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1.	Arndt, D. S., et al. (författare) STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2017 2018 Ingår i: Bulletin of The American Meteorological Society - (BAMS). - : American Meteorological Society. - 0003-0007 .- 1520-0477. ; 99:8, s. S1-S310 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)
2.	Arndt, D. S., et al. (författare) State of the Climate in 2016 2017 Ingår i: Bulletin of The American Meteorological Society - (BAMS). - 0003-0007 .- 1520-0477. ; 98:8, s. S1-S280 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In 2016, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-continued to increase and reach new record highs. The 3.5 +/- 0.1 ppm rise in global annual mean carbon dioxide from 2015 to 2016 was the largest annual increase observed in the 58-year measurement record. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface surpassed 400 ppm (402.9 +/- 0.1 ppm) for the first time in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800000 years. One of the strongest El Nino events since at least 1950 dissipated in spring, and a weak La Nina evolved later in the year. Owing at least in part to the combination of El Nino conditions early in the year and a long-term upward trend, Earth's surface observed record warmth for a third consecutive year, albeit by a much slimmer margin than by which that record was set in 2015. Above Earth's surface, the annual lower troposphere temperature was record high according to all datasets analyzed, while the lower stratospheric temperature was record low according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Mexico and India, reported record high annual temperatures while many others observed near-record highs. A week-long heat wave at the end of April over the northern and eastern Indian peninsula, with temperatures surpassing 44 degrees C, contributed to a water crisis for 330 million people and to 300 fatalities. In the Arctic the 2016 land surface temperature was 2.0 degrees C above the 1981-2010 average, breaking the previous record of 2007, 2011, and 2015 by 0.8 degrees C, representing a 3.5 degrees C increase since the record began in 1900. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 24 March, the sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, tying with 2015 at 7.2% below the 1981-2010 average. The September 2016 Arctic sea ice minimum extent tied with 2007 for the second lowest value on record, 33% lower than the 1981-2010 average. Arctic sea ice cover remains relatively young and thin, making it vulnerable to continued extensive melt. The mass of the Greenland Ice Sheet, which has the capacity to contribute similar to 7 m to sea level rise, reached a record low value. The onset of its surface melt was the second earliest, after 2012, in the 37-year satellite record. Sea surface temperature was record high at the global scale, surpassing the previous record of 2015 by about 0.01 degrees C. The global sea surface temperature trend for the 21st century-to-date of +0.162 degrees C decade(-1) is much higher than the longer term 1950-2016 trend of +0.100 degrees C decade(-1). Global annual mean sea level also reached a new record high, marking the sixth consecutive year of increase. Global annual ocean heat content saw a slight drop compared to the record high in 2015. Alpine glacier retreat continued around the globe, and preliminary data indicate that 2016 is the 37th consecutive year of negative annual mass balance. Across the Northern Hemisphere, snow cover for each month from February to June was among its four least extensive in the 47-year satellite record. Continuing a pattern below the surface, record high temperatures at 20-m depth were measured at all permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska and at the Canadian observatory on northernmost Ellesmere Island. In the Antarctic, record low monthly surface pressures were broken at many stations, with the southern annular mode setting record high index values in March and June. Monthly high surface pressure records for August and November were set at several stations. During this period, record low daily and monthly sea ice extents were observed, with the November mean sea ice extent more than 5 standard deviations below the 1981-2010 average. These record low sea ice values contrast sharply with the record high values observed during 2012-14. Over the region, springtime Antarctic stratospheric ozone depletion was less severe relative to the 1991-2006 average, but ozone levels were still low compared to pre-1990 levels. Closer to the equator, 93 named tropical storms were observed during 2016, above the 1981-2010 average of 82, but fewer than the 101 storms recorded in 2015. Three basins-the North Atlantic, and eastern and western North Pacific-experienced above-normal activity in 2016. The Australian basin recorded its least active season since the beginning of the satellite era in 1970. Overall, four tropical cyclones reached the Saffir-Simpson category 5 intensity level. The strong El Nino at the beginning of the year that transitioned to a weak La Nina contributed to enhanced precipitation variability around the world. Wet conditions were observed throughout the year across southern South America, causing repeated heavy flooding in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Wetter-than-usual conditions were also observed for eastern Europe and central Asia, alleviating the drought conditions of 2014 and 2015 in southern Russia. In the United States, California had its first wetter-than-average year since 2012, after being plagued by drought for several years. Even so, the area covered by drought in 2016 at the global scale was among the largest in the post-1950 record. For each month, at least 12% of land surfaces experienced severe drought conditions or worse, the longest such stretch in the record. In northeastern Brazil, drought conditions were observed for the fifth consecutive year, making this the longest drought on record in the region. Dry conditions were also observed in western Bolivia and Peru; it was Bolivia's worst drought in the past 25 years. In May, with abnormally warm and dry conditions already prevailing over western Canada for about a year, the human-induced Fort McMurray wildfire burned nearly 590000 hectares and became the costliest disaster in Canadian history, with $3 billion (U.S. dollars) in insured losses.
3.	Hudson, Lawrence N, et al. (författare) The database of the PREDICTS (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems) project 2017 Ingår i: Ecology and Evolution. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2045-7758. ; 7:1, s. 145-188 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The PREDICTS project-Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems (www.predicts.org.uk)-has collated from published studies a large, reasonably representative database of comparable samples of biodiversity from multiple sites that differ in the nature or intensity of human impacts relating to land use. We have used this evidence base to develop global and regional statistical models of how local biodiversity responds to these measures. We describe and make freely available this 2016 release of the database, containing more than 3.2 million records sampled at over 26,000 locations and representing over 47,000 species. We outline how the database can help in answering a range of questions in ecology and conservation biology. To our knowledge, this is the largest and most geographically and taxonomically representative database of spatial comparisons of biodiversity that has been collated to date; it will be useful to researchers and international efforts wishing to model and understand the global status of biodiversity.
4.	Lozano, Rafael, et al. (författare) Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 2018 Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 2091-2138 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030.
