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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Åslund, Olof, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Do When and Where Matter? : Initial Labor Market Conditions and Immigrant Earnings
- 2007
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Ingår i: Economic Journal. - : Wiley Blackwell. - 0013-0133 .- 1468-0297. ; 117:518, s. 422-448
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article investigates the long-term effects on immigrant earnings and employment of labour market conditions encountered upon arrival. We find that early earnings assimilation depends crucially on a favourable national labour market. Exposure to high local unemployment rates also affects individuals for at least ten years. To handle the issue of selective migration, we compare refugees entering Sweden during a severe and unexpected recession to refugees arriving during a preceding economic boom. The analysis of effects at the local level exploits a governmental refugee settlement policy to get exogenous variation in local labour market conditions.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Åslund, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Shifts in attitudes and labor market discrimination: Swedish experiences after 9-11
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Population Economics. - : Springer-Verlag. - 0933-1433 .- 1432-1475. ; 18:4, s. 603-629
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present longitudinal survey data suggesting that the terrorist attacks in the USA on September 11, 2001, changed attitudes toward certain minorities in Sweden. This finding is consistent with results in previous studies. To investigate whether this change in attitudes also affected the labor market situation of these minorities, we study unemployment exit around 9-11 using detailed data on the entire Swedish working-age population. Contrary to what may be expected from many theories of labor market discrimination, the time pattern of exits and entries for different ethnic groups, as well as difference-in-differences analyses, shows no sign of increased discrimination toward these minorities. A possible explanation for this result is that employers act rationally in their hiring decisions and do not respond to changes in attitudes toward immigrants as a group.
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| 11. |
- Agerström, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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Ethnicity and obesity: Evidence of automatic work performance stereotypes in Sweden
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Using the Implicit Association Test, we investigate whether employers and students possess implicit and explicit negative attitudes and implicit perform-ance stereotypes toward Arab-Muslim men relative to native Swedish men. We also examine if employers and students have implicit and explicit performance stereotypes toward obese individuals relative to people of normal weight. The results demonstrate that employers and students both implicitly and explicitly associate Arab-Muslim men with less work performance. Also, they have more implicit negative attitudes toward this ethnic group. Obese individuals are both implicitly and explicitly associated with less work performance compared with normal-weight individuals.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Agerström, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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Etnicitet och övervikt: implicita arbetsrelaterade fördomar i Sverige
- 2007
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Särbehandling i anställningsprocessen av specifika grupper, såsom personer med en bakgrund i Mellanöstern och överviktiga, har traditionellt ansetts bero på ett medvetet val från arbetsgivarens sida. Forskning inom social kognition tyder dock på att denna särbehandling skulle kunna ske omedvetet, påverkat av arbetsgivarens omedvetna (implicita) fördomar. I den här studien har studenter och arbetsgivare genomfört tre olika implicita associationstester i syfte att mäta deras implicita attityder och prestationsstereotyper gentemot arabmuslimska män relativt infödda svenska män och deras implicita prestationsstereotyper gentemot överviktiga relativt normalviktiga. Resultaten visar att studenter och arbetsgivare på implicit nivå associerar arabmuslimska män och överviktiga med lägre prestation jämfört med infödda svenska män och normalviktiga män, samt har en mer negativ implicit attityd gentemot arabmuslimska män jämfört med infödda svenska män.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Agerström, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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Warm and competent Hassan = Cold and incompetent Eric: A Harsh equation of real-life hiring discrimination
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Little is known about how individuating information about job applicants influences ethnic discrimination. In the present field experiment, we sent out 5,636 job applications varying how Swedish (in-group) and Arab (out-group) applicants presented themselves in terms of two fundamental dimensions of social judgment: warmth and competence. Results indicate substantial discrimination where Arab applicants receive fewer invitations to job interviews. Furthermore, conveying a warmer or more competent personality increases invitations. However, appearing both warm and competent seems to be especially important for Arab applicants. In conclusion, the results show that Arab applicants need to appear warmer and more competent than Swedish applicants to be invited equally often. The practical importance of signaling warmth and competence in labor market contexts is discussed.
