| 1. |
- Rohdin, Patrik, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Barriers to and drivers for energy efficiency in the Swedish foundry industry
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 35:1, s. 672-677
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the need for increased industrial energy efficiency, studies indicate that cost-efficient energy conservation measures are not always implemented, explained by the existence of barriers to energy efficiency. This paper investigates the existence of different barriers to and driving forces for the implementation of energy efficiency measures in the energy intensive Swedish foundry industry. The overall results from a questionnaire show that limited access to capital constitutes by far the largest barrier to energy efficiency according to the respondents. A comparison between group-owned and privately owned foundries shows that, except for limited access to capital, they face different high-ranked barriers. While barriers within group owned companies are more related to organizational problems, barriers within private foundries are more related to information problems. This study also found that energy consultants or other actors working with energy issues in foundries are of major importance in overcoming the largest barriers, as the foundries consider them trustworthy. They may thus help the foundries overcome organizational problems such as lack of sub-metering and lack of budget funds by quantifying potential energy efficiency investments. The two, by far, most important drivers were found to be people with real ambition and long-term energy strategies.
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| 2. |
- Andrei, Mariana, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring a decarbonization framework for a Swedish automotive paint shop
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews. - : Elsevier. - 1364-0321 .- 1879-0690. ; 200
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The automotive industry is the world’s largest manufacturing activity, characterized by complex productionprocesses and some energy-intense processes which use a significant quantity of raw materials. The production processes responsible for the highest energy end-use take place in the paint shop. Depending on the type of paintshop processes, the energy use can account for up to 75 % of the plant’s total energy end-use. This study aims to contribute to an enhanced understanding of the complexity of adopting decarbonization measures and to provide support for planning and decision-making in practice. By adopting a bottom-up perspective, a longitudinal case study was conducted on a state-of-the-art automotive paint-shop between November 2019 and March 2023. To achieve the study’s aim, a bottom-up methodology was developed comprising several steps: i) analysis of decarbonization measures, ii) mapping of process energy use and CO2 emissions, and iii) economic analysis. The data-based methodology is flexible and can be applied in different automotive paint-shops. Main findings show that i) incremental energy efficiency measures have the fastest adoption level, with relatively high savings potential,and most of these are cost effective; ii) radical process innovation measures have a higher savings potential, but long-term adoption levels due to the radical innovations required in the supply chain, and the highly specialized knowledge needed in the pre-treatment process; and iii) the primary drivers for implementing the measures are to achieve the climate targets and establish a leading position in the sector, rather than focusing primarily on the cost-effectiveness of the measures.
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| 3. |
- Andrei, Mariana, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
-
Exploring the design of voluntary initiatives from the transition management perspective – A means for industrial decarbonization
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Energy Reports. - 2352-4847. ; 11, s. 5894-5909
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent studies claim that national policies fall short of the ambitious goal to limit global temperature increase to well below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C, revealing an ambition gap between current commitments and those needed to reach climate neutrality. To bridge this gap, commitments must increase more than fivefold to achieve the necessary reduction in GHG emissions. Voluntary initiatives (VIs), gaining interest as an approach to support the Paris Agreement's ambition, have the potential to bridge the commitment gap and limit the expected temperature increase to 2°C if all their voluntary commitments to climate neutrality are fulfilled. While decarbonizing the manufacturing sector is crucial for climate targets, no prior study has explored the theoretical potential of industry-related VIs to bridge the gap for industrial decarbonization. This paper addresses this gap by examining the potential contribution of these VIs, analyzing criteria related to arena and agenda creation, operationalization, and accountability. By applying the transition management framework innovatively, the study investigates eighty-three industry-related VIs led by both state and non-state actors. The research process, involving the development of an analytical framework, VIs selection, data collection and validation, categorization, and analysis, provides insights into how the design affects VIs' potential for industrial decarbonization. The main findings highlight, firstly, the need for clearly defined and measurable targets, enhanced commitments, and robust accountability mechanisms, especially for non-state actor-led initiatives. Secondly, increased participation from energy-intensive sector companies due to their pivotal role for GHG emission reduction. Lastly, collaboration between state and non-state actors is critical for bridging the decarbonization gap in manufacturing industries. Additionally, the similarity between VIs and voluntary agreement programs (VAPs) is highlighted, with VAPs been overseen by governmental bodies with administrative authority. Given the urgency of addressing climate change, an unanswered question remains: Will future policies transition away from voluntariness towards more mandatory administrative character?
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| 4. |
- Andrei, Mariana, 1981-
(författare)
-
The role of industrial energy management in the transition toward sustainable energy systems : Exploring practices, knowledge dynamics and policy evaluation
- 2023
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Mitigating climate change represents one of the most pressing challenges of our time. The EU has set the goal of reaching climate neutrality by 2050. The transition of manufacturing organizations is essential in reaching the EU’s goal, since industry accounts for circa 25% of the total final energy use and about one-fifth of EU’s GHG emissions. Energy efficiency stands as one of the essential pillars of industrial decarbonization, with energy management playing a pivotal role in reaching its full potential. To remain competitive in the long term and align with the EU’s carbon neutrality goal for 2050, the manufacturing industry must enhance energy efficiency in a cost-effective way. Manufacturing companies are exploring new ways of working with energy management in order to meet the requirements for both radical and incremental innovations needed to achieve the climate neutrality goal. However, due to the high complexity of industrial energy systems and its high diversity among sectors, improving energy efficiency is a difficult task. Knowledge, especially extensive knowledge, is a key factor for adopting innovations in energy efficiency and industrial processes. The aim of this thesis is to explore the role of industrial energy management in the transition toward sustainable energy systems using an extended system approach. Employing top-down and bottom-up approaches, this thesis specifically focuses on three key aspects: industrial energy management practices, knowledge dynamics in industrial energy management, and policy evaluation. Key aspects of this thesis have been studied by means of mixed methods, such as literature reviews, interviews, case study with action research approach, survey, and evaluations. This thesis advocates that energy management practices (EnMPs) include activities beyond energy efficiency improvements. Specifically, they incorporate activities related to the decarbonization of industrial processes, including energy supply (own and purchased) and fuel conversion, at the very least. The results show that internal EnMPs revolve around a focus on technologies, processes, and leadership, for which knowledge creation is an ongoing and evolving process. EnMPs encompass a comprehensive set of strategies and actions undertaken by manufacturing organizations to enhance energy efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and navigate the transition towards sustainable energy systems. Such practices consist of the following components: energy conservation, energy efficiency, process innovation, energy supply and compensation measures. Furthermore, this thesis has shown that external EnMPs are connected to the participation in energy policy programs and voluntary initiatives and is a common practice in energy management work.Organizations often employ a combination of these strategies to achieve climate neutrality and align with environmental sustainability goals. Successful implementation of EnMPs is contingent upon deep process knowledge, especially in the case of radical process innovations, which necessitate a thorough understanding of interdependencies and interconnected processes. Collaboration with external sources of knowledge, including universities and stakeholders, is essential to drive innovation and adapt to evolving energy systems. Leadership plays a vital role in navigating these complexities and ensuring a strategic approach to EnMPs implementation. This thesis contributes to the field of research on energy management in different ways: i. re-viewing the role of energy management in the current context of transition toward sustainable energy systems, ii. advancing theoretical and practical understanding of energy management in manufacturing organizations, iii. enhancing the knowledge-creation perspective within energy management practices for enhancing the adoption of both energy efficiency and process innovation, and iv. advancing theoretical understanding of the knowledge-creation process for energy management through the development of a knowledge-based framework.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Karlsson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Impact and process evaluation of the Swedish national energy audit program for small and medium-sized industries
- 2012
-
Ingår i: eceee 2012 Industrial Summer Study. - : European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ECEEE). - 9789198048209 - 9789198048216 ; , s. 73-80
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In April 2006 the EU adopted the so-called Energy End-Use efficiency and Energy Services Directive that gives energy audit programs a central role for promoting energy efficiency. As a consequence Sweden launched a program to support implementations of energy audits in Swedish companies, the so-called energy audit checks, in April 2010. The program is constructed so that a company that performs an energy audit gets subsidy of 50 % of the audit cost, up to a maximum value of 3300 EUR, when performed an approved energy audit. The program targets small and medium sized companies, as the maximum subsidy indicates. The aim of this paper is to present an evaluation of the initial phase of this Swedish energy audit program. The results include bottom-up data on potentials and outcome of the program and comparison with other previous programs. Expected results, in addition to bottom-up data, will include the need to involve regional and municipal actors in the program, a need for formulation of program goals and a need for a standardized energy audit tool. The energy efficiency potential for the 300 energy audits approved so far in the program is estimated to around 20 %. 1000-2000 energy audits are estimated to be approved within the program, which makes it by far the largest Energy audit program in Sweden. The already funded energy audits indicate an implementation rate of the proposed measures of 20-40 %.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Osbeck, Sofie, et al.