5.	Ades, M., et al. (författare) Global Climate : in State of the climate in 2019 2020 Ingår i: Bulletin of The American Meteorological Society - (BAMS). - : American Meteorological Society. - 0003-0007 .- 1520-0477. ; 101:8, s. S17-S127 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
6.	Ades, M., et al. (författare) GLOBAL CLIMATE 2020 Ingår i: BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY. - 0003-0007 .- 1520-0477. ; 101:8 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
7.	Ayyer, Kartik, et al. (författare) 3D diffractive imaging of nanoparticle ensembles using an x-ray laser 2021 Ingår i: Optica. - : Optical Society of America. - 2334-2536. ; 8:1, s. 15-23 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Single particle imaging at x-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) has the potential to determine the structure and dynamics of single biomolecules at room temperature. Two major hurdles have prevented this potential from being reached, namely, the collection of sufficient high-quality diffraction patterns and robust computational purification to overcome structural heterogeneity. We report the breaking of both of these barriers using gold nanoparticle test samples, recording around 10 million diffraction patterns at the European XFEL and structurally and orientationally sorting the patterns to obtain better than 3-nm-resolution 3D reconstructions for each of four samples. With these new developments, integrating advancements in x-ray sources, fast-framing detectors, efficient sample delivery, and data analysis algorithms, we illuminate the path towards sub-nano meter biomolecular imaging. The methods developed here can also be extended to characterize ensembles that are inherently diverse to obtain their full structural landscape. Published by The Optical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
8.	Ek, Simon, et al. (författare) High-speed videography of transparent media using illumination-based multiplexed schlieren 2022 Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 12:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Schlieren photography is widely used for visualizing phenomena within transparent media. The technique, which comes in a variety of configurations, is based on detecting or extracting the degree to which light is deflected whilst propagating through a sample. To date, high-speed schlieren videography can only be achieved using high-speed cameras, thus limiting the frame rate of such configurations to the capabilities of the camera. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, optically multiplexed schlieren videography, a concept that allows such hardware limitations to be bypassed, opening up for, in principle, an unlimited frame rate. By illuminating the sample with a rapid burst of uniquely spatially modulated light pulses, a temporally resolved sequence can be captured in a single photograph. The refractive index variations are thereafter measured by quantifying the local phase shift of the superimposed intensity modulations. The presented results demonstrate the ability to acquire a series of images of flame structures at frame rates up to 1 Mfps using a standard 50 fps sCMOS camera.
9.	Feigin, Valery L., et al. (författare) Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 2021 Ingår i: Lancet Neurology. - : Elsevier. - 1474-4422 .- 1474-4465. ; 20:10, s. 795-820 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background Regularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels. Methods We applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level. Findings In 2019, there were 12.2 million (95% UI 11.0-13.6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93.2-111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133-153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6.55 million (6.00-7.02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11.6% [10.8-12.2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5.7% [5.1-6.2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70.0% (67.0-73.0), prevalent strokes increased by 85.0% (83.0-88.0), deaths from stroke increased by 43.0% (31.0-55.0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32.0% (22.0-42.0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17.0% (15.0-18.0), mortality decreased by 36.0% (31.0-42.0), prevalence decreased by 6.0% (5.0-7.0), and DALYs decreased by 36.0% (31.0-42.0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22.0% (21.0-24.0) and incidence rates increased by 15.0% (12.0-18.0). In 2019, the age-standardised stroke-related mortality rate was 3.6 (3.5-3.8) times higher in the World Bank low-income group than in the World Bank high-income group, and the age-standardised stroke-related DALY rate was 3.7 (3.5-3.9) times higher in the low-income group than the high-income group. Ischaemic stroke constituted 62.4% of all incident strokes in 2019 (7.63 million [6.57-8.96]), while intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 27.9% (3.41 million [2.97-3.91]) and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 9.7% (1.18 million [1.01-1.39]). In 2019, the five leading risk factors for stroke were high systolic blood pressure (contributing to 79.6 million [67.7-90.8] DALYs or 55.5% [48.2-62.0] of total stroke DALYs), high body-mass index (34.9 million [22.3-48.6] DALYs or 24.3% [15.7-33.2]), high fasting plasma glucose (28.9 million [19.8-41.5] DALYs or 20.2% [13.8-29.1]), ambient particulate matter pollution (28.7 million [23.4-33.4] DALYs or 20.1% [16.6-23.0]), and smoking (25.3 million [22.6-28.2] DALYs or 17.6% [16.4-19.0]). Interpretation The annual number of strokes and deaths due to stroke increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, despite substantial reductions in age-standardised rates, particularly among people older than 70 years. The highest age-standardised stroke-related mortality and DALY rates were in the World Bank low-income group. The fastest-growing risk factor for stroke between 1990 and 2019 was high body-mass index. Without urgent implementation of effective primary prevention strategies, the stroke burden will probably continue to grow across the world, particularly in low-income countries.
10.	Fullman, Nancy, et al. (författare) Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 2018 Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Lancet Publishing Group. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 391:10136, s. 2236-2271 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
11.	Griswold, Max G., et al. (författare) Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 2018 Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 392:10152, s. 1015-1035 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for death and disability, but its overall association with health remains complex given the possible protective effects of moderate alcohol consumption on some conditions. With our comprehensive approach to health accounting within the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we generated improved estimates of alcohol use and alcohol-attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 195 locations from 1990 to 2016, for both sexes and for 5-year age groups between the ages of 15 years and 95 years and older.Methods: Using 694 data sources of individual and population-level alcohol consumption, along with 592 prospective and retrospective studies on the risk of alcohol use, we produced estimates of the prevalence of current drinking, abstention, the distribution of alcohol consumption among current drinkers in standard drinks daily (defined as 10 g of pure ethyl alcohol), and alcohol-attributable deaths and DALYs. We made several methodological improvements compared with previous estimates: first, we adjusted alcohol sales estimates to take into account tourist and unrecorded consumption; second, we did a new meta-analysis of relative risks for 23 health outcomes associated with alcohol use; and third, we developed a new method to quantify the level of alcohol consumption that minimises the overall risk to individual health.Findings: Globally, alcohol use was the seventh leading risk factor for both deaths and DALYs in 2016, accounting for 2.2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1.5-3.0) of age-standardised female deaths and 6.8% (5.8-8.0) of age-standardised male deaths. Among the population aged 15-49 years, alcohol use was the leading risk factor globally in 2016, with 3.8% (95% UI 3.2-4-3) of female deaths and 12.2% (10.8-13-6) of male deaths attributable to alcohol use. For the population aged 15-49 years, female attributable DALYs were 2.3% (95% UI 2.0-2.6) and male attributable DALYs were 8.9% (7.8-9.9). The three leading causes of attributable deaths in this age group were tuberculosis (1.4% [95% UI 1. 0-1. 7] of total deaths), road injuries (1.2% [0.7-1.9]), and self-harm (1.1% [0.6-1.5]). For populations aged 50 years and older, cancers accounted for a large proportion of total alcohol-attributable deaths in 2016, constituting 27.1% (95% UI 21.2-33.3) of total alcohol-attributable female deaths and 18.9% (15.3-22.6) of male deaths. The level of alcohol consumption that minimised harm across health outcomes was zero (95% UI 0.0-0.8) standard drinks per week.Interpretation: Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for global disease burden and causes substantial health loss. We found that the risk of all-cause mortality, and of cancers specifically, rises with increasing levels of consumption, and the level of consumption that minimises health loss is zero. These results suggest that alcohol control policies might need to be revised worldwide, refocusing on efforts to lower overall population-level consumption.
