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| 3. |
- Bajor, Antal, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Normal or increased bile acid uptake in isolated mucosa from patients with bile acid malabsorption.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. - 0954-691X. ; 18:4, s. 397-403
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Bile acid malabsorption as reflected by an abnormal 75Se-labelled homocholic acid-taurine (75SeHCAT) test is associated with diarrhoea, but the mechanisms and cause-and-effect relations are unclear. Objectives: Primarily, to determine whether there is a reduced active bile acid uptake in the terminal ileum in patients with bile acid malabsorption. Secondarily, to study the linkage between bile acid malabsorption and hepatic bile acid synthesis. Methods: Ileal biopsies were taken from patients with diarrhoea and from controls with normal bowel habits. Maximal active bile acid uptake was assessed in ileal biopsies using a previously validated technique based on uptake of 14C-labelled taurocholate. To monitor the hepatic synthesis, 7[alpha]-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, a bile acid precursor, was assayed in blood. The 75SeHCAT-retention test was used to diagnose bile acid malabsorption. Results: The taurocholate uptake in specimens from diarrhoea patients was higher compared with the controls [median, 7.7 (n=53) vs 6.1 [mu]mol/g per min (n=17)] (P<0.01) but no difference was seen between those with bile acid malabsorption (n=18) versus diarrhoea with a normal 75SeHCAT test (n=23). The 75SeHCAT values and 7[alpha]-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one were inversely correlated. Conclusions: The data do not support bile acid malabsorption being due to a reduced active bile acid uptake capacity in the terminal ileum. (C) 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
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| 4. |
- Bajor, Antal, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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The bile acid turnover rate assessed with the (75)SeHCAT test is stable in chronic diarrhoea but slightly decreased in healthy subjects after a long period of time.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Digestive diseases and sciences. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0163-2116 .- 1573-2568. ; 53:11, s. 2935-40
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The stability of bile acid turnover rate was evaluated retrospectively using repeat SeHCAT tests in patients with chronic diarrhoea and prospectively for 16 years in healthy subjects. The SeHCAT values were stable in 39 patients with chronic diarrhoea, as shown by a comparison of the test results [data presented as median and (25th-75th percentile)]: 18% (8-23) in the first test versus 14% (9-21) in the second test [n = 39, P = 0.37, time interval 44 months (16-68), repeatability index >95%]. In contrast, they were reduced after 16 years in healthy subjects: 38% (30-49.5) in the first test versus 31% (21-49.5) in the second test (P < 0.03). In healthy subjects, the body mass index increased by 13% from 23.2 kg/m(2) (21-24.6) to 26.2 kg/m(2) (22.5-27.8) (P < 0.01) during the 16 years. There was a negative correlation between hepatic bile acid synthesis and the SeHCAT values (r = -0.615, P = 0.02, n = 14). In conclusion, the turnover rate of bile acids is stable over a long period of time in patients with chronic diarrhoea irrespective of bile acid malabsorption, suggesting that a repeat SeHCAT test is dispensable. There is a significant negative correlation between bile acid synthesis and SeHCAT test results in healthy subjects. The SeHCAT test values are slightly reduced in healthy subjects after 16 years.