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| 19. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Warm and competent Hassan = cold and incompetent Eric: A harsh equation of real-life hiring discrimination
- 2012
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Ingår i: Basic and Applied Social Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1532-4834 .- 0197-3533. ; 34:4, s. 359-366
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a field experiment, we sent out 5,636 job applications varying how Swedish (in-group) and Arab (out-group) applicants presented themselves in terms of two fundamental dimensions of social judgment: warmth and competence. Results indicate substantial discrimination where Arab applicants receive fewer invitations to job interviews. Conveying a warmer or more competent personality increases invitations. However, appearing both warm and competent seems to be especially important for Arab applicants. Arab applicants need to appear warmer and more competent than Swedish applicants to be invited equally often. The practical importance of signaling warmth and competence in labor market contexts is discussed.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Amin, Vikesh, et al.
(författare)
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The intergenerational transmission of schooling : Are mothers really less important than fathers?
- 2015
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Ingår i: Economics of Education Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0272-7757 .- 1873-7382. ; 47, s. 100-117
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a "puzzle" in the literature on the intergenerational transmission of schooling, where twin studies emphasize the importance of fathers' schooling, whereas IV-studies often emphasize the importance of mothers. We provide new evidence on this "puzzle" using register based Swedish data on the largest sample of twins used so far in the literature. In contrast to previous twin studies, our results confirm the importance of mothers' schooling. We also provide the first twin-based evidence of possible role model effects, where our estimates suggest that mother's schooling matters more than father's schooling for daughters schooling. One additional year of mothers' schooling raises daughter's schooling by a tenth of a year, which is similar to some of the previous IV-based estimates in the literature. Finally, we bring in new US twin data that for the first time allows a replication of previous twin-based estimates of the intergenerational transmission of schooling in the US. The results show no statistically significant effect of mothers' and fathers' schooling on children's schooling. Our results have implications for assessing the efficiency of policies that subsidize the schooling of men and women and are in contrast to most previous findings in the twin literature. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 23. |
- Amin, Vikesh, et al.
(författare)
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The intergenerational transmission of schooling : are mothers really less important than fathers?
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There is a “puzzle” in the literature on the intergenerational transmission of schooling, where twin studies emphasize the importance of fathers’ schooling, whereas IV-studies often emphasize the importance of mothers. We provide new evidence on this “puzzle” using register based Swedish data on the largest sample of twins used so far in the literature. In contrast to previous twin studies, our results confirm the importance of mothers’ schooling. We also provide the first twin-based evidence of role model effects, where our estimates suggest that only mother's schooling matters when allowing the effects to differ between sons and daughters. One additional year of mothers’ schooling raises daughter’s schooling by a tenth of a year, which is similar to some of the previous IV-based estimates in the literature. Finally, we bring in new US twin data that for the first time allow a replication of previous twin-based estimates of the intergenerational transmission of schooling in the US. The results show that that mothers’ and fathers’ schooling has no effect on children’s schooling in the US. Our results have implications for assessing the efficiency of policies that subsidize the schooling of men and women and are in contrast to most previous findings in the twin literature.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Bharadwaj, Prashant, et al.
(författare)
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Birth weight and vulnerability to a macroeconomic crisis
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 66, s. 136-144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper shows that early-life health is an important determinant of labor market vulnerability during macroeconomic downturns. Using data on twins during Sweden's crisis of the early 1990s, we show that individuals with higher birth weight are differentially less likely to receive unemployment insurance benefits after the crisis as compared to before it, and that this effect is concentrated among workers in the private sector. While differences in early-life health thus lead to increased inequality in employment outcomes, we also find that there is no differential effect of birth weight on total income after the crisis. This suggests that in the context of Sweden, the social safety net is able to mitigate the effects of early-life health on labor market outcomes during economic downturns.
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| 26. |
- Bharadwaj, Prashant, et al.
(författare)
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Birth Weight in the Long Run
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Journal of human resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 53:1, s. 189-231
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the effect of birth weight on long-run outcomes using data on Swedish twins born between 1926 and 1958 linked to administrative records spanning entire life-time labor market histories. We find that birth weight positively affects permanent income and income across large parts of the lifecycle. The timing of the birth weight–income relationship is in line with the role of birth weight in determining takeup of sickness benefits and morbidity. The effect of birth weight on labor market outcomes even for cohorts born 30 years apart are similar; for short run health outcomes, birth weight plays a decreasing role over time.
