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1.
  • Bergstrand, Martin, 1977-, et al. (författare)
  • A semi-mechanistic model for characterization of regional absorption properties and prospective prediction of plasma concentrations following administration of new modified release formulations
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Methods to study in vivo gastro intestinal (GI) transit and/or regional absorption of pharmaceuticals are available and increasingly used in drug development. A modelling approach to utilize the information generated in such studies for prospective predictions of absorption from newly developed modified release formulations was outlined and tested for the investigational drug AZD0837. This work was a natural extension to the companion article “A semi-mechanistic model to link in vitro and in vivo drug release for modified release formulations”. The drug release model governed the amount of substance released in distinct GI regions over time. GI distribution of released drug substance, region specific rate and extent of absorption and the influence of concomitant food intake were estimated with the model. The model was informed by data from a magnetic marker monitoring study and an intubation study with local administration in colon. Disposition estimates were further supported by observations following administration of oral solution and intravenous infusion of AZD0837. Distinctly different absorption properties were characterized for different GI regions. Bioavailability over the gut-wall was estimated to be high for substance released in the stomach and absorbed in duodenum (70%) compared to substance released and absorbed in the small intestine (25%). Bioavailability was once again higher in colon (70%) but on the other hand considerably slower than in the earlier parts of the GI tract. The established model was largely successful in predicting plasma concentration following administration of three newly developed formulations for which no clinical data had been applied during model building.
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2.
  • Bergstrand, Martin, 1977-, et al. (författare)
  • A semi-mechanistic model to link in vitro and in vivo drug release for modified release formulations
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In vivo prediction of drug release based on in vitro experiments is important for the development of new modified release (MR) formulations. Most efforts to improve such predictions have focused on altering the in vitro experiments to more resemble the in vivo conditions. A novel approach is evaluated in the present article where a computer model is established and used to link results from standard static in vitro experiment to in vivo predictions. A nonlinear mixed-effects model describing the in vitro drug release for 6 closely related hydrophilic matrix based MR formulations across different experimental conditions (pH, rotation speed and ionic strength) was developed. This model was applied to in vivo observations of drug release and tablet gastro intestinal (GI) position assessed with Magnetic Marker Monitoring (MMM). By combining the MMM observations with literature information on pH and ionic strength along the GI tract, the mechanical stress in different parts of the GI tract could be estimated in units equivalent to rotation speed in the in vitro set-up (USP 2 apparatus). The mechanical stress in the upper stomach was estimated to be 94 rpm and 134 rpm in the lower stomach. For the small intestine and colon the estimates of mechanical stress was 93 and 38 rpm respectively. Predictions of in vivo drug release including expected between subject/tablet variability could be made for other newly developed formulations based on the drug release model combined with a model describing tablet GI transit. This exemplifies a modeling approach that can be utilized to predict in vivo behavior from standard in vitro experiments and support formulation development and quality control of MR formulations.
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3.
  • Bergstrand, Martin, 1977-, et al. (författare)
  • A semi-mechanistic modeling strategy for characterization of regional absorption properties and prospective prediction of plasma concentrations following administration of new modified release formulations
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Pharmaceutical research. - : Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. - 0724-8741 .- 1573-904X. ; 29:2, s. 574-584
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • PURPOSE To outline and test a new modeling approach for prospective predictions of absorption from newly developed modified release formulations based on in vivo studies of gastro intestinal (GI) transit, drug release and regional absorption for the investigational drug AZD0837. METHODS This work was a natural extension to the companion article "A semi-mechanistic model to link in vitro and in vivo drug release for modified release formulations". The drug release model governed the amount of substance released in distinct GI regions over time. GI distribution of released drug substance, region specific rate and extent of absorption and the influence of food intake were estimated. The model was informed by magnetic marker monitoring data and data from an intubation study with local administration in colon. RESULTS Distinctly different absorption properties were characterized for different GI regions. Bioavailability over the gut-wall was estimated to be high in duodenum (70%) compared to the small intestine (25%). Colon was primarily characterized by a very slow rate of absorption. CONCLUSIONS The established model was largely successful in predicting plasma concentration following administration of three newly developed formulations for which no clinical data had been applied during model building.
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4.