12.	Karlsson, Anders, et al. (författare) Numerical scattering simulations for estimating soot aggregate morphology from nephelometer scattering measurements 2022 Ingår i: Journal of Aerosol Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-8502. ; 159 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Nephelometers are regularly used for air quality monitoring through scattering measurements of aerosols in the atmosphere. Less attention has been paid to the potential of estimating soot morphological parameters from nephelometer measurements in combination with scattering theory. In this work, we perform a fundamental laboratory study where an Ecotech Aurora 3000 nephelometer is used for measuring the scattering properties of soot with different characteristics. The nephelometer monitors the forward and backward scattering at three wavelengths (450 nm, 525 nm, and 635 nm) to retrieve information on the ratio of forward and backward scattering intensities, as well as the scattering wavelength dependence. An inverse scattering method, based on the Rayleigh–Debye–Gans theory, for determination of the equivalent fractal dimension (Df) and radius of gyration (Rg) of soot particles from the experimental scattering data was developed. It is shown that the inverse method can estimate Rg and Df when Rg<185nm and from the wavelength dependence, information on the relative amount of organic soot could be obtained. For validation, estimated parameters are compared with the morphological parameters of soot sampled from the mini-CAST soot generator and evaluated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Uncertainties and limitations of the procedure are discussed.
13.	Kassebaum, Nicholas J., et al. (författare) Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 2016 Ingår i: The Lancet. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 388:10053, s. 1603-1658 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background Healthy life expectancy (HALE) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) provide summary measures of health across geographies and time that can inform assessments of epidemiological patterns and health system performance, help to prioritise investments in research and development, and monitor progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We aimed to provide updated HALE and DALYs for geographies worldwide and evaluate how disease burden changes with development. Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015) for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost (YLLs) and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for each geography, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using the Sullivan method, which draws from age-specific death rates and YLDs per capita. We then assessed how observed levels of DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends calculated with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator constructed from measures of income per capita, average years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Findings Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2015, with decreases in communicable, neonatal, maternal, and nutritional (Group 1) disease DALYs off set by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Much of this epidemiological transition was caused by changes in population growth and ageing, but it was accelerated by widespread improvements in SDI that also correlated strongly with the increasing importance of NCDs. Both total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most Group 1 causes significantly decreased by 2015, and although total burden climbed for the majority of NCDs, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined. Nonetheless, age-standardised DALY rates due to several high-burden NCDs (including osteoarthritis, drug use disorders, depression, diabetes, congenital birth defects, and skin, oral, and sense organ diseases) either increased or remained unchanged, leading to increases in their relative ranking in many geographies. From 2005 to 2015, HALE at birth increased by an average of 2.9 years (95% uncertainty interval 2.9-3.0) for men and 3.5 years (3.4-3.7) for women, while HALE at age 65 years improved by 0.85 years (0.78-0.92) and 1.2 years (1.1-1.3), respectively. Rising SDI was associated with consistently higher HALE and a somewhat smaller proportion of life spent with functional health loss; however, rising SDI was related to increases in total disability. Many countries and territories in central America and eastern sub-Saharan Africa had increasingly lower rates of disease burden than expected given their SDI. At the same time, a subset of geographies recorded a growing gap between observed and expected levels of DALYs, a trend driven mainly by rising burden due to war, interpersonal violence, and various NCDs. Interpretation Health is improving globally, but this means more populations are spending more time with functional health loss, an absolute expansion of morbidity. The proportion of life spent in ill health decreases somewhat with increasing SDI, a relative compression of morbidity, which supports continued efforts to elevate personal income, improve education, and limit fertility. Our analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework on which to benchmark geography-specific health performance and SDG progress. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform financial and research investments, prevention efforts, health policies, and health system improvement initiatives for all countries along the development continuum.