(författare)
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Energy efficiency opportunities within the powder coating industry
- 2011
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the World Renewable Energy Congress 2011 (WREC 2011), 9-13 May, Linköping.. - : Linköping University Electronic Press. - 9789173930703 ; , s. 1700-1707
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new challenge to reduce energy usage has emerged in Swedish industry because of increasing energy costs. Energy usage in the Swedish powder coating industry is about 525 GWh annually. This industry has a long and successful record of working towards reduced environmental impact. However, they have not given priority to energy saving investments. Electricity and LPG, for which end-user prices are predicted to increase by as much as 50 – 60% by 2020, are the main energy carriers used in the plants. This paper presents the results of two detailed industrial energy audits conducted with the aim of quantifying the energy efficiency potential for the Swedish powder coating industry. Energy auditing and pinch analysis methods were used to identify possible energy housekeeping measures and heat exchanging opportunities. The biggest users of energy within the plants are the cure oven, drying oven and pre-treatment units. The energy use reduction by the housekeeping measures is 8 – 19% and by thermal heat recovery an additional 8 – 13%. These measures result in an average energy cost saving of 25% and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions of 30%. The results indicate that the powder coating industry has a total energy efficiency potential of at least 20%.
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| 9. |
- Persson, Jörgen Lars, 1977, et al.
(författare)
-
Hinder och drivkrafter för energieffektivisering i svensk industri - två fallstudier
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Arbetsnotat Program Energisystem.
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Energy efficiency provides a tool for Swedish industry in order to strengthen market positions and increase profits. Energy efficiency measures may not be implemented, despite the fact that investments are cost effective. There are thus barriers and driving forces to energy efficiency. The aim of this work has been to identify barriers and driving forces to energy efficiency in the Swedish industry.Two case studies have been conducted within this work, using in-depth interviews. Case 1 studied energy efficiency within the non energy intensive manufacturing industry. Case 2 studied the use of data in the process industry.The main barriers in Case 1 were: lack of time or other priorities, costs and technical risks related to production disruptions, lack of reliable information regarding energy performance of bought equipment, unsatisfactory measuring (which constitute a barrier when quantifying an energy saving measure), energy related investments are not prioritised, split incentives with outsourcing and Facilities Management, short pay-back criteria and lack of long term strategy. The study also identified a number of driving forces to energy efficiency: a motivated person with power over investment decisions, long term strategy regarding energy efficient technology, knowledge about the site and where site specific energy efficiency measures could be found, environmental values and access to capital.In Case 2 the use of data in pulp mills was studied in an efficiency perspective. These mills collect large amounts of data and the question arises whether these data could be used more efficiently. The main barriers to a more effective use of data were: unreliable data were found to have a negative impact, as analyses and proposed measures also become unreliable. Lacks of time when analyses and proposed measures are handled are closely related to cuts in staff and that production oriented issues are stressed. This barrier implies that an important driving force to energy efficiency are motivated staffs who stress energy efficiency. Other barriers were risk of production disruptions, risk with uncertain future conditions and lack of motivation. Several of the interviewees claimed significant efficiency figures, however no unified conclusion could be drawn. There are both similarities and differences between the two cases. The common barriers were lack of time and costs for production disruptions. Furthermore, a motivated person has been distinguished as a key driving force both in both studies. Other barriers were: lack of long term strategy, technology lock in, low priority of the energy issue and unsatisfactory measuring. Conclusions whether lack of reliable information regarding energy performance of bought equipment is a problem could not be drawn from the two studies as different results were gained.
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| 10. |
- Rohdin, Patrik, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Barriers to and driving forces for energy efficiency in the non-energy-intensive manufacturing industry in Sweden
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 31:12, s. 1836-1844
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The manufacturing industry is facing tougher competition which increases the demand to implement cost-effective energy efficiency measures. However, studies have indicated that obvious cost-efficient measures are not always undertaken. This is explained by the existence of barriers to energy efficiency. The aim of this study is to investigate the existence and importance of different barriers to the implementation of energy efficiency measures in the Swedish non energy intensive manufacturing industry. Results from this study highlight a number of factors that inhibit the degree of implementation, such as the cost and risk associated with production disruptions, lack of time and other priorities, lack of sub-metering in larger organizations, etc. The study also finds a number of drivers, such as the existence of people with real ambition and a long-term energy strategy at site level.
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| 11. |
- Rohdin, Patrik, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Energy and indoor environment audits
- 2011
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this volume is to present the basics of our methods used within the Energy Systems Programme and to introduce how we have combined methods in earlier research. A research-oriented learning experience includes a formal and informal process of gaining and utilizing knowledge in an area of interest. In our short description of the methods, we end up with a rather formal description of the essence of each method; however, this should be seen as an introduction to methods as a whole, where the reader can deepen their understanding of a method by looking at the reference literature given. We also hope that our book will contribute to vibrant discussions within your research environment concerning the pros and cons of different methods, and the possibilities and limitations when combining different methods. We also encourage the reader to contact people familiar with a method to discuss their experiences and understand that there are lessons to be learned from them.In this chapter, we will introduce the methods presented here. However, we will start by introducing the system perspective and explain how to do a system analysis.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Thollander, Patrik, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
-
A standardized energy audit tool for improved energy efficiency in industrial SMEs
- 2012
-
Ingår i: eceee 2012 Industrial Summer Study. - : European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ECEEE). - 9789198048209 - 9789198048216 ; , s. 659-668
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Improved energy efficiency in industrial energy systems is for example of outmost importace as a mean to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduce energy costs. The energy efficiency potential in European industry is stated by the European Commission to be 25 percent, where the majority of the measures are found in pumps, fans and lighting. Despite extensive attention given to energy efficiency, research states that a majority of avaliable cost-efficient energy efficiency measures are not implemented due to the existence of various barriers to energy efficiency, in particular information-related barriers. Energy audits, and energy audit programs, are one of the most widespread and used instruments to overcome barriers to energy efficiency and promoting energy efficiency in industry. In particular when it is related to generic technologies and industrial small- and medium-sized enterprizes. Despite the importance of energy audits, and the fact that a large number of energy audit programs are in operation in the EU and across the world, there is a considerable lack of so called energy audit tools, i.e. a standardized tool to conduct the actual energy audit. The aim of this paper is to present an energy audit tool for industrial SMEs. The tool is based on more than three decades of research and teaching in the area of energy audting in industry, covering more than 300 energy audits, primarly conducted in Sweden. The developed tool uses unit process categorization, which enables energy auditors and energy program administrators to conduct energy audits in a standardized way.
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| 15. |
- Thollander, Patrik, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
-
Case study research
- 2011
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Ingår i: Interdisciplinary energy system methodology. - Linköping : Linköpings universitet. ; , s. 12-15
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A case study is a frequently used concept, but depending on tradition the term may have different meanings. In the design of a case study, one of the most important determinants, apart from the choice of studying multiple or single cases, is the maximization of construct validity, internal validity, external validity, and reliability. The preparation for doing a case study include, for example, the prior skills of the investigator, the training and preparation for the specific case study, the development of a case study protocol, and the screening of candidate case studies. Six main sources of information could be used when conducting case study research: documentation, archival records, interviews (including questionnaires), direct observations, participant observations, and physical artifacts. Case study research is particularly advantageous when “how” or “why” questions are asked about a current set of events over which the researcher has minor or no control. The method is particularly beneficial when studying a complex phenomenon involving one or both of these two questions. If the studied system or case is complex but does not involve the aforementioned questions, or if the study involves a lower degree of complexity, other methods may be more advantageous. Case study research has been a widely used approach when studying energy systems from various perspectives, including Swedish research studying efficient district heating supply, industrial energy efficiency and ventilation, energy systems analysis, and industrial symbiosis.
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| 16. |
- Thollander, Patrik, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Categorizing Barriers to Energy Efficiency: An Interdisciplinary Perspective
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Energy Efficiency. - Kroatien : Sciyo. - 9781613241479 - 161324147X ; , s. 49-62
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this book, energy consumption in the household sector is examined. Barriers to and enablers of energy efficiency in households in relation to governmental policy formulation, the implementation and appropriation of technology are discussed. This represents a shift away from the conventional focus on energy supply toward a focus on energy use in everyday life. This shift is urgently needed, since households, policy makers, housing companies, and researchers need deeper knowledge of how energy facilitates necessary functions in people's daily lives. New paths must be developed to smart and climate-friendly energy use that continue to facilitate those lives. This book discusses the existing opportunities to improve energy efficiency, by starting to implement existing knowledge as well as energy efficient technology and solutions.
