental support. This dissertation shows how the promotion of cleaner production is affected by different factors, both external to the company and internally. Among those factors, the donor-supported efforts, where implemented, constitute an important contribution to the process of restructuring. The contribution in the dissertation lies, besides in clarifying the factors that influence the process of promotion of cleaner production in the region, also in the development of strategies for the donors for the further promotion of cleaner production.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Sollervall, Håkan, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Matematik för ingenjörer
- 2010. - 6
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 24. |
- Willén, Agnes, et al.
(författare)
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Emissions of Nitrous Oxide, Methane and Ammonia After Field Application of Digested and Dewatered Sewage Sludge With or Without Addition of Urea
- 2016
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Ingår i: Waste and Biomass Valorization. - : Springer Netherlands. - 1877-2641 .- 1877-265X. ; 7:2, s. 281-292
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: By recycling sewage sludge (SS) to productive land, its plant nutrients can be utilised. However, the use of organic fertilisers carries health risks and causes emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3). One measure to sanitise SS from human pathogens is addition of NH3. Methods: Mesophilically digested and dewatered SS treated with urea and stored, or only stored, was applied to arable land in spring and autumn, respectively, and the effects of immediate or delayed incorporation (by 4 h) on emissions of N2O, CH4 and, in spring, NH3 were investigated. Results: N2O emissions in autumn from soil treated with SS were significantly higher than from soil without SS application (0.09, 1.31 and 0.68 kg N2O-N ha−1 for control, immediate and delayed incorporation, respectively). These emissions were significantly correlated with volumetric water content in soil. Corresponding N2O emissions in spring were 0.15, 0.57 and 0.41 kg N2O-N ha−1. Delayed incorporation (0.20 and 0.34 % of added N in spring and autumn, respectively) tended to reduce N2O emissions compared with immediate incorporation (0.32 and 0.71 % of added N in spring and autumn, respectively). Nitrous oxide emissions from SS were apparently lower after spring than after autumn application, likely because of drier soil and crop uptake of nitrogen in spring. Methane emissions were negative or negligible. Timing of incorporation had no statistically significant effect on NH3 emissions. Conclusions: Nitrous oxide emissions from soil treated with SS at a rate based on the maximum permissible P level were moderate and CH4 emissions negligible.
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| 25. |
- Willén, Agnes, et al.
(författare)
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Nitrous oxide and methane emissions during storage of dewatered digested sewage sludge
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 184:3, s. 560-568
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated the effect on greenhouse gas emissions during storage of digested sewage sludge by using a cover during storage or applying sanitisation measures such as thermophilic digestion or ammonia addition. In a pilot-scale storage facility, nitrous oxide and methane emissions were measured on average twice monthly for a year, using a closed chamber technique. The thermophilically digested sewage sludge (TC) had the highest cumulative emissions of nitrous oxide (1.30% of initial total N) followed by mesophilically digested sewage sludge stored without a cover (M) (0.34%) and mesophilically digested sewage sludge stored with a cover (MC) (0.19%). The mesophilically digested sewage sludge sanitised with ammonia and stored with a cover (MAC) showed negligible cumulative emissions of nitrous oxide. Emissions of methane were much lower from TC and MAC than from M and MC. These results indicate that sanitisation by ammonia treatment eliminates the production of nitrous oxide and reduces methane emissions from stored sewage sludge, and that thermophilic digestion has the potential to reduce the production of methane during storage compared with mesophilic digestion. The results also indicate a tendency for lower emissions of nitrous oxide and higher emissions of methane from covered sewage sludge compared with non-covered.
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| 26. |
- Willén, Agnes, et al.
(författare)
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Sewage sludge as fertiliser - Environmental assessment of storage and land application options
- 2017
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Ingår i: Water Science and Technology. - : IWA Publishing. - 0273-1223 .- 1996-9732. ; 75:5, s. 1034-1050
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sewage sludge (SS) contains beneficial plant nutrients and organic matter, and therefore application of SS on agricultural land helps close nutrient loops. However, spreading operations are restricted to certain seasons and hence the SS needs to be stored. Storage and land application of SS are both potential sources of greenhouse gases and ammonia, leading to global warming, acidification and eutrophication. Covering the stored SS, treating it with urea and choosing the correct time for land application all have the potential to reduce emissions from the system. Using life cycle assessment (LCA), this study compares storage and land application options of SS in terms of global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential, eutrophication potential and primary energy use. The system with covered storage has the lowest impact of all categories. Systems with autumn application are preferable to spring application for all impact categories but, when nitrate leaching is considered, spring application is preferable in terms of eutrophication and primary energy use and, for some SS treatments, GWP. Ammonia addition reduces nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions during storage, but increases these emissions after land application. Storage duration has a large impact on GWP, while amount of chemical nitrogen fertiliser substituted has a large impact on primary energy use.
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