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- Ademuyiwa, Adesoji O., et al.
(författare)
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Determinants of morbidity and mortality following emergency abdominal surgery in children in low-income and middle-income countries
- 2016
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Ingår i: BMJ Global Health. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2059-7908. ; 1:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Child health is a key priority on the global health agenda, yet the provision of essential and emergency surgery in children is patchy in resource-poor regions. This study was aimed to determine the mortality risk for emergency abdominal paediatric surgery in low-income countries globally.Methods: Multicentre, international, prospective, cohort study. Self-selected surgical units performing emergency abdominal surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive children aged <16 years during a 2-week period between July and December 2014. The United Nation's Human Development Index (HDI) was used to stratify countries. The main outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality, analysed by multilevel logistic regression.Results: This study included 1409 patients from 253 centres in 43 countries; 282 children were under 2 years of age. Among them, 265 (18.8%) were from low-HDI, 450 (31.9%) from middle-HDI and 694 (49.3%) from high-HDI countries. The most common operations performed were appendectomy, small bowel resection, pyloromyotomy and correction of intussusception. After adjustment for patient and hospital risk factors, child mortality at 30 days was significantly higher in low-HDI (adjusted OR 7.14 (95% CI 2.52 to 20.23), p<0.001) and middle-HDI (4.42 (1.44 to 13.56), p=0.009) countries compared with high-HDI countries, translating to 40 excess deaths per 1000 procedures performed.Conclusions: Adjusted mortality in children following emergency abdominal surgery may be as high as 7 times greater in low-HDI and middle-HDI countries compared with high-HDI countries. Effective provision of emergency essential surgery should be a key priority for global child health agendas.
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- Glasbey, JC, et al.
(författare)
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- 2021
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swepub:Mat__t
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6. |
- Bernal, Ximena E., et al.
(författare)
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Empowering Latina scientists
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 363:6429, s. 825-826
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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7. |
- Ferrando, Carlos, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of oxygen on post-surgical infections during an individualised perioperative open-lung ventilatory strategy : a randomised controlled trial
- 2020
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Ingår i: British Journal of Anaesthesia. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0007-0912 .- 1471-6771. ; 124:1, s. 110-120
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: We aimed to examine whether using a high fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) in the context of an individualised intra- and postoperative open-lung ventilation approach could decrease surgical site infection (SSI) in patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. Methods: We performed a multicentre, randomised controlled clinical trial in a network of 21 university hospitals from June 6, 2017 to July 19, 2018. Patients undergoing abdominal surgery were randomly assigned to receive a high (0.80) or conventional (0.3) FIO2 during the intraoperative period and during the first 3 postoperative hours. All patients were mechanically ventilated with an open-lung strategy, which included recruitment manoeuvres and individualised positive end-expiratory pressure for the best respiratory-system compliance, and individualised continuous postoperative airway pressure for adequate peripheral oxyhaemoglobin saturation. The primary outcome was the prevalence of SSI within the first 7 postoperative days. The secondary outcomes were composites of systemic complications, length of intensive care and hospital stay, and 6-month mortality. Results: We enrolled 740 subjects: 371 in the high FIO2 group and 369 in the low FIO2 group. Data from 717 subjects were available for final analysis. The rate of SSI during the first postoperative week did not differ between high (8.9%) and low (9.4%) FIO2 groups (relative risk [RR]: 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.59-1.50; P=0.90]). Secondary outcomes, such as atelectasis (7.7% vs 9.8%; RR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.48-1.25; P=0.38) and myocardial ischaemia (0.6% [n=2] vs 0% [n=0]; P=0.47) did not differ between groups. Conclusions: An oxygenation strategy using high FIO2 compared with conventional FIO2 did not reduce postoperative SSIs in abdominal surgery. No differences in secondary outcomes or adverse events were found.
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8. |
- Barranco, Isabel, et al.
(författare)
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Seminal Plasma Modulates miRNA Expression by Sow Genital Tract Lining Explants
- 2020
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Ingår i: Biomolecules. - : MDPI. - 2218-273X. ; 10:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The seminal plasma (SP) modulates the female reproductive immune environment after mating, and microRNAs (miRNAs) could participate in the process. Considering that the boar ejaculate is built by fractions differing in SP-composition, this study evaluated whether exposure of mucosal explants of the sow internal genital tract (uterus, utero-tubal junction and isthmus) to different SP-fractions changed the profile of explant-secreted miRNAs. Mucosal explants retrieved from oestrus sows (n = 3) were in vitro exposed to: Medium 199 (M199, Control) or M199 supplemented (1:40 v/v) with SP from the sperm-rich fraction (SRF), the post-SRF or the entire recomposed ejaculate, for 16 h. After, the explants were cultured in M199 for 24 h to finally collect the media for miRNA analyses using GeneChip miRNA 4.0 Array (Affymetrix). Fifteen differentially expressed (False Discovery Rate (FDR) < 0.05 and Fold-change ≥ 2) miRNAs (11 down- versus 4 up-regulated) were identified (the most in the media of uterine explants incubated with SP from post-SRF). Bioinformatics analysis identified that predicted target genes of dysregulated miRNAs, mainly miR-34b, miR-205, miR-4776-3p and miR-574-5p, were involved in functions and pathways related to immune response. In conclusion, SP is able to elicit changes in the miRNAs profile secreted by female genital tract, ultimately depending SP-composition.
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9. |
- Jansen, Willemijn J, et al.
(författare)
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Association of Cerebral Amyloid-β Aggregation With Cognitive Functioning in Persons Without Dementia.
- 2018
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Ingår i: JAMA psychiatry. - : American Medical Association (AMA). - 2168-6238 .- 2168-622X. ; 75:1, s. 84-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cerebral amyloid-β aggregation is an early event in Alzheimer disease (AD). Understanding the association between amyloid aggregation and cognitive manifestation in persons without dementia is important for a better understanding of the course of AD and for the design of prevention trials.To investigate whether amyloid-β aggregation is associated with cognitive functioning in persons without dementia.This cross-sectional study included 2908 participants with normal cognition and 4133 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from 53 studies in the multicenter Amyloid Biomarker Study. Normal cognition was defined as having no cognitive concerns for which medical help was sought and scores within the normal range on cognitive tests. Mild cognitive impairment was diagnosed according to published criteria. Study inclusion began in 2013 and is ongoing. Data analysis was performed in January 2017.Global cognitive performance as assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and episodic memory performance as assessed by a verbal word learning test. Amyloid aggregation was measured with positron emission tomography or cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and dichotomized as negative (normal) or positive (abnormal) according to study-specific cutoffs. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the association between amyloid aggregation and low cognitive scores (MMSE score ≤27 or memory z score≤-1.28) and to assess whether this association was moderated by age, sex, educational level, or apolipoprotein E genotype.Among 2908 persons with normal cognition (mean [SD] age, 67.4 [12.8] years), amyloid positivity was associated with low memory scores after age 70 years (mean difference in amyloid positive vs negative, 4% [95% CI, 0%-7%] at 72 years and 21% [95% CI, 10%-33%] at 90 years) but was not associated with low MMSE scores (mean difference, 3% [95% CI, -1% to 6%], P=.16). Among 4133 patients with MCI (mean [SD] age, 70.2 [8.5] years), amyloid positivity was associated with low memory (mean difference, 16% [95% CI, 12%-20%], P<.001) and low MMSE (mean difference, 14% [95% CI, 12%-17%], P<.001) scores, and this association decreased with age. Low cognitive scores had limited utility for screening of amyloid positivity in persons with normal cognition and those with MCI. In persons with normal cognition, the age-related increase in low memory score paralleled the age-related increase in amyloid positivity with an intervening period of 10 to 15 years.Although low memory scores are an early marker of amyloid positivity, their value as a screening measure for early AD among persons without dementia is limited.
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10. |
- Jansen, Willemijn J, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence Estimates of Amyloid Abnormality Across the Alzheimer Disease Clinical Spectrum.