  • Bergstrand, Martin, 1977-, et al. (författare)
  • A Semi-mechanistic Modeling Strategy to Link In Vitro and In Vivo Drug Release for Modified Release Formulations
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Pharmaceutical research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0724-8741 .- 1573-904X. ; 29:3, s. 695-706
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • PURPOSE: To develop a semi-mechanistic model linking in vitro to in vivo drug release. METHODS: A nonlinear mixed-effects model describing the in vitro drug release for 6 hydrophilic matrix based modified release formulations across different experimental conditions (pH, rotation speed and ionic strength) was developed. It was applied to in vivo observations of drug release and tablet gastro intestinal (GI) position assessed with magnetic marker monitoring (MMM). By combining the MMM observations with literature information on pH and ionic strength along the GI tract, the mechanical stress in different parts of the GI tract could be estimated in units equivalent to rotation speed in the in vitro USP 2 apparatus. RESULTS: The mechanical stress in the upper and lower stomach was estimated to 94 and 134 rpm, respectively. For the small intestine and colon the estimates of mechanical stress was 93 and 38 rpm. Predictions of in vivo drug release including between subject/tablet variability was made for other newly developed formulations based on the drug release model and a model describing tablet GI transit. CONCLUSION: The paper outlines a modeling approach for predicting in vivo behavior from standard in vitro experiments and support formulation development and quality control.
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5.
  • Boyd, Robert, et al. (författare)
  • Complex 3D nanocoral like structures formed by copper nanoparticle aggregation on nanostructured zinc oxide rods
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Materials letters (General ed.). - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 0167-577X .- 1873-4979. ; 184, s. 127-130
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper reports a new strategy for nanoparticle surface assembly so that they form anisotropic fibril like features, consisting of particles directly attached to each other, which can extend 500 nm from the surface. The particles are both formed and deposited in a single step process enabled via the use of a pulsed plasma based technique. Using this approach, we have successfully modified zinc oxide rods, up to several hundred nanometers in diameter, with 25 nm diameter copper nanoparticles for catalytic applications. The resulting structure could be modelled using a diffusion limited aggregation based approach. This gives the material the appearance of marine coral, hence the term nanocoral. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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6.
  • Göransson, Kristina, et al. (författare)
  • An experimental study on catalytic bed materials in a biomass dual fluidised bed gasifier
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Renewable energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-1481 .- 1879-0682. ; 81, s. 251-261
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A study on in-bed material catalytic reforming of tar/CH4 has been performed in the 150 kW allothermal gasifier at Mid Sweden University (MIUN). The major challenge in biomass fluidised-bed gasification to produce high-quality syngas, is the reforming of tars and CH4. The MIUN gasifier has a unique design suitable for in-bed tar/CH4 catalytic reforming and continuously internal regeneration of the reactive bed material. This paper evaluates the catalytic effects of olivine and Fe-impregnated olivine (10%wtFe/olivine Catalyst) with reference to silica sand in the MIUN dual fluidised bed (DFB) gasifier. Furthermore, a comparative experimental test is carried out with the same operation condition and bed-materials when the gasifier is operated in the mode of single bubbling fluidised bed (BFB), in order to detect the internal regeneration of the catalytic bed materials in the DFB operation. The behaviour of catalytic and non-catalytic bed materials differs when they are used in the DFB and the BFB. Fe/olivine and olivine in the BFB mode give lower tar and CH4 content together with higher H-2 + CO concentration, and higher H-2/CO ratio, compared to DFB mode. It is hard to show a clear advantage of Fe/olivine over olivine regarding tar/CH4 catalytic reforming. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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7.
  • Göransson, Kristina, et al. (författare)
  • Biogas production from biological methanation of syngas
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: European Biomass Conference and Exhibition Proceedings. - : ETA-Florence Renewable Energies. ; , s. 512-515
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Biogas to be used as gas vehicle fuel is a highly potential source to meet transport fuel demand and give a significant contribution to the Swedish target: vehicle fleet independent of fossil fuels by 2030. At present the biogas market is limited by the amount of available organic waste and the associated infrastructure. To overcome these issues, biomass could either be gasified into syngas and synthesized into bio-SNG (Synthetic Natural Gas) through catalytic methanation, or biomass gasification could be integrated into the biogas system to produce methane through biological methanation. Biomass gasification integrated in biological methanation is a relatively new idea and technology. Syngas conversion to methane by anaerobic cultures is practically unexplored, and few reports are available on this subject. Nevertheless, the pathway has been receiving intensive attractions and R&D recent years. For this purpose, a novel pathway by integrating biomass gasification into biogas system is studied in detail. This paper reviews the whole process from integration of biomass gasification into the biogas system to methane production through biological methanation: Biomass gasification > H2+CO > Biogas digester > Upgrading > Natural gas network. 
