| 1. |
- Roine, Jesper, et al.
(författare)
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On the Role of Capital Gains in Swedish Income Inequality
- 2012
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Ingår i: The Review of Income and Wealth. - : Wiley. - 0034-6586 .- 1475-4991. ; 58:3, s. 569-587
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Realized capital gains are typically disregarded in the study of income inequality. We show that in the case of Sweden this severely underestimates the actual increase in inequality and, in particular, top income shares during recent decades. Using micro panel data to average incomes over longer periods and re-rank individuals according to income excluding capital gains, we show that capital gains indeed are a reoccurring addition to rather than a transitory component in top incomes. Doing the same for lower income groups, however, makes virtually no difference. We also try to find the roots of the recent surge in capital gains-driven inequality in Sweden since the 1980s. While there are no evident changes in terms of who earns these gains (high wage earners vs. top capital income earners), the primary driver instead seems to be the drastic asset price increases on the post-1980 deregulated financial markets.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Björklund, Anders, 1950-, et al.
(författare)
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Intergenerational top income mobility in Sweden : Capitalist dynasties in the land of equal opportunity?
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Public Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0047-2727 .- 1879-2316. ; 96:5-6, s. 474-484
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents new evidence on intergenerational mobility at the top of the income and earnings distributions. Using a large dataset of matched father-son pairs in Sweden, we find that intergenerational transmission is very strong at the top, more so for income than for earnings. At the extreme top (top 0.1%) income transmission is remarkable with an intergenerational elasticity of approximately 0.9. We also study potential transmission mechanisms and find that IQ, non-cognitive skills and education of the sons are all unlikely channels in explaining the strong transmission. Within the top percentile, increases in the income of the fathers, if they are related at all, are negatively associated with these variables. Wealth, on the other hand, has a significantly positive association. Our results suggest that Sweden, known for having relatively high intergenerational mobility in general, is a society in which transmission remains strong at the very top of the distribution and wealth is the most likely channel.
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| 4. |
- Björklund, Anders, 1950-, et al.
(författare)
-
Intergenerational top income mobility in Sweden: Capitalist dynasties in the land of equal opportunity?
- 2010
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper presents new evidence on intergenerational mobility in the top of the income and earnings distribution. Using a large dataset of matched father-son pairs in Sweden, we find that intergenerational transmission is very strong in the top, more so for income than for earnings. In the extreme top (top 0.1 percent) income transmission is remarkable with an IG elasticity above 0.9. We also study potential transmission mechanisms and find that sons’ IQ, non-cognitive skills and education are all unlikely channels in explaining this strong transmission. Within the top percentile, increases in fathers’ income are, if anything, negatively associated with these variables. Wealth, on the other hand, has a significantly positive association. Our results suggest that Sweden, known for having relatively high intergenerational mobility in general, is a society where transmission remains strong in the very top of the distribution and that wealth is the most likely channel.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Bobilev, Roman, et al.
(författare)
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Women in the Top of the Income Distribution : What Can We Learn From LIS-Data?
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Italian Economic Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2199-322X .- 2199-3238. ; 6:1, s. 63-107
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We explore the extent to which LIS-data can be used to shed light on the presence of women in the top of the income distribution. We show developments of the share of women in top groups (P90-100 and P99-100) of the labour income distribution for 28 countries and, when possible, compare to outcomes when including capital incomes. These turn out not to matter much for the share of women in top groups with some important exceptions. Relating our findings to the existing evidence on women in the top of the income distribution based on aggregate tax data, we find that LIS-data give a relatively accurate picture of the basic findings. However, we also note that once we divide the top1 group further, samples quickly become too small to allow further study. For countries where data allows such analysis, we find that having a partner and having children are positively associated with being in top income groups for men, but negatively associated for women. However, time interactions suggest that these differences have decreased over time. Also, top income men are more likely to have partners who are not in the top of the income distribution while this is not the case for top income women. All these results are surprisingly consistent across country groups.
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| 7. |
- Boschini, Anne, et al.
