| 1. |
- Lind, Lars, et al.
(author)
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Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
- 2021
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In: eLife. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 10
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.
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| 2. |
- Bixby, H., et al.
(author)
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Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults
- 2019
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In: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 569:7755, s. 260-4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.
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| 3. |
- Thomas, HS, et al.
(author)
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- 2019
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swepub:Mat__t
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| 4. |
- Mishra, A, et al.
(author)
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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
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In: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Drake, TM, et al.
(author)
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Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in children: an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study
- 2020
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In: BMJ global health. - : BMJ. - 2059-7908. ; 5:12
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). However, there is a lack of data available about SSI in children worldwide, especially from low-income and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of SSI in children and associations between SSI and morbidity across human development settings.MethodsA multicentre, international, prospective, validated cohort study of children aged under 16 years undergoing clean-contaminated, contaminated or dirty gastrointestinal surgery. Any hospital in the world providing paediatric surgery was eligible to contribute data between January and July 2016. The primary outcome was the incidence of SSI by 30 days. Relationships between explanatory variables and SSI were examined using multilevel logistic regression. Countries were stratified into high development, middle development and low development groups using the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI).ResultsOf 1159 children across 181 hospitals in 51 countries, 523 (45·1%) children were from high HDI, 397 (34·2%) from middle HDI and 239 (20·6%) from low HDI countries. The 30-day SSI rate was 6.3% (33/523) in high HDI, 12·8% (51/397) in middle HDI and 24·7% (59/239) in low HDI countries. SSI was associated with higher incidence of 30-day mortality, intervention, organ-space infection and other HAIs, with the highest rates seen in low HDI countries. Median length of stay in patients who had an SSI was longer (7.0 days), compared with 3.0 days in patients who did not have an SSI. Use of laparoscopy was associated with significantly lower SSI rates, even after accounting for HDI.ConclusionThe odds of SSI in children is nearly four times greater in low HDI compared with high HDI countries. Policies to reduce SSI should be prioritised as part of the wider global agenda.
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| 11. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(author)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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In: eLIFE. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.522.7) and 16.5 cm (13.319.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 12. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(author)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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In: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Abreu, A., et al.
(author)
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Priorities for ocean microbiome research
- 2022
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In: Nature Microbiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2058-5276. ; 7:7, s. 937-947
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Studying the ocean microbiome can inform international policies related to ocean governance, tackling climate change, ocean acidification and pollution, and can help promote achievement of multiple Sustainable Development Goals. Microbial communities have essential roles in ocean ecology and planetary health. Microbes participate in nutrient cycles, remove huge quantities of carbon dioxide from the air and support ocean food webs. The taxonomic and functional diversity of the global ocean microbiome has been revealed by technological advances in sampling, DNA sequencing and bioinformatics. A better understanding of the ocean microbiome could underpin strategies to address environmental and societal challenges, including achievement of multiple Sustainable Development Goals way beyond SDG 14 'life below water'. We propose a set of priorities for understanding and protecting the ocean microbiome, which include delineating interactions between microbiota, sustainably applying resources from oceanic microorganisms and creating policy- and funder-friendly ocean education resources, and discuss how to achieve these ambitious goals.
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| 15. |
- Engel, B., et al.
(author)
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The prediction of crack propagation in coarse grain RR1000 using a unified modelling approach
- 2020
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In: International Journal of Fatigue. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0142-1123 .- 1879-3452. ; 137
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The polycrystalline nickel-base superalloy RR1000 is used as turbine rotor material in Rolls-Royce aero engines and has to withstand a wide variety of load and temperature changes during operation. In order to maximize the potential of the material and to improve component design, it is of great interest to understand, and subsequently be able to accurately model the crack propagation caused by thermo-mechanical fatigue conditions. In this work, experimental data is analysed and used to inform unified modelling approaches in order to predict the crack propagation behaviour of RR1000 under a variety of stress-controlled thermo-mechanical fatigue conditions.
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| 16. |
- Engel, B., et al.
(author)
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Modelling the influence of plasticity induced softening on the low cycle fatigue and crack propagation behaviour of a nickel-based superalloy
- 2024
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In: Computational materials science. - : ELSEVIER. - 0927-0256 .- 1879-0801. ; 231
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Cyclic hysteresis loops generated during high-temperature, isothermal, low-cycle fatigue testing of the nickel-based superalloy RR1000 revealed a gradual decrease in elastic modulus of up to 25 % compared to the initial value in dependence of the accumulated plastic strain. Based on the experimental observations, a material model was developed and implemented within a finite element solver to investigate the effect of degrading stiffness on crack growth laws and crack growth predictions. It was shown that the stress intensity factor diminished by 6 to 8 % and crack growth rates were 14 to 20 % higher when stiffness degradation was accounted for.
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| 17. |
- Stekovic, Svjetlana, et al.