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8.
  • Göransson, Kristina, et al. (författare)
  • BTL laboratory at Mid Sweden University
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: 16th European Biomass Conference. - Florence : Italy. ; , s. 1041-1045
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper presents the BTL (biomass to liquids) laboratory of MIUN (Mid Sweden University) for production of bio-automotive fuels through biomass gasification. The process is intended to be realized in laboratory scale at MIUN with focus on key issues in the BTL technology development. Thus, the BTL laboratory becomes a resource for BTL education, research and development. The BTL laboratory is based on indirect gasification and the gasifier is a combination of a BFB steam gasifier and a CFB combustion riser. The biomass feeding system is unique in application. The syngas is automatically sampled and analyzed on-line on demand. Considering small & medium scale bio-automotive fuel plant, an oxygen plant would be too expensive to be integrated in BTL systems. An indirect gasifier is thus the choice for development to obtain a good quality high energy content synthesis gas. Based on calculation work performed by TPS, the most energy effective gasification technique is indirectly fluidized bed gasification with steam as the gasification agent. Integration of the gasifier and FT/DME/EtOH-reactors will be emphasized and a theoretic BTL model will be developed. The plan is to develop an effective and a reliable BTL technology under 100 MW possible for bio refinery integration.
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9.
  • Göransson, Kristina, et al. (författare)
  • CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF TAR/CH4 BY AN INTERNAL REFORMER IN A DFB GASIFIER
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: European Biomass Conference & Exhibition Proceedings. - 9788889407523 ; , s. 620-625
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • An internal reformer is developed for in-situ catalytic reforming of tar and methane (CH4) in allothermal gasifiers. Reduction of tars and CH4 in the syngas is a challenge for commercialization of biomass fluidised-bed gasification technology towards advanced automotive fuel production. This paper presents an initial study on the internal reformer operated with and without Ni-catalytic pellets in the Mid Sweden University (MIUN) DFB (Dual Fluidised Bed) gasifier, by evaluation of the syngas composition and tar/CH4 content. The novelty with the application of Ni-catalyst in this paper is the selected location where intensive gas to catalytic-material and bed-material contacts improve the reforming reactions. It can be concluded that the reformer with Ni-catalytic pellets clearly gives a higher H2 content together with lower CH4 and tar contents in the syngas than the reformer without Ni-catalytic pellets. The gravimetric tar content decreases down to 5 g/m3 and the CH4 content down below 6% in the syngas. The tar content will be decreased further to lower levels, with increased gas contact to the specific surface area of the catalyst and increased catalyst surface-to-volume ratio. The new design in the MIUN gasifier increases the gasification efficiency, suppresses the tar generation and upgrades the syngas quality.  
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10.
  • Göransson, Kristina, et al. (författare)
  • Experimental test on a novel dual fluidised bed biomass gasifier for synthetic fuel production
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Fuel. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-2361 .- 1873-7153. ; 90:4, s. 1340-1349
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This article presents a preliminary test on the 150 kWth allothermal biomass gasifier at MIUN (Mid Sweden University) in Härnösand, Sweden. The MIUN gasifier is a combination of a fluidised bed gasifier and a CFB riser as a combustor with a design suitable for in-built tar/CH4 catalytic reforming. The test was carried out by two steps: 1) fluid-dynamic study; 2) measurements of gas composition and tar. A novel solid circulation measurement system which works at high bed temperatures is developed in the presented work. The results show the dependency of bed material circulation rate on the superficial gas velocity in the combustor, the bed material inventory and the aeration of solids flow between the bottoms of the gasifier and the combustor. A strong influence of circulation rate on the temperature difference between the combustor and the gasifier was identified. The syngas analysis showed that, as steam/biomass (S/B) ratio increases, CH4 content decreases and H2/CO ratio increases. Furthermore the total tar content decreases with increasing steam/biomass ratio and increasing temperature.  The biomass gasification technology at MIUN is simple, cheap, reliable, and can obtain a syngas of high CO+H2concentration with sufficient high ratio of H2 to CO, which may be suitable for synthesis of Methane, DME, FT-fuels or alcohol fuels. The measurement results of MIUN gasifier have been compared with other gasifiers. The main differences can be observed in the H2 and the CO content, as well as the tar content. These can be explained by differences in the feed systems, operating temperature, S/B ratio or bed material catalytic effect etc..