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| 17. |
- Thollander, Patrik, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
-
Cost-Effectiveness of Energy Programs involving Energy Audits – Results from Sweden
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Energy Program Evaluation Conference (IEPEC) 2010.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy programs including energy audits are cited as one of the most promising means to increase energy efficiency and reduce GHG emissions. From a public point of view, the cost-effectiveness of an energy efficiency program is of major importance if a program is to be considered or not. The aim of this paper is to outline results from the two largest Swedish energy efficiency programs, project Highland and the PFE (Program for improving energy efficiency in energy-intensive industry), in terms of the program’s cost-effectiveness, in order to answer the research question where public money towards energy end-use programs should be placed from a cost-effectiveness point of view. Project Highland, involved small- and medium-sized industrial and service and sales enterprises, and the PFE involved electricity-intensive industries. Results indicate that the cost-effectiveness differs substantially between the two programs, and that the most cost-effective sector to target is small- and medium sized and non-energy-intensive companies using energy audits. The next most cost effective programs are LTAs (Long-Term Agreements) towards energy-intensive companies and, followed by energy audits towards small- and medium-sized and non energy-intensive service and sales companies. Analytic generalization of the paper’s results indicates that a clean-cut energy audit program towards small- and medium-sized and non-energy-intensive industries is more cost-effective than an LTA towards energy-intensive industries.
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| 18. |
- Thollander, Patrik, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
-
Energieffektivisering : energikartläggning, energiledning och styrmedel
- 2019. - 1:1
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Effektiv energianvändning i svensk tillverkningsindustri är en nyckelfaktor för att svenska företag, branscher och industrin som helhet även fortsättningsvis ska vara konkurrenskraftiga på en global marknad med knappare resurser. Denna bok är ett led i den riktningen.
Boken är uppdelad i tre delar: Del I har sin utgångspunkt i energieffektiviseringsgapet och fokuserar på energikartläggning och energieffektivisering av företag, framför allt ur ett tekniskt perspektiv. Del II har sin utgångspunkt i energiledningsgapet och fokuserar på energiledning samt hinder och incitament för energieffektivisering i svensk tillverkningsindustri. Del III har sin utgångspunkt i styrmedelsgapet och inriktas mot styrmedel för energieffektivisering och hur dessa kan designas, implementeras och utvärderas.
De två första delarna riktar sig framför allt till studenter vid svenska lärosäten samt till energi- och miljöansvariga, teknikkonsulter, kommunala tillsynstjänstemän och andra offentliga aktörer vid exempelvis regionala energikontor. Del III riktar sig i första hand till aktörer som administrerar och ansvarar för styrmedel på nationell, regional och lokal nivå. Denna del kan även vara till nytta för koncerner som vill ta ett helhetsgrepp på energifrågan samt till företag som vill minska energianvändningens negativa miljöpåverkan i hela värdekedjan, inklusive underleverantörer.
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| 19. |
- Thollander, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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Energy policies for increased industrial energy efficiency : Evaluation of a local energy programme for manufacturing SMEs
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 35:11, s. 5774-5783
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The most extensive action targeting the adoption of energy efficiency measures in small- and medium-sized manufacturing industries in Sweden over the past 15 years was project Highland. This paper presents an evaluation of the first part of this local industrial energy programme, which shows an adoption rate of more than 40% when both measures that have already been implemented and measures that are planned to be implemented are included. A comparison between this programme and another major ongoing programme for the Swedish energy-intensive industry indicates that the approach used in project Highland aimed at small- and medium-sized industries is an effective way to increase energy efficiency in the Swedish industry. The major barriers to energy efficiency among the firms were related to the low priority of the energy efficiency issue.
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| 20. |
- Thollander, Patrik, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
-
EUs 2020-mål avseende primärenergi : en studie av effekterna för svensk industri
- 2010
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Hotet om globala klimatförändringar till följd av ökade utsläpp av växthusgaser som i sin tur är en följd av framförallt användningen av fossila bränslen för energitillförsel, har fått beslutsfattare inom EU att agera kraftfullt. År 2006 kom EU med det så kallade energitjänstedirektivet (ESD) som syftar till att minska slutenergianvändningen med 9 procent fram till 2016. Utöver direktivet har EU fastställt de så kallade 2020-målen som i relation till energi innebär att Sverige ska effektivisera primärenergianvändningen med 20 procent fram till år 2020 beräknad utifrån en projicierad nivå baserad på 2005-års primärenergianvändning. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka effekten, i form av minskad energianvändning, som EUs 2020-mål beträffande primärenergi medför för svensk industri.Arbetet avgränsas till att omfatta primärenergimålet för 2020 och dess implikationer för den svenska industrisektorn. I relation till detta antagande bör det nämnas att åtgärder i industrin inte nödvändigtvis behöver vara det mest kostnadseffektiva sättet att uppfylla målet på eftersom styrmedel mot t.ex. transportsektorn kan ha högre kostnadseffektivitet. Det bör alltså noteras att en bedömning av energiintensiteten på sektorsnivå kan bli missvisande.Resultatet från denna studie visar att om 2020-målet avseende primärenergi ska kunna uppnås kommer det att leda till kraftiga förändringar av användning och tillförsel av energi i svensk industri. De två styrmedel avseende energieffektivisering som inbegripits i bedömningen, PFE och energikartläggningschecken, räcker inte för att målet ska nås. Bedömningen som görs i denna rapport är att insatser som leder till cirka 35,0 TWh/år minskad slutenergianvändning måste komma till stånd för att målet ska uppnås. Om effekterna av PFE och energikartläggningscheckarna räknas bort från denna siffra erhålls något lägre siffror, 31,9-33,6 TWh/år. För att kunna uppnå sådana väsentliga besparingar är bedömningen att ett antal nya styrmedel måste utvecklas som främjar en effektivare primärenergianvändning. Det är denna utveckling som avgör om Sverige kommer att kunna nå det högt satta 2020-målet.
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| 21. |
- Thollander, Patrik, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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In-depth evaluation of energy management in a Swedish iron foundry
- 2010
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Ingår i: In Proceedings of Energitinget 2010. ; , s. 1-12
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy efficiency in industry could be promoted in various ways, energy management being one of the most promising tools. Apart from reduced energy use and costs, energy management has large opportunities for reducing environmental impact. However, research in this field is scarce, both as regards theoretical approaches and empirical studies like in-depth evaluation, underlining the importance of research in this field. The aim of this paper is to present results from an in-depth evaluation conducted in 2009-2010 of the extensive energy management practices undertaken by the Swedish pump manufacturers, ITT Water & Wasterwater. The company has received the Swedish Foundry Association’s energy prize and is considered the most energy efficient foundry in Sweden. The paper is unique as it presents new knowledge on how such in-depth evaluation could be conducted. Results indicate that the IT-based energy management system together with extensive implementation of energy efficiency measures have increased energy efficiency at the foundry by more than 27% for electricity and 68% for district heating.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Blomqvist, Stefan, 1988-
(författare)
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A System Perspective on Energy End-Use Measures in a District Heated Region : Renovation of Buildings and Hydronic Pavement Systems
- 2019
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A district heating and cooling (DHC) system can be a viable piece of the puzzle in the efforts of reducing the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Especially if the DHC system include combined heat and power (CHP) plants which enable electricity production from renewable resources. This is set forth in national energy targets and sustainable development goals (SDGs), adopted by the United Nations in 2015. Moreover, improved energy efficiency and energy savings are important factors in fulfilling the national targets of decreased energy intensity as well as reducing the use of fossil fuels.The aim of this thesis is to analyze the impacts of two energy end-use measures in a DHC network and their consequences on the efforts towards sustainable development. The end-use measures studied are (1) renovation of a multifamily building stock and (2) the use of a hydronic pavement system (HPS) including analysis of different control strategies. The end-use measures are assessed in terms of energy use and efficiency, use of renewable and fossil resources, and local and global GHG emissions. Lastly, it is analyzed how the results relate to national energy targets and SDGs. By using simulation and optimization models, several scenarios of end-use measures are analyzed in the two studies. In the first study, six scenarios are analyzed, as the renovation packages include measures on the envelope, ventilation and conversion from district heating to ground source heat pump. In the second study three scenarios are analyzed, where the HPS are operated all-time at a temperature below 4°C or are shut down at temperatures below -10°C or at temperatures below -5°C.The results of the study regarding the renovation of a multifamily building stock indicate a future reduction in heat demand. All scenarios show energy savings of the studied building, which ranged from 11% to 56%. All scenarios show a reduction in local GHG emissions, as well as reduced fossil fuel use. Although the largest reduction was found in the use of renewable resources. From a global perspective on GHG emissions, the scenarios with district heating out-performed measures with heat pump solutions in the studied system. Moreover, the study point to positive impacts on the efforts towards SDGs.To mitigate the reduced heat demand from the renovation of the building stock, an HPS may be used. The results show mostly renewable resources were used for the HPS. The use of HPS was found to generate a positive impact on global GHG emissions. A control strategy that shuts down the HPS at temperatures below -10°C would result in 10% energy saving and would maintain acceptable performance of the HPS. Furthermore, it would reduce the use of fossil fuel and reduce local GHG emissions by 25%. Moreover, an HPS may contribute to SDGs.It is concluded that energy end-use measures of renovating a multifamily building stock are vital in the work towards an improved energy intensity. However, these measures result in a decreased demand for heat in the DHC network. This can then lead to reduced electricity production from renewable resources in the CHP plants, which in turn have a negative impact on the global GHG emissions. By finding new applications, like HPS, the infrastructure of DHC networks could be utilized efficiently and serve as one piece of the puzzle that is the efforts towards sustainable development.