14.	Klionsky, Daniel J, et al. (författare) Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition). 2016 Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 12:1, s. 1-222 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
15.	Naghavi, Mohsen, et al. (författare) Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 2015 Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 385:9963, s. 117-171 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background Up-to-date evidence on levels and trends for age-sex-specifi c all-cause and cause-specifi c mortality is essential for the formation of global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) we estimated yearly deaths for 188 countries between 1990, and 2013. We used the results to assess whether there is epidemiological convergence across countries. Methods We estimated age-sex-specifi c all-cause mortality using the GBD 2010 methods with some refinements to improve accuracy applied to an updated database of vital registration, survey, and census data. We generally estimated cause of death as in the GBD 2010. Key improvements included the addition of more recent vital registration data for 72 countries, an updated verbal autopsy literature review, two new and detailed data systems for China, and more detail for Mexico, UK, Turkey, and Russia. We improved statistical models for garbage code redistribution. We used six different modelling strategies across the 240 causes; cause of death ensemble modelling (CODEm) was the dominant strategy for causes with sufficient information. Trends for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias were informed by meta-regression of prevalence studies. For pathogen-specifi c causes of diarrhoea and lower respiratory infections we used a counterfactual approach. We computed two measures of convergence (inequality) across countries: the average relative difference across all pairs of countries (Gini coefficient) and the average absolute difference across countries. To summarise broad findings, we used multiple decrement life-tables to decompose probabilities of death from birth to exact age 15 years, from exact age 15 years to exact age 50 years, and from exact age 50 years to exact age 75 years, and life expectancy at birth into major causes. For all quantities reported, we computed 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We constrained cause-specific fractions within each age-sex-country-year group to sum to all-cause mortality based on draws from the uncertainty distributions. Findings Global life expectancy for both sexes increased from 65.3 years (UI 65.0-65.6) in 1990, to 71.5 years (UI 71.0-71.9) in 2013, while the number of deaths increased from 47.5 million (UI 46.8-48.2) to 54.9 million (UI 53.6-56.3) over the same interval. Global progress masked variation by age and sex: for children, average absolute diff erences between countries decreased but relative diff erences increased. For women aged 25-39 years and older than 75 years and for men aged 20-49 years and 65 years and older, both absolute and relative diff erences increased. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the prominent role of reductions in age-standardised death rates for cardiovascular diseases and cancers in high-income regions, and reductions in child deaths from diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and neonatal causes in low-income regions. HIV/AIDS reduced life expectancy in southern sub-Saharan Africa. For most communicable causes of death both numbers of deaths and age-standardised death rates fell whereas for most non-communicable causes, demographic shifts have increased numbers of deaths but decreased age-standardised death rates. Global deaths from injury increased by 10.7%, from 4.3 million deaths in 1990 to 4.8 million in 2013; but age-standardised rates declined over the same period by 21%. For some causes of more than 100 000 deaths per year in 2013, age-standardised death rates increased between 1990 and 2013, including HIV/AIDS, pancreatic cancer, atrial fibrillation and flutter, drug use disorders, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and sickle-cell anaemias. Diarrhoeal diseases, lower respiratory infections, neonatal causes, and malaria are still in the top five causes of death in children younger than 5 years. The most important pathogens are rotavirus for diarrhoea and pneumococcus for lower respiratory infections. Country-specific probabilities of death over three phases of life were substantially varied between and within regions. Interpretation For most countries, the general pattern of reductions in age-sex specifi c mortality has been associated with a progressive shift towards a larger share of the remaining deaths caused by non-communicable disease and injuries. Assessing epidemiological convergence across countries depends on whether an absolute or relative measure of inequality is used. Nevertheless, age-standardised death rates for seven substantial causes are increasing, suggesting the potential for reversals in some countries. Important gaps exist in the empirical data for cause of death estimates for some countries; for example, no national data for India are available for the past decade.
16.	Phillips, Helen R. P., et al. (författare) Global distribution of earthworm diversity 2019 Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 366:6464, s. 480- Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Soil organisms, including earthworms, are a key component of terrestrial ecosystems. However, little is known about their diversity, their distribution, and the threats affecting them. We compiled a global dataset of sampled earthworm communities from 6928 sites in 57 countries as a basis for predicting patterns in earthworm diversity, abundance, and biomass. We found that local species richness and abundance typically peaked at higher latitudes, displaying patterns opposite to those observed in aboveground organisms. However, high species dissimilarity across tropical locations may cause diversity across the entirety of the tropics to be higher than elsewhere. Climate variables were found to be more important in shaping earthworm communities than soil properties or habitat cover. These findings suggest that climate change may have serious implications for earthworm communities and for the functions they provide.
17.	Pick, Cari M., et al. (författare) Fundamental social motives measured across forty-two cultures in two waves 2022 Ingår i: Scientific Data. - : Springer Nature. - 2052-4463. ; 9 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract How does psychology vary across human societies? The fundamental social motives framework adopts an evolutionary approach to capture the broad range of human social goals within a taxonomy of ancestrally recurring threats and opportunities. These motives-self-protection, disease avoidance, affiliation, status, mate acquisition, mate retention, and kin care-are high in fitness relevance and everyday salience, yet understudied cross-culturally. Here, we gathered data on these motives in 42 countries (N = 15,915) in two cross-sectional waves, including 19 countries (N = 10,907) for which data were gathered in both waves. Wave 1 was collected from mid-2016 through late 2019 (32 countries, N = 8,998; 3,302 male, 5,585 female; M-age = 24.43, SD = 7.91). Wave 2 was collected from April through November 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic (29 countries, N = 6,917; 2,249 male, 4,218 female; M-age = 28.59, SD = 11.31). These data can be used to assess differences and similarities in people's fundamental social motives both across and within cultures, at different time points, and in relation to other commonly studied cultural indicators and outcomes.
18.	Reitsma, Marissa B., et al. (författare) Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015 : a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 2017 Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 389:10082, s. 1885-1906 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background The scale-up of tobacco control, especially after the adoption of the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control, is a major public health success story. Nonetheless, smoking remains a leading risk for early death and disability worldwide, and therefore continues to require sustained political commitment. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) offers a robust platform through which global, regional, and national progress toward achieving smoking-related targets can be assessed. Methods We synthesised 2818 data sources with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and produced estimates of daily smoking prevalence by sex, age group, and year for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We analysed 38 risk-outcome pairs to generate estimates of smoking-attributable mortality and disease burden, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). We then performed a cohort analysis of smoking prevalence by birth-year cohort to better understand temporal age patterns in smoking. We also did a decomposition analysis, in which we parsed out changes in all-cause smoking-attributable DALYs due to changes in population growth, population ageing, smoking prevalence, and risk-deleted DALY rates. Finally, we explored results by level of development using the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings Worldwide, the age-standardised prevalence of daily smoking was 25.0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24.2-25.7) for men and 5.4% (5.1-5.7) for women, representing 28.4% (25.8-31.1) and 34.4% (29.4-38.6) reductions, respectively, since 1990. A greater percentage of countries and territories achieved significant annualised rates of decline in smoking prevalence from 1990 to 2005 than in between 2005 and 2015; however, only four countries had significant annualised increases in smoking prevalence between 2005 and 2015 (Congo [Brazzaville] and Azerbaijan for men and Kuwait and Timor-Leste for women). In 2015, 11.5% of global deaths (6.4 million [95% UI 5.7-7.0 million]) were attributable to smoking worldwide, of which 52.2% took place in four countries (China, India, the USA, and Russia). Smoking was ranked among the five leading risk factors by DALYs in 109 countries and territories in 2015, rising from 88 geographies in 1990. In terms of birth cohorts, male smoking prevalence followed similar age patterns across levels of SDI, whereas much more heterogeneity was found in age patterns for female smokers by level of development. While smoking prevalence and risk-deleted DALY rates mostly decreased by sex and SDI quintile, population growth, population ageing, or a combination of both, drove rises in overall smoking-attributable DALYs in low-SDI to middle-SDI geographies between 2005 and 2015. Interpretation The pace of progress in reducing smoking prevalence has been heterogeneous across geographies, development status, and sex, and as highlighted by more recent trends, maintaining past rates of decline should not be taken for granted, especially in women and in low-SDI to middle-SDI countries. Beyond the effect of the tobacco industry and societal mores, a crucial challenge facing tobacco control initiatives is that demographic forces are poised to heighten smoking's global toll, unless progress in preventing initiation and promoting cessation can be substantially accelerated. Greater success in tobacco control is possible but requires effective, comprehensive, and adequately implemented and enforced policies, which might in turn require global and national levels of political commitment beyond what has been achieved during the past 25 years.