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| 27. |
- Böhlmark, Anders, 1973-
(författare)
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School Reform, Educational Achievement and Lifetime Income : Essays in Empirical Labor Economics
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Impact of School Choice on Pupil Achievement, Segregation and Costs: Swedish Evidence. This paper evaluates school choice at the compulsory school level. We estimate the impact of an increased enrolment in private schools on average achievement using within-municipality variation over time. We find positive effects, shown to be the sum of a (small) private school attendance effect and a competition effect. We also find effects on segregation and costs.Age at Immigration and School Performance: A Siblings Analysis Using Swedish Register Data. This paper analyzes the role of age at immigration for the school performance gap between native and immigrant pupils by exploiting within-family variation. The critical age is about nine, above which there is a strong negative impact on performance. The results are similar for boys and girls, but vary by region of origin. A comparison of sibling-difference and cross-sectional estimates reveals striking similarities. Integration of Childhood Immigrants in the Short and in the Long Run: Swedish Evidence. I study childhood immigrants at different stages in life in order to examine the role of age at immigration for educational and labor market outcomes. I find that childhood immigrants tend later to recover strongly in terms of educational achievement. Yet, the same individuals are on average found to be poorly integrated into the labor market. Life-Cycle Variations in the Association between Current and Lifetime Income: Replication and Extension for Sweden. We apply a generalized errors-in-variables model, recently developed by Steven Haider and Gary Solon, in order to produce estimates of the association between current and lifetime income. We find strong life-cycle patterns. This implies that the widespread use of current income as a proxy for lifetime income leads to inconsistent estimates even when the proxy is used as the dependent variable. We find country similarities, but gender and cohort differences.
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| 28. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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An Experimental Study of Sex Segregation in the Swedish Labor Market – Is Discrimination the Explanation?
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- This paper studies whether sex discrimination is the cause of sex segregation in the Swedish labor market. The correspondence testing (CT) method was used, which entails two qualitatively identical applications, one with a female name and one with a male name, being sent to employers advertising for labor. The results show that, on average, females have a somewhat higher callback rate to interview in female-dominated occupations, while in male-dominated occupations there is no evidence of any difference. This suggests that the bulk of the sex segregation prevailing in the Swedish labor market cannot be explained by discrimination in hiring. Instead, the explanation is likely to be found on the supply side.
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| 29. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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An Experimental Study of Sex Segregation in the Swedish Labour Market : Is Discrimination the Explanation?
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper studies whether sex discrimination is the cause of sex segregation in the Swedish labour market. The correspondence testing (CT) method was used, which entails two qualitatively identical applications, one with a female name and one with a male name, being sent to employers advertising for labour. The results show that females have a somewhat higher callback rate to interview in female-dominated occupations, while in male-dominated occupations there is no evidence of any difference. The conclusion is that the sex segregation prevailing in the Swedish labour market cannot be explained by discrimination in hiring. Instead, the explanation must be found on the supply side.
