SwePub - sökning: WFRF:(Rosenberg Rutger)

Numrering	Referens	Omslagsbild	Hitta
1.	Baden, Susanne P., 1952, et al. (författare) Effects of Eutrophication on Benthic Communities Including Fish - Swedish West Coast 1990 Ingår i: Ambio. ; 19:3, s. 113-122 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
2.	Baden, Susanne P., 1952, et al. (författare) Recruitment, Colonization and Physical-Chemical Forcing in Marine Biological Systems - Proceedings of the 32nd European Marine Biology Symposium, held in Lysekil, Sweden, 16-22 August 1997 - Preface 1998 Ingår i: Hydrobiologia. - 0018-8158. ; 375-76 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
3.	Baden, Susanne P., 1952, et al. (författare) Vanishing seagrass (Zostera marina, L.) in Swedish coastal waters 2003 Ingår i: Ambio. - 0044-7447. ; 32:5, s. 374-377 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Along the Swedish Skagerrak coast eelgrass (Zostera marina) is a dominant phanerogam on shallow soft bottoms. Eelgrass meadows are important biotopes for many crustacean and fish species being either migratory or stationary. During the 1980s, inventories of the shallow coastal areas with eelgrass have been carried out along the Swedish west coast as a basis for coastal zone management. In the present study we revisited 2000 ha of eelgrass meadows in 5 coastal regions along 200 km of the Skagerrak coast. The inventory was made with the same methods (aquascope) as during the 1980s, but increasing the mapping accuracy by using a Global Positioning System (GPS). The results from this study show that the areal extension of Zostera marina has decreased 58% in 10-15 years with great regional variations. The decline was mainly restricted to the shallow parts of the meadow. The causes and ecological consequences are discussed.
4.	Bekkby, Trine, et al. (författare) Marine habitaters utbredelse - terrängmodellering i Gullmarsfjorden 2006 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Denne rapporten presenterer framgangsmåten, resultatene og diskusjonen rundt arbeidet med modellering av de relevante marine habitatene. Rapporten, figurene og dataene som ligger til grunn for figurene vil også være tilgjengelig på cd som leveres Länsstyrelsen Västra Götaland Län ved prosjektets slutt.
5.	Bergkvist, Johanna, et al. (författare) Test och utvärdering av ny övervakning av främmande arter i hamnar och utsatta områden 2017 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Övervakning av hamnar och farleder är ett viktigt instrument för att tidigt upptäcka nya främmande arter och hindra dess spridning. På uppdrag av Havs- och vattenmyndigheten har Marine Monitoring AB utfört Test och utvärdering av ny övervakning av främmande arter i hamnar och utsatta områden. Undersökningen baseras på Metoder för övervakning av främmande arter. Protokoll för provtagning i hamnar och farleder samt Havs- och vattenmyndighetens manual Undersökningstyp: Främmande arter. Främmande arter som sprids med barlastvatten anses vara ett av de största ekologiska och ekonomiska hoten mot planeten. Behandling av barlastvatten och övervakning i hamnar syftar till att minska spridningen samt att tidigt upptäcka nya arter. Till testområde utsågs Preem AB:s hamn i Brofjorden norr om Lysekil. Inom hamnen togs prover i två områden, ett inre och ett yttre. Vidare togs prover vid Dynabrott och Brandskärs flak vid inloppet till Brofjorden. Undersökningen täcker in många olika habitat och prover tas på bottenfauna, växt- och djurplankton, påväxt och mobil epifauna. Totalt dokumenterades cirka 365 arter, varav fem betraktas som främmande i svenska vatten: amerikansk kammanet (Mnemiopsis leidyi), dinoflagellaten Karenia mikimotoi, japanplym (Dasysiphonia japonica), japanskt jätteostron (Crassostrea gigas) och slät havstulpan (Amphibalanus improvisus). Generellt har metoderna inom övervakningen fungerat bra, men vissa oklarheter förekommer i metoden och undersökningstypen och behöver förtydligas. Båt med vinsch eller lindragare rekommenderas för flera av momenten då de är för tunga för att utföras säkert manuellt. Provtagningen är omfattande och tidskrävande varför samordning med olika nationella program kan ge vinster, dels ekonomiskt men även i form av att utnyttja den taxonomiska kompetensen inom dessa program.
6.	Bergström, Lena, et al. (författare) Effects of offshore wind farms on marine wildlife-a generalized impact assessment 2014 Ingår i: Environmental Research Letters. - : IOP Publishing. - 1748-9326. ; 9:3 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Marine management plans over the world express high expectations to the development of offshore wind energy. This would obviously contribute to renewable energy production, but potential conflicts with other usages of the marine landscape, as well as conservation interests, are evident. The present study synthesizes the current state of understanding on the effects of offshore wind farms on marine wildlife, in order to identify general versus local conclusions in published studies. The results were translated into a generalized impact assessment for coastal waters in Sweden, which covers a range of salinity conditions from marine to nearly fresh waters. Hence, the conclusions are potentially applicable to marine planning situations in various aquatic ecosystems. The assessment considered impact with respect to temporal and spatial extent of the pressure, effect within each ecosystem component, and level of certainty. Research on the environmental effects of offshore wind farms has gone through a rapid maturation and learning process, with the bulk of knowledge being developed within the past ten years. The studies showed a high level of consensus with respect to the construction phase, indicating that potential impacts on marine life should be carefully considered in marine spatial planning. Potential impacts during the operational phase were more locally variable, and could be either negative or positive depending on biological conditions as well as prevailing management goals. There was paucity in studies on cumulative impacts and long-term effects on the food web, as well as on combined effects with other human activities, such as the fisheries. These aspects remain key open issues for a sustainable marine spatial planning.
7.	Bergström, Lena, et al. (författare) The effects of wind power on marine life : A Synthesis 2012 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract As in many other countries, an expansion of wind power is expected in Sweden during the coming decades. The expansion is driven by rising prices on electricity and the need for an increased production of renewable energy. Since wind conditions at sea are good and relatively constant, several offshore wind farms are planned in Swedish waters. Offshore wind power with a total effect of about 2500 MW has been granted permission and an additional 5500 MW are being planned for. Examples of granted projects are Storgrundet with an effect of 265 MW, Stora Middelgrund with an effect of 860 MW and Kårehamn with an effect of 48 MW. The largest offshore wind farm in Sweden today is Lillgrund in Öresund, with its 48 turbines with an installed effect of 110 MW.Prior to this expected expansion, it is important to investigate the environmental impact of offshore wind power, and how possible negative effects can be minimized. This synopsis about the impact of wind power on the marine life in Swedish waters is based on more than 600 studies, most of which are scientific articles, but also reports by companies and authorities.Habitats and species in Swedish marine areasSwedish marine areas are characterized by a unique salinity gradient that varies from marine conditions in Skagerrak to almost limnic environments in the Gulf of Bothnia. There are also vast differences between areas in terms of environmental factors such as insolation, temperature and wave exposure. This entails variation in species composition, dominance by different populations and structural differences in plant and animal communities. Therefore, this synopsis provides environment descriptions of three widely separated marine areas: the Swedish West Coast (Kattegat and Skagerrak), the Baltic Proper and the Gulf of Bothnia (Bothnian Sea and Bothnian Bay). The main focus is on occurrence of species and communities within the depth interval that is of interest for establishing offshore wind power in Sweden.Offshore wind powerThere are mainly two types of foundation structures used in Sweden today: gravity-based foundations and monopile foundations. These are also the most commercially viable. Offshore wind farm projects affect the environment in different ways during installation, operation and decommissioning. The installation phase is assessed as having the largest impact on the environment, since high noise levels and sediment dispersal can affect marine organisms. A wind farm during operation can cause barrier effects as well as changes in the natural environment. The decommissioning phase can again enhance noise levels and lead to sediment dispersal in the wind park and its adjacent area. Effects on marine organisms and communities Since marine environmental conditions vary between different locations as well as over time, it is difficult to make universal assessments of the effects of offshore wind power. This increases the importance of well-designed pilot studies and monitoring programs of the local environment. Also, location-specific surveys minimize the risk that costly measures to reduce negative impact are used when they are not needed. In general, installation and decommissioning of offshore wind farms should be planned so that sensitive reproductive periods for marine species are avoided. Particular consideration might also be needed for constructions in important growth and spawning areas for fish and marine mammals, or specific environments, such as offshore banks with high natural values. Below is a list of the effects that, according to existing knowledge and accessible literature, might affect marine organisms and communities. Each effect has been assessed after how long, and to what scale, it affects the marine life in the wind farm area.Acoustic disturbances during the installationAs monopile foundations are being driven into the sea floor, a lot of noise is generated that spreads in the water. Cod and herring can potentially perceive noise from pile driving at a distance of 80 kilometres, experiencing physical damage and death at just a few meters from the place of installation. For all types of work involving noise, flight reactions in fish are expected within a distance of about one kilometre from the source. The greatest risk of significant harm to fish populations exists if the installation overlaps with important recruitment areas for threatened or weak populations. Among the marine mammals, porpoises have proved to get both impaired hearing and behavioural disturbances from noise associated with pile driving. There are no studies indicating any long-term negative effects on any of the seal species occurring in Swedish waters. It is not possible to draw any general conclusions of the effects on invertebrates from pile driving noise, since the group is too large and diverse. The few studies that exist, however, show that oysters are relatively sensitive, whilst mussels are not affected at all. The effects of high noise levels can be reduced by, for example, successively increasing the power and thus the noise during piling, so that larger animals such as fish, seal and porpoises are intimidated at an early stage and leave the construction area well before high noise levels are reached.Sediment dispersalDredging work during the construction of gravitational foundations, and laying of cables between the wind turbines and land, can cause sediment from the bottom to whirl up and disperse in the water mass. The amount of sediment dispersed depends on the type of sediment, water currents and which dredging method is being used. Increased