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| 5. |
- Berkenstam, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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The thyroid hormone mimetic compound KB2115 lowers plasma LDL cholesterol and stimulates bile acid synthesis without cardiac effects in humans
- 2008
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 105:2, s. 663-667
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a major problem despite the availability of drugs that influence major risk factors. New treatments are needed, and there is growing interest in therapies that may have multiple actions. Thyroid hormone modulates several cardiovascular risk factors and delays atherosclerosis progression in humans. However, use of thyroid hormone is limited by side effects, especially in the heart. To overcome this limitation, pharmacologically selective thyromimetics that mimic metabolic effects of thyroid hormone and bypass side effects are under development. In animal models, such thyromimetics have been shown to stimulate cholesterol elimination through LDL and HDL pathways and decrease body weight without eliciting side effects. We report here studies on a selective thyromimetic [KB2115, (3-[[3,5-dibromo-4- [4-hydroxy-3-(1-methylethyl)-phenoxy]-phenyl]-amino]-3-oxopropanoic acid)] in humans. In moderately overweight and hypercholesterolemic subjects KB2115 was found to be safe and well tolerated and elicited up to a 40% lowering of total and LDL cholesterol after 14 days of treatment. Bile acid synthesis was stimulated without evidence of increased cholesterol production, indicating that KB2115 induced net cholesterol excretion. KB2115 did not provoke detectable effects on the heart, suggesting that the pharmacological selectivity observed in animal models translates to humans. Thus, selective thyromimetics deserve further study as agents to treat dyslipidemia and other risk factors for atherosclerosis. © 2007 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA.
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| 7. |
- Bjermo, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of n-6 PUFAs compared with SFAs on liver fat, lipoproteins, and inflammation in abdominal obesity : a randomized controlled trial
- 2012
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Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 95:5, s. 1003-1012
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Replacing SFAs with vegetable PUFAs has cardiometabolic benefits, but the effects on liver fat are unknown. Increased dietary n-6 PUFAs have, however, also been proposed to promote inflammation-a yet unproven theory. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of PUFAs on liver fat, systemic inflammation, and metabolic disorders. DESIGN: We randomly assigned 67 abdominally obese subjects (15% had type 2 diabetes) to a 10-wk isocaloric diet high in vegetable n-6 PUFA (PUFA diet) or SFA mainly from butter (SFA diet), without altering the macronutrient intake. Liver fat was assessed by MRI and magnetic resonance proton (1H) spectroscopy (MRS). Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9, a hepatic LDL-receptor regulator), inflammation, and adipose tissue expression of inflammatory and lipogenic genes were determined. RESULTS: A total of 61 subjects completed the study. Body weight modestly increased but was not different between groups. Liver fat was lower during the PUFA diet than during the SFA diet [between-group difference in relative change from baseline; 16% (MRI; P < 0.001), 34% (MRS; P = 0.02)]. PCSK9 (P = 0.001), TNF receptor-2 (P < 0.01), and IL-1 receptor antagonist (P = 0.02) concentrations were lower during the PUFA diet, whereas insulin (P = 0.06) tended to be higher during the SFA diet. In compliant subjects (defined as change in serum linoleic acid), insulin, total/HDL-cholesterol ratio, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were lower during the PUFA diet than during the SFA diet (P < 0.05). Adipose tissue gene expression was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with SFA intake, n-6 PUFAs reduce liver fat and modestly improve metabolic status, without weight loss. A high n-6 PUFA intake does not cause any signs of inflammation or oxidative stress. Downregulation of PCSK9 could be a novel mechanism behind the cholesterol-lowering effects of PUFAs.
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| 10. |
- Iggman, David, et al.
(författare)
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Role of dietary fats in modulating cardiometabolic risk during moderate weight gain : a randomized double-blind overfeeding trial (LIPOGAIN study)
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Heart Association. - 2047-9980 .- 2047-9980. ; 3:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Whether the type of dietary fat could alter cardiometabolic responses to a hypercaloric diet is unknown. In addition, subclinical cardiometabolic consequences of moderate weight gain require further study.METHODS AND RESULTS: In a 7-week, double-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial, 39 healthy, lean individuals (mean age of 27±4) consumed muffins (51% of energy [%E] from fat and 44%E refined carbohydrates) providing 750 kcal/day added to their habitual diets. All muffins had identical contents, except for type of fat; sunflower oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA diet) or palm oil rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA diet). Despite comparable weight gain in the 2 groups, total: high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein:HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B:AI ratios decreased during the PUFA versus the SFA diet (-0.37±0.59 versus +0.07±0.29, -0.31±0.49 versus +0.05±0.28, and -0.07±0.11 versus +0.01±0.07, P=0.003, P=0.007, and P=0.01 for between-group differences), whereas no significant differences were observed for other cardiometabolic risk markers. In the whole group (ie, independently of fat type), body weight increased (+2.2%, P<0.001) together with increased plasma proinsulin (+21%, P=0.007), insulin (+17%, P=0.003), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, (+9%, P=0.008) fibroblast growth factor-21 (+31%, P=0.04), endothelial markers vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin (+9, +5, and +10%, respectively, P<0.01 for all), whereas nonesterified fatty acids decreased (-28%, P=0.001).CONCLUSIONS: Excess energy from PUFA versus SFA reduces atherogenic lipoproteins. Modest weight gain in young individuals induces hyperproinsulinemia and increases biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, effects that may be partly outweighed by the lipid-lowering effects of PUFA.CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01427140.
