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- Abe, O, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials
- 2005
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X. ; 365:9472, s. 1687-1717
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Quinquennial overviews (1985-2000) of the randomised trials in early breast cancer have assessed the 5-year and 10-year effects of various systemic adjuvant therapies on breast cancer recurrence and survival. Here, we report the 10-year and 15-year effects. Methods Collaborative meta-analyses were undertaken of 194 unconfounded randomised trials of adjuvant chemotherapy or hormonal therapy that began by 1995. Many trials involved CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, fluorouracil), anthracycline-based combinations such as FAC (fluorouracil, doxombicin, cyclophosphamide) or FEC (fluorouracil, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide), tamoxifen, or ovarian suppression: none involved taxanes, trastuzumab, raloxifene, or modem aromatase inhibitors. Findings Allocation to about 6 months of anthracycline-based polychemotherapy (eg, with FAC or FEC) reduces the annual breast cancer death rate by about 38% (SE 5) for women younger than 50 years of age when diagnosed and by about 20% (SE 4) for those of age 50-69 years when diagnosed, largely irrespective of the use of tamoxifen and of oestrogen receptor (ER) status, nodal status, or other tumour characteristics. Such regimens are significantly (2p=0 . 0001 for recurrence, 2p<0 . 00001 for breast cancer mortality) more effective than CMF chemotherapy. Few women of age 70 years or older entered these chemotherapy trials. For ER-positive disease only, allocation to about 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen reduces the annual breast cancer death rate by 31% (SE 3), largely irrespective of the use of chemotherapy and of age (<50, 50-69, &GE; 70 years), progesterone receptor status, or other tumour characteristics. 5 years is significantly (2p<0 . 00001 for recurrence, 2p=0 . 01 for breast cancer mortality) more effective than just 1-2 years of tamoxifen. For ER-positive tumours, the annual breast cancer mortality rates are similar during years 0-4 and 5-14, as are the proportional reductions in them by 5 years of tamoxifen, so the cumulative reduction in mortality is more than twice as big at 15 years as at 5 years after diagnosis. These results combine six meta-analyses: anthracycline-based versus no chemotherapy (8000 women); CMF-based versus no chemotherapy (14 000); anthracycline-based versus CMF-based chemotherapy (14 000); about 5 years of tamoxifen versus none (15 000); about 1-2 years of tamoxifen versus none (33 000); and about 5 years versus 1-2 years of tamoxifen (18 000). Finally, allocation to ovarian ablation or suppression (8000 women) also significantly reduces breast cancer mortality, but appears to do so only in the absence of other systemic treatments. For middle-aged women with ER-positive disease (the commonest type of breast cancer), the breast cancer mortality rate throughout the next 15 years would be approximately halved by 6 months of anthracycline-based chemotherapy (with a combination such as FAC or FEC) followed by 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen. For, if mortality reductions of 38% (age <50 years) and 20% (age 50-69 years) from such chemotherapy were followed by a further reduction of 31% from tamoxifen in the risks that remain, the final mortality reductions would be 57% and 45%, respectively (and, the trial results could well have been somewhat stronger if there had been full compliance with the allocated treatments). Overall survival would be comparably improved, since these treatments have relatively small effects on mortality from the aggregate of all other causes. Interpretation Some of the widely practicable adjuvant drug treatments that were being tested in the 1980s, which substantially reduced 5-year recurrence rates (but had somewhat less effect on 5-year mortality rates), also substantially reduce 15-year mortality rates. Further improvements in long-term survival could well be available from newer drugs, or better use of older drugs.
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- Kumar, Uday, et al.
(författare)
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Truck maintenance at the Aitik copper mine
- 1989
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Ingår i: International Journal of Surface Mining, Reclamation and Environment. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1389-5265 .- 1744-5000. ; 3:4, s. 181-186
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The operation and maintenance activities are integrated to a greater extent at Aitik to enhance the total productivity of the mine. The area of maintenance is identified as a strategic cost center by the Aitik management for cost control. This paper discusses the maintenance practice, the organizational set up, the achivements and the maintenance strategy for the coming years for the Transport Division of the Aitik mine.
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- Lewin, N. L., et al.