concentrations of sediment in the water affect mainly fish fry and larval stages negatively. Invertebrates are often adapted to re-suspension of sediment, since it occurs naturally in their environment. The sediment dispersal at the construction of a wind farm is often confined to a short period. The effects are also relatively small due to the fact that the bottom sediment is usually coarse-grained. The overall assessment is therefore that sediment dispersal is a limited problem for most animal and plant communities, but specific consideration should be taken and fish recruitment periods should be avoided.Introduction of a new habitatThe foundations of wind turbines can function as artificial reefs and attract many fish species, particularly around gravitational foundations which have a structurally complex erosion protection. At first there is often a redistribution of fish from nearby areas to the wind park foundations, but over time an actual increased fish production within the park is possible, as long as the park is large enough and the fishing pressure is low. The structure of the erosion protection can bring local positive effects for crustaceans such as lobster and crab, by functioning as shelter as well as increasing their foraging area. One example of a species that seems to increase locally around foundation structures on the Swedish West Coast and the Baltic Proper is the blue mussel. Which species that will dominate depends on the salinity in the area. There are no studies showing that foundation structures will facilitate the distribution of new species to Swedish marine areas. One reason for this might be that the total amount of hard bottom surface formed by the foundations and their structures is relatively small compared to natural hard bottoms.Turbine noise and boat trafficMaintenance work on the wind turbines causes a certain increase in boat traffic in the area of an operating wind farm. Also, different parts of the turbines generate noise during operation that spreads through the water. The reactions of fish on noise from turbines and boat engines vary, but study results indicate that the effect on most fish species from noise produced in a wind farm is low. There are, however, no studies on long-term effects of stress due to an increased noise level or effects of noise disturbance on fish spawning behaviour. Porpoises especially, but to some extent also seals, are sensitive to noise disturbance. Today there are no studies showing negative effects from the operational sounds from a wind farm on populations of marine mammals. The noise of both strong winds and engines from ships often exceeds the underwater noise generated by operating wind farms.Electromagnetic fieldsThe electric cables leading from a wind turbine generates a magnetic field that decreases with distance from the cable. The expected effect on most fish species is low, but since the effect is ongoing throughout the entire operational stage, the risk should be considered in areas that are important to migrating fish species. No studies have been found that show how electromagnetic fields affect marine mammals. The few studies that have been found on invertebrates indicate that the electromagnetic fields around common transmission cables have no effect on either reproduction or survival.Exclusion of birdsMost birds do not avoid wind farm areas. An exception is several common diving ducks that avoid flying or swimming within wind farms and keep a safe distance of at least 500 meters to a turbine tower. The most common food for these species in the Baltic Sea is blue mussels. Areas within the Swedish economic zone where a large-scale expansion of wind power would have the greatest effect on the ducks, and thereby indirectly affect the benthic community, are the offshore banks in the central Baltic Proper, mainly Hoburg Bank and Northern Midsjö Bank, where two thirds of the oldsquaw populations in Europe overwinters. The level of impact will depend on the total area of the park, and the distance between the turbine towers. Large-scale studies are needed in order to assess if the effect might lead to substantial changes for the benthic community.Gaps of knowledgeThe basis of this synopsis is research results from studies concerning single wind turbines or small wind farms, which in many
8.	Bergström, Lena, et al. (författare) Vindkraftens effekter på marint liv : En syntesrapport 2012 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Precis som i manga andra lander forvantas en utbyggnad av vindkraft i Sverige under de narmaste decennierna. Expansionen drivs bland annat av stigande elpriser och behovet av okad produktion av fornybar el. I Sverige har havsbaserad vindkraft med en total effekt pa ungefar 2500 MW fatt tillstand och ytterligare 5500 MW ar under utveckling. Exempel pa vindkraftsprojekt med fardiga tillstand ar Storgrundet med en effekt pa 265 MW, Stora Middelgrund med en effekt pa 860 MW och Karehamn med en effekt pa 48 MW. I dag utgor Lillgrund i Oresund med sina 48 vindkraftverk och 110 MW i installerad effekt, Sveriges storstahavsbaserade vindkraftpark. Infor denna forvantade expansion ar det viktigt att undersoka vindkraftens miljoeffekter, och hur eventuella negativa effekter kan minimeras. Over 600 studier, huvudsakligen vetenskapliga artiklar, men aven rapporter fran foretag och myndigheter, ligger till grund for slutsatserna och rekommendationerna i denna syntesrapport om paverkan av vindkraft pa det marina livet i svenska havsomraden. [...]
9.	Conley, Daniel, et al. (författare) Hypoxia-Related Processes in the Baltic Sea 2009 Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 43:10, s. 3412-3420 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Hypoxia, a growing worldwide problem, has been intermittently present in the modern Baltic Sea since its formation ca. 8000 cal. yr BP. However, both the spatial extent and intensity of hypoxia have increased with anthropogenic eutrophication due to nutrient inputs. Physical processes, which control stratification and the renewal of oxygen in bottom waters, are important constraints on the formation and maintenance of hypoxia. Climate controlled inflows of saline water from the North Sea through the Danish Straits is a critical controlling factor governing the spatial extent and duration of hypoxia. Hypoxia regulates the biogeochemical cycles of both phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) in the water column and sediments. Significant amounts of P are currently released from sediments, an order of magnitude larger than anthropogenic inputs. The Baltic Sea is unique for coastal marine ecosystems experiencing N losses in hypoxic waters below the halocline. Although benthic communities in the Baltic Sea are naturally constrained by salinity gradients, hypoxia has resulted in habitat loss over vast areas and the elimination of benthic fauna, and has severely disrupted benthic food webs. Nutrient load reductions are needed to reduce the extent, severity, and effects of hypoxia.
10.	Conley, Daniel J., et al. (författare) Hypoxia-related processes in the Baltic Sea 2009 Ingår i: Environmental Science & Technology. ; 43:10, s. 3412-3420 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
11.	Diaz, R., et al. (författare) Hypoxia in estuaries and semi-enclosed seas 2019 Ingår i: Ocean deoxygenation : everyone’s problem : causes, impacts, consequences and solutions Eds: D. Laffoley & J,M, Baxter. - : IUCN Global Marine and Polar Programme. - 9782831720135 ; , s. 85-102 Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract In the last 65 years, over-enrichment of waters with nutrients or organic matter (eutrophication), has emerged as a problem that threatens and degrades coastal ecosystems, alters fisheries, and impacts human health in many areas around the world. Hypoxia is one of the most acute symptoms of this eutrophication and harmful algal blooms another.
12.	Diaz, R. J., et al. (författare) Introduction to Environmental and Economic Consequences of Hypoxia 2011 Ingår i: International Journal of Water Resources Development. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0790-0627 .- 1360-0648. ; 27:1, s. 71-82 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
13.	Diaz, R. J., et al. (författare) Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems 2008 Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 321:5891, s. 926-929 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Dead zones in the coastal oceans have spread exponentially since the 1960s and have serious consequences for ecosystem functioning. The formation of dead zones has been exacerbated by the increase in primary production and consequent worldwide coastal eutrophication fueled by riverine runoff of fertilizers and the burning of fossil fuels. Enhanced primary production results in an accumulation of particulate organic matter, which encourages microbial activity and the consumption of dissolved oxygen in bottom waters. Dead zones have now been reported from more than 400 systems, affecting a total area of more than 245,000 square kilometers, and are probably a key stressor on marine ecosystems.
14.	Gilbert, F., et al. (författare) Sediment reworking by marine benthic species from the Gullmar Fjord (Western Sweden): Importance of faunal biovolume 2007 Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-0981. ; 348:1-2, s. 133-144 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In order to compare and quantify sediment reworking activities by different species/functional groups of macrofauna, a laboratory experiment was carried out with species from the Gullmarsfjord (Western Sweden). Monospecific communities of Amphiura filiformis, Echinocardium cordatum, Scalibregma inflatum and Abra nitida were introduced in experimental mesocosms, with identical densities (795 ind. m(-2)), for 10 days. Sediment reworking was studied by quantifying downward and upward movements of fluorescent inert tracers (luminophores). Luminophores with different colour were initially deposited both at the sediment surface and within the sediments. Population biomass and biovolume were also determined. Surface tracers reworking coefficients ranged from 0.6 to 2.2 cm(2) y(-1) and 0.9 to 4.1 y(-1), respectively for the biodiffusive-like and non-local transports. Calculated biodiffusive-like coefficient was between 1.0 and 2.3 cm(2) y(-1) for the deep tracers. For both tracers, the E. cordatum population presented the highest reworking coefficients. Among the morphological and/or ethological parameters that could determine overall patterns of reworking and differences between species, results have shown a direct relationship between the apparent biodiffusive mixing and the biovolume of the individuals (D-b=0.35 * Biovolume). This suggests that the biovolume-of macrofauna may allow a rough estimate of the biodiffusive-like reworking intensity of particles deposited on the sediment surface. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
15.	Glover, A. G., et al. (författare) A live video observatory reveals temporal processes at a shelf-depth whale-fall 2010 Ingår i: Cahiers De Biologie Marine. - 0007-9723. ; 51:4, s. 375-381 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract There have been very few studies of temporal processes at chemosynthetic ecosystems, even at relatively more accessible shallow water sites. Here we report the development and deployment of a simple cabled video observatory at 30 m water depth in Gullmarsfjorden, Sweden. The camera provides a live video feed to the internet of faunal activity in the experiments, which to date have included 5 separate whale-fall deployments. Our data suggest that the time to decomposition of small cetacean carcasses at shelf-depth settings is considerably slower than at deep-sea sites. We have also provided a new methodology for the deployment of low-cost live video observatories at up to 30 m water depth, which can be used both for research and outreach activities.