- 2022
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Ingår i: JAMA neurology. - : American Medical Association (AMA). - 2168-6157 .- 2168-6149. ; 79:3, s. 228-243
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One characteristic histopathological event in Alzheimer disease (AD) is cerebral amyloid aggregation, which can be detected by biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and on positron emission tomography (PET) scans. Prevalence estimates of amyloid pathology are important for health care planning and clinical trial design.To estimate the prevalence of amyloid abnormality in persons with normal cognition, subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, or clinical AD dementia and to examine the potential implications of cutoff methods, biomarker modality (CSF or PET), age, sex, APOE genotype, educational level, geographical region, and dementia severity for these estimates.This cross-sectional, individual-participant pooled study included participants from 85 Amyloid Biomarker Study cohorts. Data collection was performed from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2020. Participants had normal cognition, subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, or clinical AD dementia. Normal cognition and subjective cognitive decline were defined by normal scores on cognitive tests, with the presence of cognitive complaints defining subjective cognitive decline. Mild cognitive impairment and clinical AD dementia were diagnosed according to published criteria.Alzheimer disease biomarkers detected on PET or in CSF.Amyloid measurements were dichotomized as normal or abnormal using cohort-provided cutoffs for CSF or PET or by visual reading for PET. Adjusted data-driven cutoffs for abnormal amyloid were calculated using gaussian mixture modeling. Prevalence of amyloid abnormality was estimated according to age, sex, cognitive status, biomarker modality, APOE carrier status, educational level, geographical location, and dementia severity using generalized estimating equations.Among the 19097 participants (mean [SD] age, 69.1 [9.8] years; 10148 women [53.1%]) included, 10139 (53.1%) underwent an amyloid PET scan and 8958 (46.9%) had an amyloid CSF measurement. Using cohort-provided cutoffs, amyloid abnormality prevalences were similar to 2015 estimates for individuals without dementia and were similar across PET- and CSF-based estimates (24%; 95% CI, 21%-28%) in participants with normal cognition, 27% (95% CI, 21%-33%) in participants with subjective cognitive decline, and 51% (95% CI, 46%-56%) in participants with mild cognitive impairment, whereas for clinical AD dementia the estimates were higher for PET than CSF (87% vs 79%; mean difference, 8%; 95% CI, 0%-16%; P=.04). Gaussian mixture modeling-based cutoffs for amyloid measures on PET scans were similar to cohort-provided cutoffs and were not adjusted. Adjusted CSF cutoffs resulted in a 10% higher amyloid abnormality prevalence than PET-based estimates in persons with normal cognition (mean difference, 9%; 95% CI, 3%-15%; P=.004), subjective cognitive decline (9%; 95% CI, 3%-15%; P=.005), and mild cognitive impairment (10%; 95% CI, 3%-17%; P=.004), whereas the estimates were comparable in persons with clinical AD dementia (mean difference, 4%; 95% CI, -2% to 9%; P=.18).This study found that CSF-based estimates using adjusted data-driven cutoffs were up to 10% higher than PET-based estimates in people without dementia, whereas the results were similar among people with dementia. This finding suggests that preclinical and prodromal AD may be more prevalent than previously estimated, which has important implications for clinical trial recruitment strategies and health care planning policies.
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11. |
- Jansen, Willemijn J, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence of cerebral amyloid pathology in persons without dementia: a meta-analysis.
- 2015
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Ingår i: JAMA. - : American Medical Association (AMA). - 1538-3598 .- 0098-7484. ; 313:19, s. 1924-38
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cerebral amyloid-β aggregation is an early pathological event in Alzheimer disease (AD), starting decades before dementia onset. Estimates of the prevalence of amyloid pathology in persons without dementia are needed to understand the development of AD and to design prevention studies.
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12. |
- Mattsson, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence of the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele in amyloid beta positive subjects across the spectrum of Alzheimers disease
- 2018
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Ingår i: Alzheimer's & Dementia. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. - 1552-5260 .- 1552-5279. ; 14:7, s. 913-924
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon 4 is the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimers disease (AD), but its prevalence is unclear because earlier studies did not require biomarker evidence of amyloid beta(A beta) pathology. Methods: We included 3451 A beta+ subjects (853 AD-type dementia, 1810 mild cognitive impairment, and 788 cognitively normal). Generalized estimating equation models were used to assess APOE epsilon 4 prevalence in relation to age, sex, education, and geographical location. Results: The APOE epsilon 4 prevalence was 66% in AD-type dementia, 64% in mild cognitive impairment, and 51% in cognitively normal, and it decreased with advancing age in A beta+ cognitively normal and A beta+ mild cognitive impairment (P amp;lt;.05) but not in A beta+ AD dementia (P =.66). The prevalence was highest in Northern Europe but did not vary by sex or education. Discussion: The APOE E4 prevalence in AD was higher than that in previous studies, which did not require presence of A beta pathology. Furthermore, our results highlight disease heterogeneity related to age and geographical location. (C) 2018 the Alzheimers Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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13. |
- Mattsson, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele in amyloid β positive subjects across the spectrum of Alzheimer's disease
- 2018
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Ingår i: Alzheimer's and Dementia. - : Wiley. - 1552-5260 .- 1552-5279. ; 14:7, s. 913-924
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 is the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but its prevalence is unclear because earlier studies did not require biomarker evidence of amyloid β (Aβ) pathology. Methods: We included 3451 Aβ+ subjects (853 AD-type dementia, 1810 mild cognitive impairment, and 788 cognitively normal). Generalized estimating equation models were used to assess APOE ε4 prevalence in relation to age, sex, education, and geographical location. Results: The APOE ε4 prevalence was 66% in AD-type dementia, 64% in mild cognitive impairment, and 51% in cognitively normal, and it decreased with advancing age in Aβ+ cognitively normal and Aβ+ mild cognitive impairment (P <.05) but not in Aβ+ AD dementia (P =.66). The prevalence was highest in Northern Europe but did not vary by sex or education. Discussion: The APOE ε4 prevalence in AD was higher than that in previous studies, which did not require presence of Aβ pathology. Furthermore, our results highlight disease heterogeneity related to age and geographical location.
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14. |
- Rodríguez-Zamora, Lara, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Monitoring internal load parameters during competitive synchronized swimming duet routines in elite athletes
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. - : National Strength and Conditioning Association. - 1064-8011 .- 1533-4287. ; 28:3, s. 742-751
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study is to compare the heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) responses as internal load indicators while performing duet routines during training and competition, both in the technical and free programs of synchronized swimming (SS). Participants were 10 SS Olympic medalists (age, 17.4 ± 3.0 years; height, 164.0 ± 6.1 cm; body mass, 52.0 ± 6.4 kg; training, 36.3 ± 6.2 h·wk; experience, 9.2 ± 2.6 years). They were monitored while performing the same technical duet or free duet, during a training session (T) and during an official competition (C). Heart rate was continuously monitored. Rate of perceived exertion was assessed using the Borg CR10 scale. Heart rate responses during T and C were almost identical: pre-exercise mean HR (b·min) was 130.5 ± 13.9 (T) and 133.6 ± 7.7 (C) and quickly increased yielding mean peak values of 184.8 ± 5.8 (T) and 184.8 ± 6.6 (C), with interspersed bradycardic events down to 86.6 ± 4 (T) and 86.3 ± 5 (C). Routines were perceived as "hard" to "extremely hard" by the swimmers in both conditions, and mean RPE scores (0-10+) were equally high during C (7.9 ± 1.2) and T (7.5 ± 1.2) (p = 0.223). Rate of perceived exertion inversely correlated with minimum (R = -0.545; p = 0.008) and mean HR (R = -0.452; p = 0.026) and positively correlated with HRrange (R = 0.520; p = 0.011). The internal load imposed by SS duets performed during training is virtually identical to that elicited in a real competitive situation. Therefore, practicing competitive routines is suitable for developing and maintaining the cardiovascular fitness that is needed for specific conditioning in elite synchronized swimmers, with the added value of favoring exercise automaticity, interindividual coordination, and artistic expression simultaneously.
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15. |
- Ahmed, Nabeela, et al.
(författare)
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Redefining the role of urban studies Early Career Academics in the post-COVID-19 university
- 2022
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Ingår i: City. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1360-4813 .- 1470-3629. ; 26:4, s. 562-586
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We are an international collective of Early Career Academics (ECAs) who met throughout 2020 to explore the implications of COVID-19 on precarious academics. With this intervention, our aims are to voice commonly shared experiences and concerns and to reflect on the extent to which the pandemic offers opportunities to redefine Higher Education and research institutions, in a context of ongoing precarity and funding cuts. Specifically, we explore avenues to build solidarity across institutions and geographies, to ensure that the conduct of urban research, and support offered to ECAs, allows for more inclusivity, diversity, security and equitability.
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16. |
- Ali, Muhammad, et al.