(författare)
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Influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms among cigarette smoking and non-smoking patients with coronary artery disease, urinary bladder cancer and lung cancer
- 2021
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction Cigarette smoke is suggested to be a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD), urinary bladder cancer (UBCa) or lung cancer (LCa). However, not all heavy smokers develop these diseases and elevated cancer risk among first-degree relatives suggests an important role of genetic factor. Methods Three hundred and ten healthy blood donors (controls), 98 CAD, 74 UBCa and 38 LCa patients were included in this pilot study. The influence of 92 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and impact of cigarette smoking were analysed. Results Out of 92 SNPs tested, differences in distribution of 14 SNPs were detected between controls and patient groups. Only CTLA4 rs3087243 showed difference in both CAD and UBCa patient group compared to control group. Stratified by smoking status, the impact of smoking was associated to frequencies of 8, 3 and 4 SNPs in CAD, UBCa, LCa patients, respectively. None of these 92 SNPs showed a statistically significant difference to more than one type of disease among smoking patients. In non-smoking patients, 7, 3 and 6 SNPs were associated to CAD, UBCa, LCa, respectively. Out of these 92 SNPs, CTLA4 rs3087243 was associated to both non-smoking CAD and UBCa. The XRCC1 rs25487 was associated to both non-smoking UBCa and LCa. Conclusion SNPs might be important risk factors for CAD, UBCa and LCa. Distribution of the SNPs was specific for each patient group, not a random event. Impact of cigarette smoking on the disease was associated to the specific SNP sequences. Thus, smoking individuals with SNPs associated to risk of these serious diseases is an important target group for smoking cessation programs.
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- Lindvall, M., et al.
(författare)
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Possibility of Selective Oxidation of Vanadium from Iron and Phosphorus in Fe-V-P Melt
- 2010
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Ingår i: Steel Research International. - : Wiley. - 1611-3683 .- 1869-344X. ; 81:2, s. 105-111
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experiments on a vanadium recovery method from vanadium containing BOF-slag using both a Tamman furnace (3 kg scale) and an induction furnace (150 kg scale) were conducted. The vanadium was extracted into the slag phase by bubbling oxidation gas into a metal bath consisting mainly of V (1-10 mass%), Si (less than 1 mass%) and P (about 1 mass%). The first experiments revealed that the slag formed during oxidation reaction had considerably high phosphate capacity High phosphorus content would rule out the possibility of using the slag as a raw material for the production of ferrovanadium of high quality In order to reduce the P-content in the slag, addition of slag former to reduce phosphate capacity was necessary. A suitable slag system (having the initial composition 40 mass% Al2O3 - 25 mass% CaO - 35 mass% SiO2) and a suitable atmosphere, by using CO2, that enhanced the oxidation of vanadium, but limit the oxidation of iron and phosphorus was found. However, more efforts should be put forward, e.g. study of the phase diagram, the viscosity of the slag and even oxide activities to gain more insight into the slag formed by selective oxidation.
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- Luetragoon, Thitiya, et al.
(författare)
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Interaction among smoking status, single nucleotide polymorphisms and markers of systemic inflammation in healthy individuals
- 2018
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Ingår i: Immunology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0019-2805 .- 1365-2567. ; 154:1, s. 98-103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cigarette smoke contains toxic and carcinogenic substances that contribute to the development of cancer and various diseases. Genetic variation might be important, because not all smokers develop smoking-related disease. The current study addressed the possible interactions among selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes related to systemic inflammation, smoking status, the levels of circulating immune response cells and plasma biomarkers of systemic inflammation. Sixty-four healthy blood donors were recruited, 31 of whom were current smokers and 33 were never-users of tobacco products, references. Compared to references, the smokers showed significantly increased levels of circulating total white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, basophils and C-reactive protein (CRP). Smokers also more frequently exhibited circulating cell phenotypes that are associated with an immunocompromised state: CD8dim cells in the lymphocyte group, CD13+CD11+, CD13+CD14+, CD13+CD56+ cells in the monocyte group and CD13+CD11+, CD13+CD56+ cells in the neutrophil group. We observed an interaction among SNPs, smoking status and some of the studied biomarkers. The average plasma CRP level was significantly higher among the smokers, with the highest level found among those with the CRP rs1800947 CC genotype. Additionally, an increased CD8+GZB+ cells in the CD8dim group were found among smokers with the GZB rs8192917 AA genotype. Thus, smoking appears to be associated with systemic inflammation and increased levels of circulating immunosuppressive cells. The extent of these effects was associated with SNPs among the smokers. This observation may contribute to a better understanding of the genetic susceptibility of smoking-related disease and the variations observed in clinical outcomes.