16.	Glover, A. G., et al. (författare) Whale-cam: the first live video observatory at an in-situ whale-fall 2009 Ingår i: 4th International Symposium on Chemosynthesis-Based Ecosystems (4th CBE). Okinawa June 28 - July 3 2009.. Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
17.	Granberg, Maria, et al. (författare) Bioturbation-Driven Release of Organic Contaminants from Baltic Sea Sediments Mediated by the Invading Polychaete Marenzelleria neglecta. 2008 Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 42:4, s. 1058-1065 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Baltic Sea sediments are among the world’s most polluted regarding eutrophication and contamination. Eutrophication-induced hypoxia has caused depletion of bioturbating macrofauna in vast areas, producing laminated sediments. We investigated if reoxygenation and colonization by the invading deep-burrowing polychaete Marenzelleria neglecta may cause an augmented contaminant release from Baltic Sea sediments. Intact laminated sediment cores were exposed either to in situ hypoxia, reoxygenation, or reoxygenation combined with bioturbating M. neglecta. The release fluxes of particle-associated (NPart) and dissolved (NDiss) PCBs and chlorinated pesticide residues (POPs) were quantified (GC-ECD) after 85 d along with contaminant concentrations in sediment and biota. Lavoisier-based mass transfer coefficients (Kf) were calculated from NDiss. Sediment contaminant concentrations were high (ΣPCB7: 42–52 ng gsediment−1 dw) due to emissions from Stockholm. NDiss always exceeded NPart by an order of magnitude. Bioturbation enhanced NDiss and Kf from hypoxic sediments 0.7 – 3 times while reoxygenation alone had no significant effect. M. neglecta accumulated low amounts of contaminants but significantly stimulated aquatic release of bioavailable sequestered contaminants. Bioturbation should be included in aquatic contaminant fate models. We advise to consider quiescent pollutant sources and possible ecological shifts when aiming to restore eutrophicated aquatic environments.
18.	Granberg, Maria E., 1971, et al. (författare) Bioturbation-driven release of sediment-associated contaminants in the Baltic Sea mediated by the invading polychaete Marenzelleria neglecta 2008 Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. ; 42:4, s. 1058-1065 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Baltic Sea sediments are among the world’s most polluted regarding eutrophication and contamination. Eutrophicationinduced hypoxia hascauseddepletion of bioturbatingmacrofauna in vast areas, producing laminated sediments. We investigated if reoxygenation and colonization by the invading deepburrowing polychaete Marenzelleria neglecta may cause an augmented contaminant release from Baltic Sea sediments. Intact laminated sediment cores were exposed either to in situ hypoxia, reoxygenation, or reoxygenation combined with bioturbating M. neglecta. The release fluxes of particleassociated (NPart) and dissolved (NDiss) PCBs and chlorinated pesticide residues (POPs) were quantified (GC-ECD) after 85 d along with contaminant concentrations in sediment and biota. Lavoisier-based mass transfer coefficients (Kf) were calculated from NDiss. Sediment contaminant concentrations were high (ΣPCB7: 42–52 ng gsediment -1 dw) due to emissions from Stockholm. NDiss always exceeded NPart by an order of magnitude. Bioturbation enhanced NDiss and Kf from hypoxic sediments 0.7 – 3 times while reoxygenation alone had no significant effect. M. neglecta accumulated low amounts of contaminants but significantly stimulated aquatic release of bioavailable sequestered contaminants. Bioturbation should be included in aquatic contaminant fate models. We advise to consider quiescent pollutant sources and possible ecological shiftswhenaimingtorestoreeutrophicatedaquaticenvironments.
19.	Gremare, A., et al. (författare) Feeding behaviour and functional response of Abra ovata and A-nitida compared by image analysis 2004 Ingår i: Marine Ecology-Progress Series. - 0171-8630. ; 267, s. 195-208 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract An automated image analysis system was used to monitor sediment surface feeding activity of 2 bivalves (Abra ovata and A. nitida) inhabiting contrasting environments. A larger variety of feeding behaviours was recorded in A. nitida, whereas A. ovata mostly fed at the sediment surface. There were also clear differences in the behaviour of the 2 species during surface deposit feeding (i.e. a wider extension of the inhalant siphon in A. ovata, and the exhalant siphon being located below the sediment-water interface in A. ovata and above this interface in A. nitida). In A. nitida, increase in feeding activity resulted mostly from an increase in feeding intensity, and not from an increase in the amount of time devoted to feeding. In A. ovata, the most active bivalves tended to increase their activity mostly by increasing the amount of time devoted to feeding. This suggests that feeding intensity was limited in A. ovata but not in A. nitida. Food dilution and food addition experiments were carried out to assess the functional response in the 2 species. The results of the food dilution experiments were statistically insignificant due to high inter-individual variability. Food addition significantly affected feeding activity in A. ovata and A. nitida, although in different ways. In A. ovata, feeding activity was highest at intermediate food concentrations, and inhibited at the highest ones. In A. nitida, increased feeding activity was induced at higher concentrations than in A. ovata, and feeding activity was greatest at the highest food concentration. Such discrepancies in feeding behaviour and functional response in closely related species characterise the difficulty in delineating functional groups in benthic deposit-feeders.
20.	Gunnarsson, Jonas, et al. (författare) Effects of eutrophication on contaminant cycling in marine benthic systems 2000 Ingår i: Ambio. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 29:4-5, s. 252-259 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Effects of inputs of organic matter were studied on bioavailability and cycling of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in benthic ecosystems of the Baltic and Kattegat Seas. In laboratory experiments, effects of microalgae additions were studied on the bioaccumulation of HOCs (PCBs and PAHs) by the blue mussel Mytilus edulis, the brittle star Amphiura filiformis, and the polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Contrary to the equilibrium partitioning theory, bioaccumulation was proportional to the concentrations of algae and organic carbon. This was attributed to the high nutritional quality of the algal organic carbon and suggests that feeding rather than equilibrium partitioning governed bioaccumulation in these species. In the field, annual mass fluxes of PCBs in blue mussels and in brittle stars were estimated, as well as contaminant transfer to higher trophic levels. Our results suggest that: I) Eutrophication processes may contribute to increase HOC accumulation in benthic species. ii) Temporal variation in the quantity and quality of organic carbon needs to be considered when assessing contamination of benthic systems. ill) Macrofaunal feeding activities are important for the benthic-pelagic coupling of HOCs. iv) Bioturbation enhances the release of HOCs from sediment to overlying water.