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11.
  • Göransson, Kristina, et al. (författare)
  • Internal tar/CH4 reforming in a biomass dual fluidised bed gasifier
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Proceeding of 4th International Symposium on Gasification and its Applications.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • An internal reformer is developed for in-situ catalytic reforming of tar and methane (CH4) in allothermal gasifiers. The study has been performed in the 150 kW dual fluidised bed (DFB) biomass gasifier at Mid Sweden University (MIUN). The MIUN gasifier is built for research on synthetic fuel production. Reduction of tars and CH4 (except for methanation application) in the syngas is a major challenge for commercialization of biomass fluidised-bed gasification technology towards automotive fuel production. The MIUN gasifier has a unique design with an internal reformer, where intensive contact of gas and catalytic solids improves the reforming reactions. This paper presents a study on the internal reformer operated with and without Ni-catalytic pellets, by evaluation of the syngas composition and tar/CH4 content. It can be concluded that the reformer with Ni-catalytic pellets clearly gives a higher H2 content together with lower CH4 and tar contents in the syngas than the reformer without Ni-catalytic pellets. The gravimetric tar content decreases down to 5 g/m3 and the CH4 content down below 6% in the syngas. The novel design in the MIUN gasifier increases the gasification efficiency, suppresses the tar generation and upgrades the syngas quality
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12.
  • Göransson, Kristina, et al. (författare)
  • Internal Tar/CH4 Reforming using a Novel Design in a Biomass Dual Fluidised Bed Gasifier
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: 21st European Biomass Conference and Exhibition. - Florence, Italy : ETA-Florence Renewable Energies. - 9788889407530 ; , s. 2038-2042
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Reforming of tars and methane (CH4) in syngas is a significant challenge for low-temperature biomass gasification. For a dual fluidised bed gasifier (DFBG), catalytic bed materials are usually used to promote the reforming reactions. Intensive contact between gas and catalytic bed material at high temperature enhances the internal tar/CH4 reforming. The MIUN gasifier, built for research into synthetic fuel production, is a dual fluidised bed gasifier (DFBG). The results with different bed materials (silica sand, olivine and Fe-impregnated olivine) give roughly equivalent amounts of methane and gravimetric tar in the raw untreated syngas, and need to be reduced to an acceptably low level. The gasification research group at MIUN investigates a novel design in the MIUN gasifier, to increase the gasification efficiency, suppress the tar generation and to upgrade the syngas quality. The first step is taken towards a novel design in the MIUN gasifier. The application is expected to significantly enhance the syngas quality.
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13.
  • Göransson, Kristina, et al. (författare)
  • Internal tar/CH4 reforming in a biomass dual fluidised bed gasifier.
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-6815 .- 2190-6823. ; 5, s. 355-366
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • An internal reformer is developed for in situ catalyticreforming of tar and methane (CH4) in allothermal gasifiers.The study has been performed in the 150 kW dual fluidised bed (DFB) biomass gasifier at Mid Sweden University(MIUN). The MIUN gasifier is built for research onsynthetic fuel production. Reduction of tars and CH4 (exceptfor methanation application) in the syngas is a major challengefor commercialization of biomass fluidised-bed gasificationtechnology towards automotive fuel production. The MIUN gasifier has a unique design with an internal reformer, where intensive contact of gas and catalytic solids improves the reforming reactions. This paper presents an initial study on the internal reformer operated with and without Ni-catalytic pellets, by evaluation of the syngas composition and tar/CH4 content. A novel application of Ni-catalyst in DFB gasifiers is proposed and studied in this work. It can be concluded that the reformer with Ni-catalytic pellets clearly gives a higher H2 content together with lower CH4 and tar contents in the syngas than the reformer without Ni-catalytic pellets. The gravimetric tar content decreases down to 5 g/m3 and the CH4 content down below 6 % in the syngas. The tar content can be decreased further to lower levels, with increased gas contact to the specific surface area of the catalyst and increased catalyst surface-to-volume ratio. The new design in the MIUN gasifier increases the gasification efficiency, suppresses the tar generation and upgrades the syngas quality.