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| 24. |
- Blomqvist, Stefan, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
-
Analysing Conflicting Energy and Climate Targets between Municipalities, Energy Utilities and Housing Companies in Sweden
- 2021
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), it is important that the SDGs are integrated atboth national and municipal levels, and that the business sector is involved in this work. This paper analyses howwell the SDGs are integrated as well if there are any conflicting energy and climate targets among municipalities,energy utilities and housing companies in Sweden, and in relation to national and EU targets. The targets arecategorized as; climate impact, efficient energy use, and share of renewable resources. Three key indicators arein focus; timeline and level of targets, terminology, and system boundaries. The study focuses on the Linköpingand Norrköping region, which has 300,000 inhabitants and is located 150 km southwest of Stockholm, Sweden.By using directives, company annual reports and interviews, the companies’ decision-making processes andtargets have been mapped.The results identify differences in system boundaries and timelines as reasons to potential conflictsregarding climate targets. Ambitious targets at the municipal level are identified as a driving force, but with targetfulfilment two decades or more before national and EU targets. Regarding the category of efficient energy use,the level of targets and terminology differs. Lastly, regarding renewable resources, terminology and timelinediffer. Furthermore, it is concluded that the SDGs are not integrated to a large extent in the business sector orat a local level. Overall, this may create challenges in communication, collaboration and exchange of knowledgein order to succeed and achieve the SDGs.
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| 25. |
- Blomqvist, Stefan, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
-
Analyzing the performance and control of a hydronic pavement system in a district heating network
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Energies. - Basel : MDPI. - 1996-1073. ; 12:11
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A hydronic pavement system (HPS) is an alternative method to clear snow and ice, which avoids the use of salt, sand, and fossil fuel in conventional snow clearance, and minimizes the risk of accidents. The aim is to analyze the performance of different control strategies for a 35,000 m2 HPS utilizing heat from a district heating and cooling (DHC) system. The key performance indicators are (1) energy performance of the HPS, and (2) primary energy use, (3) electricity production and (4) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the DHC system. The methodology uses a simulation model of the HPS and an optimization model of the DHC system. Three operational strategies are analyzed: A reference scenario based on the current control strategy, and scenarios where the HPS is shut down at temperatures below −10 ◦C and −5 ◦C. The study shows that the DHC return temperature is suitable for use. By operational strategies, use during peak demand in the DHC system can be avoided, resulting in reduced use of fossil fuel. Moreover, the energy use of the HPS could be reduced by 10% and the local GHG emissions by 25%. The study emphasizes that the HPS may have positive effects on global GHG emissions, as it enables electricity production from renewable resources.
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| 26. |
- Blomqvist, Stefan, 1988-
(författare)
-
Energy Efficiency in the Residential, Service and Energy Sectors : Barriers, Drivers and System Studies
- 2023
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Increased energy efficiency is a prerequisite for achieving the national energy and climate goals, the goals set by the European Union, and the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations. Close to 40% of Sweden’s total energy use and approximately 20% of domestic greenhouse gas emissions are allocated to the residential and service sector. There is great potential for increased energy efficiency within the sector. Almost half of Swedish households are situated in multifamily buildings, where district heating is the predominant heating solution, as well as in service buildings.This thesis uses a system perspective to explore energy efficiency work and end-use measures in an energy system, focusing on district heated regions that include combined heat and power production, and the residential and service sector, focusing on multifamily buildings and non-residential buildings. The research explores energy and climate goals in relation to the integration of the Sustainable Development Goals and potential barriers between organizations’ different objectives. In addition, the research focuses on barriers and drivers for energy efficiency. How type of ownership, size of the organization, and degree of urbanization can differentiate this work is also studied. Finally, the research explores potential conflicting objectives by studying energy end-use measures based on different system boundaries.The results show that around 70% of organizations in the Swedish residential and service sector had integrated the Sustainable Development Goals. However, depending on ownership, the integration rate ranges from 60% in public organizations with predominantly rental properties to 77% in private organizations, and 84% in cooperative organizations with predominantly tenant-owned properties. Only 48% of the small organizations had integrated the goals, compared to 73% of medium-sized organizations and 90% of large organizations. 49% of organizations in rural areas had integrated the goals, compared to 63% in towns and suburbs, and 80% in cities. The results show different use of terminology and timelines, and conflicting objectives are seen as different system boundaries are applied. This may inhibit understanding and communication, and hinder integration.Despite the need for energy efficiency, cost-efficient energy conservation measures are not always implemented. This is explained by the existence of barriers to energy efficiency. The perception of a lack of time or other priorities is the most hindering factor, along with the experience of a slim organization. On the other hand, the major drivers are reducing costs, followed by drivers of an organizational or behavioral nature. The results illustrate a challenging situation among publicly owned organizations, small organizations, and those in rural areas, as - relative to other groups - they experience barriers to a greater degree and drivers to a lesser extent. Positive factors that emerge between 2010 and 2020 are that energy strategies are integrated, and energy efficiency is given high priority throughout the organizations’ working methods.Lastly, by using simulation and optimization models, energy end-use measures of (1) large-scale renovation of a multifamily building stock and (2) the use of a hydronic pavement system for snow and ice clearance are studied. The results of the large-scale renovation of multifamily buildings reveal a potential conflict. The measure resulting in the best energy performance of the building, which may be the most desirable measure from a building owner’s perspective, risks leading to larger greenhouse gas emissions. A hydronic pavement system - a rarely used application in present-day district heating systems - proves to be a possible sustainable solution and a suitable application for the future generation of a low-temperature district heating system. The results underline the importance of understanding system boundaries in general, but also when considering energy efficiency improvements.