(författare)
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Leveraging large multi-center cohorts of Alzheimer disease endophenotypes to understand the role of Klotho heterozygosity on disease risk.
- 2022
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Ingår i: PloS one. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 17:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two genetic variants in strong linkage disequilibrium (rs9536314 and rs9527025) in the Klotho (KL) gene, encoding a transmembrane protein, implicated in longevity and associated with brain resilience during normal aging, were recently shown to be associated with Alzheimer disease (AD) risk in cognitively normal participants who are APOE ε4 carriers. Specifically, the participants heterozygous for this variant (KL-SVHET+) showed lower risk of developing AD. Furthermore, a neuroprotective effect of KL-VSHET+ has been suggested against amyloid burden for cognitively normal participants, potentially mediated via the regulation of redox pathways. However, inconsistent associations and a smaller sample size of existing studies pose significant hurdles in drawing definitive conclusions. Here, we performed a well-powered association analysis between KL-VSHET+ and five different AD endophenotypes; brain amyloidosis measured by positron emission tomography (PET) scans (n = 5,541) or cerebrospinal fluid Aβ42 levels (CSF; n = 5,093), as well as biomarkers associated with tau pathology: the CSF Tau (n = 5,127), phosphorylated Tau (pTau181; n = 4,778) and inflammation: CSF soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2; n = 2,123) levels. Our results found nominally significant associations of KL-VSHET+ status with biomarkers for brain amyloidosis (e.g., CSF Aβ positivity; odds ratio [OR] = 0.67 [95% CI, 0.55-0.78], β = 0.72, p = 0.007) and tau pathology (e.g., biomarker positivity for CSF Tau; OR = 0.39 [95% CI, 0.19-0.77], β = -0.94, p = 0.007, and pTau; OR = 0.50 [95% CI, 0.27-0.96], β = -0.68, p = 0.04) in cognitively normal participants, 60-80 years old, who are APOE e4-carriers. Our work supports previous findings, suggesting that the KL-VSHET+ on an APOE ε4 genotype background may modulate Aβ and tau pathology, thereby lowering the intensity of neurodegeneration and incidence of cognitive decline in older controls susceptible to AD.
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17. |
- Barranco, Isabel, et al.
(författare)
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Delays in processing and storage of pig seminal plasma alters levels of contained antioxidants
- 2021
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Ingår i: Research in Veterinary Science. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0034-5288 .- 1532-2661. ; 135, s. 416-423
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Seminal plasma (SP) antioxidants are considered biomarkers of sperm function and fertility for AI-boars. The current protocol for their measurement implies the SP was harvested immediately after ejaculation and prompt stored at -80 degrees C until analysis. Such protocol may be impractical for AI-centers. This study evaluated how SP levels of antioxidants were influenced by delays in (1) SP-harvesting (0 [control], 2 or 24 h at 17 degrees C after ejaculate collection), in (2) SP-freezing (0 [control] or 24 hat 17 degrees C after SP-harvesting) or (3) the temperature of storage (-80 degrees C [control] or - 20 degrees C). The SP-antioxidants evaluated were: glutathione peroxidase [GPx], superoxide dismutase [SOD], paraoxonase-1 [PON-1], trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity [TEAC] and oxidative stress index [OSI]. A total of 120 aliquots from 10 entire ejaculates were handled in three trials. They were centrifuged (1500 g, 10 min) for harvesting SP and antioxidants were measured with an Automatic Chemistry Analyzer. A 24 h-delay in harvesting the SP led to an increase (p 0.001) in TEAC and SOD SP-levels, and a decrease (p 0.05) of OSI and PON-1. Similarly, a 24 h-delay to freeze the SP increased (p 0.01) TEAC values and decreased (p 0.01) PON-1 and GPx activity levels. Finally, storing the SP at -20 degrees C decreased (p 0.001) SP-levels of TEAC, PON-1 and GPx, and increased (p 0.01) OSI values. Strong positive relationships (p 0.001) were found between antioxidant SP-levels in processed samples and their respective controls. In sum, handling and SP storage influence antioxidant measurements in AI-boars. Reliable levels of SP-antioxidants can only be warranted if a strict protocol for harvesting and SP storage is followed.
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18. |
- Barranco, Isabel, et al.
(författare)
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Extracellular vesicles isolated from porcine seminal plasma exhibit different tetraspanin expression profiles
- 2019
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2045-2322. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Seminal extracellular vesicles (EVs) include exosomes (phi 40-120 nm) and microvesicles (MVs, phi 120-1000 nm), which would be involved in multiple functional reproductive roles. The study aimed to establish which EV subtypes are present in pig semen, using a high-resolution flow cytometer to explore differences in their tetraspanin expression profile. The EVs were isolated from 12 pig ejaculates using serial ultracentrifugation and characterized by dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy for size and morphology as well as for tetraspanin expression using flow cytometry with Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) and antibodies against CD9, CD63 and CD81. Pig semen contained a heterogeneous EV-population regarding size and morphology. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that the proportion of EVs expressing CD63 and CD9 was higher in MVs (P amp;lt; 0.001 and P amp;lt; 0.05, respectively) than in exosomes, while the opposite was true for CD81; higher (P amp;lt; 0.001) in exosomes than in MVs. In conclusion, (1) the new generation of flow cytometers are able to accurately identify EVs and to gate them in two size-different populations named exosomes and MVs. (2) Tetraspanins CD9, CD63 and CD81 are present in both seminal EVs, albeit with exosomes and MVs differing in expression profiles, suggesting dissimilar cargo and binding affinity.
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19. |
- Barranco, Isabel, et al.
(författare)
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Levels of activity of superoxide dismutase in seminal plasma do not predict fertility of pig AI-semen doses
- 2019
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Ingår i: Theriogenology. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. - 0093-691X .- 1879-3231. ; 140, s. 18-24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a major antioxidant enzyme in boar seminal plasma (SP). This study evaluated how SP-SOD affected sperm attributes when semen of boars of various breeds, included in commercial artificial insemination (Al)-programs, was extended and liquid-stored at 17 degrees C for AI; as well as their in vivo fertility (farrowing rate and litter size of 10,952 AI-sows). SP-SOD-activity was assessed in 311 ejaculates (100 boars) while sperm motility (by CASA), viability and intracellular H2O2 generation in viable spermatozoa (by flow cytometry) were measured at 0 and 72 h of liquid storage. SP-SOD activity was not affected by breed but differed (P amp;lt; 0.001) between boars (n = 50), ranging from 1.16 +/- 0.11 to 7.02 +/- 0.75 IU/mL. Semen Al-doses (n =44) hierarchically grouped (P amp;lt; 0.001) with low SP-SOD activity showed lower (P amp;lt; 0.05) sperm motility and intracellular H2O2 at 72 h of liquid storage. Fertility did not differ between AI-boars (n = 39) hierarchically grouped (P amp;lt; 0.001) with high or low SP-SOD activity. In conclusion, SP-SOD activity is boar dependent and positively related with sperm functionality of liquid stored semen AI-doses. However, this positive effect is not reflected on in vivo fertility post-AI. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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20. |
- Barranco, Isabel, et al.
(författare)
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Seminal Plasma Cytokines Are Predictive of the Outcome of Boar Sperm Preservation
- 2019
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Veterinary Science. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2297-1769. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Boar seminal plasma is rich in cytokines, which could influence the capability of spermatozoa to tolerate preservation.Objectives: To evaluate the involvement of boar seminal plasma cytokines in the changes experienced by boar spermatozoa during their storage, either in liquid or frozen state.Materials and Methods: In two separated experiments, semen samples from healthy and fertile boars were split in two aliquots, one centrifuged twice (1,500 ×g for 10 min) to harvest seminal plasma, whereas the other was either commercially extended (3 × 107 sperm/mL) and liquid-stored at 17°C during 144 h (n = 28, Experiment 1) or frozen-thawed using a standard 0.5 mL protocol (n = 27, Experiment 2). Sixteen cytokines were quantified using Luminex xMAP®. Sperm attributes (CASA-evaluated total and progressive motility; flow cytometry-evaluated sperm viability, production of intracellular H2O2 and O2•-" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative; outline: 0px !important;">O∙−2O2•- and levels of lipid peroxidation in viable spermatozoa) were evaluated either at 0, 72, or 144 h of liquid storage (Experiment 1) or before freezing and at 30- and 150-min post-thawing (Experiment 2).Results: Multiple linear regression models, with Bayesian approach for variable selection, revealed that the anti-inflammatory TGF-β2, TGF-β3, IL-1Ra, and IL-4 and the pro-inflammatory IL-8 and IL-18, predicted changes in sperm motility for liquid-stored semen while the anti-inflammatory IFN-γ was included in the models predicting changes in all sperm attributes for cryopreserved semen.Conclusion: Specific boar seminal plasma cytokines would contribute to modulate the structural and metabolic changes shown by spermatozoa during preservation, either in liquid or frozen state.