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14.
  • Göransson, Kristina, et al. (författare)
  • Preliminary Test on the Allothermal Gasifier at Mid Sweden University
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: 17th European Biomass Conference. - Florence, Italy : ETA-Florence Renewable Energies.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This paper presents a preliminary test on the 150 kW allothermal biomass gasifier at MSU (Mid Sweden University) in Härnösand, Sweden. The MSU gasifier is a combination of a fluidized bed gasifier and a CFB riser as a combustor with an unique design suitable for in-built tar/CH4 catalytic reforming. The test was carried out by two steps, 1) fluid-dynamic study and 2) measurements of gas composition. The results show the dependency of bed material circulation rate on the superficial gas velocity in the combustor, the bed material inventory and the aeration of solids flow between the bottoms of the gasifier and the combustor. A strong influence of circulation rate on the temperature difference between the combustor and the gasifier was identified. The syngas analysis showed that, as steam/biomass ratio increases, CH4 content decreases and H2/CO ratio increases. The biomass gasification technology developed at MSU is simple, cheap, reliable, and can obtain a syngas of high CO+H2 concentration with sufficient high ratio of H2 to CO, suitable for synthesis of Methane, DME, FT-fuels or alcohol fuels This development work is expected to help for developing an effective and a reliable BTL technology in S&M scales under 200 MW, possibly for biorefinery integration.
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15.
  • Göransson, Kristina, et al. (författare)
  • Review of syngas production via biomass DFBGs
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 1364-0321 .- 1879-0690. ; 15:1, s. 482-492
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Production of high-quality syngas from biomass gasification in a dual fluidised bed gasifier (DFBG) has made a significant progress in R&D and Technology demonstration. An S&M scale bio-automotive fuel plant close to the feedstock resources is preferable as biomass feedstock is widely sparse and has relatively low density, low heating value and high moisture content. This requires a simple, reliable and cost-effective production of clean and good quality syngas. Indirect DFBGs, with steam as the gasification agent, produces a syngas of high content H2 and CO with 12-20 MJ/mn3 heating value. A good quality syngas from DFBGs can be obtained by optimised design and operation of the gasifier, by the use of active catalytic bed materials including internal reforming of tars and methane, and finally by a downstream cleaning process. This article reviews the whole process from gasification to high quality syngas. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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16.
  • Göransson, Kristina, et al. (författare)
  • Tar/CH4 Reforming by Catalytic Bed Materials in a Biomass Fluidised Bed Gasifier
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: 20th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • A study on in-bed catalytic material reforming of tar/methane (CH4) has been performed in the 150 kW allothermal biomass gasifier at Mid Sweden University (MIUN). The MIUN gasifier, built for research on synthetic fuel production, is a dual fluidised bed gasifier (DFBG). The syngas for automotive fuels synthesis has a strict specification of impurities. The biggest challenge for biomass fluidised-bed gasification is the reforming of tars and CH4. Internal reforming should be considered before downstream reforming. The MIUN gasifier has a unique design suitable for in-bed tar/CH4 catalytic reforming and continuously internal regeneration of the reactive bed material. The experimental tests are carried out in three cases: 1) basic condition with silica sand (no catalytic activity), 2) calcinated olivine, and 3) Fe-impregnated olivine (10%wtFe/Olivine Catalyst). The measurement results have been evaluated by comparing tar/CH4 content in the syngas from the gasifier operated under different operation conditions. These results in BFB mode have initiated the ongoing investigations of the catalytic effects and regeneration in DFB mode. It can be concluded that the Fe-impregnated olivine showed a surprising low reactivity for tar and CH4 reforming in the BFB model. 
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17.