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| 27. |
- Blomqvist, Stefan, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
-
Hållbar Region : Ett forskningsprojekt för ökad samverkan mellan energi- och fastighetsbolag. Etapp 2 2016-2018
- 2018
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det är i samverkan mellan energibolag och slutanvändare som effektiva energisystem kan skapas. Med ett systemperspektiv mellan tillförsel- och användarsidan inom energisystemet kan forskningsprojektet Hållbar Region bidra med en pusselbit till framtidens energisystem, med ökad energieffektivitet och minskad klimatpåverkan som resultat.Forskningsprojektets syfte är att genom samverkan mellan universitet, energi- och fastighetsbolag arbeta för att skapa en hållbar och resurseffektiv region. Detta delvis genom att utbyta kunskap kring utmaningar och på så vis öka förståelsen för varandras verksamheter, både inom och mellan branscherna.Under etapp 1 utvecklades simulerings- och optimeringsmodeller gällande renoveringspaket av fastigheter och energisystemet. Arbetet fortskrider löpande med ytterligare beräkningar och scenarioanalyser. Under etapp 2 har många delstudier genomförts och som vardera ger input och kunskap för vidare utveckling. Några av resultaten uppkomna under etapp 2 är:Betong bättre än trä?En fallstudie påvisar att ett flerbostadshus med betongstomme har lägre miljöpåverkan än en liknande huskropp av träkonstruktion. Se mer i avsnitt 5.1Vikten av utökad och förbättrad kundkontakt!En studie av den framtida värmemarknaden visar på vikande efterfrågan. Nya tillämpningsområden, ökad och förbättrad kommunikation är viktiga aspekter för att möta utmaningen. Se mer i avsnitt 5.2Tillvarata överskottsvärme!Studien undersöker alternativ för att nyttiggöra överskottsvärme i fjärrvärmenätet, som möjliggörs genom samarbete med närliggande verksamheter. Att nyttogöra värmen genom en absorptionsdriven värmepump är det som förordas. Se mer i avsnitt 5.3Beräkningar av primärenergifaktorer!En studie analysera premiärenergifaktorer för svensk fjärrvärme utifrån flertalet perspektiv och metoder. De beräknade faktorerna blir betydande mindre än Boverkets. Se mer i avsnitt 5.4Prismodellens roll för incitament till energieffektivisering!Flertalet prismodeller analyseras utifrån ett klimatperspektiv. En modell med säsongsvarierande prissättning förordas och där effektuttaget lyfts fram som en nyckel. Se mer i avsnitt 5.5Nyttan av en dynamisk framledningstemperatur!Studien undersöker effekt- och flödesutjämnande körstrategier för att möta dygns- och säsongsvariationer av efterfrågan på värme. Studien påvisar ökad elverkningsgrad och ett högre temperaturspann möjliggör bättre effekt- och flödesutjämning. Se mer i avsnitt 5.6
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| 28. |
- Blomqvist, Stefan, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Ten years of energy efficiency—Exploring the progress of barriers and drivers in the swedish residential and services sector
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Energy Reports. - : Elsevier. - 2352-4847. ; 8, s. 14726-14740
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Making buildings more energy efficient is an important part of achieving the European Union's energy and climate goals, which several directives, policies, and measures has addressed over the years. This paper aims to study changes over a 10-year period in perception on barriers to and drivers for energy efficiency in the Swedish building sector and identifying success factors. The data collection consists of surveys conducted in 2010 and 2020 among organizations that mainly build, own, and manage multi-dwelling buildings. Besides the overall result, special focus is given to changes depending on type of ownership, size of organization, and organizational hierarchy. Lack of time or other priorities and slim organizations remain the most important barriers, which is most evident among small organizations. Reducing cost remains the major driver. The uncertainty surrounding a rising energy price has diminished and cost-effective solutions are more adaptable. More capital for energy efficiency is available, particularly in the private sector. Furthermore, the result acknowledges the impact of regulatory measures. The study recognizes a connection between organizational development and the integration of energy efficiency in an organizations’ agenda. Future challenges are related to hidden costs and knowledge acquisition.
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| 29. |
- Blomqvist, Stefan, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
-
The Impact on System Performance When Renovating a Multifamily Building Stock in a District Heated Region
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 11:8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Sweden, 90% of multifamily buildings utilize district heat and a large portion is in need of renovation. The aim is to analyze the impact of renovating a multifamily building stock in a district heating and cooling system, in terms of primary energy savings, peak power demands, electricity demand and production, and greenhouse gas emissions on local and global levels. The study analyzes scenarios regarding measures on the building envelope, ventilation, and substitution from district heat to ground source heat pump. The results indicate improved energy performance for all scenarios, ranging from 11% to 56%. Moreover, the scenarios present a reduction of fossil fuel use and reduced peak power demand in the district heating and cooling system ranging from 1 MW to 13 MW, corresponding to 4–48 W/m2 heated building area. However, the study concludes that scenarios including a ground source heat pump generate significantly higher global greenhouse gas emissions relative to scenarios including district heating. Furthermore, in a future fossil-free district heating and cooling system, a reduction in primary energy use will lead to a local reduction of emissions along with a positive effect on global greenhouse gas emissions, outperforming measures with a ground source heat pump.
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| 30. |
- Blomqvist, Stefan, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding energy efficiency decisions in the building sector – A survey of barriers and drivers in Sweden
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Cleaner Engineering and Technology. - : Elsevier. - 2666-7908. ; 9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A sustainable building sector with a more energy-efficient and decarbonized building stock is important for mitigating climate change. This paper contributes to knowledge on how to increase energy efficiency investments by presenting a nationwide survey on the perception of barriers and drivers for energy efficiency among 216 professionals in the Swedish building sector. This study explores economic, behavioral, and organizational conditions and analyzes the conventional dependencies on (1) type of ownership and (2) size of the organization, but also adds analysis on (3) degree of urbanization, (4) climate zones and (5) profession. Together these dependencies enhance a custom design of policies and measures. The findings show that hidden costs and bounded rationality were prominent barriers due to problems to acquire and analyze information, which needs to be addressed. In addition to the economic driver to reduce cost, several behavioral and organizational drivers were emphasized. There were distinct economic differences depending on the type of ownership and size of the organizations. Well-developed organizational structures were important factors for energy efficiency, which policies and measures should address. Differences were seen between organizations operating in rural areas and more densely populated areas. An improved indoor climate was important in northern climate zones.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Karlsson, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Measured and predicted energy demand of a low energy building : Important aspects when using building energy simulation
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Building Services Engineering Research & Technology. - : SAGE Publications. - 0143-6244 .- 1477-0849. ; 28:3, s. 223-235
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Three different simulation tools were used to simulate a low energy terraced house in the south of Sweden. The software tools all use dynamic models to calculate, for example, the energy demand for heating and the indoor temperatures. The aim of this paper is to discuss the relative importance to the annual energy demand of different energy aspects of a Swedish low-energy house. Both measured and simulated values are considered and compared. The focus is on the impact of choice of software, the habits of the tenants, and the relative impact of different design parameters such as ventilation rates. The measured values for total electricity demand range from about 6000 kWh to over 12000kWh, the average demand being 8020kWh. The annual predicted total energy demand using three different simulation software tools deviated by about 2%. The energy use deviation due to airflow control was about 10%, and the deviation due to differences in heat exchanger efficiency was about 20% and the deviation in annual energy use due to differences in internal gains due to differences in tenant habits, assumed in the models, was 7%. Furthermore, when comparing the predicted energy use during the design process of the low-energy building with actual measurements after the tenants have moved in, these differ about 50% in average for this specific case. Practical application: Building energy simulation software is often used to make predictions of how different construction materials, design principles and operation influence the energy balance and indoor thermal comfort. It is therefore important that the output of these software tools is trustworthy and accurate. This paper discusses the importance of accurate input data during the design process in order to achieve a valid prediction of energy use with emphasis on tenants' behaviour. It was shown that the deviations in a parametric study were larger than the deviations in the comparison between the results from the three simulation tools. This indicates a need for more accurate models for modelling tenant behaviour and habits rather than more accurate building component models.
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| 33. |
- La Fleur, Lina, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
-
Energy performance of a renovated multi-family building in Sweden
- 2017. - 1
-
Ingår i: Mediterranean Green Buildings and Renewable Energy: Selected Papers from the World Renewable Energy Network's Med Green Forum. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319307466 - 9783319307459 ; , s. 531-539
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Increased attention is being directed towards reducing energy use in buildings, and implementing energy-saving measures when renovating buildings has become of central importance. The aim of this chapter is to study the effects on heat demand of a deep renovation of a Swedish post-war, multi-family building. The studied building was renovated in 2014, and the renovation measures included thermal improvement of the climate envelope and installation of a mechanical supply and exhaust air ventilation system with heat recovery. The effect on heat demand is studied through a whole-building energy simulation, using IDA Indoor Climate and Energy. The IDA model is empirically validated with regard to its ability to predict indoor temperature and energy use. The results indicate a technical potential for a 50.3% reduction of heat demand from implemented renovation measures, but measured data indicate that actual energy use is around 15% higher than the technical potential. The reasons for this gap could be overestimated heat recovery efficiency or airing.