19.	Roth, Adrian, et al. (författare) 3D surface reconstruction of liquid structures in sprays using structured illumination and phase demodulation 2019 Ingår i: ILASS–Europe 2019, Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, 2-4 September 2019, Paris, France. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The accurate surface reconstruction of 3D liquid structures is an important aspect for the understanding ofspray formation and liquid breakups. In this article, an approach to image in 3D the surface of liquid structuresin sprays (such as ligaments, liquid sheets/cores and liquid blobs) is presented. The technique is named FringeProjection - Laser Induced Fluorescence (FP-LIF) which is used by illuminating the liquid structures using alaser interference fringe projection. By doping, at high concentration, the injected liquid with a fluorescentdye (here fluorescein) a fluorescence signal can be generated very close to the liquid surface. Then, this signalis recorded at a backward angle where the incident modulation encodes the information of the third surfacecoordinate for each pixel. The recorded 2D images are phase demodulated using the Continuous WaveletTransform (CWT) and the 3D surface coordinates can be retrieved. In the first part of the presented work,simulated liquid surfaces are considered for parameter optimization of the 3D reconstruction and to evaluatethe CWT implementation. It is found from the simulated results that the optimum fringe projection periodsampling is 4 − 7 pixels. In the second part, the technique is applied for two experimental cases of a pendingdrop and for an onion shaped liquid sheet. To conclude, both the simulated and experimental results showpromising 3D reconstructions of liquid surfaces providing a new type of data, which in the future can be usedfor the validation of computational models simulating liquid breakup.
20.	Roth, Adrian, et al. (författare) Analysis of coughed droplets using stereoscopic high-speed imaging 2021 Ingår i: ICLASS 2021, 15 th Triennial International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Edinburgh, UK, 29 Aug. - 2 Sept. 2021. - : Edinburgh University Library. Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Droplets generated by talking and coughing play a major role in the spreading of COVID-19. Thus, there is a need for accurate measurements of the physical properties of exhaled droplets just at the exit of the mouth, including their number and velocity. Several challenges are associated with imaging coughed droplets. First, large variation of droplet size will translate to a large range of signal intensity when detected. Second, high droplet speed near the mouth requires both, short exposure time to freeze droplet motion and kHz recording rate to resolve their displacement. Finally, as a highly non-symmetrical spray system is formed from a cough, three-dimensional visualization is necessary to faithfully capture coughing events. Here, a 3D, high-speed imaging technique is presented that facilitates such challenging measurements. A laser beam with a rectangular cross-section (15 mm thick – 120 mm high) is formed and illuminates the imaged droplets exiting the mouth of a coughing person. The 3D droplet speed has been extracted over several coughs in order to draw statistical results where the maximum speed for a single cough has been estimated to vary between 12 and 36 m/s.
21.	Roth, Adrian, et al. (författare) Analysis of liquid surface deformation and breakups using three-dimensional high-speed data recorded with a single camera 2022 Ingår i: Physics of Fluids. - : AIP Publishing. - 1070-6631 .- 1089-7666. ; 34:12 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Analyzing the deformation of liquid surfaces to better understand, for example, wave generation in oceanology or the formation of industrial spray systems, requires a series of three-dimensional snapshots that temporally resolve such events. This requirement is challenging, especially when applied to transient liquid surfaces that deform rapidly. A technique called Fringe Projection-Laser Induced Fluorescence (FP-LIF), developed by the authors, generates three-dimensional surface reconstructions of irregular liquid structures using snapshots recorded via a single camera only. In this article, FP-LIF is associated, for the first time, with a high-speed detection system, allowing the three-dimensional visualization of liquid surface deformation and breakups at a kHz frame rate. The technique is applied here at 20 kHz for imaging the complete development of a wide hollow-cone water spray and analyzing, in detail, the transition from early injection to stabilization. The three-dimensional image series covered a total time window of 300 ms (6000 frames). It is observed during the first 100 ms that the initial liquid jet deforms into a stable tulip shaped sheet. Then, between 100 and 180 ms, the tulip shape gradually grows until its stabilization corresponds to the final conical shaped sheet. Once the stabilization is reached, the fluctuation of the final spray-angle - ranging from 40° to 50° - is extracted by post-processing 1000 consecutive three-dimensional images, providing a detailed analysis of the radial symmetry of the spray over time and three-dimensional space. The results provided in this article are relevant for the validation of Computational Fluid Dynamics spray models.
22.	Roth, Adrian, et al. (författare) Exhaled aerosols and saliva droplets measured in time and 3D space: Quantification of pathogens flow rate applied to SARS-CoV-2 2023 Ingår i: Natural Sciences. - 2698-6248. ; 3:3 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract SARS-CoV-2 and its ever-emerging variants are spread from host-to-host via expelled respiratory aerosols and saliva droplets. Knowing the number of virions which are exhaled by a person requires precise measurements of the size, count, velocity and trajectory of the virus-laden particles that are ejected directly from the mouth. These measurements are achieved in 3D, at 15,000 images/s, and are applied when speaking, yelling and coughing. In this study, 33 events have been analysed by post-processing ∼500,000 images. Using these data, the flow rates of SARS-CoV-2 virions have been evaluated. At high concentrations, 107 virions/mL, it is found that 136–231 virions are ejected during a single cough, where the virion flow rate peak is capable of reaching 32 virions within a millisecond. This peak can reach tens of virions/ms when yelling but reduced to only a few virions/ms when speaking. At medium concentrations, ∼105 virions/mL, those results are hundreds of times lower. The total number of virions that are ejected when yelling at 110 dB, instead of speaking at 85 dB, increases by two- to threefold. From the measured data analysed in this article, the flow rate of other diseases, such as influenza, tuberculosis or measles, can also be estimated. As these data are openly accessible, they can be used by modellers for the simulation of saliva droplet transport and evaporation, allowing to further advance our understanding of airborne pathogen transmission.