(författare)
-
Kvinnorna i toppen av den svenska inkomstfördelningen
- 2018
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Betydligt färre kvinnor än män har höga inkomster. Men sedan 1970-talet har andelen kvinnor i toppen av inkomstfördelningen tredubblats och utgör nu runt 18 procent. En internationell jämförelse visar dock att utvecklingen går snabbare i många andra länder.Sverige är vi vana vid att vara bland de bästa i världen på jämställdhet mellan kvinnor och män. Men ser man till den ekonomiska eliten är bilden en annan. De högsta positionerna i samhället innehas i betydligt större utsträckning av män än av kvinnor.Få kvinnor i toppen men andelen ökar stadigt. För att närmare förstå utvecklingen har tre nationalekonomer studerat balansen mellan könen i inkomstfördelningens topp sedan mitten av 1970-talet. Bilden som framträder är på många sätt positiv. Till exempel så har kvinnors representation i inkomsttoppen stadigt ökat och mest har det ökat i den absoluta toppen. I mitten av 1970-talet var andelen kvinnor i hundradelen av befolkningen med de högsta inkomsterna bara 6 procent. I dag är den runt 18 procent.Fler kvinnor har höga arbetsinkomster. En annan tydlig förändring är att kvinnor i högre utsträckning hamnar i toppen till följd av sin inkomst från arbete snarare än från kapital. Andelen änkor i toppen har också minskat.Kvinnorna i toppen är ofta gifta med höginkomsttagare. Forskarna har också studerat familjeförhållanden hos kvinnor och män med de högsta inkomsterna. Här finner de att de flesta män i toppen av inkomstfördelningen är gifta medan detta bara gäller ungefär hälften av kvinnorna. Dessutom är en majoritet av männen i toppen gifta med någon som inte befinner sig i inkomsttoppen, medan situationen är den omvända för kvinnorna i toppen.En anledning till att det ser ut så kan enligt författarna vara att villkoren för män och kvinnor i toppen av inkomstfördelningen ser mycket olika ut när det gäller möjligheterna att kombinera karriär med familjeliv.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Boschini, Anne, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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The Constitutional Channels of the Resource Curse
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Meeting global challenges in research cooperation. - Uppsala : The Collegium for Development Studies, Uppsala Centre for Sustainable Development, Uppsala University. - 9789197574198 ; , s. 449-456
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 11. |
- Boschini, Anne, et al.
(författare)
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The Resource Curse and its Potential Reversal
- 2013
-
Ingår i: World Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0305-750X .- 1873-5991. ; 43, s. 19-41
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several recent papers suggest that the negative association between natural resource intensity and economic growth can be reversed if institutional quality is high enough. We try to understand this result in more detail by decomposing the resource measure, using alternative measures of both resources and institutions, and by studying different time periods. While an institutional reversal is present in many specifications, only ores and metals interacted with the ICRG measure of institutional quality consistently have a negative growth effect but a positive interaction that turns the curse around when institutions are good enough.
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| 12. |
- Boschini, Anne, et al.
(författare)
-
The Resource Curse and its Potential Reversal
- 2012
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Several recent papers suggest that the negative association between natural resource intensity and economic growth can be reversed if institutional quality is high enough. We try to understand this result in more detail by decomposing the resource measure, using alternative measures of both resources and institutions, and by studying different time periods. While an institutional reversal is present in many specifications, only ores and metals interacted with the ICRG measure of institutional quality consistently have a negative growth effect but a positive interaction that turns the curse around when institutions are good enough.
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| 13. |
- Boschini, Anne, et al.
(författare)
-
The share of women in top incomes
- 2020
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- While the rising income share of top earners has received enormous attention in recent years, the share of women at the top has not been examined as closely. This column analyses income tax data from Sweden, where taxes are filed individually regardless of marital status. It finds that while the share of women among the wealthiest groups has steadily increased over time, women remain a clear minority, especially at the very top. Unlike top-income men, top-income women are much more likely to have partners who are also in the top of the income distribution.
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| 14. |
- Boschini, Anne, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Unbundling the Resource Curse
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper decomposes the resource curse and its potential reversal in three important dimensions; type of resource, type of institutional measure, and time. Studying components of primary exports we find that the curse is (to various degrees) present for all components but that its possible reversal is mainly driven by the interaction between institutions and ores and metals. With respect to institutional measures results are similar for outcome based measures and more durable rules. Changing sample starting dates gives qualitatively similar results, despite the fact that there is great variability in the importance of resources over time. Finally, we address the issue of institutions being determined by our resource measures and conclude that some resources certainly seem to influence institutional development, but that this is unlikely to drive our results. Our results also hold when instrumenting institutional quality.