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| 34. |
- La Fleur, Lina, 1985-
(författare)
-
Energy renovation of multi-family buildings in Sweden : An evaluation of life cycle costs, indoor environment and primary energy use, and a comparison with constructing a new building
- 2019
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Residential buildings account for 27% of the final energy use in the European Union. In cold climates, space heating represents the largest proportion of the energy demand in residential buildings. By implementing energy efficiency measures (EEMs) in existing buildings, energy use can be significantly reduced. The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive states that renovations of buildings offer an opportunity to improve energy efficiency. Renovations that include measures implemented with the specific purpose of reducing energy use are referred to as energy renovations. In addition to improving energy efficiency, an energy renovation can also improve the indoor environment. Sweden, like many other European countries, faces the challenge of renovating an ageing building stock with poor energy performance. Improving energy efficiency and performing energy renovations in a cost-effective manner is central, and optimization approaches are often used to identify suitable EEMs and energy renovation approaches. New buildings usually feature better energy performance compared to older buildings, and one approach for reducing energy use in the building sector could be to demolish old buildings with poor thermal performance and build new buildings with better thermal performance.The aim of this thesis is to evaluate energy renovations of multi-family buildings with regard to space heating demand, life cycle costs, indoor environment and primary energy use. The choice between energy renovation of a multi-family building and the demolition and construction of a new one is also investigated with regard to life cycle costs (LCCs). A Swedish multi-family building in which energy renovation has been carried out is used as a case study. The building was originally constructed in 1961 and has a lightweight concrete construction. The renovation included improving the thermal performance of the building envelope and replacing the exhaust air ventilation system with a mechanical supply and exhaust air ventilation system with heat recovery.The methods used in the studies include dynamic whole building energy simulation, life cycle cost analysis and optimizations, and a questionnaire on indoor environment perception. Extensive field measurements have been performed in the building prior to and after renovation to provide input data and to validate numerical predictions. In addition to the studied building, the analysis of the choice between energy renovation and the demolition and construction of a new building includes three other building construction types, representing common Swedish building types from the 1940s, 1950s and 1970s.The analysis shows that the energy renovation led to a 44% reduction in space heating demand and an improved indoor environment. The indoor temperature was higher after the renovation and the perception of the indoor temperature, air quality and noise in the building improved. The EEMs implemented as part of the energy renovation have a slightly higher LCC than the optimal combinations of EEMs identified in the LCC optimization. It is not cost-optimal to implement any EEMs in the building if the lowest possible LCC is the objective function. Attic insulation has a low cost of implementation but has limited potential in the studied building with its relatively good thermal properties. Insulation of the façade is an expensive measure, but has a great potential to reduce heat demand because of the large façade area. Façade insulation is thus required to achieve significant energy savings. Heat recovery in the ventilation system is cost-effective with an energy saving target above 40% in the studied building. The primary energy factors in the Swedish Building Code favor ground source heat pumps as a heat supply system in the studied building.The LCC of renovation is lower compared to demolishing and constructing a new building. A large proportion of the LCC of demolition and new construction relates to the demolition of the existing building. In a building with a high internal volume to floor area ratio, it is not always possible to renovate to the same energy performance level as when constructing a new building. A more ambitious renovation approach is also needed compared to a building with a smaller volume to floor area ratio.
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| 35. |
- Liu, Linn, 1985-
(författare)
-
A systematic approach for major renovation of residential buildings
- 2017
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In Sweden, buildings are responsible for about 40 % of total energy use and about 10 % of total CO2 emissions Today more than 60 % of existing Swedish residential buildings are over 40 years old and are in need of major renovation. In addition, 15 % of all multi-family buildings and 27 % of all single-family houses were built before 1945. The increased energy use and threat from CO2 emissions of the building sector create a need for energy efficiency. The important role that renovation of residential buildings will play in reducing the total energy used by the Swedish building sector as well as in reducing primary energy use and CO2 emissions on both the national and global levels has been the impetus for the studies included in this thesis.The aim of the current research is to develop a methodology from a system perspective which can be used to analyze the energy use, optimal life cycle cost (LCC), energy efficiency measure (EEM) package, indoor environment, CO2 emissions, and primary energy use of a building or a community during major renovation. The developed methodology accomplished at three different levels, i.e. building level, cluster level and district level. The methodology considers both energy efficiency and economic viability during building renovation and will also play an important role in overall urban planning. The studied buildings include both non-listed and listed residential buildings and the tools used include building energy simulation (BES), survey, technical measurements, LCC optimization and building categorization.The results show that the combination of BES, technical measurements and surveys provides a holistic approach for evaluation of energy use and indoor environment of the studied residential buildings. The results from the current study also show that the 2020 energy target, i.e., reduction of energy use by 20 %, for the building sector can be achieved by all the studied building types and that the total LCC of these buildings are below the cost-optimal point. In comparison, the 2050 energy target, i.e., reduction of energy use by 50 %, for the building sector may be achieved by the non-listed buildings, but when the constraints relevant to listed buildings are added the cost-optimality changes as some EEMs in direct conflict with the building’s heritage value may not be implemented.The investigation of primary energy use and CO2 emissions by the residential buildings show that the higher the energy saving, the lower the primary energy use becomes, and vice versa. With the same energy saving, the heating system with higher primary energy factor results in higher primary energy use. From a CO2 emissions point of view, EEM packages proposed to help buildings connected to a CHP based district heating system, to reduce the energy use or LCC are not consistently effective. Since these EEM packages will reduce district heating demand, the electricity produced in the CHP plant will also decrease. When the biomass is considered a limited resource, measures such as investment in a biofuel boiler are not favourable from the CO2 emissions point of view. The current study has also shown that combining building categorization method and LCC optimization method will help the community to reduce its energy use, primary energy use and CO2 emissions in a systematic and strategic way.
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| 36. |
- Milic, Vlatko, 1992-
(författare)
-
A techno-economic system approach for the energy renovation of residential districts built before 1945
- 2021
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A key factor in the quest for sustainable development worldwide is reducing the energy use and greenhouse gas emissions from residential buildings. The residential and service sector represent 39% of the final energy use in Sweden. The housing stock in Sweden is fairly old with approximately 25% of the residential buildings built before 1945, many of which possess heritage values. Considering the generally poorer thermal performance in older buildings compared to newer ones, it is important to investigate the techno-economic energy efficiency potential in this part of the built environment. The aim of this thesis is to develop a bottom-up approach and to analyze energy renovation of residential districts built before 1945 from a system perspective with regard to targets of life cycle costs (LCC), energy use and preservation of building heritage values. The developed approach includes a combination of economic and environmental impacts from a building owner and energy utility point of view. The approach includes analysis on four different levels, i.e., building level, cluster level, district level and city level.The results show that the developed approach is successful in integrating targets of LCC and energy use, as well as preservation of heritage values, during techno-economic energy renovation. By a further development of the change-point model, data related to building thermal power characteristics, such as Qtotal and balance temperature, can be calculated and used for analysis of a residential district. Moreover, the cluster with the initial poorest thermal performance, i.e., the single-family houses in stone, account for the highest decrease in specific energy use (70–78%) and LCC (34–37%) during energy renovation at LCC optimum. The corresponding figures for the buildings with the best thermal performance initially, i.e., the cluster with multi-family buildings in wood, are 23–24% and 14%, respectively. Furthermore, it is concluded that the cost-effective energy efficiency potential is highly correlated with initial building properties and preservation requirements, which significantly affects the stone buildings. This is because insulation on the inside of the external walls is cost-effective in these buildings, but not in wooden buildings, which consequently decreases the energy savings potential from 46–69% in a balanced energy renovation scenario to 8–30% in a restricted energy renovation scenario.The findings also show that the environmental performance of the building district is closely linked with the selected energy system boundary. This can be exemplified by CO2 emissions of 0.7–1.1 kg CO2 eq./(m2·year) at LCC optimum for multi-family buildings when considering biomass an unlimited resource, compared to 28.9–40.0 kg CO2 eq./(m2·year) when considering biomass a limited resource with condensing coal power plants as the marginal user. Furthermore, on a city level it is concluded that the environmental performance of the district heating (DH) system is improved as a result of techno-economic energy renovation of a district, and that the net income is decreased (8%) despite a lower system cost (12–13%) due to less DH sold to end users. The global CO2 emissions are decreased by 3,545–3,737 tonnes/year and the primary energy use is decreased by 5.0–5.2 GWh/year. Apart from the developed bottom-up approach for analysis of the energy renovation of residential districts built before 1945, this thesis has provided valuable results to the research community, building sector and authorities in terms of (1) the further development of the change-point model, which enables time-effective analysis of the thermal performance of residential districts; (2) the environmental benefits with techno-economic energy renovation of residential districts from a DH producer perspective and (3) the need to develop packages of EEMs that are profitable for both DH producers and end users of DH.
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| 37. |
- Milić, Vlatko, 1992-, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the effects of a warmer climate on power and energy demand in multi-family buildings in a Nordic climate
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Environmental Advances. - : Elsevier. - 2666-7657. ; 15, s. 100502-100502
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The need to understand how a warmer climate affects the power and energy demand in cold countries is important for urban planners and policymakers. By using data from utility bills that are commonly available today, together with outdoor temperatures, it is possible to analyze historical and future power and energy demand. The scientific value of this research includes the development of a methodology to explore effects on future heat demand in the Nordic region based on a combination of historical data, building properties, and predictions of future climate. This is achieved by using an energy signature model and regression analysis. Seventy multi-family buildings in Linköping, Sweden, are investigated from 1980 to 2050. The results show that the effects from historical variations in internal heat gains (average annual increase of 1 %) on the specific energy use for space heating (SPH) is minor for the district, i.e., less than 2 % when comparing 2020 and 1980. The opposite is found for variations in outdoor temperatures, where the average specific energy use is predicted to decrease by about 25 % in 2050 compared to 1980, with the used forecast of future climate. This corresponds to a decrease from 127 kWh/(m2·year) to 93–96 kWh/(m2·year). Additionally, the maximum heating power demand of the district is predicted to decrease by about 30 %, from 4,855 kW in 1980 to 3,468 kW in 2050. In conclusion, our results demonstrate a strong effect of decreased SPH and heating power demand in residential districts due to a warmer climate.