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21. |
- Calbet, José A L, et al.
(författare)
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Limitations to oxygen transport and utilisation during sprint exercise in humans : evidence for a functional reserve in muscle O2 diffusing capacity.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Physiology. - 0022-3751 .- 1469-7793. ; 593:20, s. 4649-4664
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- KEY POINTS SUMMARY: Severe acute hypoxia reduces sprint performance. Muscle VO2 during sprint exercise in normoxia is not limited by O2 delivery, O2 off-loading from haemoglobin or structure-dependent diffusion constraints in the skeletal muscle of young healthy men. A large functional reserve in muscle O2 diffusing capacity exists and remains available at exhaustion during exercise in normoxia, which is recruited during exercise in hypoxia. During whole-body incremental exercise to exhaustion in severe hypoxia leg VO2 is primarily dependent on convective O2 delivery and less limited by diffusion constraints than previously thought. The kinetics of O2 off-loading from haemoglobin does not limit VO2 peak in hypoxia. Our results indicate that the limitation to VO2 during short sprints resides in mechanisms regulating mitochondrial respiration.ABSTRACT: To determine the contribution of convective and diffusive limitations to VO2 peak during exercise in humans oxygen transport and haemodynamics were measured in eleven men (22 ± 2 years) during incremental (IE) and 30-s all-out sprints (Wingate test, WgT), in normoxia (Nx, PI O2 :143 mmHg) and hypoxia (Hyp, PI O2 :73 mmHg). Carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) was increased to 6-7% before both WgTs to left-shift the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve. Leg VO2 was measured by the Fick method, and leg blood flow (BF) with thermodilution and muscle O2 diffusing capacity (DMO2 ) was calculated. In the WgT mean power output, leg BF, leg O2 delivery and leg VO2 were 7, 5, 28 and 23% lower in Hyp than Nx (P < 0.05), however, peak WgT DMO2 was higher in hypoxia (51.5 ± 9.7) than Nx (20.5 ± 3.0 ml min(-1) mmHg(-1) , P < 0.05). Despite a similar PaO2 (33.3 ± 2.4 and 34.1 ± 3.3 mmHg), mean capillary PO2 (16.7 ± 1.2 and 17.1 ± 1.6 mmHg), and peak perfusion during IE and WgT in Hyp, DMO2 and leg VO2 were 12 and 14% higher during WgT than IE in Hyp (both, P < 0.05). DMO2 was apparently insensitive to COHb (COHb: 0.7 vs 7%, in IE Hyp and WgT Hyp). At exhaustion, the Y equilibration index was well above 1.0 in both conditions, reflecting greater convective than diffusive limitation to the O2 transfer both in Nx and Hyp. In conclusion, muscle VO2 during sprint exercise is not limited by O2 delivery, the O2 off-loading from haemoglobin or structure-dependent diffusion constraints in the skeletal muscle. These findings reveal a remarkable functional reserve in muscle O2 diffusing capacity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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22. |
- Galán, Iñaki, et al.
(författare)
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Individual and Contextual Factors Associated With Hazardous Drinking in Spain : Evidence From a National Population-Based Study
- 2020
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Ingår i: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 44:11, s. 2247-2256
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Heavy drinking (HD) and binge drinking (BD) exhibit marked differences in their relationships with contextual-level factors imbedded in geographical areas of residence. The objective is to identify sociodemographic factors, both at the individual and at the contextual level, associated with these 2 main hazardous consumption patterns.METHODS: Cross-sectional study using data from the 2011 to 2012 National Health Survey in Spain. The sample included 21,007 individuals ≥15 years of age. HD was defined as an alcohol intake of ≥40 g/d in men and ≥24 g/d in women. BD was defined as the consumption in the previous month of ≥6 alcoholic drinks (men) or ≥5 drinks (women) within 4 to 6 hours. Individual-level variables included sociodemographic factors, urban/rural residence, smoking, and perceived social support. Contextual-level variables covered percentage of population with no schooling, unemployment rate, and hospitality industry-related economic activity, all at the census tract level. We analyzed data using multilevel logistic regression and calculated areas under the curve (AUC).RESULTS: Being male, smoking, high-income, and low perceived social support were associated with both hazardous drinking patterns. Younger individuals were at higher risk for BD but at lower risk for HD. BD was more common among rural than urban dwellers (odds ratios [OR] = 1.35; 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.72), whereas HD was less likely in participants residing in areas with high unemployment rates (OR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.41 to 0.93). HD was more likely in census tracts with higher levels of hospitality industry activity (OR = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.20 to 2.54). The AUC increased substantially for both HD and BD when the census tract variable was entered in the respective models (reaching 89.5 and 93.3%, respectively).CONCLUSIONS: Except for age, both drinking patterns have similar associations with individual-level variables but disparate links to contextual-level indicators. In both cases, accounting for area of residence substantially increased the ability to discriminate between high-risk drinkers from nonhazardous alcohol consumers.
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23. |
- Galán, Iñaki, et al.
(författare)
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Small area influences on the individual unhealthy lifestyle behaviors : A multilevel analysis of discriminatory accuracy
- 2021
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Ingår i: Health and Place. - : Elsevier BV. - 1353-8292. ; 67
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We estimated the discriminatory power of area of residence (census tract) on the prevalence of main risk factors for chronic diseases. Results, based on a sample of 21,007 participants from the 2011–2012 National Health Survey of Spain, show a differential influence of the geosocial environment on the four health risk factors. Accounting for census tracts substantially increases the discriminatory power regarding at-risk alcohol consumption, unbalanced diet, and leisure-time sedentarism but not tobacco consumption. However, the socioeconomic characteristics of the tracts played a minor role. Further research on the specific geosocial contextual variables explaining variability in these risk factors is necessary.
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24. |
- González-Gloria, Karla D., et al.
(författare)
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Biochemical and biorefinery platform for second-generation bioethanol : fermentative strategies and microorganisms
- 2024
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Ingår i: Fermentation. - : MDPI. - 2311-5637. ; 10:7
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bioethanol is the most commonly used biofuel. It is an alternative to replace fossil fuels in renewable energy; it can be produced from lignocellulosic feedstock using a biotechnological process. Their participation of microorganisms is crucial in the bioconversion process of fermentation for ethanol production and can involve bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. However, when working within bioethanol processes from lignocellulose feedstock, microorganisms face some challenges, such as high temperature, high solids content, and the ability to ferment sugars for high ethanol concentration. Such challenges will depend on operative strategies, such as simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, separate hydrolysis and fermentation, semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, and consolidated bioprocessing; these are the most common configurations. This review presents different trends of the microbial role, biochemical application, and fermentation operative strategies for bioethanol production of the second generation.
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25. |
- Huyghe, Jeroen R., et al.
(författare)
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Discovery of common and rare genetic risk variants for colorectal cancer
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 51:1, s. 76-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To further dissect the genetic architecture of colorectal cancer (CRC), we performed whole-genome sequencing of 1,439 cases and 720 controls, imputed discovered sequence variants and Haplotype Reference Consortium panel variants into genome-wide association study data, and tested for association in 34,869 cases and 29,051 controls. Findings were followed up in an additional 23,262 cases and 38,296 controls. We discovered a strongly protective 0.3% frequency variant signal at CHD1. In a combined meta-analysis of 125,478 individuals, we identified 40 new independent signals at P < 5 x 10(-8), bringing the number of known independent signals for CRC to similar to 100. New signals implicate lower-frequency variants, Kruppel-like factors, Hedgehog signaling, Hippo-YAP signaling, long noncoding RNAs and somatic drivers, and support a role for immune function. Heritability analyses suggest that CRC risk is highly polygenic, and larger, more comprehensive studies enabling rare variant analysis will improve understanding of biology underlying this risk and influence personalized screening strategies and drug development.
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26. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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27. |
- Lackey, Kimberly A., et al.