(author)
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DevTMF - Towards code of practice for thermo-mechanical fatigue crack growth
- 2020
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In: International Journal of Fatigue. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0142-1123 .- 1879-3452. ; 138
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The current paper presents work on identification and evaluation of a range of factors influencing accuracy and comparability of data generated by three laboratories carrying out stress-controlled thermo-mechanical fatigue crack growth tests. It addresses crack length measurements, heating methods and temperature measurement techniques. It also provides guidance for pre-cracking and use of different specimen geometries as well as Digital Image Correlation imaging for crack monitoring. The majority of the tests have been carried out on a coarse grain polycrystalline nickel-base superalloy using two phase angles, Out-of-Phase and In-Phase cycles with a triangular waveform and a temperature range of 400-750 degrees C.
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| 18. |
- Borda, E., et al.
(author)
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Cryptic species of Archinome (Annelida: Amphinomida) from vents and seeps
- 2013
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In: Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 0962-8452 .- 1471-2954. ; 280:1770
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Since its description from the Galapagos Rift in the mid-1980s, Archinome rosacea has been recorded at hydrothermal vents in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Only recently was a second species described from the Pacific Antarctic Ridge. We inferred the identities and evolutionary relationships of Archinome representatives sampled from across the hydrothermal vent range of the genus, which is now extended to cold methane seeps. Species delimitation using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) recovered up to six lineages, whereas concatenated datasets (COI, 16S, 28S and ITS1) supported only four or five of these as clades. Morphological approaches alone were inconclusive to verify the identities of species owing to the lack of discrete diagnostic characters. We recognize five Archinome species, with three that are new to science. The new species, designated based on molecular evidence alone, include: Archinome levinae n. sp., which occurs at both vents and seeps in the east Pacific, Archinome tethyana n. sp., which inhabits Atlantic vents and Archinome jasoni n. sp., also present in the Atlantic, and whose distribution extends to the Indian and southwest Pacific Oceans. Biogeographic connections between vents and seeps are highlighted, as are potential evolutionary links among populations from vent fields located in the east Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, and Atlantic and Indian Oceans; the latter presented for the first time.
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| 19. |
- Duro, Eris, et al.
(author)
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Identification of the MMS22L-TONSL Complex that Promotes Homologous Recombination
- 2010
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In: Molecular Cell. - : Elsevier BV. - 1097-2765 .- 1097-4164. ; 40:4, s. 632-644
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Budding yeast Mms22 is required for homologous recombination (HR)-mediated repair of stalled or broken DNA replication forks. Here we identify a human Mms22-like protein (MMS22L) and an MMS22L-interacting protein, NF kappa BIL2/TONSL. Depletion of MMS22L or TONSL from human cells causes a high level of double-strand breaks (DSBs) during DNA replication. Both proteins accumulate at stressed replication forks, and depletion of MMS22L or TONSL from cells causes hypersensitivity to agents that cause S phase-associated DSBs, such as topoisomerase (TOP) inhibitors. In this light, MMS22L and TONSL are required for the HR-mediated repair of replication fork-associated DSBs. In cells depleted of either protein, DSBs induced by the TOP1 inhibitor camptothecin are resected normally, but the loading of the RAD51 recombinase is defective. Therefore, MMS22L and TONSL are required for the maintenance of genome stability when unscheduled DSBs occur in the vicinity of DNA replication forks.
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| 20. |
- Hejnol, A, et al.
(author)
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Assessing the root of bilaterian animals with scalable phylogenomic methods
- 2009
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In: Proceedings of the Royal Society B. ; 276:1677, s. 4261-4270
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A clear picture of animal relationships is a prerequisite to understand how the morphological and ecological diversity of animals evolved over time. Among others, the placement of the acoelomorph flatworms, Acoela and Nemertodermatida, has fundamental implications for the origin and evolution of various animal organ systems. Their position, however, has been inconsistent in phylogenetic studies using one or several genes. Furthermore, Acoela has been among the least stable taxa in recent animal phylogenomic analyses, which simultaneously examine many genes from many species, while Nemertodermatida has not been sampled in any phylogenomic study. New sequence data are presented here from organisms targeted for their instability or lack of representation in prior analyses, and are analysed in combination with other publicly available data. We also designed new automated explicit methods for identifying and selecting common genes across different species, and developed highly optimized supercomputing tools to reconstruct relationships from gene sequences. The results of the work corroborate several recently established findings about animal relationships and provide new support for the placement of other groups. These new data and methods strongly uphold previous suggestions that Acoelomorpha is sister clade to all other bilaterian animals, find diminishing evidence for the placement of the enigmatic Xenoturbella within Deuterostomia, and place Cycliophora with Entoprocta and Ectoprocta. The work highlights the implications that these arrangements have for metazoan evolution and permits a clearer picture of ancestral morphologies and life histories in the deep past.
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| 21. |
- Leidermark, Daniel, et al.