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| 15. |
- Boschini, Anna, et al.
(författare)
-
Women in Top Incomes : Evidence from Sweden 1974-2013
- 2018
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Using a large, register-based panel data set we study gender differences in top incomes in Sweden over the period 1974-2013. We find that, while women are still a minority of the top decile group, and make up a smaller share the higher up in the distribution we move, their presence has steadily increased in all top groups over the past four decades. Top income women are wealthier and rely more on capital incomes, but the difference, relative to men, has decreased since the 1970s. Over this period capital incomes have in general become more important in the top, but the share of working-rich women has gone up, while the opposite is true for men. Realized capital gains are more important for top income women but turn out to be of a more transitory nature than for men. Mobility is generally higher for top income women compared to top income men but the trend since the 1990s is toward increased gender equality in this respect too. Finally, we find important differences between top income women and men in terms of marital status and family composition. Overall, our results suggest that many of the findings in the top income literature have a clear gender component and that understanding gender equality in the top of the distribution requires studying not only earnings and labour market outcomes but also incomes from other sources.
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| 16. |
- Boschini, Anne, et al.
(författare)
-
Women in top incomes – Evidence from Sweden 1971–2017
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Journal of Public Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0047-2727 .- 1879-2316. ; 181
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using yearly register data on the full population of Sweden we study gender differences in top incomes, down to the top 0.01 percentile group, over the period 1971–2017. We find that, while women are still a minority of the top decile, and typically make up a smaller share the higher up in the distribution we move, their presence has steadily increased in all top groups over the past half-century. At the beginning of the period, top income women relied more on capital incomes, but the rise in the share of top women is not due to the growing importance of capital. Instead, women have increased their presence in the top by gains in the top of labour incomes, while top income men have captured most of the growth in capital incomes. Studying gender differences in observable characteristics we find small gender differences in some respects, convergence in others, but also some important remaining differences. Overall, our results suggest that many findings in the top income literature have a clear gender component and that understanding gender equality in the top of the distribution requires studying not only earnings and labour market outcomes but also incomes from other sources, as well as family circumstances.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Campa, Pamela, et al.
(författare)
-
Unemployment Inequality in the Pandemic: Evidence from Sweden
- 2021
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Using the full population of registered unemployed individuals in Sweden, we study the unequal labor market impact of Covid-19 depending on gender, wage, age, and country of birth. Also, having very detailed data on the occupation of the unemployed, we can study inequalities both across and within occupations. We find that two demographic factors are associated with higher unemployment in the pandemic: being young and being foreign-born. Gender, however, does not seem to play a big role in the Swedish context, likely due to both institutional factors and labor market structure, as well as policy measures such as not closing schools and day-care facilities. We also find a clear wage gradient with lower-paying jobs having higher unemployment risk. Our results confirm previous findings on the most vulnerable being hit the hardest, but at the same time emphasize the importance of country specific studies to understand the economic impacts of the pandemic.
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| 19. |
- Ellingsen, Tore, et al.
(författare)
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Sweden and the virus: What was the Swedish government's approach to the pandemic, and how was it received in Sweden?
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Sweden through the crisis. - Stockholm : Stockholm School of Economics Institute for Research. - 9789186797386 ; , s. 35-51
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this article, Tore Ellingsen and Jesper Roine discuss Sweden’s strategy of mitigation rather than suppression of the COVID-19 virus. They explore why this strategy was chosen and why the Swedish government has trusted experts at the Swedish Health Agency to formulate the overall strategy.
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| 20. |
- Ohlsson, Henry, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
-
Inherited wealth over the path of development : Sweden, 1810-2016
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Journal of the European Economic Association. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1542-4766 .- 1542-4774. ; 18:3, s. 1123-1157
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We estimate the importance of inherited wealth in Sweden over the past 200 years. Inheritance is measured both as the annual inheritance flow divided by national income and as the share of inherited wealth in all private wealth. In the 19th century, Sweden differs from France and the United Kingdom in having much lower inheritance-income flows, but at the same time exhibiting equally large shares of inherited wealth in total wealth. This pattern is in line with Sweden at the time being a poor country with low domestic capital accumulation, but at the same time exhibiting high economic growth rates. In the 20th century the importance of inheritance in relation to national income fell, but since the 1990s it has increased rapidly, today reaching almost the same levels as a century ago. The share of inherited wealth in total wealth has also fallen over time, but remains relatively low due to a rapid accumulation of new wealth. We study potential determinants and explanations, pointing especially to Swedish welfare-state institutions, and in particular to the development of an extensive public occupational pension system contributing to keeping private inheritance low.