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| 38. |
- Milic, Vlatko, et al.
(författare)
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Further development of the change-point model – Differentiating thermal power characteristics for a residential district in a cold climate
- 2021
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Ingår i: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier. - 0378-7788 .- 1872-6178. ; 231
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The building and service sector accounts for nearly 40% of total energy use in Sweden. The existing, historic building stock accounts for large part of this energy use and comprises an important part of the national pursuit to increase energy efficiency. One main problem for decreasing energy use in the existing building stock is the lack of data describing thermal performance characteristics. This paper presents a novel development of the change-point model for predicting the thermal performance of buildings using selected time periods based on time-dependent variations in climate and user behavior. The predicted thermal power characteristics include total specific heat losses (Qtotal), energy use for hot water circulation (HWC) and hot tap water (HTW), and balance temperature. A residential district with 73 historic buildings in Linköping, Sweden, has been used as the study object.The developed model is shown to be effective and robust for describing building thermal performance. The average R2 was 0.70 for predictions of specific heat losses. The sensitivity analyses conclude that the selected time steps and months correspond to the highest R2 value. The average variation width for prediction of the balance temperature is 0.9 °C for buildings in the interquartile range based on a three-year comparison of hourly heating power supply data. Moreover, from a property owner perspective, the model is shown to be useful for identifying deviating thermal power characteristics and can easily be used to get an overview of a district.
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| 39. |
- Milic, Vlatko, 1992-, et al.
(författare)
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Screening of thermal characteristics and assessment of comparative energy efficiency potential in a residential district
- 2023
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Ingår i: Advances in Building Energy Research. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1751-2549 .- 1756-2201. ; 17:3, s. 255-276
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- By identifying buildings with poor thermal performance and prioritizing these in terms of energy efficiency potential, a sustainable transformation of the building stock may be accelerated. However, there is currently a lack of thermal characteristics (TCs) differentiating total energy use from hot water circulation (HWC), hot tap water (HTW) and space heating in large building portfolios. This research demonstrates a methodology based on a change-point model for identifying and prioritizing TCs, which also enables prediction of the Comparative Energy Efficiency Potential (CEEP). The change-point model allows for the differentiation of various processes, i.e. space heating, HWC and HTW, using only heating supply data and outdoor temperature. The studied district consists of 70 multi-family buildings in the Vasastaden district in Linköping, Sweden. The findings demonstrate that the proposed methodology allows for identifying and prioritizing TCs connected to HWC, HTW and space heating. The highest CEEP is in space heating, corresponding to a maximum of 2,016 MWh (16% of the district’s energy use), followed by HWC, 699 MWh (6% of the district’s energy use) and HTW, 520 MWh (4% of the district’s energy use). Consequently, a total decrease of 3,235 MWh (26%) is made possible according to the studied energy efficiency targets.
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| 40. |
- Molin, Andreas, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Investigation of energy performance of newly built low-energy buildings in Sweden
- 2011
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Ingår i: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier. - 0378-7788 .- 1872-6178. ; 43:10, s. 2822-2831
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy use in the built environment represents a large part of total energy use in Sweden and is oneimportant sector where energy conservation needs to be significantly improved in order to meet thenational implementation of the European goals. One key question that needs to be investigated in relationto these goals is the performance and implementation of passive or low-energy houses. This paperpresents results and an evaluation of a newly built house in an area with passive houses in Linköping,Sweden. Nine passive houses were built with the aim to be energy efficient, with an annual space heatingdemand of 21kWh/m2, and at the same time to have the same visual appearance as any other buildingin the surrounding area.This study evaluates the energy performance of a residential area with low-energy buildings basedon Building Energy Simulation (BES) (IDA ICE 4), and measurements from the real object. Both annualand hourly validation is performed using room by room modeling and internal heat gains. A novelapproach to internal heat gain modeling is presented using time-use data (TUD). The resultsshowpossibleimprovements in the design, the building envelope and in the heating control.
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| 41. |
- Molin, Andreas, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Positive power market value for grid-connected roof-top solar power in Sweden
- 2010
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Ingår i: <em>World Renewable Energy Congress XI</em><em>25-30 September 2010, Abu Dhabi, UAE</em>.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Grid-connected PV-systems receive extensive investment subsidies in Sweden. Due to lack of net debiting or other production credits, it is still not feasible to invest in PV-system, resulting in long economic payback time. This study shows the positive value of the periodic intermittency of solar power, based on daily production and electricity market price profiles. A rooftop PV-system was modelled with PVSYST-software and evaluated hourly, monthly and annually using historical prices 1996–2009 in the Swedish, Spanish and German electricity markets. The daily profile value is always positive for solar power, due to daytime production when electricity prices are higher, while the monthly profile value is usually negative. The total market value of solar power in all three countries is higher than for constant production of the same energy amount. The results show that annual net debiting would facilitate zero energy buildings and still be beneficial for the Power Company.
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| 42. |
- Nilsson, Emil, 1989-
(författare)
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Borehole Thermal Energy Storage Systems for Storage of Industrial Excess Heat : Performance Evaluation and Modelling
- 2020
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Improving industrial energy efficiency is considered an important factor in reducing carbon dioxide emissions and counteract climate change. For many industrial companies in cold climates, heat generated at the site in summer will not be needed to fulfil the site heat demand during this time, and is thus removed to the outdoor air. Although a mismatch between heat generation and heat demand primarily being seasonal, a mismatch may also exist at times in the winter, e.g. during milder winter days or high production hours. If this excess heat instead of being sent to the outdoors was stored for later use when it is needed, purchased energy for the site could be decreased. One way to do this is by the use of a borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) system.A BTES system stores energy directly in the ground by using an array of closely drilled boreholes through which a heat carrier, often water, is circulated. So far, BTES systems used for heating purposes have mainly been used for storage of solar thermal energy. The BTES system has then been part of smaller district solar heating systems to reduce the seasonal mismatch between incoming solar radiation and heat demand, thus increasing system solar fraction. For this application of BTES systems, energy for storage can be controlled by the sizing of the solar collector area. At an industrial site, however, the energy that can be stored will be limited to the excess heat at the site, and the possible presence of several time-varying processes generating heat at different temperatures gives options as to which processes to include in the heat recovery process and how to design the BTES system. Moreover, to determine the available heat for storage at an industrial site, individual measurements of the heat streams to be included are required. Thus, this must be made more site-specific as compared to that of the traditional usage of BTES systems where solar thermal energy is stored, in which case long-time historic solar radiation data to do this is readily accessible for most locations. Furthermore, for performance predictions of industrial BTES systems to be used for both seasonal and short-term storage of energy, models that can treat the short-term effects are needed, as traditional models for predicting BTES performance do not consider this.Although large-scale BTES systems have been around since the 1970’s, little data is to be found in the literature on how design parameters such as borehole spacing and borehole depth affect storage performance, especially for industrial BTES applications. Most studies that can be found with regard to the designing of ground heat exchanger systems are for traditional ground source heat pumps, working at the natural temperature of the ground and being limited to only one or a few boreholes.In this work, the performance of the first and largest industrial BTES system in Sweden was first presented and evaluated with regard to the storage’s first seven years in operation. The BTES system, which has been used for both long- and short-term storage of energy, was then modelled in the IDA ICE 4.8 environment with the aim to model actual storage performance. Finally, the model was used to conduct a parametric study on the BTES system, where e.g. the impact on storage performance from borehole spacing and characteristics of the storage supply flow at heat injection were investigated. From the performance evaluation it could be concluded that lower than estimated quantities and/or quality of the excess heat at the site, resulting in lower storage supply flow temperatures at heat injection, has hindered the storage from reaching temperatures necessary for significant amounts of energy to be extracted. Based on the repeating annual storage behavior seen for the last years of the evaluation period, a long-term annual heat extraction and ratio of energy extracted to energy injected of approximately 400 MWh/year and 20% respectively are likely.For the comparison of predicted and measured storage performance, which considered a period of three years, predicted values for total injected and extracted energy deviated from measured values by less than 1 and 3% respectively, and predicted and measured values for injected and extracted energy followed the same pattern throughout the period. Furthermore, the mean relative difference for the storage temperatures was 4%. A time-step analysis confirmed that the intermittent heat injection and extraction, occurring at intervals down to half a day, had been captured in the three-year validation. This as predictions would become erroneous when the time step exceeded the time at which these changes in storage operation occur.Main findings from the parametric study include that 1) for investigated supply flows at heat injection, a high temperature was more important than a high flow rate in order to achieve high annual heat extractions and that 2) annual heat extraction would rapidly reduce as the borehole spacing was decreased from the one yielding the highest annual heat extraction, whereas the reduction in annual heat extraction was quite slow when the spacing was increased from this point. Another conclusion that came from the performance evaluation and the parametric study, as a consequence of the Emmaboda storage being designed as a high-temperature BTES system, intended working temperatures being 40–55 °C, was that the possibility of designing the BTES system for low working temperatures should be considered in the designing of a BTES system. Lower storage operation temperatures allow for more energy to be injected and in turn for more energy to be extracted and reduces storage heat losses to the surroundings.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Rohdin, Patrik, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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CFD and BES as Decision Support When Implementing a Variable Air Volume System in a Foundry
- 2007
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Clima 2007 WellBeing Indoor Congress, 10-14 June, Helsinki, Finland..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The focus on implementing cost efficiency energy efficiency measures will in all probability increase in the future, but it has been shown that trustworthy, site specific information are key features is increasing the adoption of such measures. This study shows that Building Energy Simulation (BES) software gives trustworthy predictions of energy use and average temperature in the studied case, making it possible to study different HVAC control strategies. When coupled with CFD, it is also possible to study thermal comfort, ventilation efficiency, ventilation effectiveness and draught, giving an even wider range of decision support. This study also shows that a VAV system is an interesting HVAC control technique for the studied foundry. In this case, the technical potential for reducing energy use in terms of both heat and electricity is predicted to be 30.3% and 28.9% respectively.