21.	Hammar, Linus, et al. (författare) Adapting offshore wind power foundations to local environment 2010 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract The aim of this study is to provide an environmental perspective regarding the choice of foundations for offshore windpower, suggesting that differences in environmental impact should be involved in decision-making and development concerning future offshore windpower foundations. The study concerns only the marine environment, excluding seabirds, and is based on the level of knowledge available in 2007.The study focuses on three different types of foundations; gravity- monopile- and jacket foundations. Also tripod- bucket- and floating foundations are mentioned. The different characteristics of the foundations are discussed based on their environmental impact in five different areas; 1) epifouling and reef-effects, 2) operational noise, 3) changes in hydrographical conditions, 4) noise during construction, and 5) dissolved sediment during construction.Regarding epifouling, it is noted that the surface texture of the foundation (i.e. steel, concrete) is of less importance in the long run since the initial substrate soon will be covered with organisms, creating a rugged surface for later colonising organisms. It is rather the level of salinity, distance to shore, exposure, depth and turbidity of the water that decide which organisms that will dominate the different foundations after a few years. Generally all foundations for offshore windpower are expected to be dominated by filtering animals, such as blue mussels. A possible exception is if concrete is coated with a silicone product that limits larger organisms to establish on the foundations. This kind of surface treatment has not yet been used by the windpower industry but occurs on other submarine concrete constructions.The potential for an evident reef-effect (local increased occurrence of mobile animals such as fish and crustaceans) increases with the complexity of the foundation structure. Hence, tripod and especially jacket foundations have better possibility to contribute to the reef-effect than monopile- and gravity foundations.Reef-effect, as well as epifouling, may be considered negative in some marine environments, such as possible valuable areas without any natural occurrence of hard substratum. In such areas new species may be introduced, changing the local ecological conditions. However, in many areas an increased level of biological diversity is viewed as a positive change, and here reef-effect and epifouling may be considered favourable. To amplify the reef-effect, scour protection devices may be designed to create more habitats.Operational noise from offshore windfarms has been shown to initially affect some organisms (mussels, fish) during experimental studies in small containers. Whether corresponding operational noise in field and during natural circumstances can cause any environmental impacts is not yet fully understood. Available information indicates that there is a common sound level peak from wind turbines at frequencies of 100 – 200 Hz. In the same frequency range cargo ships emit higher sound than wind power even over several kilometres distance. Based on the present lack of certainty, it can be motivated to minimize the sound at these frequencies in areas with special biological values, such as endangered organisms sensitive to stress. However, there are no indications that operational noise may significantly affect the environment beyond the vicinity of each foundation.Based on a limited number of measurements it seems as if gravity and monopile foundations emit noise of similar amplitude, but the frequency range of the gravity foundation is generally lower. There are no measurements of jacket foundation but theoretically these should emit less noise, at least within the lower frequency range. Even if little is known about future turbines and foundations, it should be technically possible to decrease the emitted noise level.The local conditions of the seabed have a large impact on the propagation of the noise, where shallow water and hard substratum allow the sound to propagate longer distances. The background noise is also of importance and in quiet areas there is theoretically a higher risk of environmental impacts than in areas with heavy ship traffic.Changes in the hydrographical conditions around a foundation are small and are expected to be of importance only in very narrow water passages. The gravity foundation probably has the largest impact on the local hydrography. However, no direct comparisons between the different foundations have been made.During the construction period extreme noise levels may occur, especially during pile-driving which is needed for most foundations except for gravity foundations. The noise level depends on the diameter of the piles that are driven into the sediment as well as the piling method. This means that the monopile foundation generally emits higher construction noise levels than jackets, while gravity foundations emit the least construction noise.Since the extreme noise levels from pile-driving, covering large areas, can be harmful to fish and marine mammals it is very important to minimize this disturbance. This can be done by the choice of foundation, by precautionary measures and by adapted methods of pile-driving. It is of great importance not to perform pile-driving during spawning periods of commercially valuable fish species.Gravity foundations need no pile-driving but require dredging, which disperses dissolved sediment in the water. High concentration of dispersed sediment can disturb or harm sensitive marine organisms such as juvenile fish. The highest risk of negative impact on the environment is dredging calcareous sediments, dredging in stagnant water and where the sediment contains toxic substances. The impact on the environment from dredging can be minimized by precautionary measures and good planning. However, the impact of dredging and sediment transport related to offshore windpower is small compared to other large dredging projects that have been carried out in Sweden without any documented any sustained environmental impacts.The result of this study is to be applied on local conditions (e.g. hydrography, bottom substrate and ecological circumstances) at every specific site, hereby indicating what type of foundation to prefer from an environmental point of view, and also to state what technical as well as planning adaptations that ought to be applied.
22.	Hammar, Linus, et al. (författare) Miljömässig optimering av fundament för havsbaserad vindkraft 2008 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Studien syftar till att utgöra ett underlag för att beakta de miljömässiga skillnaderna mellan olika fundament i samband med planering av havsbaserad vindkraft. Detta avser påverkan på den marina miljön, dock inte sjöfågel, och baseras på kunskapsläget år 2007.Fyra olika principer för fundament (fundamentmodeller) behandlas särskilt; gravitations-, monopile-, tripod- samt fackverksfundament. Fundamentens egenskaper redovisas och diskuteras utifrån dess miljöpåverkan inom fem områden; 1) påväxt och rev-effekt, 2) ljud under driftskedet, 3) hydrografiska förändringar, 4) konstruktionsbuller, 5) sedimentspridning under anläggningsfasen.Beträffande påväxt konkluderas att fundamentets ytstruktur (stål, betong) är av mindre betydelse i ett längre perspektiv eftersom den initiala strukturen efter en tid blir överväxt av organismer som bildar en mer heterogen, lättbeväxt yta. Istället för fundamentet är det snarare salthalt, exponeringsgrad, djup, avstånd till land och ljustillgång som avgör vilka organismer som kommer att dominera när det biologiska samhället stabiliserats efter några år. Generellt sett kan påväxten vid alla fundament för havsbaserad vindkraft förväntas bli dominerat av filtrerande djur, exempelvis blåmusslor. Ett undantag är silikonbaserad ytbehandling av betong, där större organismer kan ha svårigheter att etableras. Sådan ytbehandling har inte använts inom vindkraft men däremot vid motsvarande brofundament.Förutsättningarna för en påtaglig rev-effekt (lokalt ökad förekomst av rörliga djur såsom fisk och kräftdjur) ökar med fundamentens strukturella komplexitet. Detta innebär att tripod- och fackverksfundament har större förutsättningar än monopile- och gravitationsfundament att bidra till påtagliga rev-effekter. Rev-effekt, och även påväxt, kan betraktas som negativt på skyddsvärda bottnar av sand eller lera där närhet till naturlig hårdbotten (berg, sten) saknas, där nya arter kan introduceras och förändra de naturliga ekologiska förhållandena. I områden där en ökad biologisk mångfald och en ökad förekomst av fisk är önskvärd, kan rev-effekt och påväxt däremot betraktas som gynnsamma förändringar. För att förstärka rev effekten kan erosionsskydd utformas särskilt för att skapa fler livsmiljöer.Huruvida undervattensljud som avges från vindkraftverk under driftskedet kan innebära någon betydande miljöpåverkan under naturliga förhållanden är ännu inte helt klarlagt. Ljudet har initialt visat sig kunna påverka vissa organismer (musslor, fisk) under experimentella studier, samtidigt har tillvänjning påvisats under experiment och djurlivet kring befintliga vindkraftverk har visats vara rikligt. Mätvärden från befintlig havsbaserad vindkraft visar på särskilt höga ljudnivåer (frekvenstoppar) omkring 100 – 200 Hz, vilket är samma frekvenser som har visat initial påverkan genom experiment. Till sammanhanget hör även att samma ljudstyrka och samma frekvenser uppstår både naturligt under hård vind och från avlägsna lastfartyg. Fram tills dess att mer kunskap finns att tillgå kan det av försiktighetsprincip finnas anledning att tekniskt minimera ljudet från dessa frekvenser i områden med särskilda marinbiologiska värden, såsom förekomst av hotade störningskänsliga djurarter. Det finns emellertid inget som tyder på att eventuell påverkan från driftljud är påtaglig bortom fundamentens närhet.Utifrån ett begränsat underlag av mätdata tycks gravitationsfundament och monopile-fundament avge lågfrekvent ljud av liknande styrka, men med vissa skillnader i frekvensintervall. Monopile-fundament tycks avge högre ljudnivåer vid frekvenser över c:a 100 Hz. Det saknas mätdata från fackverksfundament men teoretiskt sett torde dessa avge ljud av lägre styrka, åtminstone inom de lägsta frekvenserna. Det är inte känt huruvida framtida turbiner och fundament kommer att avge en lägre eller högre ljudstyrka under driftskedet; en minskning av ljudstyrkan torde dock vara tekniskt möjlig att utföra om ambitionen föreligger.Bottenförhållandena i havet är av stor betydelse för ljudets räckvidd, där grunt vatten och hårt bottensubstrat medför att ljudet fortplantas längre. Även bakgrundsljudet är av betydelse och i tysta havsområden är en eventuell risk för miljöpåverkan större än i fartygstrafikerade områden. De språngskikt som bildas mellan vattenmassor av olika salinitet eller temperatur skiljer sig åt mellan olika havsområden och kan påverka spridning av högfrekvent ljud. Språngskiktens inverkan på ljudspridningen är emellertid marginell för låga frekvenser, såsom t ex vindkraft; detta eftersom våglängderna hos lågfrekvent ljud är stora i förhållande till djupet.De hydrografiska förändringar som uppstår omkring ett fundament är små och kan endast förväntas vara av betydelse där etablering planeras i mycket smala vattenpassager. Gravitationsfundament är sannolikt den fundamentmodell som inverkar mest på den lokala hydrografin, några direkta jämförelser mellan olika fundament har dock inte gjorts.Under anläggningsarbetet uppstår extrema ljudnivåer framförallt under pålning vilket krävs för de flesta fundamentmodeller – dock inte gravitationsfundament. Hur kraftiga ljudnivåer som uppnås beror av diametern hos de fundament som ska förankras, vilket medför att monopile-fundament generellt avger betydligt högre ljudnivåer än t ex fackverksfundament. Eftersom de extrema ljudnivåerna från pålning över stora avstånd kan vara skadliga för fisk och marina däggdjur är det av vikt att minimera störningen. Detta kan göras genom val av fundament, förebyggande skyddsåtgärder eller anpassade pålningsmetoder. Det är essentiellt att pålning inte företas under skyddsvärda fiskarters lekperioder.Vid anläggning av gravitationsfundament krävs inte pålning men däremot muddring vilket medför spridning av sediment i vattnet. Kraftig sedimentspridning kan orsaka störning eller skada på känsliga marina organismer, såsom fiskyngel; störst risk för negativ miljöpåverkan uppstår vid muddring av kalkrika sediment, i stillastående vatten, samt där sedimentet innehåller miljögifter. Störningar från sedimentspridning kan minimeras genom försiktighetsåtgärder och god planering. I samband med vindkraft är omfattningen av muddring och sedimentspridning emellertid liten och kortvarig i förhållande till andra stora muddringsprojekt.Studiens resultat ska vid varje specifik etablering appliceras på lokala förhållanden (hydrografi, bottensubstrat och ekologiska samband) för att ge en indikation på vilken fundamentmodell som är att föredra ur miljösynpunkt, samt vilka tekniska och planeringsmässiga anpassningar som bör göras. Resultatet sammanfattas översiktligt i Tabell 6 och förslag på tillämpning ges i avsnitt 4.8.