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| 11. |
- Johansson, Hans-Erik, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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Energy restriction in obese women suggest linear reduction of hepatic fat content and time-dependent metabolic improvements
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nutrition & Diabetes. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2044-4052. ; 9:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy restriction reduces liver fat, improves hepatic insulin resistance and lipid metabolism. However, temporal data in which these metabolic improvements occur and their interplay is incomplete. By performing repeated MRI scans and blood analysis at day 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28 the temporal changes in liver fat and related metabolic factors were assessed at five times during a low-calorie diet (LCD, 800-1100 kcal/day) in ten obese non-diabetic women (BMI 41.7 ± 2.6 kg/m2) whereof 6 had NAFLD. Mean weight loss was 7.4 ± 1.2 kg (0.7 kg/day) and liver fat decreased by 51 ± 16%, resulting in only three subjects having NAFLD at day 28. Marked alteration of insulin, NEFA, ALT and 3-hydroxybuturate was evident 3 days after commencing LCD, whereas liver fat showed a moderate but a linear reduction across the 28 days. Other circulating-liver fat markers (e.g. triglycerides, adiponectin, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 index, fibroblast growth factor 21) demonstrated modest and variable changes. Marked elevations of NEFA, 3-hydroxybuturate and ALT concentrations occurred until day 14, likely reflecting increased tissue lipolysis, fat oxidation and upregulated hepatic fatty acid oxidation. In summary, these results suggest linear reduction in liver fat, time-specific changes in metabolic markers and insulin resistance in response to energy restriction.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Klingenberg, Roland, et al.
(författare)
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Depletion of FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells promotes hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Investigation. - 0021-9738 .- 1558-8238. ; 123:3, s. 1323-1334
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease promoted by hyperlipidemia. Several studies support FOXP3-positive regulatory T cells (Tregs) as inhibitors of atherosclerosis; however, the mechanism underlying this protection remains elusive. To define the role of FOXP3-expressing Tregs in atherosclerosis, we used the DEREG mouse, which expresses the diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor under control of the Treg-specific Foxp3 promoter, allowing for specific ablation of FOXP3(+) Tregs. Lethally irradiated, atherosclerosis-prone, low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr(-/-)) mice received DEREG bone marrow and were injected with DT to eliminate FOXP3(+) Tregs. Depletion of Tregs caused a 2.1-fold increase in atherosclerosis without a concomitant increase in vascular inflammation. These mice also exhibited a 1.7-fold increase in plasma cholesterol and an atherogenic lipoprotein profile with increased levels of VLDL. Clearance of VLDL and chylomicron remnants was hampered, leading to accumulation of cholesterol-rich particles in the circulation. Functional and protein analyses complemented by gene expression array identified reduced protein expression of sortilin-1 in liver and increased plasma enzyme activity of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and phospholipid transfer protein as mediators of the altered lipid phenotype. These results demonstrate that FOXP3(+) Tregs inhibit atherosclerosis by modulating lipoprotein metabolism.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Mellberg, Caroline, 1979-
(författare)
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Effects of diet intervention on body composition and ectopic fat accumulation in obese postmenopausal women