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| 45. |
- Rohdin, Patrik, 1977-
(författare)
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Energy efficiency and ventilation in Swedish industries barriers, simulation and control strategy
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The energy issue is presently in focus worldwide. This is not only due to increasing environmental concern regarding energy related emissions, but also due to the trend of increasing energy prices. Energy usage in the industrial sector in Sweden today represents about one third of the national energy use. A substantial part of that is related to support processes such as heating, ventilation and cooling systems. These systems are important as they are related both to energy cost and indoor climate management as well as to the health of the occupants.The purpose of this thesis is to reach a more comprehensive view on industrial energy efficiency and indoor environment issues related to industrial ventilation. This has been studied in three themes where the first part addresses barriers to energy efficiency in Swedish industries, the second theme discuss simulation as decision support, and the third studies the variable air volume system in industrial facilities.In the first theme three different studies were made: the first studies non-energy intensive companies in Oskarshamn in Sweden, the second studies the energy intensive foundry industry and the third study was part of an evaluation of a large energy efficiency program called Project Highland. These studies had several findings in common, such as the importance of a strategic view on the energy issue and the presence of a person with real ambition with power over investment decisions related to energy issues at the company. The studies also show that several information related barriers are important for decision makers at the studied companies. This shows that information related barriers are one reason in why energy efficient equipment is not implemented.In the second theme the use of simulation in the form of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Building Energy Simulation (BES) are used as decision support for industrial ventilation related studies at two different industries, one foundry is investigated and one dairy. BES has mainly been used to simulate energy and power related parameters while CFD was used to give a detailed description of the indoor and product environment. Together these methods can be used to better evaluate the energy, indoor and product environment and thus enable the implementation of more efficient heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems.In the third theme the use of Variable Air Volume (VAV) systems was evaluated, and was found to be an efficient way to reduce energy use at the studied sites. At the studied foundry the VAV system is predicted to reduce space heating and electricity use by fans by about 30%, and in the dairy case by about 60% for space heating and 20% for electricity.
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| 46. |
- Rohdin, Patrik, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Energy efficient process ventilation in paint shops in the car industry : Experiences and an evaluation of a full scale implementation at Saab Automobile in Sweden.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Ventilation 2012. ; , s. 1-6
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Support processes in industrial energy systems, such as heating, ventilation and cooling systems, are important processes in industrial premises as they are related to energy cost, product quality as well as the indoor environment.In the vehicle production process the paint shop is the most energy intensive part, and about 75% of the energy is used in the ovens and spray booths. The spray booth line, which includes paint application and the oven, uses large quantities of air in order to keep the air quality in an optimal range to achieve the desired paint quality. The approach used in paint shops has up to now been to keep as much of steady state conditions as possible to avoid paint defects due to disturbances in the balance. This means that these high air flows are used also at low and non production hours. There is thus a large potential to increase energy efficiency by controlling the air flow and heating without losing the critical balances. This paper will present an initial post-implementation evaluation of the energy efficiency potential and experiences after running this type of system. CFD has been used to investigate the control strategy.
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| 47. |
- Rohdin, Patrik, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Impinging jet – A new ventilation strategy for industries : a case study of a light alloy foundry
- 2009
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 9th international conference on industrial ventilation (Ventilation 2009), ETH Zürich Switzerland, October 18-21, 2009..
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper present results from a test implementation of a impinging jet (IJ) ventilation system in a foundry facility in Sweden. The studied object is a light alloy casting facility, where aluminium and magnesium is processed. The aim of the paper is to present results from the implementation of this impinging jet (IJ) ventilation system. However, the paper also contains a comparison with the previously used displacement ventilation system. The comparison is made it terms of contaminant removal efficiency and thermal comfort parameters, and includes measurements and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) predictions of contaminants in the air as well as the temperature and velocity field in the facility. The CFD predictions is made using a commercial code, Fluent, and uses the renormalized group k-e (RNG) turbulence model with a standard wall function (SWF). It is shown that the predictions are in good agreement with measured values of the temperature and velocity field in the facility. Furthermore, the results show that the IJ system has a higher efficiency in terms of contaminant removal, especially far field from the supply device, which is expected due to the higher supply momentum when compared with displacement systems. In terms of draught rating, the area where there is a risk of draught is larger, but this is less of a problem for this particular facility with high thermal loads and where workers are entitled to wear heavy protective clothing. This is also supported by the results from the PPD predictions in the facility. Together this shows that the IJ system may be a viable option for this kind of special environment.
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- Rohdin, Patrik, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Numerical Predictions of Indoor Climate in a Light Alloy Casting Facility
- 2006
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 13th international heat transfer conference, IHTC-13, August 13-18, Sydney, Australia.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Indoor comfort, human health, and energy demand are important issues when designing industrial premises, such as a casing facility. This paper evaluates the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) combined with energy simulations as a tool to obtain detailed information in order to design more efficient installations to meet work environment, product environment, and energy requirements. The CFD model is compared with temperature and velocity measurements, and the mean deviation between measured and simulated values was 0.6°C and 0.05 m/s respectively. This indicates significant potential application when designing this type of highly complex facility. The paper also investigates the potential of a flow reduction, which is shown to be an efficient way to increase comfort and reduce energy usage, when changing the production process. The ventilation effectiveness for heat removal (εt), Percentage Dissatisfied (PD-index), and mean age of air were used to evaluate the indoor air quality. Results show that the supply airflows can be reduced in the premises without compromising the indoor environment.
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| 50. |
- Rohdin, Patrik, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Numerical predictions of indoor climate in large industrial premises : A comparison between different k–ε models supported by field measurements
- 2007
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Ingår i: Building and Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0360-1323 .- 1873-684X. ; 42:11, s. 3872-3882
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores the benefits of using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as a tool for prediction of indoor environment in large and complex industrial premises, in this case a packaging facility. This paper also presents a comparison between three eddy-viscosity turbulence models, i.e. the standard k–ε, the RNG k–ε, and the realizable k–ε, used for predictions of the flow pattern and temperature distribution in this large industrial facility. The predictions are compared with field measurements and the RNG k–ε model has been found to be the one most concurrent with the measured values. The paper also shows that a 50% reduction in the supply airflow rate can be an efficient energy efficiency measure, for the studied packaging facility, without compromising either product safety or thermal comfort. When implementing this efficiency measure it is predicted to lead to a reduction of the use of electricity and district heating by 85%, respectively, 61%. The energy use is calculated using IDA ICE 3.0. The ventilation effectiveness for heat removal (εt) and percentage dissatisfied (PD-index) are used to evaluate the indoor climate
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