23.	Hammar, Linus, et al. (författare) Studier på småfisk vid Lillgrund vindpark : Effektstudier under konstruktionsarbeten och anläggning av gravitationsfundament 2008 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract En betydande aspekt beträffande miljöpåverkan från havsbaserad vindkraft är potentiell störning av fisk under konstruktionsarbetet. För att förankra vindkraftverken i sjöbotten kan olika fundament användas. Många fundamentmodeller kräver pålningsarbeten och för dessa är det känt att fisk kan störas betydande över stora avstånd på grund av de höga ljudnivåer som uppstår vid anläggningsarbetet. En annan vanlig fundamentmodell är gravitationsfundament, där inget pålningsarbete behövs men däremot muddring och stenläggning. Till skillnad mot pålningsarbeten är det sedan tidigare inte känt huruvida gravitationsfundamentens muddring och stenläggning medför någon betydande påverkan på fisk i dess omgivning. Som en delstudie till den parallella Vindval-publikationen Miljömässig optimering av fundament för havsbaserad vindkraft har provtagningar av fiskförekomst utförts under anläggningen av gravitationsfundament vid Lillgrund vindpark. Provtagningarna, som utfördes med liten trål, omfattade endast småfisk – definierat som juvenil (ung) fisk samt småväxta fiskarter. Småfisk förväntas emellertid vara särskilt känslig mot den sedimentspridning som uppstår genom muddringsarbeten. Provtagningarna fördelades mellan tre fallstudier omfattande olika delar av konstruktionsarbetet; 1) långtidseffekter av muddring, 2) korttidseffekter av muddring, samt 3) direkteffekter av stenläggning. Studiens utförande baseras på den statistiska designen BACI (Before/After Control/Impact), där provtagningar utförs före och efter en förväntad påverkan, dels i det påverkade området och dels i ett opåverkat kontrollområde.Eftersom löst kalkrikt sediment i höga halter kan påverka syreupptaget hos småfisk kunde det teoretiskt sett förväntas att muddringsarbetet medfört en lokal reduktion av antal individer eller arter av fisk i närområdet. Resultatet visade dock inte några indikationer på att enskilda mudderverksamheter medfört några negativa trender i förekomsten av småfisk, varken 1 månad (fallstudie 1; närmsta avstånd 60 m) eller 1 dygn (fallstudie 2; närmsta avstånd 150 m) efter utförd muddring. En viktig slutsats är följaktligen att ingen småfisk, varken juveniler eller enskilda arter, uppvisade någon negativ trend 1 dygn efter muddringsverksamhet på ett avstånd av 150 m.Det buller som uppstår under stenläggningen kunde teoretiskt sett förväntas medföra en lokal reduktion av antal individer eller arter av fisk i närområdet. Resultatet under stenläggningen (fallstudie 3) visade för juvenil fisk en signifikant större minskning av antal arter i påverkansområdena (Lillgrund; c:a 60 och 200 m från det pågående anläggningsarbetet) jämfört med det opåverkade kontrollområdet. Beträffande adult (vuxen) småfisk visades att ökningen av antal individer och biomassa var signifikant mindre i påverkansområdena vid det pågående stenläggningsarbetet, jämfört med kontrollområdet. Detta överensstämmer med den multivariata analysen (MDS) där kontrollområdet skiljer sig från de båda påverkansområdena under efter-studien. Beaktansvärt är emellertid att ingen av analyserna antyder några skillnader mellan de två olika avstånden 60 och 200 m från stenläggningsarbetet, vilket pekar på att det enskilda stenläggningsarbetet inte är förklaringen till avvikelserna. Mer sannolikt är att konstruktionsarbetena vid Lillgrund som helhet, alternativt naturliga skillnader mellan Lillgrund och kontrollområdet, bidragit till de funna skillnaderna efter stenläggningen i fallstudie 3. De fiskarter som tydligast visade en större ökning i kontrollområdet är sjustrålig smörbult, storspigg, småspigg samt tångsnälla.
24.	Hudson, I. R., et al. (författare) Feeding behaviour of deep-sea dwelling holothurians: Inferences from a laboratory investigation of shallow fjordic species 2005 Ingår i: Journal of Marine Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0924-7963. ; 57:3-4, s. 201-218 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract An experimental mesocosm was used to investigate the feeding behaviour, particle size selectivity gut throughput time and dietary selection of two holothurian species, Stichopus tremulus (Gunnerus) and Mesothuria intestinalis (Ascanius). Specimens usually only present at depths >1000m in the North-eastern Atlantic Ocean were collected from a relatively shallow (<100 m) cold-water fjordic system in Sweden and maintained in the laboratory. Both species exhibited a similar strategy for retrieving sediment particles from the sediment surface; feeding tentacles were used in a 'grasping' motion to pick up sediment particles. The rate at which the feeding tentacles were placed onto the sediment surface, however, differed between species (S. tremulus was three times quicker than M. intestinalis) resulting in a significant difference in gut throughput time. Both species, when offered different sized sediment particles, showed a preference for finer sediment and for nutritionally rich, pigment-enhanced, food patches. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
25.	Jernelöv, Arne, et al. (författare) Effects of Oil Spill from the Tanker 'Trans Huron' on Kiltan Island, Laccadives, India. 1974 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
26.	Josefson, A. B., et al. (författare) Assessment of marine benthic quality change in gradients of disturbance: Comparison of different Scandinavian multi-metric indices 2009 Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0025-326X. ; 58:9, s. 1263-1277 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
27.	Josefson, A. B., et al. (författare) Fate of phytodetritus in marine sediments: functional importance of macrofaunal community 2002 Ingår i: Marine Ecology-Progress Series. - 0171-8630. ; 230, s. 71-85 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A 54 d incubation of intact sediment box-cores from 2 different macrofaunal sediment communities from the Swedish west coast was performed under controlled laboratory conditions in April to June 1999. One community was dominated by passive suspension feeders the other by subsurface deposit feeders. The box-cores were seeded with C-14-labelled detritus of the diatom Skeletonema costatum in order to mimic a post-spring-bloom situation. In addition to the labelled diatom phytodetritus, the box-cosms initially contained chlorophyll a with concentrations between 1 and 1.5 mug ml(-1) in the top cm of the sediment. The experiment thus provided an opportunity to estimate degradation rates of the naturally occurring chlorophyll with a natural benthic fauna present over a ca, 2 mo period. Using a diagenetic model to describe the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a (chl a), and using the same, previously published, degradation rate constant in both communities (0,03 d(-1)), gave mixing coefficients (D-B, cm(2) d-1) that were on average > 2 times higher in the community (L18) dominated by deposit feeders than in the suspension-feeding community (S3): 2.5 +/- SD 1.7 and 0.86 +/- SD 0.50, respectively. This indicates a higher mixing rate at L18, This difference in mixing between the 2 communities was supported by changes in vertical distribution of C-14-labelled phytodetritus over the 54 d period. The mixing coefficients (D(B)s) were positively correlated with biomass of subsurface deposit feeders but not with total biomass. Background chl a was higher at L18 than at S3. A quantitative comparison of the total chl a inventories at the start and end of the experiment suggested a low overall degradation rate (no significant overall change) in the chl a, far from the reaction rate constant of 0.03 d(-1) often used in the literature. Similarly, the total C-14 activity in the cosms did not change significantly over the study period, suggesting a small loss Of (CO2)-C-14 from the cosms relative to the C-14-pool size. The labelled algal matter distributions showed clear mixing over the 2 months in both communities with a higher mixing rate in the deposit-feeding community than the suspension-feeding community. Mixing also occurred deeper in the deposit-feeding community. Uptake of labelled matter by macrofauna was similar in the 2 communities, but differed markedly between species and trophic groups. At the end of the incubation, surface deposit feeders had an order of magnitude higher weight-specific C-14 activity than suspension feeders and subsurface deposit feeders. The proportion of macrofaunal uptake of total C-14 activity in the cosms was small, on the order of 5 %. The results support the idea that community species composition is important for the fate of sedimented phytodetritus and that macrofaunal influence on degradation of sedimentary chlorophyll is small at this time of the year, The initial fate of the bloom material was burial in the sediment rather than consumption by heterotrophs. The findings are thus in accordance with the hypothesis that a part of the spring phytoplankton bloom may be buried for a while in the sediment before being remineralised.