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| 21. |
- Ohlsson, Henry, et al.
(författare)
-
Inherited wealth over the path of development: Sweden, 1810–2010
- 2014
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Inherited wealth has attracted much attention recently, much due to the research by Thomas Piketty (Piketty, 2011; 2014). The discussion has mainly revolved around a long-run contrast between Europe and the U.S., even though data on explicit historical inheritance flows are only really available for France and to some extent for the U.K. We study the long-run evolution of inherited wealth in Sweden over the past two hundred years. The trends in Sweden are similar to those in France and the U.K: beginning at a high level in the nineteenth century, falling sharply in the interwar era and staying low thereafter, but tending to increase in recent years. The levels, however, differ greatly. The Swedish flows were only half of those in France and the U.K. before 1900 and also much lower after 1980. The main reason for the low levels in the nineteenth century is that the capital-income ratio is much lower than in "Old Europe". In fact, the Swedish capital-income ratio was similar to that in the U.S., but the savings and growth rates were much lower in Sweden than in the U.S. Rap-id income growth following industrialization and increasing savings rates were also important fac-tors behind the development of the capital-income ratio and the inheritance flow during the twenti-eth century. The recent differences in inheritance flows have several potential explanations related to the Swedish welfare state and pension system. Sweden was "un-European" during the nineteenth century because the country was so poor, Sweden is "un-European" today because so much wealth formation has taken place within the welfare state and the occupational pension systems.
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| 22. |
- Ohlsson, Henry, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
-
Long-run changes in the concentration of wealth : An overview of recent findings
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Comparative Studies. - New York : Oxford University PressOxford. ; 33, s. 117-138, s. 42-63
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective of this study is to study the dynamics of the wealth distribution over the path of economic development. More specifically, this chapter is interested in distinguishing between changes that seem to be country specific and characteristics shared by all countries. A historical account of the evolution of the wealth distribution in developed countries is interesting in itself, but it can also hold implications for countries that are currently in an early stage of development or in transition. The data used originate from the taxation of wealth and estates.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Olofsgård, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Hur ska framtidens biståndsutvärdering utformas?
- 2012
-
Ingår i: FUF magasin.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Trots att resultat betonas alltmer har utvärderingskapaciteten inom biståndet minskat på grund av omstruktureringar och utvärderingsmyndigheten SADEVs tillkortakommande. Den förväntade nedläggningen av SADEV väcker angelägna frågor om den framtida utvärderingen av det svenska biståndet, skriver Anders Olofsgård och Jesper Roine.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Pettersson, Jan, et al.
(författare)
-
Resource Curse or not : A Question of Appropriability
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Economics. - : Wiley. - 0347-0520 .- 1467-9442. ; 109:3, s. 593-617
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Whether natural resources are good or bad for a country's development are shown to depend on the interaction between institutional setting and, crucially, the types of resources possessed by the country. Some natural resources are, for economical and technical reasons, more likely to cause problems such as rent-seeking and conflicts than others. This potential problem can, however, be countered by good institutional quality. In contrast to the traditional resource curse hypothesis, we show the impact of natural resources on economic growth to be non-monotonic in institutional quality, and increasingly so for certain types of resources. In particular, countries rich in minerals are cursed only if they have low-quality institutions, while the curse is reversed if institutions are sufficiently good. Furthermore, if countries are rich in diamonds and precious metals, these effects—both positive and negative—are larger.
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| 28. |
- Roine, Jesper
(författare)
-
A More Equal Europe: A Prerequisite or a Consequence of Increased Federalism?
- 2023
-
Ingår i: The EU between Federal Union and Flexible Integration. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783031223976 - 9783031223969 ; , s. 239-261
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter outlines what has happened to economic inequality in the European Union over the past decades. It does so from three different perspectives: (1) economic inequality in terms of differences in average incomes between EU countries, (2) economic inequality between citizens within the respective EU countries, and (3) economic inequality between all citizens of the EU. The different perspectives and their respective developments over time illustrate the importance of keeping track of all these different levels. With respect to questions concerning further integration or steps toward a more federal union some argue that these are necessary to achieve goals on social cohesion, while others instead argue that further integration is not possible due to inequalities being too large. The chapter concludes with a discussion about the impossibility of making progress on these issues without being clear on the different levels and perspectives on economic inequality outlined in the chapter.