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| 30. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Artifactual evidence of discrimination in correspondence studies? : A replication of the Neumark method
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The advocates of correspondence testing (CT) argue that it provide the most clear and convincing evidence of discrimination. The common view is that the standard CT can identify what is typically defined as discrimination in a legal sense – what we label total discrimination in the current study –, although it cannot separate between preferences and statistical discrimination. However, Heckman and Siegelman (1993) convincingly show that audit and correspondence studies can obtain biased estimates of total discrimination – in any direction – if employers evaluate applications according to some threshold level of productivity. This issue has essentially been ignored in the empirical literature on CT experiments until the appearance of the methodology proposed by Neumark (2012). He shows that with the right data and an identifying assumption, with testable predictions, this method can identify total discrimination. In the current paper we use this new method to reexamine a number of already published correspondence studies to investigate if their estimate of total discrimination is affected by group differences in variances of unobservable characteristics. We also aim at improving the general understanding of to what extent the standardization level of job applications is an issue in empirical work. We find that the standardization level of the job applications being set by the experimenter appear to be a general issue in correspondence studies which must be taken seriously
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| 31. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Backlash in attitudes after the election of extreme political parties
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Far-right and far-left parties by definition occupy the fringes of politics, with policy proposals outside the mainstream. This paper asks how public attitudes about such policies respond once an extreme party increases their political representation at the local level. We study attitudes towards the signature policies of two radical populist parties in Sweden, one from the right and one from the left, using panel data from 290 municipal election districts. To identify causal effects, we take advantage of large nonlinearities in the function which assigns council seats, comparing otherwise similar elections where a party either barely wins or loses an additional seat. We estimate that a one seat increase for the far-right, anti-immigration party decreases negative attitudes towards immigration by 4.1 percentage points, in opposition to the party’s policy position. Likewise, when a far-left, anti-capitalist party politician gets elected, support for a six hour workday falls by 2.7 percentage points. Mirroring these attitudinal changes, the far-right and far-left parties have no incumbency advantage in the next election. Exploring possible mechanisms, we find evidence that when the anti-immigrant party wins a marginal seat, they experience higher levels of politician turnover before the next election and receive negative coverage in local newspapers. These findings demonstrate that political representation can cause an attitudinal backlash as fringe parties and their ideas are placed under closer scrutiny.
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| 32. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Backlash in policy attitudes after the election of an extreme political party
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Public Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0047-2727 .- 1879-2316. ; 204
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies how public attitudes towards reduced immigration, the signature policy of the far right Sweden Democrats, respond once the party increases their political representation at the local level. To identify causal effects, we use panel data from 290 municipal election districts and compare otherwise similar elections where the Sweden Democrats either barely win or lose an additional seat. We estimate that a one seat increase for this far-right, anti-immigration party decreases negative attitudes towards immigration by 1.8 or 4.1 percentage points (depending on which national survey we use), contrary to the party's policy position. Consistent with these attitudinal changes, we find suggestive evidence the Sweden Democrats lose the incumbency advantage experienced by other small parties in Sweden. Exploring possible mechanisms, we find evidence for higher politician turnover and a rise in negative newspaper coverage. These findings demonstrate that political representation can cause an attitudinal backlash as a fringe party and their ideas are placed under closer scrutiny.
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| 33. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Can media attention about tests of ethnic discrimination change the employers’ behaviour?
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Situation testing is used to investigate whether employers discriminate when hiring. This study analyzes whether authorities can implement such situation tests to hinder ethnic discrimination and enforce anti-discrimination legislation more effectively by taking advantage of the opportunities provided by news media coverage. To this end, we use unique data that relates an exogenous shock, in the form of extensive media coverage of situation testing conducted in the labor market, to data on employers´ actual discriminatory behavior collected in two situation-testing field experiments. The media coverage, which luckily occurred in the middle of these experiments, and implementation of a difference-in-difference methodology make a causal interpretation of the results possible. Based on previous studies that have shown how the news media can affect economic outcomes, the hypothesis here is that such information, as the news media provided in this case, leads to a decline in the degree of discrimination in the labor market. However, the results reveal no sign of employers changing their hiring practices after the media coverage.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Do politicians change public attitudes?
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A large theoretical and empirical literature explores whether politicians and political parties change their policy positions in response to voters’ preferences. This paper asks the opposite question: do political parties affect public attitudes on important policy issues? Problems of reverse causality and omitted variable bias make this a difficult question to answer empirically. We study attitudes towards nuclear energy and immigration in Sweden using panel data from 290 municipal election areas. To identify causal effects, we take advantage of large nonlinearities in the function which assigns council seats, comparing otherwise similar elections where one party either barely wins or loses an additional seat. We estimate that a one seat increase for the anti-nuclear party reduces support for nuclear energy in that municipality by 18%. In contrast, when an anti-immigration politician gets elected, negative attitudes towards immigration decrease by 7%, which is opposite the party’s policy position. Consistent with the estimated changes in attitudes, the anti-nuclear party receives more votes in the next election after gaining a seat, while the anti-immigrant party experiences no such incumbency advantage. The rise of the anti-immigration party is recent enough to permit an exploration of possible mechanisms using several ancillary data sources. We find causal evidence that gaining an extra seat draws in lower quality politicians, reduces negotiated refugee quotas, and increases negative newspaper coverage of the anti-immigrant party at the local level. Our finding that politicians can shape public attitudes has important implications for the theory and estimation of how voter preferences enter into electoral and political economy models.