28.	Karlson, K., et al. (författare) Density of Monoporeia affinis and biogeochemistry in Baltic Sea sediments 2007 Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-0981. ; 344:2, s. 123-135 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study fccused on effects from Monoporeia affinis reworking and ventilation activities on benthic fluxes and mineralization processes during a simulated bloom event. The importance of M. affinis density for benthic solute (O-2, Sigma NO2- +NO3-, NH4+ HPO42-) fluxes and sediment reactivity (mobilization of NH4+ and H 4 following additions of organic material to the sediment surface was experimentally investigated using sediment-water and closed sediment Oar) incubations. Three different densities of M affinis were used to resemble a low, medium and high density situation (1300, 2500 and 6400 ind. m(-2), respectively) of a natural amphipod community. The degradation of phytodetritus (Tetraselmis sp., 5 g C m(-2)) added to the sediment surface was followed over a period of 20 days. Benthic solute fluxes of O-2, Sigma NO2- +NO3- and NH4+ were generally progressively stimulated with increasing number of M. affinis, while no such correlation was found for HPO42-. Solute fluxes were initially enhanced 1 to 2 days after the addition of phytodetritius, caused by mineralization of the most labile organic material and a food-stimulated irrigation by the amphipods. There was no effect from the activity of M. affinis on total denitrification (Dtot=Dn+Dw) or denitrification utilizing nitrate from coupled nitrification/denitrification (Dn) for any of the densities examined. Denitrification utilizing overlying water nitrate (Dw) was only about 10% of Dtot. Dw was significantly enhanced for the highest M affinis density investigated. The reactivity of the sediment decreased progressively with increasing density of M affinis and with time of the experiment. However, enhanced ammonium production at least 6 days after the organic addition indicated excretion of N-containing organic compounds by M affinis. In conclusion, large spatial and temporal variations in density of M affinis may be of significant importance for benthic solute fluxes and overall mineralization of organic material in Baltic Sea sediments. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
29.	Karlson, Karin, 1961, et al. (författare) Experimental recolonisation of Baltic Sea reduced sediments: survival of benthic macrofauna and effects on nutrient cycling 2005 Ingår i: Marine Ecology-Progress Series. - : Inter-Research Science Center. - 0171-8630 .- 1616-1599. ; 294, s. 35-49 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A recolonisation experiment was performed in vitro on highly reduced laminated Baltic Sea sediments initially devoid of larger benthic fauna. The survival capacity of 3 common benthic species Monoporeia affinis, Macoma balthica and Marenzelleria viridis was investigated along with overall effects of bioturbation and bioirrigation on benthic reaction and transport processes. Benthic fluxes of oxygen and nutrients, sediment denitrification and nutrients in the porewater were measured. Survival of M. affinis increased with time and sediment reworking, while no such feedback was observed for M balthica and M. viridis, Macrofaunal irrigation and bioturbating activities significantly enhanced solute fluxes in the manipulated cores compared to the control. Mass balance calculations indicated that net N-mineralisation in the manipulated cores was stimulated by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude compared to the control. Despite relatively high nitrate fluxes from the overlying water to the sediment (similar to 1 mmol m(-2) d(-1)), measured rates Of total denitrification were in general low (20 to 45 mu mol N-2 m(-2) d(-1)) in all cores. Denitrification, using nitrate supplied from the overlying water (D-w), was similar to coupled nitrification/denitrification (D-n), although D-w was significantly higher than D-n in the M. affinis cores. In conjunction with high nitrate fluxes into the sediment and high ammonium fluxes to the overlying water, the generally low denitrification rates indicated dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) as the main pathway for nitrate removal. Thus, the main source of bottom water ammonium was overlying water nitrate, rather than ammonium produced in surface sediments during mineralisation of organic N.
30.	Karlson, Karin, 1961, et al. (författare) Temporal and spatial large-scale effects of eutrophication and oxygen deficiency on benthic fauna in Scandinavian and Baltic waters - A review 2002 Ingår i: Oceanography and Marine Biology, Vol 40. - 0078-3218. ; 40, s. 427-489 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Eutrophication has been an increasing ecological threat during the past 50 yr in many Scandinavian and Baltic marine waters. Large sedimentary areas are seasonally, or more or less permanently, affected by hypoxia and/or anoxia with devastating effects on the benthic macrofauna in, for example, the Baltic Sea, the Belt Seas and Oresund between Denmark and Sweden, the Kattegat and the Skagerrak coast towards the North Sea. In this review figures for the input of nitrogen and phosphorus to different sea areas are presented, and in several cases also changes of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the water. The nutrient input is related to production levels, and related to macrobenthic infauna. Changes of dominant benthic species, abundance and biomass are presented in relation to both changes in organic enrichment and hypoxia and/or anoxia in time and space. Since the 1950s-60s, the benthic faunal biomass has increased in the Gulf of Bothnia as a result of increased organic enrichment. In the Aland Archipelago, the number of benthic species decreased since the 1970s but abundance and biomass increased. Drifting algae at the sediment surface has also been an increasing problem. The changes were caused by increasing eutrophication. In the Finnish Archipelago Sea, large-scale eutrophication has resulted in periodic bottom water hypoxia and drifting algal mats with negative effects on benthic fauna. In the Gulf of Finland, the benthic fauna has been negatively affected by hypoxic bottom water below 70 in depth since the 1960s, but with a period of improved oxygen conditions during 1987-94. In the Baltic Proper, large sea-bed areas of 70 000-100 000 km(2) below 70-80 in water depth have been more or less hypoxic and/or anoxic since the 1960s with no or reduced sediment-dwelling fauna. This process was a result of increased eutrophication and lack of larger inflows of oxygenated water from the Kattegat. Several coastal areas and larger basins in the southern Baltic (e.g. the Bornholm Basin, the Arkona Basin and the Kiel Bay), have, on occasions, been similarly negatively affected by hypoxic bottom water. Many sedimentary areas below similar to 17 in in the Danish Belt Seas have been affected by seasonal hypoxia since the 1970s with negative consequences for the bottom fauna. On the Danish Kattegat coast, the benthic fauna in the Limfjord, the Mariager fjord and the Roskilde fjord have been particularly negatively affected. In the southeast, open Kattegat, increased input of nutrients in combination with stratification have resulted in seasonal hypoxia since 1980 with negative effects on benthic animals and commercial fish species in most years. Several fjords on the Swedish and Norwegian Skagerrak coast have shown negative temporal trends in bottom water oxygen concentrations, and some of them lack benthic fauna in the deeper parts for several months or more. In this review the temporal development of bottom water hypoxia and/or anoxia is discussed and consequent possible losses of sediment-dwelling faunal biomass are roughly calculated. In total for the areas investigated, the worst years of hypoxia and/or anoxia combined may have reduced the benthic macrofaunal biomass by 3 million t. This loss is partly compensated by the biomass increase that has occurred in well-flushed organically enriched coastal areas. Tolerance of some Baltic species to hypoxia and/or anoxia is discussed and also their different strategies to cope with hypoxia and/or anoxia and H2S.
31.	Karlson, K., et al. (författare) The impact of benthic macrofauna for nutrient fluxes from Baltic Sea sediments 2007 Ingår i: Ambio. - 0044-7447. ; 36:2-3, s. 161-167 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This article focuses on the ecological role of benthic macrofauna on nutrient dynamics and benthic-pelagic coupling in the Baltic Sea with relation to eutrophication. Generally, benthic macrofaunal activities have large effects on sediment biogeochemistry and often with stimulatory effects on processes that counteract eutrophication, i.e., denitrification and increased phosphorus retention of the sediment. The degree of faunal impact on such processes varies depending on faunal density and functional group composition. The effect of macrofaunal activities on sediment nutrient dynamics can also result in a higher nitrogen: phosporus ratio of the sediments efflux compared with sediments without macrofauna. Increased internal nutrient loading during eutrophication-induced anoxia is suggested to be caused both by altered sediment biogeochemical processes and through reduced or lost bioturbating macrofauna and thereby a reduced stimulatory effect from their activities on natural purification processes of the Baltic Sea ecosystem.
32.	Labrune, C., et al. (författare) Characterization of the ecological quality of the coastal Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean). A comparative approach based on three biotic indices 2006 Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0025-326X. ; 52:1, s. 34-47 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The ecological quality of the Gulf of Lions coast was assessed using three biotic indices (H', AMBI and BQI). The three indices correlated positively. The positive correlation between AMBI and BQI was surprising and was mostly due to the fact that the dominant species Ditrupa arietina featured a low ES50(0.05) but was classified in GI by AMBI. Both H' and BQI were efficient in distinguishing impacted from un-impacted sites but AMBI was not. Differences between H' and BQI were mainly due to the scale used to translate indices in terms of EcoQ. The three indices were able to detect the major changes in macrofauna composition, which occurred in the Bay of Banyuls-sur-Mer during the last 40 years. However, the interpretations of such changes in terms of EcoQ differed between indices. These results are discussed relative to the characteristics of the tested indices. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
33.	Leonardsson, Kjell, et al. (författare) Calculation of species sensitivity values and their precision in marine benthic faunal quality indices 2015 Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0025-326X .- 1879-3363. ; 93:1-2, s. 94-102 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A challenging aspect of benthic quality indices used for assessing the marine environment has been to compile reliable measures of the species' sensitivity to disturbances. Sensitivity values and their uncertainties can be calculated, but a problem to cope with is that the results may depend on the actual proportion of samples from disturbed and undisturbed environments. Here we calculated sensitivity values for each species along an artificial disturbance gradient created by bootstrapping varying numbers of samples from disturbed and undisturbed environments. The values were increasing, decreasing, or more or less constant along this gradient. The lowest value with the lowest uncertainty was adopted as the species sensitivity value. Analyses of the uncertainties indicated that the accuracy rather than the precision might be a concern. We suggest a method to exclude species for which the uncertainty is outside predefined limits as a precaution to reduce bias in the environmental status classification.