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- Nordenskjöld, Bo, 1940-, et al.
(författare)
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Coronary heart disease mortality after 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy: results from a randomized trial
- 2005
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Ingår i: J Natl Cancer Inst. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1460-2105 .- 0027-8874. ; 97:21, s. 1609-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- From January 1, 1983, through December 31, 1992, a total of 4610 patients entered a randomized trial that compared mortality among patients receiving 2 years of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy with that in patients receiving 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy, 4175 of whom were recurrence free after 2 years of tamoxifen therapy. Among the 2046 patients randomly assigned to the 5-year group all-cause mortality, breast cancer-specific mortality, and the incidence of contralateral breast cancer were reduced, compared with those among 2129 patients randomized in the 2-year group, but the incidence of endometrial cancer was increased. In addition, mortality from coronary heart disease was statistically significantly reduced in the 5-year group, compared with that in the 2-year group (hazard ratio = 0.67, 95% confidence interval = 0.47 to 0.94; P = .022 [two-sided Wald test]). Ten years after surgery, 2.1% of the patients in the 5-year group and 3.5% of those in the 2-year group had died from coronary heart disease. No statistically significant increases in mortality from other heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, or other vascular diseases were observed.
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- Rutqvist, L E, et al.
(författare)
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A systematic overview of radiation therapy effects in breast cancer
- 2003
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Ingår i: Acta Oncologica. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1651-226X .- 0284-186X. ; 42:5-6, s. 532-545
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A systematic review of radiation therapy trials in several turnout types was performed by The Swedish Council of Technology Assessment in Health Care (SBU). The procedures for evaluation of the scientific literature are described separately (Acta Oncol 2003; 42: 357-365). This synthesis of the literature on radiation therapy for breast cancer is based on data from 29 randomized trials, 6 meta-analyses and 5 retrospective studies. In total, 40 scientific articles are included, involving 41204 patients. The results were compared with those of a similar overview from 1996 including 285982 patients. The conclusions reached can be summarized as follows: There is strong evidence for a substantial reduction in locoregional recurrence rate following postmastectomy radiation therapy to the chest wall and the regional nodal areas. There is strong evidence that postmastectomy radiation therapy increases the disease-free survival rate. There are conflicting data regarding the impact of postmastectomy radiotherapy upon overall survival. There is strong evidence that breast cancer specific survival is improved by postmastectomy radiotherapy. There is strong evidence for a decrease in non-breast cancer specific survival after postmastectomy radiotherapy. There is some evidence that overall survival is increased by optimal postmastectomy radiation therapy. There is strong evidence that postmastectomy radiotherapy in addition to surgery and systemic therapy in mainly node-positive patients decreases local recurrence rate and improves survival. There is moderate evidence that the decrease in non-breast cancer specific survival is attributed to cardiovascular disease in irradiated patients. There are conflicting data whether breast conservation surgery plus radiotherapy is comparable to modified radical mastectomy alone in terms of local recurrence rate. There is strong evidence that breast conservation surgery plus radiotherapy is comparable to modified radical mastectomy alone in terms of disease-free survival and overall survival. There is strong evidence that postoperative radiotherapy to the breast following breast conservation surgery results in a statistically and clinically significant reduction of ipsilateral breast recurrences followed by diminished need for salvage mastectomies. There is strong evidence that the omission of postoperative radiotherapy to the breast following breast conservation surgery has no impact on overall survival. In one meta-analysis including three randomized studies a survival advantage is demonstrated by Bayesian statistics. There is strong evidence that the addition of a radiation boost after conventional radiotherapy to the turnout bed after breast conservation surgery significantly decreases the risk of ipsilateral breast recurrences but has no impact on overall survival after short follow-up. There is strong evidence for the use of postoperative radiotherapy to the breast following breast conservation surgery for DCIS (ductal breast cancer in situ). Radiotherapy leads to a clinically and statistically significant reduction of both non-invasive and invasive ipsilateral breast recurrences. There is insufficient evidence to define the optimal integration of systemic adjuvant therapy and postoperative radiotherapy. There are limited data on radiotherapy-related morbidity in breast cancer. No conclusions can be drawn.
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