23.	Roth, Adrian (författare) High-speed 3D imaging of liquid jets, surfaces and respiratory droplets 2023 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Sprays are commonly found in, among other, combustion, agriculture and food processing. For each of these applications, the understanding of spray liquid dynamics is crucial for optimization of efficiency, accuracy, and robustness of the spray-system in use. Sprays are also found as a collection of respiratory droplets ejected when people are speaking, yelling, coughing etc. that is one of the main transmission routes for viral disease in the recent COVID19 pandemic. The experimental research performed on these sprays is often in 2D and not seldom on average data. However, the spray dynamics of interest acts in 3D space, during very short timescales and are stochastically unique. Here, instantaneous high-speed 3D imaging is required to fully characterize these events.This thesis applies and analyses three different laser-based instantaneous high-speed 3D imaging techniques on three different liquid dynamics. These include, (1) volumetric Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) imaging of liquid jets, (2) LIF structured illumination for surface 3D reconstruction of a liquid hollow cone sheet and (3) stereoscopic particle tracking velocimetry of respiratory droplets. The volumetric imaging was found to be challenging because of refractive effects at the liquid-air interface. The structured illumination 3D reconstruction technique managed to reconstruct a transient 3D event where liquid breakups, ruptures, surface waves, and ejection angles were extracted. Simulations found that the used reconstruction was accurate to below 1% of the structure and could resolve small surface waves with a height up to 65% of the theoretical limit. Finally, the stereoscopic imaging extracted 3D tracks of respiratory droplets with found experimental average speed uncertainties around 0.3 m/s. In addition, this experiment enabled simultaneous estimation of speed and size of respiratory droplets that give valuable information on the risks of disease spreading.The presented instantaneous high-speed 3D reconstruction techniques can provide data that paves the way towards a deeper understanding of liquid dynamics in general and sprays in particular. The data is advantageous partly since it can be directly applied by modellers to improve and validate their simulations. In the future, both more validation and application of the presented techniques are required which is enabled by the open-sourced software and data that this thesis provides.
24.	Roth, Adrian, et al. (författare) High-speed 3D imaging of liquid sheet surfaces using the FP-LIF technique 2021 Ingår i: ICLASS 2021, 15 th Triennial International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Edinburgh, UK, 29 Aug. - 2 Sept. 2021. - : Edinburgh University Library. Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Accurate visualization and understanding of liquid breakups and dynamics of liquid jets, sheets, blobs and ligaments is important for a wide range of spray applications. Here, temporally resolved 3D measurements are necessary to obtain the complete characterization these processes. The currently available 3D imaging techniques are usually based on time-averaged data and do not have the capability of 3D temporally resolving fast liquid breakup phenomena. We have developed a novel technique called Fringe Projection - Laser Induced Fluorescence, FP-LIF, with the possibility of generating snapshot 3D surface reconstructions of irregular liquid structures, such as liquid sheets, ligaments, blobs and other large liquid bodies. The advantage of this technique is that only a single camera is used for generating 3D data. In this article we push the technique one step forward by using a Photron SA-Z high-speed camera to obtain 3D reconstructions of a hollow cone liquid sheet structure at 20 000 frames per second. This liquid sheet is generated from a pressure swirl atomizer. Such new type of data, presented here, are particularly relevant for the validation and improvement of computational spray models and for acquiring detailed insight on the conical sheet development and breakup.
25.	Roth, Adrian, et al. (författare) High-speed imaging database of water jet disintegration Part I : Quantitative imaging using liquid laser-induced fluorescence 2021 Ingår i: International Journal of Multiphase Flow. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-9322. ; 145 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper is Part I in a series of articles focused on a fundamental study on liquid jet disintegration. The main goal of this work is to provide an extensive open access database of high-speed images and videos for modelers and researchers in the field of fluid mechanics studying the dynamics of a liquid jet transiting from the Rayleigh to the atomization regimes. The injector under examination has a single orifice 0.60 mm in diameter and was used to inject water into quiescent air at atmospheric temperature and pressure. In this study, only the liquid injection pressure was varied, reaching a maximum Reynolds number of approximately 60 000. Historically, high-speed videos of liquid jet disintegration have been captured via shadowgraphy imaging techniques. The alternate approach proposed here employs photographing a fluorescing liquid, using Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) allowing us to deduce the volume of the imaged liquid structures. The experiment is divided into two parts. In the first portion, the interrogation area measures a distance of 160 mm along the jet, and includes sets of ~800 images, recorded at 40 000 frames per second, corresponding to a temporal resolution of 25 µs. In the second part, the viewable area was reduced to 28 mm, and ~400 images were recorded at 50 000 frames per second resulting in a temporal resolution of 20 µs. This configuration enabled the finer structures of the jet to be resolved. In this case, two high-speed cameras orientated at 90˚ are used to simultaneously image the liquid jet. This two-angle detection configuration allows for the identification and more accurate account of the irregular liquid bodies formed in the jet. Descriptions of the optical arrangements, operating conditions, and the image post-processing methodologies used to obtain quantitative measurements of liquid depths from the LIF signal have been outlined. The resulting temporally resolved high-speed image series are openly downloadable on the website: https://spray-imaging.com/water-jet.html or alternatively on Open Science Framework at: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/CG3DF
26.	Roth, Adrian, et al. (författare) High-speed scattered-light imaging for sizing respiratory droplets 2023 Ingår i: Journal of Aerosol Science. - 0021-8502. ; 174 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has illuminated the lack of knowledge regarding the airborne transmission pathway of disease. The pathway consists of pathogens contained in small particles ejected when speaking and coughing. A crucial characteristic of these particles is their size that is connected to the their suspension longevity in the air as well as the location of generation and deposition within a subject’s respiratory system. Sizing of particles launched from the respiratory system is a challenge for a number of reasons: (1) the size of ejected particles varies over a wide range, between sub- to several hundreds of microns, (2) particles are ejected at various speeds in different directions, (3) each single event is unique where for example the number of particles can vary greatly between two occurrences of the same event and subject, (4) the size of the particles vary significantly as they evaporate over time. To overcome these challenges and categorize full coughing and speaking events, new measuring methods are needed. In this work, we present, in detail, high-speed scattered light imaging to size liquid particles (droplets) in unique respiratory events. A high-speed camera records scattered laser light at 16 000 frames per second in a semi-forward scattering direction. The illumination is close to the ejection source which means that the particles are sized before evaporation. The measurement can size stationary droplets from 3.4 to 44 µm and moving droplets from 4 to 80 µm resolved in both time and space. To get a reliable estimation, careful calibration of scattering angles and calibration uncertainty has been performed showing a general uncertainty of 8%. Thus, the approach proposed in this article can provide valuable and accurate data to improve the understanding of the airborne transmission pathway.