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background Obesity is increasing worldwide and is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality. Notably, abdominal (central) obesity carries a high risk of obesity-related diseases, while peripheral fat accumulation can act in a protective manner. A redistribution of fat from peripheral to central depots is seen after the menopause and is associated with an increasing prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. A key mediator may be ectopic fat accumulation in the liver. Our hypothesis was that a Palaeolithic-type diet (PD) consumed ad libitum improves body composition and metabolic risk markers, including liver fat and insulin sensitivity, in obese postmenopausal women.Methods In study I the study subjects (n=10) used a PD during 5 weeks. In study II and III (n=70) the effect of a Palaeolithic-type diet (PD) was compared to a diet according to the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations diet (NNR) during a 2-year randomized clinical trial (RCT). Food records and nitrogen excretion in urine validated food intake. Anthropometric measurements were performed in a standardized manner. Body composition was calculated using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). Total energy expenditure was calculated by accelerometry (Actiheart®) in combination with indirect calorimetry. Liver and muscle fat content was estimated by magnet resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Insulin sensitivity was measured either with hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps (paper I) or oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) (paper III).Results In study I a significant weight loss, linked to improved lipid and blood pressure levels, was associated with a 49% decrease in liver fat. Concomitantly, hepatic insulin sensitivity improved, while peripheral insulin sensitivity (and muscle fat) was unaltered. In study II/III both groups had a significant and sustained weight loss after 2 years. The PD was more effective than the NNR diet regarding loss of weight and fat mass after 6 months, but not after 24 months. Serum triglyceride levels were significantly lower at 24 months in the PD group. Liver fat decreased throughout the study in both groups. Hepatic insulin sensitivity improved during the first 6 months of the study, while peripheral insulin sensitivity did not change. Hepatic insulin sensitivity was associated with liver fat at baseline, but not during the diet intervention. Energy expenditure did not change in any of the study groups.Conclusion Ad libitum diets can have sustained beneficial effects on weight and body composition in obese postmenopausal women, a PD being more effective on short-term than a diet according to the NNR. This is associated with a reduction in liver fat that may reduce the risk of future diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Further studies are needed in order to explore the association between liver fat and metabolic dysfunction, including insulin sensitivity.
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| 16. |
- Ohlsson, Claes, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Obesity and disturbed lipoprotein profile in estrogen receptor-alpha-deficient male mice.
- 2000
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Ingår i: Biochemical and biophysical research communications. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-291X. ; 278:3, s. 640-5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Clinical case reports have documented disturbances of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in aromatase deficient and estrogen resistant males. The aim of the present study was to explore the metabolic functions of estrogens in male mice and to dissect the estrogen receptor (ER) specificity of such effects. Total body fat content and serum levels of leptin were followed in ERalpha knockout (ERKO), ERbeta knockout (BERKO), and ERalpha/beta double knockout (DERKO) mice. Neither the total body fat nor serum leptin levels were altered in any group before or during sexual maturation. However, after sexual maturation ERKO and DERKO, but not BERKO, demonstrated a clear increase in total body fat and enhanced serum leptin levels. Serum cholesterol was increased and a qualitative change in the lipoprotein profile, including smaller LDL particles, was observed in ERKO and DERKO mice. In conclusion, ERalpha but not ERbeta-inactivated male mice develop obesity after sexual maturation.
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| 17. |
- Olofsson, Peder S., et al.