(författare)
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What's normal? Microbiomes in human milk and infant feces are related to each other but vary geographically : The inspire study
- 2019
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Nutrition. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-861X. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Microbial communities in human milk and those in feces from breastfed infants vary within and across populations. However, few researchers have conducted cross-cultural comparisons between populations, and little is known about whether certain “core” taxa occur normally within or between populations and whether variation in milk microbiome is related to variation in infant fecal microbiome. The purpose of this study was to describe microbiomes of milk produced by relatively healthy women living at diverse international sites and compare these to the fecal microbiomes of their relatively healthy infants. Methods: We analyzed milk (n = 394) and infant feces (n = 377) collected from mother/infant dyads living in 11 international sites (2 each in Ethiopia, The Gambia, and the US; 1 each in Ghana, Kenya, Peru, Spain, and Sweden). The V1-V3 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was sequenced to characterize and compare microbial communities within and among cohorts. Results: Core genera in feces were Streptococcus, Escherichia/Shigella, and Veillonella, and in milk were Streptococcus and Staphylococcus, although substantial variability existed within and across cohorts. For instance, relative abundance of Lactobacillus was highest in feces from rural Ethiopia and The Gambia, and lowest in feces from Peru, Spain, Sweden, and the US; Rhizobium was relatively more abundant in milk produced by women in rural Ethiopia than all other cohorts. Bacterial diversity also varied among cohorts. For example, Shannon diversity was higher in feces from Kenya than Ghana and US-California, and higher in rural Ethiopian than Ghana, Peru, Spain, Sweden, and US-California. There were limited associations between individual genera in milk and feces, but community-level analyses suggest strong, positive associations between the complex communities in these sample types. Conclusions: Our data provide additional evidence of within- and among-population differences in milk and infant fecal bacterial community membership and diversity and support for a relationship between the bacterial communities in milk and those of the recipient infant's feces. Additional research is needed to understand environmental, behavioral, and genetic factors driving this variation and association, as well as its significance for acute and chronic maternal and infant health.
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28. |
- Lane, Avery A., et al.
(författare)
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Household composition and the infant fecal microbiome : The INSPIRE study
- 2019
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Ingår i: American Journal of Physical Anthropology. - : Wiley. - 0002-9483 .- 1096-8644. ; 3:169, s. 526-539
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Establishment and development of the infant gastrointestinal microbiome (GIM) varies cross-culturally and is thought to be influenced by factors such as gestational age, birth mode, diet, and antibiotic exposure. However, there is little data as to how the composition of infants' households may play a role, particularly from a cross-cultural perspective. Here, we examined relationships between infant fecal microbiome (IFM) diversity/composition and infants' household size, number of siblings, and number of other household members. Materials and methods: We analyzed 377 fecal samples from healthy, breastfeeding infants across 11 sites in eight different countries (Ethiopia, The Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Peru, Spain, Sweden, and the United States). Fecal microbial community structure was determined by amplifying, sequencing, and classifying (to the genus level) the V1–V3 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Surveys administered to infants' mothers identified household members and composition. Results: Our results indicated that household composition (represented by the number of cohabitating siblings and other household members) did not have a measurable impact on the bacterial diversity, evenness, or richness of the IFM. However, we observed that variation in household composition categories did correspond to differential relative abundances of specific taxa, namely: Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella. Discussion: This study, to our knowledge, is the largest cross-cultural study to date examining the association between household composition and the IFM. Our results indicate that the social environment of infants (represented here by the proxy of household composition) may influence the bacterial composition of the infant GIM, although the mechanism is unknown. A higher number and diversity of cohabitants and potential caregivers may facilitate social transmission of beneficial bacteria to the infant gastrointestinal tract, by way of shared environment or through direct physical and social contact between the maternal–infant dyad and other household members. These findings contribute to the discussion concerning ways by which infants are influenced by their social environments and add further dimensionality to the ongoing exploration of social transmission of gut microbiota and the “old friends” hypothesis.
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29. |
- Lopes, Tania P., et al.
(författare)
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Ovarian Follicle Growth during Lactation Determines the Reproductive Performance of Weaned Sows
- 2020
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Ingår i: Animals. - : MDPI. - 2076-2615. ; 10:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Simple Summary In this field study, the ovaries of weaned (n= 191, experiment 1) and lactating (n= 40, experiment 2) sows were transrectally scanned to measure the diameter of the follicles. Both the weaned and lactating sows showed great variability in the diameter of the ovarian follicles, indicating that the variability at weaning already existed during early lactation and was carried over to weaning. Sows with small follicles at weaning showed low reproductive performance and were more frequent among those with fewer farrowings and those weaned in summer-autumn. Factors causing variability in ovarian follicle size among weaned sows are not well known. This field study aimed to disclose influencing factors and evaluate if the differences at weaning were established during lactation. Ovaries were scanned using transrectal ultrasound. The first experiment was conducted over a year with 191 randomly chosen sows that were hierarchically grouped (p <0.001) according to ovarian follicle diameter reached at weaning: Small (0.20-0.30 cm;n= 37), medium (0.31-0.39 cm;n= 75), and large (0.40-1.00 cm;n= 69). Sows with small follicles showed a higher incidence of post-weaning anestrus (p< 0.01), longer wean-to-estrus/ovulation intervals (p <0.01) and farrowing smaller litters (p< 0.05). Ovaries with small follicles were more common among sows weaned in summer-autumn than in winter-spring (p <0.01) and among sows of lower parity (1-3) (p <0.05). In the second experiment, with 40 sows randomly chosen at farrowing, the ovaries were scanned at 7, 14, and 21 d post-partum. Sows showed great variability in ovarian follicular size during lactation with a consistent relationship between the three measurement times (r = 0.84,p <0.01). Follicle size was smaller in sows nursing in summer-autumn than in winter-spring (p <0.05). In conclusion, early lactation dictates the great variability in ovarian follicular diameter at weaning shown by sows. Sows with smaller follicles at weaning had longer intervals for estrus and ovulation and smaller litters at farrowing and they were in greater numbers among sows weaned during the summer and fall and among those with fewer previous farrowing.
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30. |
- Lopes, Tania P., et al.
(författare)
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Weaned Sows with Small Ovarian Follicles Respond Poorly to the GnRH Agonist Buserelin
- 2020
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Ingår i: Animals. - : MDPI. - 2076-2615. ; 10:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Simple Summary This study evaluated the influence of mean ovarian follicle size and the season of weaning on the effectiveness of administering the GnRH agonist buserelin to synchronize ovulation in weaned sows. The results from 352 sows demonstrated that sows with small follicles (<0.5 cm in diameter) at treatment are poor responders, a condition more frequent among sows weaned in summer-autumn than in those weaned in winter-spring. The GnRH agonist buserelin (GnRH), used to synchronize ovulation in weaned sows, attains only 70-80% effectivity, owing to several reasons of ovarian origin. This study evaluated in particular whether mean ovarian follicle size at treatment and the season of weaning are among those influencing GnRH responsiveness. The experiment was carried out in a temperate-region farm with 352 sows of 1-6 parities weaned either in winter-spring (WS, 174 sows) or in summer-autumn (SA, 178 sows). The sows were randomized into two groups: GnRH (10 mu g of buserelin acetate at 86 h after weaning, 172 sows) and control (180 sows). The ovaries were transrectally scanned from weaning to ovulation and the sows clustered according to their mean follicular size at treatment time: small (<0.5 cm in diameter), medium (0.5 to 0.64 cm) and large (0.65 to 1.09 cm). In total, 88.33% of the GnRH-treated sows ovulated, with 82% of them within the expected time window (120-132 h after weaning). In contrast, 95.45% of the unresponsive sows had small follicles at the time of treatment and were mostly weaned in SA (20.45%) than in WS (4.76%). In conclusion, the conspicuous presence of sows having small ovarian follicles at treatment time compromises the efficiency of the GnRH agonist buserelin to synchronize ovulation in weaned sows, which occurs more frequently in summer-autumn weaning.