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| 29. |
- Roine, Jesper, et al.
(författare)
-
Common trends and shocks to top incomes : a structural breaks approach
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Review of Economics and Statistics. - : Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press (MIT Press): Economics Titles. - 0034-6535 .- 1530-9142. ; 93:3, s. 832-846
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use newly compiled top income data and structural breaks techniques to estimate common trends and breaks in inequality across countries over the twentieth century. Our results both confirm earlier findings and offer new insights. In particular, the division into an Anglo-Saxon and a Continental European experience is not as clear-cut as previously suggested. Some Continental European countries seem to have, experienced increases in top income shares, just as Anglo-Saxon countries have, but typically with a lag. Most notably, Nordic countries display a marked Anglo-Saxon pattern, with sharply increased top income shares, especially when including realized capital gains. Our results help inform theories about the causes of the recent rise in inequality.
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| 30. |
- Roine, Jesper
(författare)
-
Downsian Competition When No Policy is Unbeatable
- 2006
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Game Theory. - : Physica-Verlag Gmbh & Co. - 1432-1270 .- 0020-7276. ; 34:2, s. 273-284
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies two-party electoral competition in a setting where no policy is unbeatable. It is shown that if parties take turns in choosing policy platforms and observe eachother's choices, for one party to change position so as to win is pointless since the other party never accepts an outcome where it is sure to loose. If there is any cost to changing platform, the prediction is that the game ends in the first period with the parties converging on whatever platform the incumbent chooses. If, however, there is a slight chance of a small mistake, the incumbent does best in choosing a local equilibrium platform. This suggests that local equilibrium policies can be the predicted outcome even if the voting process is not myopic in any way.
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| 31. |
- Roine, Jesper
(författare)
-
Inkomstfördelning
- 2018. - 6th
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Ingår i: Tillämpad makroekonomi. - : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144125299 ; , s. 139-156
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 32. |
- Roine, Jesper, et al.
(författare)
-
Long run trends in the distribution of income and wealth
- 2014
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper reviews the long run developments in the distribution of personal income and wealth. It also discusses suggested explanations for the observed patterns. We try to answer questions such as: What do we know, and how do we know, about the distribution of income and wealth over time? Are there common trends across countries or over the path of development? How do the facts relate to proposed theories about changes in inequality? We present the main inequality trends, in some cases starting as early as in the late eighteenth century, combining previous research with recent findings in the so-called top income literature and new evidence on wealth concentration. The picture that emerges shows that inequality was historically high almost everywhere at the beginning of the twentieth century. In some countries this situation was preceded by increasing concentration, but in most cases inequality seems to have been relatively constant at a high level in the nineteenth century. Over the twentieth century inequality decreased almost everywhere for the first 80 years, largely due to decreasing wealth concentration and decreasing capital incomes in the top of the distribution. Thereafter trends are more divergent across countries and also different across income and wealth distributions. Econometric evidence over the long run suggests that top shares increase in periods of above average growth while democracy and high marginal tax rates are associated with lower top shares.
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| 33. |
- Roine, Jesper, et al.
(författare)
-
On the Role of Capital Gains in Swedish Income Inequality
- 2011
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Realized capital gains are typically disregarded in the study of income inequality. We show that in the case of Sweden this severely underestimates the actual increase in inequality and, in particular, top income shares during recent decades. Using micro panel data to average incomes over longer periods and re-rank individuals according to income excluding capital gains, we show that capital gains indeed are a reoccurring addition to rather than a transitory component in top incomes. Doing the same for lower income groups, however, makes virtually no difference. We also try to find the roots of the recent surge in capital gains-driven inequality in Sweden since the 1980s. While there are no evident changes in terms of who earns these gains (high wage earners vs. top capital income earners), the primary driver instead seems to be the drastic asset price increases on the post-1980 deregulated financial markets.
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| 34. |
- Roine, Jesper, et al.