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| 36. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Does labor market tightness affect ethnic discrimination in hiring?
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this study, we investigate whether ethnic discrimination depends on labor market tightness. While ranking models predict a negative relationship, the prediction of screening models is ambiguous about the direction of the relationship. Thus, the direction of the relationship is purely an empirical issue. We utilize three (but combine into two) correspondence studies of the Swedish labor market and two distinctly different measures of labor market tightness. These different measures produce very similar results, showing that a one percent increase in labor market tightness increases ethnic discrimination in hiring by 0.5- 0.7 percent, which is consistent with a screening model. This result stands in sharp contrast to the only previous study on this matter, Baert et al. (forthcoming), which finds evidence that supports a ranking model.
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| 37. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Does the design of correspondence studies influence the measurement of discrimination?
- 2014
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Ingår i: IZA Journal of Migration. - : Springer. - 2193-9039. ; 3:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Correspondence studies can identify the extent of discrimination in hiring as typically defined by the law, which includes discrimination against ethnic minorities and females. However, as Heckman and Siegelman (1993) show, if employers act upon a group difference in the variance of unobserved variables, this measure of discrimination may not be very informative. This issue has essentially been ignored in the empirical literature until the recent methodological development by Neumark (2012). We apply Neumark’s method to a number of already published correspondence studies. We find the Heckman and Siegelman critique relevant for empirical work and give suggestions on how future correspondence studies may address this critique.
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| 38. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Employer attitudes, the marginal employer and the ethnic wage gap
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ethnic minorities have lower wages compared to the ethnic majority in most EU-countries. However, to what extent these wage gaps are the result of prejudice toward ethnic minority workers is virtually unknown. This study sets out to examine what role prejudice play in the creation of the ethnic wage gap in one of Europe's most egalitarian countries, Sweden. The analysis takes into account the important distinction between average employer attitudes and the attitude of the marginal employer. Our results confirm that the attitudes of the marginal employer – but not those of the average employer – are important for the ethnic wage gap. This relationship becomes even stronger when potential measurement error and other forms of endogeneity are accounted for by controlling for a rich set of variables and implementing instrumental variable techniques.
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| 39. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Employer Attitudes, the Marginal Employer, and the Ethnic Wage Gap
- 2016
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Ingår i: Industrial & labor relations review. - : Sage Publications. - 0019-7939 .- 2162-271X. ; 69:1, s. 227-252
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In most EU countries, ethnic minorities have lower wages than does the ethnic majority. To what extent these wage gaps are the result of prejudice toward ethnic minority workers is virtually unknown. The authors examine the role that prejudice plays in the creation of the ethnic wage gap in one of Europe’s most egalitarian countries, Sweden. The analysis takes into account the important distinction between average employer attitudes and the attitude of the marginal employer (the attitude of the most prejudiced employer hiring the ethnic minority). Results confirm that the attitudes of the marginal employer—but not those of the average employer—are important for explaining the ethnic wage gap.