(författare)
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CD137 is expressed in human atherosclerosis and promotes development of plaque inflammation in hypercholesterolemic mice
- 2008
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Ingår i: Circulation. - Baltimore, Md. : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0009-7322 .- 1524-4539. ; 117:10, s. 1292-1301
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background— Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease in which inflammatory processes play an important role. Inflammation underlies lesion evolution at all stages, from establishment to plaque rupture and thrombosis. Costimulatory molecules of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily such as CD40/CD40L and OX40/OX40L have been implicated in atherosclerosis. Methods and Results— This study shows that the tumor necrosis factor superfamily members CD137 and CD137 ligand (CD137L), which play a major role in several autoimmune diseases, may constitute a pathogenic pair in atherogenesis. We detected CD137 protein in human atherosclerotic lesions not only on T cells but also on endothelial cells and showed that CD137 in cultured endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells was induced by proinflammatory cytokines implicated in atherosclerosis. Activation of CD137 by CD137L induced adhesion molecule expression on endothelial cells and reduced smooth muscle cell proliferation. In addition, treatment of atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E–deficient mice with a CD137 agonist caused increased inflammation. T-cell infiltration, mainly of CD8+ cells, and expression of the murine major histocompatibility complex class II molecule I-Ab increased significantly in atherosclerotic lesions, as did the aortic expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Conclusions— Taken together, these observations suggest that CD137-CD137L interactions in the vasculature may contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis via augmented leukocyte recruitment, increased inflammation, and development of a more disease-prone phenotype.
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| 18. |
- Ovchinnikova, Olga, et al.
(författare)
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Osteoprotegerin promotes fibrous cap formation in atherosclerotic lesions of ApoE-deficient mice--brief report.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. - 1079-5642 .- 1524-4636. ; 29:10, s. 1478-1480
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a tumor necrosis factor receptor-related cytokine, initially found to inhibit osteoclastogenesis. In the present study we investigated the effect of OPG treatment on atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Hypercholesterolemic apoe(-/-) mice were treated with recombinant 15 mg/kg OPG or vehicle injections twice a week for 10 consecutive weeks. Mice treated with OPG showed increased amounts of smooth muscle cells and collagen within the atherosclerotic lesions. OPG treatment did not affect atherosclerotic lesion size (8.2% versus 7.6%) or total vessel area but led to a 250% increase in lesion collagen, formation of mature collagen fibers in subendothelial fibrous caps, and upregulated mRNA for lysyl oxidase that promotes collagen crosslinking. In cell culture studies, OPG promoted cell proliferation in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. In contrast, OPG treatment did not affect markers of vascular or systemic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: OPG treatment promotes smooth muscle accumulation, collagen fiber formation, and development of fibrous caps but does not affect inflammatory properties of atherosclerotic lesions. Its effects may contribute to plaque stabilization.
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| 19. |
- Rosqvist, Fredrik, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Overeating saturated fat promotes fatty liver and ceramides compared to polyunsaturated fat : a randomized trial
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. - : Oxford University Press. - 0021-972X .- 1945-7197. ; 104:12, s. 6207-6219
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- CONTEXT: Saturated fat (SFA) versus polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) may promote non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by yet unclear mechanisms.OBJECTIVE: To investigate if overeating SFA- and PUFA-enriched diets lead to differential liver fat accumulation in overweight and obese humans.DESIGN: Double-blind randomized trial (LIPOGAIN-2). Overfeeding SFA vs PUFA for 8 weeks, followed by 4 weeks of caloric restriction.SETTING: General community.Participants: n=61 overweight or obese men and women.INTERVENTION: Muffins high in either palm (SFA)- or sunflower oil (PUFA) were added to the habitual diet.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Lean tissue mass (not reported here). Secondary and exploratory outcomes included liver and ectopic fat depots.RESULTS: By design, body weight gain was similar in SFA (2.31±1.38 kg) and PUFA (2.01±1.90 kg) groups, P=0.50. SFA markedly induced liver fat content (50% relative increase) along with liver enzymes and atherogenic serum lipids. In contrast, despite similar weight gain, PUFA did not increase liver fat or liver enzymes or cause any adverse effects on blood lipids. SFA had no differential effect on the accumulation of visceral fat, pancreas fat or total body fat compared with PUFA. SFA consistently increased, while PUFA reduced circulating ceramides; changes that were moderately associated with liver fat changes and proposed markers of hepatic lipogenesis. The adverse metabolic effects of SFA were reversed by calorie restriction.CONCLUSIONS: Saturated fat markedly induces liver fat and serum ceramides whereas dietary polyunsaturated fat prevent liver fat accumulation, reduce ceramides and hyperlipidemia during excess energy intake and weight gain in overweight individuals.