(författare)
-
On the Role of Capital Gains in Swedish Income Inequality
- 2011
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Realized capital gains are typically disregarded in the study of income inequality. We showthat in the case of Sweden this severely underestimates the actual increase in inequalityand, in particular, top income shares during recent decades. Using micro panel data to averageincomes over longer periods and re-rank individuals according to income excludingcapital gains, we show that capital gains indeed are a reoccurring addition to rather than atransitory component in top incomes. Doing the same for lower income groups, however,makes virtually no difference. We also try to find the roots of the recent surge in capitalgains-driven inequality in Sweden since the 1980s. While there are no evident changes interms of who earns these gains (high wage earners vs. top capital income earners), the primarydriver instead seems to be the drastic asset price increases on the post-1980 deregulatedfinancial markets.
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| 35. |
- Roine, Jesper
(författare)
-
Pocket Piketty
- 2017
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 36. |
- Roine, Jesper
(författare)
-
Rysslands ekonomiska framtid
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Tidskriften Essä. - : Tidskriften Essä. - 2002-9853. - 9789198753530 ; , s. 48-62
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 37. |
- Roine, Jesper, et al.
(författare)
-
The long-run determinants of inequality : What can we learn from top income data?
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Journal of Public Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0047-2727 .- 1879-2316. ; 93:08-jul, s. 974-988
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies determinants of income inequality using a newly assembled panel of 16 countries over the entire twentieth century. We focus on three groups of income earners: the rich (P99-100), the upper middle class (P90-99), and the rest of the population (P0-90). The results show that periods of high economic growth disproportionately increases the top percentile income share at the expense of the rest of the top decile. Financial development is also pro-rich and the outbreak of banking crises is associated with reduced income shares of the rich. Trade openness has no clear distributional impact (if anything openness reduces top shares). Government spending, however, is negative for the upper middle class and positive for the nine lowest deciles but does not seem to affect the rich. Finally, tax progressivity reduces top income shares and when accounting for real dynamic effects the impact can be important over time.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Roine, Jesper, et al.
(författare)
-
Unequal Labour Market Impacts of COVID-19 in Sweden — But Not Between Women and Men
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Intereconomics. - : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 1613-964X .- 0020-5346. ; 56:5, s. 264-269
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the COVID-19 pandemic hit the world economy in the beginning of 2020, concerns were soon raised about potentially increasing inequality in many dimensions. With respect to gender differences, an early study by Alon et al. (2020) pointed to a number of reasons why the pandemic recession, unlike traditional ones, may become more severe for women. Subsequent studies have found mixed evidence. On the one hand, based on survey data from the UK and the US (Adams-Prassl et al., 2020), and based on administrative data from the US (Cajner et al., 2020), negative labour market outcomes have indeed been worse for women. On the other hand, Adams-Prasslet al. (2020) found no evidence of unequal impacts by gender in Germany, nor was it the case in Italy according to Casarico and Lattanzio (2020). At present, it does appear that the effects, on average, disadvantage women, however, labour market outcomes by gender vary across countries (see e.g. Hupkau and Petrongolo, 2020; Bluedorn et al., 2021; and Alon et al., 2021).
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Sikström, Sverker P., et al.
(författare)
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Accepting the Process, Rejecting the Outcome : A Fairness Paradox in Judging Wealth Distributions
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- How wealth accumulates following investments is a fundamental process in our society, as is people’s understanding and acceptance of such processes. We show a fairness paradox, where people view an underlying wealth accumulation process as fair, but the outcome from it as completely unfair. This suggests that people misjudge how wealth accumulation works, and that they may be lured into accepting unfair outcomes based on premises they view as fair, but do not understand the consequences of.
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| 43. |
- Steiner, Thorsten, et al.
(författare)
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European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Stroke. - : SAGE Publications. - 1747-4949 .- 1747-4930. ; 9:7, s. 840-855
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundIntracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounted for 9% to 27% of all strokes worldwide in the last decade, with high early case fatality and poor functional outcome. In view of recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of the management of ICH, the European Stroke Organisation (ESO) has updated its evidence-based guidelines for the management of ICH. MethodA multidisciplinary writing committee of 24 researchers from 11 European countries identified 20 questions relating to ICH management and created recommendations based on the evidence in RCTs using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. ResultsWe found moderate- to high-quality evidence to support strong recommendations for managing patients with acute ICH on an acute stroke unit, avoiding hemostatic therapy for acute ICH not associated with antithrombotic drug use, avoiding graduated compression stockings, using intermittent pneumatic compression in immobile patients, and using blood pressure lowering for secondary prevention. We found moderate-quality evidence to support weak recommendations for intensive lowering of systolic blood pressure to <140mmHg within six-hours of ICH onset, early surgery for patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score 9-12, and avoidance of corticosteroids. ConclusionThese guidelines inform the management of ICH based on evidence for the effects of treatments in RCTs. Outcome after ICH remains poor, prioritizing further RCTs of interventions to improve outcome.