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| 40. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-
(författare)
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Essays on Discrimination in Hiring
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of four self-contained essays on discrimination in hiring. Essay I (co-authored with Dan-Olof Rooth) present evidence of ethnic discrimination in the recruitment process by sending fictitious applications to real job openings. Applications with identical skills were randomly assigned Middle Eastern or Swedish-sounding names and applications with a Swedish name receive fifty percent more callbacks for an interview. We extend previous analyses by adding register and interview information on firms/recruiters to the experimental data. We find that male recruiters and workplaces with fewer than twenty employees less often call applications with a Middle Eastern name for an interview. Essay II extends previous field experiments that study ethnic discrimination in the labour market by comparing discrimination of first and second generation immigrants from the same ethnic group. Qualitatively identical resumes, belonging to first and second generation immigrants from the Middle East, were sent to employers in Sweden that had advertised for labour. The findings suggest, somewhat unexpectedly, that first and second generation immigrants have essentially the same probability of being invited to a job interview, which in turn is significantly lower than the probability of invitation to interview for natives. Accordingly, the factor leading to discrimination in employers responses appears to be ethnicity per se and not an applicant’s country of birth, foreign mother-tongue, and foreign education. Essay III (co-authored with Dan-Olof Rooth) utilizes the extensive media coverage that occurred when the data collection of essay I and II were only halfway finished. This informed the employers that their hiring practices were being monitored by such situation testing. These unique events and the data from the situation tests are utilized to perform a difference-in-differences analysis of whether discrimination decreased after the media coverage. The results reveal no sign that employers changed their hiring practices after they became aware of the risk of being included in such a situation test. The policy implication of this relates to the fact that EU countries vary in the extent to which they allow situation test results to constitute evidence of ethnic discrimination in court. Our results suggest that the detection risk alone is not sufficient, but must be combined with some penalty to become effective, if authorities wish to use situation testing as a discrimination prevention strategy. Essay IV studies whether sex discrimination is the cause of sex segregation in the Swedish labor market. The correspondence testing (CT) method was used, which entails two qualitatively identical applications, one with a female name and one with a male name, being sent to employers advertising for labor. The results show that, on average, females have a somewhat higher callback rate to interview in female-dominated occupations, while in male-dominated occupations there is no evidence of any difference. This suggests that the bulk of the sex segregation prevailing in the Swedish labor market cannot be explained by discrimination in hiring. Instead, the explanation is likely to be found on the supply side.
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| 41. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Ethnic discrimination in hiring, labour market tightness and the business cycle : evidence from field experiments
- 2018
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Ingår i: Applied Economics. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0003-6846 .- 1466-4283. ; 50:24, s. 2652-2663
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several studies using observational data suggest that ethnic discrimination increases in downturns of the economy. We investigate whether ethnic discrimination depends on labour market tightness using data from correspondence studies. We utilize three correspondence studies of the Swedish labour market and two different measures of labour market tightness. These two measures produce qualitatively similar results, and, opposite to the observational studies, suggest that ethnic discrimination in hiring decreases in downturns of the economy.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Evidence of ethnic discrimination in the Swedish labor market using experimental data
- 2007
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Ingår i: Labour Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0927-5371 .- 1879-1034. ; 14:4, s. 716-729
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present evidence of ethnic discrimination in the recruitment process by sending fictitious applications to real job openings. Applications with identical skills were randomly assigned Middle Eastern or Swedish-sounding names and applications with a Swedish name receive fifty percent more callbacks for an interview. We extend previous analyses by adding register and interview information on firms/recruiters to the experimental data. We find that male recruiters and workplaces with fewer than twenty employees less often call applications with a Middle Eastern name for an interview.
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| 44. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Explaining the gender wage gap among recent college graduates : pre-labour market factors or empolyer discrimination?
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We investigate the gender wage gap upon labor market entry among recent college graduates in Sweden and find a raw male-female wage gap of 12 percent. After adding controls for pre-labor market factors, only a gap of approximately 2.9 percent remains. Hence, pre-labor market factors, and especially the type of college major, explain the bulk of the initial gender wage gap, and there is little that can be attributed to employer discrimination. However, given the high minimum wages in the Swedish labor market discrimination may not be apparent in wages. Instead, employers may discriminate against women in hiring. Using data from a hiring experiment, we do not find any evidence of this. On the contrary, female job applicants tend to be preferred over male job applicants.
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| 45. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying preference-based employer discrimination : a field experiment
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The standard correspondence testing experiment does not identify whether employer prejudice, as opposed to statistical discrimination, drives discriminatory behavior when hiring. This article proposes a new methodology using geographic variation to explore the link between employer attitudes toward ethnic minorities and the ethnic difference in callbacks for a job interview. Using already existing Swedish data we find that a randomly selected employer is more likely to discriminate against a minority job applicant in regions where the average employer has more negative attitudes.
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| 46. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Is It Your Foreign Name or Foreign Qualifications? An Experimental Study of Ethnic Discrimination in Hiring
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper contribute to the existing literature on ethnic discrimination of immigrants in hiring by addressing the central question of what employers act on in a job application. The method involved sending qualitatively identical resumes signalling belonging to different ethnic groups to firms advertising for labour. The results show that whether the applicant has a native sounding or a foreign sounding name explains approximately 77 per cent of the total gap in the probability of being invited to an interview between natives and immigrants, while having foreign qualifications only explains the remaining 23 per cent. This in turn, suggests a lower bound for statistical discrimination of approximately 23 per cent of total discrimination. The analysis indicates further that the 77 per cent are most likely driven by a mixture of preference-based and statistical discrimination.