34.	Leonardsson, Kjell, et al. (författare) Reducing spatial variation in environmental assessment of marine benthic fauna 2016 Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0025-326X .- 1879-3363. ; 104:1-2, s. 129-138 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The Benthic Quality Index, BQI, is widely used for benthic quality assessment. Here, we investigated if spatial variation in the BQI can be reduced by accounting for the environmental factors instead of having different boundaries for different salinity regimes between status classes in the EU Water Framework Directive and Marine Strategy Framework Directive. For this purpose we tested salinity, sediment structure, and depth in a regression model to test their contribution to variations in BQI. The spatial variation in BQI was better explained by depth than by salinity or sediment structure. The proposed assessment method uses the residuals from the regression model between BQI and depth. With this method the variance in BQI between samples was reduced by 50% to 75% in the majority of situations. A method to establish the boundary between good and moderate status and how to derive EQR-values according to the WFD is presented. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
35.	Leonardsson, Kjell, et al. (författare) Theoretical and practical aspects on benthic quality assessment according to the EU-Water Framework Directive - examples from Swedish waters 2009 Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0025-326X .- 1879-3363. ; 58, s. 1286-1296 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A previously presented objective method to calculate each species sensitivity to disturbance is here slightly modified and implemented in the Benthic Quality Index (BQI) for marine benthic invertebrates. A framework for assessment of water bodies based on multi-site BQI-values is also presented, where a certain variation of BQI-values is allowed to cover the heterogeneity within each water body. The 20th percentile, using bootstrapping, from the available sites' BQI-values is compared with the status boundaries for quality assessment. The reliability of the assessment depends on the background information available for the boundary setting as well as the number of sampling sites included in the assessment. Agreement between time series of quality assessments in areas with known changes in anthropogenic disturbances is encouraging. Problems associated with water body assessment based on few or no samples, as well as multiple sampling occasions during the 6-yr WFD cycle are discussed. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
36.	Loo, Lars-Ove, 1954, et al. (författare) Bivalve suspension-feeding dynamics and benthic-pelagic coupling in an eutrophicated marine bay. 1989 Ingår i: J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.. ; 130, s. 253-276 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
37.	Loo, Lars-Ove, 1954, et al. (författare) Fastsättning av unga blåmusslor på några platser i Bohuslän 1981-82. 1983 Ingår i: Meddelande Havsfiskelaboratoriet, Lysekil. ; :288 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
38.	Loo, Lars-Ove, 1954, et al. (författare) Musselodlingens tillväxt. 1983 Ingår i: Odling av blåmusslor.. - Lund : Bokförlaget Signum i Lund AB.. - 918533054X Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
39.	Loo, Lars-Ove, 1954, et al. (författare) Mytilus edulis culture: growth and production in western Sweden. 1983 Ingår i: Aquaculture. ; 35, s. 137-150 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
40.	Loo, Lars-Ove, 1954, et al. (författare) Production and energy budget in marine suspension feeding populations: Mytilus edulis, Cerastoderma edule, Mya arenaria and Amphiura filiformis 1996 Ingår i: Journal of Sea Research. - 1385-1101. ; 35:1-3, s. 199-207 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The pelagic primary production and the secondary production of four species of benthic suspension feeders were frequently measured over a period of approximately one year in four different habitats. Simplified energy budgets over one-year periods are presented including ingestion, absorption, faeces production, respiration and secondary production. The production of a Mytilus edulis culture exceeded primary production by about 6.25 times, whereas semi-exposed shallow-water populations of Cerastoderma edule and Mya arenaria had a production roughly equal to primary production. In an exposed area, the latter species had a secondary production:primary production ratio of 0.15:1, whereas for a deeper-living (40 m) Amphiura filiformis population this relation was 0.0034:1. M. edulis followed by C. edule and M. arenaria in the semi-exposed habitat had the comparatively lowest Respiration:Absorption ratios and the highest Production:Absorption ratios. This study emphasizes the ecological importance of horizontal advective processes for energy transfer from the pelagic to the benthic system.
41.	Magnusson, Marina, et al. (författare) Bottenmiljön i Kattegatt Öresund och tre fjordar i Skagerrak analyserad av sedimentprofiler 2005 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
42.	Magnusson, Marina, et al. (författare) Bottenmiljön i Kattegatt/Öresund och tre fjordar i Skagerrak analyserad genom fotografering av sedimentprofiler (SPI) 2005 2005 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract På uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket, Länsstyrelseni Västra Götaland och Bohuskustens Vattenvårdsförbundhar provtagningar utförts 2005 för attbedöma bottenmiljön med hjälp av fotograferingav sedimentprofiler i fjordarna Gullmarn, Koljöfjordenoch Havstensfjord i Skagerrak, i områdenaLaholmsbukten och Skälderviken i Kattegatt, samti Öresund. Provtagningarna utförs enligt en generellundersökningsmodell för områdesövervakning.Inga storskaliga förändringar i bottenmiljön harkunnat observeras i Västerhavet sedan provtagningarnastartade 2001. Generellt har bottenmiljönunder 2005 en god till måttlig status i hela Kattegatt/Öresund enligt EU:s Vattendirektiv. I Skagerrakvarierade bottenmiljön dock kraftigt beroende påområde, med hög till god status av bottenmiljöni Gullmarn, och mellan dålig till hög status iHavstensfjord och Koljöfjorden. I norra delen avHavstensfjord samt på flera platser i Koljöfjordensaknades makroskopiskt liv.
43.	Magnusson, Marina, et al. (författare) Utvärdering av samordnat marint miljöövervakningsprogram för bottenfauna i Västerhavet 2002-2004 : Preliminär rapport 2002 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract FörordDetta är en preliminär rapport, så tillvida att frågan”Vilken storlek av statistiskt säkerställdförändring kan observeras av systemet?” ej ärbesvarad ännu. Komplettering på denna fråga ochinlämning av en fullständig rapport sker efter konsultationmed Mats Lindegarth, vilket beräknas skei januari - februari 2006. Svaret på denna fråga kanäven leda till vissa ändringar av svar på en del av deövriga frågorna.SammanfattningSyftet med detta uppdrag var att utvärderaprestandan för det samordnade marina miljöövervakningsprogrammetför bottenfauna i Västerhavetför perioden 2002-2004. Övervakningsprogrammethar till uppgift att i första hand kunna redovisa tillståndoch effekter av övergödning och i andra handredovisa förändringar i den biologiska mångfalden.Analysen omfattar samtliga bottenfaunadata (bottenhugg+ SPI) i Kattegatt och Skagerrak för dennaperioden. Arbetet inriktas mot att besvara sju frågeställningardär resultaten från de två metoderna sålångt det går bedöms var för sig och i kombinationsamt ställs i relation till de nya bedömningsgrundernaför marin bottenfauna för att värdera kvaliténi bottenmiljön.Utvärderingen visar att signifikanta förändringarhar kunnat påvisas vid flera tillfällen och påolika rumsliga skalor, från station- till bassängnivåvilket tyder på att denna modell för miljöövervakningfungerar bra. Vidare sker undersökning avbottenfauna i mer än 30% av vattenförekomsternalängs Västkusten och miljöövervakningsprogrammetfår anses ha en så god täckning av kusten att vattendirektivetskrav på regionala miljöbedömningari vattenförekomster/grupper av vattenförekomsteroch typer av vattenförekomster i kustzonen uppfylls.Det bör även nämnas att framtagandet av denya bedömningsgrunderna dvs miljökvalitetsindexetBQI bygger på arter observerade längs helavästkusten där Skagerrak, Kattegatt och Öresund harsetts som en enhet, endast indelat i över och underhaloklinen, dvs ingen indelning efter vattentypereller vattenförekomst.Då det huvudsakliga syftet med programmet äratt upptäcka effekter av eutrofiering är det avvikt att kunna särskilja eutrofiering från den naturligavariationen vilket är problematiskt. Centralt äratt analys av data sker över en längre tidsperiod därman inte enbart analyserar variationen över hela
44.	Maire, O., et al. (författare) Effects of food availability on sediment reworking in Abra ovata and A. nitida 2006 Ingår i: Marine Ecology-Progress Series. - 0171-8630. ; 319, s. 135-153 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We used a new experimental approach involving thin aquaria, luminophores, time lapse photography and image analysis to assess sediment reworking in 2 closely related bivalves, Abra ovata and A. nitida. The method proved efficient based on the highly significant correlation between the concentrations of luminophores assessed using image analysis and direct counting of sediment slices. A. ovata and A. nitida exhibited different sediment reworking behaviours. A. ovata remained immobile within the sediment and transferred luminophores within the sediment through its siphonal activity, which resulted in the creation of typical inverse conical structures. A. nitida moved within the sediment and reworked a thinner sediment layer. Both A. ovata and A. nitida were characterised as biodiffusers. Biodiffusion coefficients (D-b) were maximal at intermediate food concentration in A. ovata and at high food concentration in A. nitida. This new approach allowed assessment of the effects of spatial scale and vertical grid size on the computation of D-b, In both species D-b decreased with spatial scale up to 3.750 cm and then remained constant. It is suggested that this pattern partly resulted from heterogeneity linked to: (1) the mode of sediment reworking (A. ovata) and (2) the relative proportion of reworked sediment surface (A. nitida). Vertical grid size > 0.250 cm resulted in a significant overestimation of D-b in A. nitida, due to the low thickness of the sediment layer reworked by this species. The implications of these results on the main characteristics (duration, spatial scale, vertical grid size) of classical luminophore experiments are discussed.