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| 20. |
- Rosqvist, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Potential role of milk fat globule membrane in modulating plasma lipoproteins, gene expression, and cholesterol metabolism in humans : a randomized study
- 2015
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Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 102:1, s. 20-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Butter is rich in saturated fat [saturated fatty acids (SFAs)] and can increase plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, which is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, compared with other dairy foods, butter is low in milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) content, which encloses the fat. We hypothesized that different dairy foods may have distinct effects on plasma lipids because of a varying content of MFGM. Objective: We aimed to investigate whether the effects of milk fat on plasma lipids and cardiometabolic risk markers are modulated by the MFGM content. Design: The study was an 8-wk, single-blind, randomized, controlled isocaloric trial with 2 parallel groups including overweight men and women (n = 57 randomly assigned). For the intervention, subjects consumed 40 g milk fat/d as either whipping cream (MFGM diet) or butter oil (control diet). Intervention foods were matched for total fat, protein, carbohydrates, and calcium. Subjects were discouraged from consuming any other dairy products during the study. Plasma markers of cholesterol absorption and hepatic cholesterol metabolism were assessed together with global gene-expression analyses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results: As expected, the control diet increased plasma lipids, whereas the MFGM diet did not [total cholesterol (+/- SD): +0.30 +/- 0.49 compared with 0.04 +/- 0.49 mmol/L, respectively (P = 0.024); LDL cholesterol: +0.36 +/- 0.50 compared with +0.04 +/- 0.36 mmol/L, respectively (P = 0.024); apolipoprotein B:apolipoprotein A-I ratio: +0.03 +/- 0.09 compared with 0.05 +/- 0.10 mmol/L, respectively (P = 0.007); and non-HDL cholesterol: +0.24 +/- 0.49 compared with 0.14 +/- 0.51 mmol/L, respectively (P = 0.013)]. HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, sitosterol, lathosterol, campesterol, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 plasma concentrations and fatty acid compositions did not differ between groups. Nineteen genes were differentially regulated between groups, and these genes were mostly correlated with lipid changes. Conclusions: In contrast to milk fat without MFGM, milk fat enclosed by MFGM does not impair the lipoprotein profile. The mech-anism is not clear although suppressed gene expression by MFGM correlated inversely with plasma lipids. The food matrix should be considered when evaluating cardiovascular aspects of different dairy foods.
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| 21. |
- Sheikine, Yuri, et al.
(författare)
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Activation of VPAC(1) receptors aggravates early atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice
- 2010
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Ingår i: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications - BBRC. - : Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. - 0006-291X .- 1090-2104. ; 402:3, s. 471-476
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid peptide widely expressed in the body and binding three types of receptors VPAC(1)-R, VPAC(2)-R and PAC(1)-R Based on beneficial effects of VIP and VPAC(1)-R agonists in mouse models of several chronic inflammatory disorders, we hypothesized that activation of VIP receptors would prevent atherosclerosis development in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice Methods and results Contrary to our hypothesis, administration of a VPAC(1)-R agonist. (Ala(11 22,28))-VIP aggravated atherosclerotic lesion development in the aortic root of these mice compared to control mice This was accompanied by a significant Increase in the expression of MHC class II protein I-A(b), and suggests enhanced inflammatory activity in the vessel wall The amount of macrophage-specific CD68 staining as well as serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels did not change as a result of the (Ala(11 22,28))-VIP treatment, i e the treatment resulted in significant changes in lipid accumulation in the lesions without changing the number of macrophages or systemic lipid levels Interestingly, administration of VIP did not alter the course of the disease. Conclusion: Despite beneficial effects in murine models of several inflammatory disorders, VPAC(1)-R activation aggravates atherosclerotic lesion formation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice through enhanced inflammatory activity in the vessel wall
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| 22. |