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31. |
- Matabuena, Marcos, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of Asthma Phenotypes in the Spanish MEGA Cohort Study Using Cluster Analysis
- 2023
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Ingår i: Archivos de Bronconeumologia. - : Elsevier BV. - 0300-2896. ; 59:4, s. 223-231
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: The definition of asthma phenotypes has not been fully established, neither there are cluster studies showing homogeneous results to solidly establish clear phenotypes. The purpose of this study was to develop a classification algorithm based on unsupervised cluster analysis, identifying clusters that represent clinically relevant asthma phenotypes that may share asthma-related outcomes. Methods: We performed a multicentre prospective cohort study, including adult patients with asthma (N = 512) from the MEGA study (Mechanisms underlying the Genesis and evolution of Asthma). A standardised clinical history was completed for each patient. Cluster analysis was performed using the kernel k-groups algorithm. Results: Four clusters were identified. Cluster 1 (31.5% of subjects) includes adult-onset atopic patients with better lung function, lower BMI, good asthma control, low ICS dose, and few exacerbations. Cluster 2 (23.6%) is made of adolescent-onset atopic asthma patients with normal lung function, but low adherence to treatment (59% well-controlled) and smokers (48%). Cluster 3 (17.1%) includes adult-onset patients, mostly severe non-atopic, with overweight, the worse lung function and asthma control, and receiving combination of treatments. Cluster 4 (26.7%) consists of the elderly-onset patients, mostly female, atopic (64%), with high BMI and normal lung function, prevalence of smokers and comorbidities. Conclusion: We defined four phenotypes of asthma using unsupervised cluster analysis. These clusters are clinically relevant and differ from each other as regards FEV1, age of onset, age, BMI, atopy, asthma severity, exacerbations, control, social class, smoking and nasal polyps.
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32. |
- McGuire, Michelle K., et al.
(författare)
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What's normal? Oligosaccharide concentrations and profiles in milk produced by healthy women vary geographically
- 2017
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Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9165. ; 105:5, s. 1086-1100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Human milk is a complex fluid comprised of myriad substances, with one of the most abundant substances being a group of complex carbohydrates referred to as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). There has been some evidence that HMO profiles differ in populations, but few studies have rigorously explored this variability. Objectives: We tested the hypothesis that HMO profiles differ in diverse populations of healthy women. Next, we examined relations between HMO and maternal anthropometric and reproductive indexes and indirectly examined whether differences were likely related to genetic or environmental variations. Design: In this cross-sectional, observational study, milk was collected from a total of 410 healthy, breastfeeding women in 11 international cohorts and analyzed for HMOs by using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: There was an effect of the cohort (P , 0.05) on concentrations of almost all HMOs. For instance, the mean 3-fucosyllactose concentration was .4 times higher in milk collected in Sweden than in milk collected in rural Gambia (mean ± SEM: 473 6 55 compared with 103 6 16 μmol/mL, respectively; P , 0.05), and disialyllacto-N-tetraose (DSLNT) concentrations ranged from 216 ± 14 μmol/mL (in Sweden) to 870 ± 68 μmol/mL (in rural Gambia) (P , 0.05). Maternal age, time postpartum, weight, and body mass index were all correlated with several HMOs, and multiple differences in HMOs [e.g., lacto-N-neotetrose and DSLNT] were shown between ethnically similar (and likely genetically similar) populations who were living in different locations, which suggests that the environment may play a role in regulating the synthesis of HMOs. Conclusions: The results of this study support our hypothesis that normal HMO concentrations and profiles vary geographically, even in healthy women. Targeted genomic analyses are required to determine whether these differences are due at least in part to genetic variation. A careful examination of sociocultural, behavioral, and environmental factors is needed to determine their roles in this regard. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02670278.
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33. |
- Mohammed, Mubasher, Msc, et al.
(författare)
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Single-Cell Transcriptomics To Define Plasmodium falciparum Stage Transition in the Mosquito Midgut
- 2023
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Ingår i: Microbiology Spectrum. - : American Society for Microbiology. - 2165-0497. ; 11:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Malaria inflicts the highest rate of morbidity and mortality among the vector-borne diseases. The dramatic bottleneck of parasite numbers that occurs in the gut of the obligatory mosquito vector provides a promising target for novel control strategies. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we analyzed Plasmodium falciparum development in the mosquito gut, from unfertilized female gametes through the first 20 h after blood feeding, including the zygote and ookinete stages. This study revealed the temporal gene expression of the ApiAP2 family of transcription factors and of parasite stress genes in response to the harsh environment of the mosquito midgut. Further, employing structural protein prediction analyses, we found several upregulated genes predicted to encode intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), a category of proteins known for their importance in regulation of transcription, translation, and protein-protein interactions. IDPs are known for their antigenic properties and may serve as suitable targets for antibody- or peptide-based transmission suppression strategies. In total, this study uncovers the P. falciparum transcriptome from early to late parasite development in the mosquito midgut, inside its natural vector, which provides an important resource for future malaria transmission-blocking initiatives.
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34. |
- Moran-Velizquez, Dalia C., et al.
(författare)
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Unravelling Chemical Composition of Agave Spines : News from Agave fourcroydes Lem.
- 2020
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Ingår i: PLANTS. - : MDPI. - 2223-7747. ; 9:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spines are key plant modifications developed to deal against herbivores; however, its physical structure and chemical composition have been little explored in plant species. Here, we took advantage of high-throughput chromatography to characterize chemical composition of Agave fourcroydes Lem. spines, a species traditionally used for fiber extraction. Analyses of structural carbohydrate showed that spines have lower cellulose content than leaf fibers (52 and 72%, respectively) but contain more than 2-fold the hemicellulose and 1.5-fold pectin. Xylose and galacturonic acid were enriched in spines compared to fibers. The total lignin content in spines was 1.5-fold higher than those found in fibers, with elevated levels of syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (G) subunits but similar S/G ratios within tissues. Metabolomic profiling based on accurate mass spectrometry revealed the presence of phenolic compounds including quercetin, kaempferol, (+)-catechin, and (-)-epicatechin in A. fourcroydes spines, which were also detected in situ in spines tissues and could be implicated in the color of these plants' structures. Abundance of (+)-catechins could also explain proanthocyanidins found in spines. Agave spines may become a plant model to obtain more insights about cellulose and lignin interactions and condensed tannin deposition, which is valuable knowledge for the bioenergy industry and development of naturally dyed fibers, respectively.
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35. |
- Ortiz, Cristina, et al.
(författare)
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Physical and social environmental factors related to co-occurrence of unhealthy lifestyle behaviors
- 2022
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Ingår i: Health & Place. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2054 .- 1353-8292. ; 75, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous work identifying determinants of co-occurrence of behavioral risk factors have focused on their association with individuals' characteristics with scant attention paid to their relationship to contextual factors. Data came from 21,007 individuals ≥15 years of age who participated in the cross-sectional 2011-2012 Spanish National Health Survey. Two indicators were defined by tobacco consumption, alcohol intake, diet, physical activity, and body mass index. The first indicator, based on dichotomized measures, ranges from 0 to 5. The second one (unhealthy lifestyle index), ranges from 0 to 15, with 0 denoting the healthiest score. Among the determinants, we examined social support, five perceived characteristics of the neighborhood, and the socioeconomic deprivation index of the census tract of residence. Data were analyzed using multilevel linear and logistic regression models adjusted for the main sociodemographic characteristics. Using the dichotomized indicator, the probability of having 3-5 risk factors versus <3 factors was associated with low social support (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.50; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.25-1.80). Issues surrounding neighborhood cleanliness (OR = 1.18; 95%CI: 1.04-1.33), air pollution (OR = 1.38; 95%CI: 1.16-1.64), and street crime (OR = 1.21; 95%CI: 1.03-1.42) were associated with determinants of co-occurrence. Risk factors co-occurrence increased as deprivation level increased: the OR for the highest deprivation quintile versus the lowest was 1.30 (95%CI: 1.14-1.48). Similar results were observed when using the unhealthy lifestyle index. Poorer physical and social environments are related to greater co-occurrence of risk factors for chronic diseases. Health promotion interventions targeting the prevention of risk factors should consider the contextual characteristics of the neighborhood environment.
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36. |
- Pace, Ryan M., et al.
(författare)
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Variation in human milk composition is related to differences in milk and infant fecal microbial communities
- 2021
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Ingår i: Microorganisms. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-2607. ; 9:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previously published data from our group and others demonstrate that human milk oligosaccharide (HMOs), as well as milk and infant fecal microbial profiles, vary by geography. However, little is known about the geographical variation of other milk-borne factors, such as lactose and protein, as well as the associations among these factors and microbial community structures in milk and infant feces. Here, we characterized and contrasted concentrations of milk-borne lactose, protein, and HMOs, and examined their associations with milk and infant fecal microbiomes in samples collected in 11 geographically diverse sites. Although geographical site was strongly associated with milk and infant fecal microbiomes, both sample types assorted into a smaller number of community state types based on shared microbial profiles. Similar to HMOs, concentrations of lactose and protein also varied by geography. Concentrations of HMOs, lactose, and protein were associated with differences in the microbial community structures of milk and infant feces and in the abundance of specific taxa. Taken together, these data suggest that the composition of human milk, even when produced by relatively healthy women, differs based on geographical boundaries and that concentrations of HMOs, lactose, and protein in milk are related to variation in milk and infant fecal microbial communities.