27.	Roth, Adrian, et al. (författare) Snapshot 3D reconstruction of liquid surfaces 2020 Ingår i: Optics Express. - 1094-4087. ; 28:12, s. 17906-17922 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In contrast to static objects, liquid structures such as drops, blobs, as well as waves and ripples on water surfaces are challenging to image in 3D due to two main reasons: First, the transient nature of those phenomena requires snapshot imaging that is fast enough to freeze the motion of the liquid. Second, the transparency of liquids and the specular reflections from their surfaces induce complex image artefacts. In this article we present a novel imaging approach to reconstruct in 3D the surface of irregular liquid structures that only requires a single snapshot. The technique is named Fringe Projection - Laser Induced Fluorescence (FP-LIF) and uses a high concentration of fluorescent dye in the probed liquid. By exciting this dye with a fringe projection structured laser beam, fluorescence is generated primarily at the liquid surface and imaged at a backward angle. By analysing the deformation of the initial projected fringes using phase-demodulation image post-processing, the 3D coordinates of the liquid surface are deduced. In this article, the approach is first numerically tested by considering a simulated pending drop, in order to analyse its performance. Then, FP-LIF is applied for two experimental cases: A quasi-static pending drop as well as a transient liquid sheet. We demonstrate reconstruction RMS errors of 1.4% and 6.1% for the simulated and experimental cases respectively. The technique presented here demonstrates, for the first time, a fringe projection approach based on LIF detection to reconstruct liquid surfaces in 3D. FP-LIF is promising for the study of more complex liquid structures and is paving the way for high-speed 3D videography of liquid surfaces.
28.	Roth, Adrian, et al. (författare) Stereoscopic high-speed imaging for 3D tracking of coughed saliva droplets in the context of COVID-19 spreading 2022 Ingår i: Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Application of Laser and Imaging Techniques to Fluid Mechanics 2022. - 9789895363704 Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Droplets generated by talking and coughing play a major role in the spreading of COVID-19. There is thus a need for accurate measurements of the physical properties of exhaled droplets, including their number, speed and direction.Several challenges are associated with imaging coughed droplets such as high droplet speed near the mouth where both short exposure time to freeze droplet motion and kHz recording rate to resolve their displacement is required. In addition, as a highly non-symmetrical spray system is formed from a cough, three-dimensional visualization is necessary to faithfully capture coughing events. In this work, a 3D, high-speed imaging technique is presented that facilitates such challenging measurements. A laser beam with a probe volume 15 mm thick - 120 mm high is formed and illuminates droplets exiting the mouth imaged using two high-speed cameras. Data has been recorded for four different male subjects where 3D droplet speed and direction has been extracted for 10 coughs each. The maximum speed for a single cough has been estimated to vary between 11 and 45 m/s and the average droplet speed has been found to be in the range 6.5 - 8.7 m/s. These results will be used as input parameters to improve simulation models of droplet transport in the context of virus spreading.
29.	Sanned, David, et al. (författare) 3D-tomographic reconstruction of gliding arc plasma 2023 Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - 0003-6951. ; 123:7 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract his study presents three-dimensional (3D) emission tomography on gliding arc discharge for volumetric measurements of plasma luminosity fields. The 3D tomography of the plasma luminosity field enables quantification and characterization of 3D plasma features, which are not easily accessible in two-dimensional measurements. Simultaneous projections of the plasma discharge were imaged using multiple CMOS cameras, and an in-house developed tomographic method was used for the 3D reconstruction of the luminosity fields. Results show good field reconstruction quality and expected gliding arc topologies. Comparisons between arc 3D length and 2D projected length displayed that 2D measurements underestimated length by around 15% at the highest tested flow case. The mean 3D length initially increased with increasing air flow, while later decreasing at even higher flows. The standard deviation of 3D length increased with increasing flow. Arc curvature and overlap were generally seen to increase with higher flows in contrast to arc volume that was seen to decrease with increasing flow rates. This study aims to facilitate instantaneous 3D tomographic measurements of plasma luminosity fields to provide a detailed quantification of 3D characteristics and correlations of typical plasma features, thereby providing paths to remove line-of-sight effects and compensate for loss of information that may occur during two-dimensional measurements. The presented technique is applicable not only to gliding arcs but also to various other plasma systems.
30.	Sanned, David, et al. (författare) Arbitrary position 3D tomography for practical application in combustion diagnostics 2022 Ingår i: Measurement Science and Technology. - : IOP Publishing. - 0957-0233 .- 1361-6501. ; 33:12 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This work aims to make three-dimensional (3D) tomographic techniques more flexible and accessible to in-situ measurements in practical apparatus by allowing arbitrary camera placements that benefit applications with more restrictive optical access. A highly customizable, in-house developed tomographic method is presented, applying smoothness priors through Laplacian matrices and hull constraints based on 3D space carving. The goal of this paper is to showcase a reconstruction method with full user control that can be adopted to various 3D field reconstructions. Simulations and experimental measurements of unsteady premixed CH4/air and ethanol (C2H5OH) diffusion pool flames were evaluated, comparing arbitrarily placed cameras around the probed domain to the more commonly used in-plane-half-circle camera arrangement. Reconstructions reproduced expected topological field features for both flame types. Results showed slight decrease in reconstruction quality for arbitrarily placed cameras compared to in-plane-half-circle arrangement. However, at lower numbers of camera views (N q ⩽ 6) arbitrary placement showed better results. The introduced methodology will be useful for optically limited setups in terms of handling a priori information, camera placement and 3D field evaluation.
31.	Sjödin, Andreas, et al. (författare) Complete Genome Sequence of Francisella endociliophora Strain FSC1006, Isolated from a Laboratory Culture of the Marine Ciliate Euplotes raikovi 2014 Ingår i: Genome Announcements. - 2169-8287. ; 2:6, s. 6 e01227-14- Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A strain of Francisella endociliophora was isolated from a laboratory culture of the marine ciliate Euplotes raikovi. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of the bacterial strain FSC1006 (Francisella Strain Collection, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden).