45.	Maire, O., et al. (författare) Quantification of sediment reworking rates in bioturbation research: a review 2008 Ingår i: Aquatic Biology. - : Inter-Research Science Center. - 1864-7790 .- 1864-7782. ; 2:3, s. 219-238 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This review lists and discusses the different methods currently available to assess sediment reworking by benthic infauna. Direct methods are used to estimate the amount of sediment transported by infauna at the sediment-water interface during a given period of time. Particle-tracer methods are used to quantify the vertical distribution of particle tracers within the sediment column. Tracers are classified based on their mode of introduction at the sediment-water interface (i.e. whether they occur naturally or are deliberately introduced at the onset of the experiment). The main characteristics of each method, including modelling aspects, are presented, and their respective advantages and drawbacks are outlined with a particular emphasis on their accuracy, spatial (i.e. both horizontal and vertical) and temporal resolutions. Direct and particle-tracer methods assess different components of sediment reworking. Selection of the most appropriate approach depends on the specific question(s) to be answered, as well as other factors, including the behaviour of the organisms studied, the spatial and temporal scales considered, and whether the experiments are carried out in situ or under controlled laboratory conditions.
46.	Mermillod-Blondin, F., et al. (författare) Biodiversity of benthic invertebrates and organic matter processing in shallow marine sediments: an experimental study 2005 Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-0981. ; 315:2, s. 187-209 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The main objective of this study was to measure the impact of benthic invertebrate diversity on processes occurring at the water-sediment interface. We analyzed the effects of interactions between three shallow water species (Cerastoderma edule, Corophium volutator, and Nereis diversicolor). The impacts of different species richness treatments were measured on sediment reworking, bacterial characteristics, and biogeochemical processes (bromide fluxes, O-2 uptake, nutrient fluxes, and porewater chemistry) in sediment cores. The results showed that the three species exhibited different bioturbation activities in the experimental system: C. edule acted as a biodiffusor, mixing particles in the top 2 cm of the sediments; C. volutator produced and irrigated U-shaped tubes in the top 2 cm of the sediments; and N. diversicolor produced and irrigated burrow galleries in the whole sediment cores. C. edule had minor effects on biogeochemical processes, whereas the other species, through their irrigation of the burrows, increased the Solute exchange between the water column and the sediment two-fold. These impacts on sediment structure and solute transport increased the O-2 consumption and the release of nutrients from sediments. As N. diversicolor burrowed deeper in the sediment than C. volutator, it irrigated a greater volume of sediments, with great impact on the sediment cores. Most treatments with a mixture of species indicated that observed values were often lower than predicted values from the addition of the individual effects of each species, demonstrating a negative interaction among species. This type of negative interaction measured between species on ecosystem processes certainly resulted from an overlap of bioturbation activities among the three species which, lived and foraged in the same habitat (water-sediment interface). All treatments with N. diversicolor (in isolation and in mixture) produced similar effect on sediment reworking, water fluxes, nutrient releases, porewater chemistry, and bacterial characteristics. Whichever species associated with N. diversicolor, the bioturbation activities of the worm hid the effect of the other species. The results suggest that, in the presence of several species that use and modify the same sediment space, impact of invertebrates on ecosystem processes was essentially due to the most efficient bioturbator of the community (N. diversicolor). In consequence, the functional traits (mode of bioturbation, depth of burrowing, feeding behaviour) of an individual species in a community could be more important than species richness for some ecosystem processes. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
47.	Mermillod-Blondin, F., et al. (författare) Ecosystem engineering: the impact of bioturbation on biogeochemical processes in marine and freshwater benthic habitats 2006 Ingår i: Aquatic Sciences. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1015-1621 .- 1420-9055. ; 68:4, s. 434-442 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In aquatic ecosystems, invertebrate bioturbation significantly influences microbial activities and bio-geochemical processes in sediments by modifying water and sediment fluxes at the water-sediment interface. We apply the concept of ecosystem engineering to develop a qualitative general understanding of the role of bioturbation on microbial processes in different benthic environments. We hypothesized that the effects of the bioturbation mode (sediment reworking, biogenic structure building, bioirrigation) on microbial processes vary between diffusion- and advection-dominated benthic environments because bioturbation does not have the same influences on hydrological exchanges (and the flux of resources for micro-organisms living in sediments) at the water-sediment interface of the two systems. To test this hypothesis, we experimentally compared the influence of three bioturbation modes (fine-sediment reworking, U-shaped structure burrowing, and gallery-network burrowing) in a diffusion-dominated system (fine sediments/low interstitial flow rates) and an advection-dominated system (coarse sediments/advection of water in sediments). Our analysis demonstrated that bioturbation modes in the two systems had different impacts on microbial activities. For instance, U-shaped tube burrowing by animals increased O-2 consumption in the diffusion-dominated system but produced the opposite effect in the advection-dominated system. The influence of bioturbation was also negatively related to interstitial flow rate, the bioturbation having a higher influence on O-2 consumption in the diffusion-dominated system than in the advection-dominated system. According to our hypothesis, bioturbation modified microbial processes in sediments depend on the hydrological characteristics of the system. In the diffusion-dominated system, invertebrate bioturbation can produce water fluxes at the water-sediment interface that may strongly influence microbial processes in sediments. In contrast, in the advection-dominated system, invertebrate bioturbation can only modify the water circulation patterns in sediments, moderately affecting microbial processes. Consequently, it is necessary to use a conceptual framework which takes into account the features of sediment habitats in order to allow a better prediction of bioturbation effects on sediment biogeochemistry. With this aim, the conceptual scheme of ecosystem engineers can be an organizing principle to integrate the complex relationships among physical habitat, bioturbation mode and microbial activity.
48.	Mermillod-Blondin, F., et al. (författare) Influence of bioturbation by three benthic infaunal species on microbial communities and biogeochemical processes in marine sediment 2004 Ingår i: Aquatic Microbial Ecology. - : Inter-Research Science Center. - 0948-3055 .- 1616-1564. ; 36:3, s. 271-284 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Benthic invertebrates play a key role in the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the marine water-sediment interface. The influences of invertebrates on biogeochemical processes have mainly been attributed to their sediment reworking and bioirrigation activities. The aim of this study was to compare the influences of bioturbation activities by 3 dominant species of shallow water habitats (Cerastoderma. edule, Corophium volutator, and Nereis diversicolor) on microbial communities and biogeochemical processes in sediment cores. C. edule acted as a biodiffuser, mixing surface particles in the top 2 cm of the sediment. Despite this mixing activity, this species had little effect on O-2 consumption, water exchange between the water column and the sediment, microbial characteristics, and release of nutrients from the sediment, In contrast, C. Volutator and N. diversicolor produced burrows in the sediment that allowed transport of surface particles into biogenic structures. These 2 species doubled the solute exchange between the water column and the sediment, Such modifications of sediment structure and solute transport increased the O-2 consumption and the release of nutrients from the sediment. Both C. volutator and N. diversicolor stimulated the microbial communities as indicated by higher percentages of active bacteria. Reduction of the numbers of sulphate reducing bacteria was observed when the 3 invertebrates were present and could be attributed to the penetration of O-2 due to animal activities. N. diversicolor had a greater influence than C. volutator on pore water chemistry, ammonium release, and active bacteria. As N. diversicolor burrowed deeper in the sediment than C. volutator, it irrigated a greater volume of sediment. The modes of sediment reworking and structure building, irrigation behaviour, and burrowing depths were factors sufficient to assign the 3 species into different functional groups.
49.	Möller, Peter, et al. (författare) Tungmetallupptag hos några marina evertebrater i laboratorium 1977 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
50.	Nilsson, Hans C, et al. (författare) Bedömning av kvaliteten av bottenmiljön i Sundsvallsbukten : En jämförande analys mellan fotografier från sedimentprofiler och data från bottenfauna 2000 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Målsättningen med denna studie var att jämföra traditionell bottenfaunaprovtagning med analys av sedimentprofilsbilder i några olika typer av bottenmiljöer i Bottenhavet. Totalt besöktes 17 stationer i Sundsvallsbukten. Avsikten med uppläggningen var att provta lokaler dominerade av östersjömusslan (Macoma balthica), lokaler dominerade av vitmärlan (Monoporeia affinis), lokaler med riklig förekomst av både östersjömusslor och vitmärlor, samt lokaler med utarmad makroskopisk fauna, detta för att inkludera en så varierande bottenmiljö som möjligt. Bilderna tagna med sedimentprofilskameran tolkades enligt ett kvalitetsindex för att klassificera bottenmiljön, BHQ-index, vilket jämfördes med det från bottenfaunadata kalkylerade AAB-indexet som är framtaget för Östersjön. De stationer som saknade eller hade kraftigt reducerad makrofauna återfanns på djup som motsvaras av djupet av den nedre delen av sommartermoklinen på cirka 20m djup. Dessa stationer tillhörande tillståndklass 4 och 5 enligt Naturvårdverkets bedömningsgrunder, det vill säga tydligt till kraftigt påverkade bottenmiljöer och sammanföll med de två olika bedömningsindexen AAB och BHQ. Fyra stationer klassades som opåverkade till obetydligt påverkade enligt AAB-indexet, tillståndsklass 1. Inga stationer klassades så högt enligt BHQ-indexet. Frånvaron av större strukturer såsom födofi ckor och djupa djurgångar i sediment-vatten-gränsskiktet kan förklara varför det högst uppmätta BHQ-indexet inte nådde upp till tillstånds klass 1 enligt Naturvårdsverkets förslag till bedömningsgrunder. Vi föreslår hur BHQ-indexet kan revideras för att ge en fullgodmiljöklassificering av bottnarna i Bottenhavet.

Skapa referenser, mejla, bekava och länka

Länka till träfflistan

Träfflista för sökning "WFRF:(Rosenberg Rutger) "

Avgränsa träffmängd

År