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37. |
- Padilla, Lorena, et al.
(författare)
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Extracellular vesicles would be involved in the release and delivery of seminal TGF-beta isoforms in pigs
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Veterinary Science. - : FRONTIERS MEDIA SA. - 2297-1769. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction : Pig seminal plasma (SP) is rich in active forms of all three isoforms (1-3) of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), a chemokine modulatory of the immune environment in the female genital tract once semen is delivered during mating or artificial insemination (AI). The present study aimed to examine how TGF-beta s are secreted by the epithelium of the male reproductive tract and how they are transported in semen, emphasizing the interplay with seminal extracellular vesicles (sEVs). Methods : Source of TGF-beta s was examined by immunohistochemistry in testis, epididymis, and accessory sex glands, by immunocytochemistry in ejaculated spermatozoa, and by Luminex xMAP((R)) technology in SP and sEVs retrieved from healthy, fertile male pigs used as breeders in AI programs. Results : All three TGF-beta isoforms were expressed in all reproductive tissues explored and would be released into ductal lumen either in soluble form or associated with sEVs. Ejaculated spermatozoa expressed all three TGF-beta isoforms, both inside and outside, probably the outer one associated with membrane-bound sEVs. The results confirmed that pig SP contains all three TGF-beta isoforms and demonstrated that a substantial portion of them is associated with sEVs. Discussion : Seminal EVs would be involved in the cellular secretion of the active forms of seminal TGF-beta isoforms and in their safe transport from the male to the female reproductive tract.
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38. |
- Padilla, Lorena, et al.
(författare)
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Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is fully expressed in the genital tract, seminal plasma and spermatozoa of male pigs
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2045-2322. ; 10:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine identified in boar seminal plasma (SP) but until now unexplored in terms of place of production and its association to spermatozoa. This study aimed to explore these aspects by evaluating the presence of GM-CSF in porcine reproductive organs (testes, epididymis and accessory sex glands), SP and mature spermatozoa (from cauda epididymis and ejaculated) using Western blot (WB), immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry. Positive labelling was obtained in tissues, SP and spermatozoa. In reproductive organs, WB revealed three forms of GM-CSF with different glycosylation degrees (15, 31 and 40 kDa). In SP and epididymal fluid, the GM-CSF appeared only in its active form while in spermatozoa the GM-CSF form present varied among sperm sources. Non-viable spermatozoa showed more GM-CSF than viable spermatozoa (14.87 +/- 1.98 RU vs. 7.25 +/- 0.52 RU) of fluorescence intensity. In conclusion, GM-CSF is widely present in the reproductive tract of male pigs, attached to the spermatozoa already in the epididymis as well as verted to SP. Consequently, the GM-CSF ought to regulate male genital tract and sperm function as well as mediating initial inflammatory responses and further mediating later immune actions by the female to semen deposition.
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39. |
- Padilla, Lorena, et al.
(författare)
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Measurable Cytokine Concentrations in Pig Seminal Plasma Are Modified by Semen Handling and Storage
- 2020
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Ingår i: Biology. - : MDPI. - 2079-7737. ; 9:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sample handling and storing are critical steps for the reliable measurement of circulating biomolecules in biological fluids. This study evaluates how cytokine measurements in pig seminal plasma (SP) vary depending on semen handling and SP storage. Thirteen cytokines (GM-CSF, IFN gamma, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18 and TNF alpha) were measured using Luminex xMAP(R) technology in individual seminal plasma (SP) samples (n = 62) from healthy breeding boars. Three separate experiments explored the delay (2 h and 24 h) in SP collection after ejaculation (Experiment 1) and SP storage, either short-term (5 degrees C, -20 degrees C and -80 degrees C for 72 h, Experiment 2) or long-term (at -20 degrees C and -80 degrees C for two months, Experiment 3), before analysis. Levels in fresh SP-samples were used as baseline control values. Delays in SP harvesting of up to 24 h did not substantially impact SP cytokine measurements. Some cytokines showed instability in stored SP samples, mainly in long-term storage. Ideally, cytokines in pig SP should be measured in fresh samples harvested within 24 h after ejaculation. If storage of SP is imperative, storage conditions should be adjusted for each cytokine.
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40. |
- Padilla, Lorena, et al.
(författare)
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Oxytocin in pig seminal plasma is positively related with in vivo fertility of inseminated sows
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. - : BMC. - 1674-9782 .- 2049-1891. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Identification of relevant in vivo biomarkers for fertility remains a challenge for the livestock industry. Concentrations of the small peptide hormone oxytocin (OXT), involved in male reproductive function and present in the seminal plasma (SP) of several species could be a robust one. This study characterized concentrations of SP-OXT in ejaculates from boars used in artificial insemination (AI) programs aiming to evaluate its relationship with sperm quality variables and in vivo fertility of their liquid-stored AI-semen. Seminal OXT concentrations (ng/mL) were measured in 169 ejaculates from 61 boars of the Duroc, Pietrain, Landrace and Large White breeds using a direct competitive immunoassay test based on AlphaLISA(R) technology. Ejaculate (ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count) and sperm parameters (motility, viability, intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species, plasma membrane fluidity) were assessed at 0 h and 72 h in AI-semen samples stored at 17 degrees C. In vivo fertility included only 18 Large White and Landrace boars whose AI-semen was used to inseminated > 100 sows and evaluated both farrowing rate and litter size of 3,167 sows. Results The results showed that SP-OXT differed between boars and between ejaculates within boar (P < 0.05) but not between breeds (Duroc, Pietrain, Landrace and Large White). Ejaculates with higher SP-OXT concentration/mL (hierarchically grouped; P < 0.001) had larger volume and came from younger boars (P < 0.05). Ejaculates of boars showing positive farrowing rate deviation exhibited higher (P < 0.05) SP-OXT concentration/mL than those with negative farrowing rate deviation. Conclusion The SP concentrations of OXT are boar, ejaculate and age dependent, and positively related with ejaculate volume and farrowing rates of liquid-stored semen AI-doses.
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41. |
- Padilla, Lorena, et al.
(författare)
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Period of Boar Ejaculate Collection Contributes to the Yearly Intra-Male Variability of Seminal Plasma Cytokines
- 2020
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Ingår i: Biology. - : MDPI. - 2079-7737. ; 9:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concentrations of cytokines in seminal plasma (SP) fluctuate over time in healthy males, weakening their practical usefulness as diagnostic tools. This study evaluated the relevance of intra-male variability in SP cytokines and to what extent the period of the year when ejaculate is collected contributes to such variability. Thirteen cytokines (GM-CSF, IFN gamma, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, and TNF alpha) were measured using the Luminex xMAP(R) technology for 180 SP samples of ejaculate collected over a year from nine healthy and fertile boars. The SP samples were grouped into two annual periods according to decreasing or increasing daylight and ambient temperature. Intra-male variability was higher than inter-male variability for all cytokines. All SP cytokines showed concentration differences between the two periods of the year, showing the highest concentration during the increasing daylength/temperature period, irrespective of the male. Similarly, some cytokines showed differences between daylength/temperature periods when focusing on their total amount in the ejaculate. No strong relationship (explaining more than 50% of the total variance) was found between annual fluctuations in SP-cytokine levels and semen parameters. In conclusion, the period of the year during which ejaculates were collected helps explain the intra-male variability of SP-cytokine levels in breeding boars.
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42. |
- Parra, Ana, et al.