- Ståhle, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of Food or Sleep Deprivation During Civilian Survival Training on Clinical Chemistry Variables
- 2013
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Ingår i: Wilderness & environmental medicine (Print). - : Elsevier BV. - 1080-6032 .- 1545-1534. ; 24:2, s. 146-152
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective.-To describe clinical chemistry and weight changes after short-term food or sleep deprivation or multiple deprivations during civilian survival training. Methods.-Data from one baseline-controlled two-period crossover study designed to compare sleep deprivation for up to 50 hours with food deprivation for up to 66 hours (n = 12) and data from regular multiple-deprivations survival training comparing participants (n =-33) with nondeprived instructors (n = 10). Results.-Food deprivation was associated with decreased body weight, blood glucose, serum triglycerides, sodium, chloride, and urine pH, and there were increases in blood and urine ketones and. serum free fatty acids. Sleep deprivation was associated with a minor decrease in hemoglobin and erythrocyte particle count and volume fraction and an increase in leukocytes. Conclusions.-The clinical chemistry and body weight changes associated with food deprivation were qualitatively similar to those observed in fasting obese patients but developed quicker in the survival training setting. Sleep deprivation had few effects on the clinical chemistry profile except for hematological variables. Physicians evaluating clinical chemistry data from patients subjected to short-term food or sleep deprivation should take the physiological state into account in their assessment.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Wallenius, Ville, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Interleukin-6-deficient mice develop mature-onset obesity.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Nature medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1078-8956 .- 1546-170X. ; 8:1, s. 75-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The immune-modulating cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is expressed both in adipose tissue and centrally in hypothalamic nuclei that regulate body composition. We investigated the impact of loss of IL-6 on body composition in mice lacking the gene encoding IL-6 (Il6-/- mice) and found that they developed mature-onset obesity that was partly reversed by IL-6 replacement. The obese Il6-/- mice had disturbed carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, increased leptin levels and decreased responsiveness to leptin treatment. To investigate the possible mechanism and site of action of the anti-obesity effect of IL-6, we injected rats centrally and peripherally with IL-6 at low doses. Intracerebroventricular, but not intraperitoneal IL-6 treatment increased energy expenditure. In conclusion, centrally acting IL-6 exerts anti-obesity effects in rodents.
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| 25. |
- Zadravec, Damir, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Ablation of the very-long-chain fatty acid elongase ELOVL3 in mice leads to constrained lipid storage and resistance to diet-induced obesity.
- 2010
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Ingår i: The FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. - : Wiley. - 1530-6860 .- 0892-6638. ; 24:11, s. 4366-77
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although saturated and monounsaturated very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) have long been associated with undesirable effects on health, including obesity, heart failure, and atherosclerosis, the physiological role of endogenous synthesis is largely unknown. The fatty acid elongase ELOVL3 is involved in the synthesis of C20-C24 saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs mainly in liver, brown and white adipose tissue, and triglyceride-rich glands such as the sebaceous and meibomian glands. Here we show that ablation of ELOVL3 leads to reduced adiponectin levels, constrained expansion of adipose tissue, and resistance against diet-induced obesity, a situation that is more exaggerated in female mice. Both female and male knockout mice show reduced hepatic lipogenic gene expression and triglyceride content, a situation that is associated with reduced de novo fatty acid synthesis and uptake. As a consequence, the VLDL-triglyceride level in serum is significantly reduced. Remarkably, despite increased energy expenditure, markedly reduced serum levels of leptin, and increased expression of orexigenic peptides in the hypothalamus, the Elovl3(-/-) mice do not compensate by increased food intake. Thus, these results reveal that C20-C22 saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs produced by ELOVL3 are indispensable for appropriate synthesis of liver triglycerides, fatty acid uptake, and storage in adipose tissue.
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