(author)
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Thermomechanical fatigue crack initiation in disc alloys using a damage approach
- 2018
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In: 12TH INTERNATIONAL FATIGUE CONGRESS (FATIGUE 2018). - : E D P SCIENCES.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A fatigue crack initiation model based on damage accumulation via a fatigue memory surface in conjunction with a plastic strain energy parameter was evaluated for thermomechanical fatigue loading in a gas turbine disc alloy. The accumulated damage in each hysteresis loop was summed up, and it was assumed that the damage at the stable state is repeated until failure occurs. Crack initiation occurs when enough fatigue damage has been obtained, and the number of cycles can thus be directly determined. The fatigue damage is highly coupled to the constitutive behaviour of the material, where the constitutive behaviour was modelled using a non-linear hardening description. Based on this, a stable state was achieved and the obtained damage could be extracted. A user-defined material subroutine was implemented, incorporating both the constitutive description and the fatigue damage accumulation. The framework was adopted in a finite element context to evaluate the thermomechanical fatigue crack initiation life of the disc alloy RR1000. From the evaluation it could be seen that a good prediction of the thermomechanical fatigue life was achieved compared to performed experiments.
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| 22. |
- Osborn, K. J., et al.
(author)
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Deep-Sea, Swimming Worms with Luminescent "Bombs"
- 2009
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In: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 325:5943, s. 964-964
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Several species of deep-sea polychaete worms have been discovered that have a bizarre predator distraction mechanism.
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| 23. |
- Rousset, V., et al.
(author)
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Molecular and morphological evidence of Alvinellidae relationships (Terebelliformia, Polychaeta, Annelida)
- 2003
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In: Zoologica Scripta. - 0300-3256. ; 32:2, s. 185-197
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study we assessed the phylogenetic relationships of the hydrothermal vent polychaete group Alvinellidae, based on parsimony analyses of combined morphological and molecular data. Morphological data were obtained from newly examined specimens and literature information of 16 terminal taxa belonging to Alvinellidae, Ampharetidae, Pectinariidae, Terebellidae, Trichobranchidae, and the outgroups Oweniidae and Sabellidae. Molecular data were based on 28S rRNA from 13 of the 16 morphological terminals (10 previously published sequences plus three new ones). The combined analysis indicated the clades ((Alvinellidae, Trichobranchidae) Pectinariidae) and (Ampharetidae, Terebellidae). Alvinellidae, Ampharetidae and Terebellidae, as currently delineated, are monophyletic. The positions of Trichobranchidae and Pectinariidae contradicted traditional views, and they also had low Bremer support and merit further studies. Well-supported clades included Alvinellidae and Terebellinae. Previous statements that Alvinellidae are either nested within Ampharetidae or the sister to this taxon were not supported. The traditional but here contradicted view that Terebellidae and Trichobranchidae are closely related may be based on plesiomorphic similarities between these two taxa.
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| 24. |
- Stiller, J., et al.
(author)
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Phylogeny, biogeography and systematics of hydrothermal vent and methane seep Amphisamytha (Ampharetidae, Annelida), with descriptions of three new species
- 2013
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In: Systematics and Biodiversity. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1477-2000 .- 1478-0933. ; 11:1, s. 35-65
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Amphisamytha has five currently recognized species. One of these, A. galapagensis has been reported from numerous hydrothermal vents and methane seeps across the Pacific Ocean. Here, a collection of Amphisamytha from a range of Pacific habitats, as well as Amathys lutzi from Atlantic hydrothermal vents, were studied using morphology and DNA sequences from mitochondrial (COI and 16S rRNA) and nuclear (18S rRNA) genes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a deep-sea clade comprised of the previously recognized Amphisamytha species, and three lineages that are treated as new species. The morphologically distinct Amathys lutzi was nested within Amphisamytha and the monotypic Amathys is treated as a junior synonym of Amphisamytha, with a resulting name change to Amphisamytha lutzi comb. nov. A revision of the other Amphisamytha species, the description of three new species, and a key are provided. The geographic range of the ‘cosmopolitan’ A. galapagensis is restricted to hydrothermal vents of the East Pacific Rise and the Galápagos Ridge. Amphisamytha fauchaldi, previously only known from sedimented hydrothermal vents of the Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California, Mexico), is recorded from cold seeps off the coasts of Costa Rica and Oregon. Amphisamytha carldarei sp. nov. is described from hydrothermal vents of the northeast Pacific (Juan de Fuca), while A. jacksoni sp. nov. spans much of the East Pacific Rise and is sympatric with A. galapagensis for part of its range. Amphisamytha julianeae sp. nov. is found at western Pacific vent systems in sympatry with A. vanuatuensis. Relaxed molecular clock analyses were calibrated using the vicariant event involving the Farallon-Pacific Ridge in the northern Pacific Ocean. This provides mean dates for the origin of the deep-sea Amphisamytha clade at 44 or 55 million years ago, and the separation of the Pacific–Atlantic sister-species pair at 13 or 21 million years ago, depending on the tree used.
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