(författare)
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Seminal Extracellular Vesicles and Their Involvement in Male (In)Fertility: A Systematic Review
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Molecular Sciences. - : MDPI. - 1661-6596 .- 1422-0067. ; 24:5
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Seminal plasma contains numerous extracellular vesicles (sEVs). Since sEVs are apparently involved in male (in)fertility, this systematic review focused on studies specifically investigating such relationship. Embase, PubMed, and Scopus databases were searched up to 31 December 2022, primarily identifying a total of 1440 articles. After processing for screening and eligibility, 305 studies were selected as they focused on sEVs, and 42 of them were considered eligible because they included the word fertility or a related word such as infertility, subfertility, fertilization, and recurrent pregnancy loss in the title, objective(s), and/or keywords. Only nine of them met the inclusion criteria, namely (a) conducting experiments aimed at associating sEVs with fertility concerns and (b) isolating and adequately characterizing sEVs. Six studies were conducted on humans, two on laboratory animals, and one on livestock. The studies highlighted some sEV molecules, specifically proteins and small non-coding RNAs, that showed differences between fertile and subfertile or infertile males. The content of sEVs was also related to sperm fertilizing capacity, embryo development, and implantation. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that several of the highlighted sEV fertility-related proteins would be cross-linked to each other and involved in biological pathways related to (i) EV release and loading and (ii) plasma membrane organization.
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43. |
- Perez-Patino, Cristina, et al.
(författare)
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Cryopreservation Differentially Alters the Proteome of Epididymal and Ejaculated Pig Spermatozoa
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Molecular Sciences. - : MDPI. - 1661-6596 .- 1422-0067. ; 20:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cryopreservation induces differential remodeling of the proteome in mammalian spermatozoa. How these proteome changes relate to the loss of sperm function during cryopreservation remains unsolved. The present study aimed to clarify this issue evaluating differential changes in the proteome of fresh and frozen-thawed pig spermatozoa retrieved from the cauda epididymis and the ejaculate of the same boars, with clear differences in cryotolerance. Spermatozoa were collected from 10 healthy, sexually mature, and fertile boars, and cryopreserved using a standard 0.5 mL-straw protocol. Total and progressive motility, viability, and mitochondria membrane potential were higher and membrane fluidity and reactive oxygen species generation lower in frozen-thawed (FT) epididymal than ejaculated spermatozoa. Quantitative proteomics of fresh and FT spermatozoa were analyzed using a LC-ESI-MS/MS-based Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Spectra approach. Cryopreservation quantitatively altered more proteins in ejaculated than cauda epididymal spermatozoa. Differential protein-protein networks highlighted a set of proteins quantitatively altered in ejaculated spermatozoa, directly involved in mitochondrial functionality which would explain why ejaculated spermatozoa deteriorate during cryopreservation.
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44. |
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45. |
- Roca, Jordi, et al.
(författare)
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Extracellular vesicles in seminal fluid and effects on male reproduction. An overview in farm animals and pets
- 2022
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Ingår i: Animal Reproduction Science. - : ELSEVIER. - 0378-4320 .- 1873-2232. ; 246
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer nanovesicles released by most functional cells to body fluids, containing bioactive molecules, mainly proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids having actions at target cells. The EVs have essential functions in cell-to-cell communication by regulating different biological processes in target cells. Fluids from the male reproductive tract, including seminal plasma, contain many extracellular vesicles (sEVs), which have been evaluated to a lesser extent than those of other body fluids, particularly in farm animals and pets. Results from the few studies that have been conducted indicated epithelial cells of the testis, epididymis, ampulla of ductus deferens and many accessory sex glands release sEVs mainly via apocrine mechanisms. The sEVs are morphologically heterogeneous and bind to functional cells of the male reproductive tract, spermatozoa, and cells of the functional tissues of the female reproductive tract after mating or insemination. The sEVs encapsulate proteins and miRNAs that modulate sperm functions and male fertility. The sEVs, therefore, could be important as reproductive biomarkers in breeding sires. Many of the current findings regarding sEV functions, however, need experimental confirmation. Further studies are particularly needed to characterize both membranes and con-tents of sEVs, as well as the interaction between sEVs and target cells (spermatozoa and functional cells of the internal female reproductive tract). A priority for conducting these studies is devel-opment of methods that can be standardized and that are scalable, cost-effective and time-saving for isolation of different subtypes of EVs present in the entire population of sEVs.
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46. |
- Roca, Jordi, et al.
(författare)
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Proteomics in fresh and preserved pig semen: Recent achievements and future challenges
- 2020
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Ingår i: Theriogenology. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. - 0093-691X .- 1879-3231. ; 150, s. 41-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Proteins in semen, either in spermatozoa (SPZ) or seminal plasma (SP), are directly involved in molecular processes and biological pathways regulating sperm function, including fertilizing ability. Therefore, semen proteins are candidates of choice for biomarkers discovery for fertility and for sperm (dys)function. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics has opened up a new era for characterizing and quantifying the protein profile of SP and SPZ, as well as for unveiling the complex protein interactions involved in the activation of sperm functionality. This article overviews existing literature on MS-based proteomics regarding porcine semen, with a specific focus on the potential practical application of the results achieved so far. The weaknesses of current studies and the perspectives for future research in MS-based pig semen proteomics are also addressed. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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47. |
- Rodriguez-Lopez, Merida, et al.
(författare)
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Multilevel analysis of birthplace effect on the proportion of C-Section in Colombia"
- 2022
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Ingår i: Colombia medica. - : Universidad del Valle. - 0120-8322 .- 1657-9534. ; 52:3, s. 1-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To determine the general contextual effect of the department in the variation of Cesarean section in Colombia in 2016, and their individual and contextual related factors.Methods: Cross-sectional study based on a birth cohort. We used the birth certificate database from January 1 to December 31, 2016. Three multilevel logistic models were constructed. Pregnant women were set at the first level and department at the second level. We fitted a null multilevel model followed by two multiple models, including individual and individual and department variables, respectively.Results: The overall prevalence of C-section was 45.5% (95% CI: 45.4-45.6), ranged from 5 to 76%. The variance partition coefficient was 15%. Individual factors did not explain the general contextual effect. However, the region to which these departments belong explained 71% of the variance. The Caribbean region was positively associated with C-section compared to the Andean region (OR:3.88, 95% CI: 2.65-5.67).Conclusions: Multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy showed that the department plays an important role in the variation of C-sections in Colombia. Our results suggest that the proportional universalism approach should be applied to reduce the proportion of C-Section, focusing on departments with the highest risk and on the Caribbean and Insular region.
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48. |
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49. |
- Sosa-Yáñez, Lorena Carolina, et al.
(författare)
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Influencia de tres regímenes de riego sobre la calidad agronómica de centeno cultivado en la costa de Hermosillo, Sonora, México
- 2022
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Ingår i: Terra Latinoamericana. - 0187-5779. ; 40
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cereals are a fundamental part of the world diet; therefore, their adaptation in different environments due to climate change should be achieved. Studying the modifications that may occur during plant development is essential, as well as in the quality of the harvested product. Thus the objective of this research is to analyze the effect of water stress on development, growth, production, and agronomic quality of rye crop and harvested grain. For sowing, a completely randomized one-way experimental design was used, where the treatments consisted of three different soil moisture regimes. The variables evaluated at the time of harvest were plant height and number of spikes per linear meter. After harvest, the variables evaluated were spike size and the number of grains it contained, as well as size and color of the grain, weight of 1000 grains, test weight, yield, ash and protein content. An analysis of variance and Tukey’s comparison of means test (P < 0.05) were performed for ash and protein content, and Duncan (P < 0.05 and P ≤ 0.0001) for the rest of the determinations. The results showed that less irrigation did not negatively affect the crop with an appropriate agronomic development, highlighting an increase in the number and size of spikes, an increase in the number of grains per spike, as well as a high yield and protein content of the grain. These values were higher than those reported in previous research, which confirms that even though rye is considered a winter cereal, it managed to acclimate to soil conditions, decreased water, and high temperatures in the coastal area of Hermosillo, Sonora, México.
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50. |
- Tiegs, Scott D., et al.
(författare)
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Global patterns and drivers of ecosystem functioning in rivers and riparian zones
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science Advances. - Washington : American Association of Advancement in Science. - 2375-2548. ; 5:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- River ecosystems receive and process vast quantities of terrestrial organic carbon, the fate of which depends strongly on microbial activity. Variation in and controls of processing rates, however, are poorly characterized at the global scale. In response, we used a peer-sourced research network and a highly standardized carbon processing assay to conduct a global-scale field experiment in greater than 1000 river and riparian sites. We found that Earth's biomes have distinct carbon processing signatures. Slow processing is evident across latitudes, whereas rapid rates are restricted to lower latitudes. Both the mean rate and variability decline with latitude, suggesting temperature constraints toward the poles and greater roles for other environmental drivers (e.g., nutrient loading) toward the equator. These results and data set the stage for unprecedented "next-generation biomonitoring" by establishing baselines to help quantify environmental impacts to the functioning of ecosystems at a global scale.
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