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| 44. |
- van der Worp, H. Bart, et al.
(författare)
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EuroHYP-1: European multicenter, randomized, phase III clinical trial of therapeutic hypothermia plus best medical treatment vs. best medical treatment alone for acute ischemic stroke
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Stroke. - : SAGE Publications. - 1747-4949 .- 1747-4930. ; 9:5, s. 642-645
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rationale Cooling reduced infarct size and improved neurological outcomes in animal studies modeling ischemic stroke, and also improved outcome in randomized clinical trials in patients with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury after cardiac arrest. Cooling awake patients with ischemic stroke has been shown feasible in phase II clinical trials. Primary aim To determine whether systemic cooling to a target body temperature between 34 center dot 0 and 35 center dot 0 degrees C, started within six-hours of symptom onset and maintained for 24h, improves functional outcome at three-months in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Design International, multicenter, phase III, randomized, open-label clinical trial with blinded outcome assessment in 1500 patients aged 18 years or older with acute ischemic stroke and a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 6 up to and including 18. In patients randomized to hypothermia, cooling to a target body temperature of 34-35 degrees C will be started within six-hours after symptom onset with rapid intravenous infusion of refrigerated normal saline or a surface cooling technique and maintained for 24h with a surface or endovascular technique. Patients randomized to hypothermia will receive pethidine and buspirone to prevent shivering and discomfort. Primary outcome Score on the modified Rankin Scale at 91 days, as analyzed with ordinal logistic regression and expressed as a common odds ratio. Discussion With 750 patients per intervention group, this trial has 90% power to detect 7% absolute improvement at the 5% significance level. The full trial protocol is available at http://www.eurohyp1.eu. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01833312.
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| 45. |
- Waldenström, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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The evolution of top incomes in an egalitarian society: Sweden, 1903-2004
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Public Economics. - : Elsevier: 24 months. - 0047-2727. ; 92:1-2, s. 366-387
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study presents new homogenous series of top income shares in Sweden over the period 1903–2004. We find that, starting from levels of inequality approximately equal to those in other Western countries at the time, the income share of the Swedish top decile drops sharply over the first eighty years of the twentieth century. Most of the decrease takes place before the expansion of the welfare state and by 1950 Swedish top income shares were already lower than in other countries. The fall is almost entirely due to a dramatic drop in the top percentile explained mostly by decreases in capital income, while the lower half of the top decile – consisting mainly of wage earners – experiences virtually no change over this period. In the past decades top income shares evolve very differently depending on whether capital gains are included or not. When included, Sweden's experience resembles that in the U.S. and the U.K. with sharp increases in top incomes. Excluding capital gains, Sweden looks more like the continental European countries where top income shares have remained relatively constant. A possible interpretation of our results is that Sweden over the past 20 years has become a country where it is more important to make the right financial investments than to earn a lot to become rich.
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| 46. |
- Waldenström, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Wealth concentration over the path of development : Sweden, 1873-2006
- 2009
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Economics. - : Wiley. - 1467-9442 .- 0347-0520. ; 111:1, s. 151-187
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study wealth concentration in Sweden over 130 years, from the beginning of industrialization until the present day. Our series are based on new evidence from estate and wealth tax data, foreign and domestic family firm-wealth, and pension wealth estimates. We find that Swedish wealth concentration was high in the agrarian state, and changed little during early industrialization. From World War I until about 1950, the richest percentile lost ground to high-income earners in the rest of the top-wealth decile. This equalization continued postwar; the entire top decile lost-out relative to the rest of the population. Around 1980, wealth compression stopped and inequality increased. We approximate the effects of international flows and find that the recent increase in wealth inequality is probably larger than what official estimates suggest.
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