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| 47. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Job search methods and wages : are natives and immigrants different?
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Differences in job search behaviour and access to high quality informal networks may be an important reason why immigrants fare worse than natives in many European labour markets. In this study, we design and conduct a survey of newly hired workers in the Swedish labour market to analyse if there are ethnic differences in the choice of search intensity/methods and in the successful search method for finding the job. We also investigate if the wage and other characteristics of the new job differ depending on the search method resulting in a job. Our data includes very detailed information about the workers’ job search, their informal networks, and the characteristics of their new jobs.We find that immigrants use all search methods more than natives, but that they inparticular rely more on informal search. Moreover, we show that, for immigrants, the search method resulting in a job is more likely to be informal search through their relatives and friends. However, we also find that jobs obtained through this search channel are associated with lower wages.
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| 48. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Job search methods and wages : are natives and immigrants different?
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In many European labour markets, workers born outside Europe are less successful than natives. A potential explanation for these differences is ethnic differences in job search behaviour and access to high-quality informal networks, but a lack of appropriate data makes it difficult to investigate the importance of this explanation. In this study, we use data from a survey conducted in the Swedish labour market to analyze if there are ethnic differences in the choice of search intensity/methods and in the search method that resulted in a job (the successful search method). Moreover, we investigate if the wage and other characteristics of the new job differ depending on the successful search method. Our data includes detailed information about the workers’ job search and the characteristics of the new job. We find that immigrants use all search methods more intensely than natives, but that they in particular rely more on informal search methods. Moreover, we find that, for immigrants, the successful search method is more likely to be informal search through relatives and friends. However, we also find that jobs found through this search channel are associated with lower wages. One interpretation of these results is that that immigrants perceive their chance of finding a job as so low that they are willing to accept low-paying jobs obtained through their family and friends.
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| 49. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Job Search Methods and Wages : Are Natives and Immigrants Different?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Manchester School. - : Wiley. - 1463-6786 .- 1467-9957. ; 86:2, s. 219-247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We conduct a survey of newly hired workers in the Swedish labour market to analyse if there are differences between natives and immigrants in the choice of search intensity/methods and in the search method getting the job. We further investigate if the wage and other characteristics of the new job differ depending on the successful search method. We find that immigrants use all search methods more than natives, but they especially rely on informal search. Immigrants are more likely than natives to find a job using informal search through friends and relatives, and these jobs are associated with lower wages.
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| 50. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Language Proficiency and Hiring of Immigrants : Evidence from a New Field Experimental Approach
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Labor markets in advanced economies have undergone substantial change in recentdecades due to globalization, technological improvements, and organizational changes. Due tothese developments, oral and written language skills have become increasingly important evenin less skilled jobs. Immigrants – who often have limited skills in the host country languageupon arrival – are likely to be particularly affected by the increase in language requirements.Despite this increase in literacy requirements, little is known about how immigrants’ languageproficiency is rewarded in the labor market. However, estimating the causal effect ofimmigrants’ language skills on hiring is challenging due to potential biases caused by omittedvariables, reverse causality, and measurement error.To address identification problems, we conduct a large-scale field experiment, where wesend thousands of fictitious resumes to employers with a job opening. With the help of aprofessional linguist, we manipulate the cover letters by introducing common second-languagefeatures, which makes the resumes reflect variation in the language skills of real-worldmigrants. Our findings show that better language proficiency in the cover letter has a strongpositive effect on the callback rate for a job interview: moving from the lowest level of languageproficiency to a level similar to natives almost doubles the callback rate. Consistent with therecent development that language proficiency is also important for many low- and mediumskilledjobs, the effect of better language skills does not vary across the vastly different typesof occupations we study. Finally, the results from employer surveys suggest that it is improvedlanguage skills per se that is the dominant explanation behind the language proficiency effect,rather than language skills acting as a proxy for other unobserved abilities or characteristics.
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