32.	Stanaway, Jeffrey D., et al. (författare) Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 2018 Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 1923-1994 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk- outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017.
33.	Vos, Theo, et al. (författare) Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 2015 Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 386:9995, s. 743-800 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background Up-to-date evidence about levels and trends in disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) is an essential input into global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), we estimated these quantities for acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. Methods Estimates were calculated for disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and YLDs using GBD 2010 methods with some important refinements. Results for incidence of acute disorders and prevalence of chronic disorders are new additions to the analysis. Key improvements include expansion to the cause and sequelae list, updated systematic reviews, use of detailed injury codes, improvements to the Bayesian meta-regression method (DisMod-MR), and use of severity splits for various causes. An index of data representativeness, showing data availability, was calculated for each cause and impairment during three periods globally and at the country level for 2013. In total, 35 620 distinct sources of data were used and documented to calculated estimates for 301 diseases and injuries and 2337 sequelae. The comorbidity simulation provides estimates for the number of sequelae, concurrently, by individuals by country, year, age, and sex. Disability weights were updated with the addition of new population-based survey data from four countries. Findings Disease and injury were highly prevalent; only a small fraction of individuals had no sequelae. Comorbidity rose substantially with age and in absolute terms from 1990 to 2013. Incidence of acute sequelae were predominantly infectious diseases and short-term injuries, with over 2 billion cases of upper respiratory infections and diarrhoeal disease episodes in 2013, with the notable exception of tooth pain due to permanent caries with more than 200 million incident cases in 2013. Conversely, leading chronic sequelae were largely attributable to non-communicable diseases, with prevalence estimates for asymptomatic permanent caries and tension-type headache of 2.4 billion and 1.6 billion, respectively. The distribution of the number of sequelae in populations varied widely across regions, with an expected relation between age and disease prevalence. YLDs for both sexes increased from 537.6 million in 1990 to 764.8 million in 2013 due to population growth and ageing, whereas the age-standardised rate decreased little from 114.87 per 1000 people to 110.31 per 1000 people between 1990 and 2013. Leading causes of YLDs included low back pain and major depressive disorder among the top ten causes of YLDs in every country. YLD rates per person, by major cause groups, indicated the main drivers of increases were due to musculoskeletal, mental, and substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and chronic respiratory diseases; however HIV/AIDS was a notable driver of increasing YLDs in sub-Saharan Africa. Also, the proportion of disability-adjusted life years due to YLDs increased globally from 21.1% in 1990 to 31.2% in 2013. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is leading to a substantial increase in the numbers of individuals with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Rates of YLDs are declining much more slowly than mortality rates. The non-fatal dimensions of disease and injury will require more and more attention from health systems. The transition to non-fatal outcomes as the dominant source of burden of disease is occurring rapidly outside of sub-Saharan Africa. Our results can guide future health initiatives through examination of epidemiological trends and a better understanding of variation across countries.
34.	Wang, Haidong, et al. (författare) Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 2016 Ingår i: The Lancet. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 388:10053, s. 1459-1544 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract BACKGROUND: Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures.METHODS: We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER).FINDINGS: Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61·7 years (95% uncertainty interval 61·4-61·9) in 1980 to 71·8 years (71·5-72·2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11·3 years (3·7-17·4), to 62·6 years (56·5-70·2). Total deaths increased by 4·1% (2·6-5·6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55·8 million (54·9 million to 56·6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17·0% (15·8-18·1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14·1% (12·6-16·0) to 39·8 million (39·2 million to 40·5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13·1% (11·9-14·3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42·1%, 39·1-44·6), malaria (43·1%, 34·7-51·8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29·8%, 24·8-34·9), and maternal disorders (29·1%, 19·3-37·1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146 000 deaths, 118 000-183 000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393 000 deaths, 228 000-532 000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost [YLLs]) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death.INTERPRETATION: At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems.
35.	Witte, Katharine, et al. (författare) On the Electronic Structure of Cu Chlorophyllin and Its Breakdown Products : A Carbon K-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study 2018 Ingår i: Journal of Physical Chemistry B. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 1520-6106 .- 1520-5207. ; 122:6, s. 1846-1851 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Using near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, the carbon backbone of sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC), a widely used chlorophyll derivative, and its breakdown products are analyzed to elucidate their electronic structure and physicochemical properties. Using various sample preparation methods and complementary spectroscopic methods (including UV/Vis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), a comprehensive insight into the SCC breakdown process is presented. The experimental results are supported by density functional theory calculations, allowing a detailed assignment of characteristic NEXAFS features to specific C bonds. SCC can be seen as a model system for the large group of porphyrins; thus, this work provides a novel and detailed description of the electronic structure of the carbon backbone of those molecules and their breakdown products. The achieved results also promise prospective optical pump/X-ray probe investigations of dynamic processes in chlorophyll-containing photosynthetic complexes to be analyzed more precisely.
36.	Zhuang, Yulong, et al. (författare) Unsupervised learning approaches to characterizing heterogeneous samples using X-ray single-particle imaging 2022 Ingår i: IUCrJ. - : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr). - 2052-2525. ; 9, s. 204-214 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract One of the outstanding analytical problems in X-ray single-particle imaging (SPI) is the classification of structural heterogeneity, which is especially difficult given the low signal-to-noise ratios of individual patterns and the fact that even identical objects can yield patterns that vary greatly when orientation is taken into consideration. Proposed here are two methods which explicitly account for this orientation-induced variation and can robustly determine the structural landscape of a sample ensemble. The first, termed common-line principal component analysis (PCA), provides a rough classification which is essentially parameter free and can be run automatically on any SPI dataset. The second method, utilizing variation auto-encoders (VAEs), can generate 3D structures of the objects at any point in the structural landscape. Both these methods are implemented in combination with the noise-tolerant expand-maximizecompress (EMC) algorithm and its utility is demonstrated by applying it to an experimental dataset from gold nanoparticles with only a few thousand photons per pattern. Both discrete structural classes and continuous deformations are recovered. These developments diverge from previous approaches of extracting reproducible subsets of patterns from a dataset and open up the possibility of moving beyond the study of homogeneous sample sets to addressing open questions on topics such as nanocrystal growth and dynamics, as well as phase transitions which have not been externally triggered.

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