  • Göransson, Kristina, et al. (författare)
  • TAR/CH4 REFORMING BY CATALYTICALLY ACTIVE MATERIALS IN A BIOMASS DUAL FLUIDISED BED GASIFIER
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: The second International Symposium on Gasification and Its Application (ISGA 2010), December 5-8, Fukuoka, Japan.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper presents a study on the effects of catalytically active materials, before tests in the 150 kW allothermal biomass gasifier at Mid Sweden University (MIUN). The gasifier has been built up in 2008 for research on synthetic fuel production, and is a combination of a circulating fluidised bed (CFB) riser as combustor and a fluidised bed (FB) as steam gasifier. The MIUN gasifier has a unique design suitable for in-built tar/methane (CH4) catalytic reforming. The lifetime of the catalyst can be prolonged using a dual fluidised bed gasifier (DFBG) with continuously internal regeneration of the catalyst. The catalytic effects of 1) basic condition with silica sand (no catalytic activity), 2) commercial catalyst, 3) development metal-catalyst (high surface area support), and 4) olivine catalyst will be evaluated by comparing tar/CH4 content in the syngas from the gasifier operated under different conditions. Silica sand and commercial catalyst can be considered as extremes for comparing the activity of the chosen conditions.
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18.
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19.
  • Henschel, Till, et al. (författare)
  • A study on the pyrolysis behaviour of different biomass fuels using thermogravimetry and online gas analysis
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: European Biomass Conference and Exhibition Proceedings. - : ETA-Florence Renewable Energies. ; , s. 1290-1293
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Fuel availability and flexibility are important issues for biomass-based heat/power and advanced biofuel plants. The physical and chemical properties of biomass feedstocks vary from one to others to a great degree, which must be taken care of for the reactor design/operation, system optimization and blend feedstock application. In this work, the biomass property is evaluated based on pyrolysis behavior of biomass fuels by means of TGA and online gas analysis. Wood, pine bark, peat, straw, black liquor and microalgae are chosen as the biomass feedstocks for the pyrolysis study. The measurement results show high volatile content for algae and black liquor (around 85%) and low volatile content for pine bark and peat (around 69%). Differently from woody biomass, the DTG curve of straw has a single dominant peak at much lower temperature, which suggests a dominant component of hemicellulose in biomass, while algae and peat have a broader temperature specturm of devolatilization but much lower peak temperature. CO2 is released first and H2 later in the pyrolysis process for all biomass feedstocks, whileas the peak of CO formation follows CO2 formation trend for most feedstocks used, except for peat and pine bark which give a peak later at high temperature. This indicates secondary reactions of tar cracking, steam reforming and char gasification.
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20.
  • Hu, Xiao, et al. (författare)
  • Product gas biomethanation with inoculum enrichment and grinding
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. - : Springer Nature. - 2190-6815 .- 2190-6823. ; 14:12, s. 12993-13004
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The use of cheap product gas from biomass air gasification to produce methane via anaerobic digestion is a novel and potential pathway for the large-scale production of biomass-based substitute natural gas (BioSNG). In this experimental work, the product gas biomethanation (PGB) was studied with respect to the biosludge enrichment and inoculum partial grinding as well as the mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. The results show that the biosludge enrichment can effectively stop methanogenesis inhibition from the product gas, particularly CO, thus increase the biomethanation reaction rate and shorten the reaction start-up time. The inoculum partial grinding treatment can clearly change the microorganism composition and effectively reduce the diversity of microorganisms in the mixed bacterium system for the mesophilic biomethanation, thereby improving the product gas biomethanation efficiency, which is limited for the thermophilic biomethanation.
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21.
  • Jiang, Bingyi, et al. (författare)
  • A novel approach to enhance CO biomethanation by semi-disaggregation of anaerobic granular sludge
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Energy Conversion and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0196-8904 .- 1879-2227. ; 276
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The syngas produced from biomass gasification is a great potential energy resource, which can well be utilized to produce biomass-based substitute natural gas (BioSNG) via syngas biomethanation. CO biomethanation is one of the key issues in the biomethanation process and was studied experimentally in this work with respect to the effect of anaerobic granular sludge semi-disaggregation. The results show 1.07 times higher averaged CH4 production rate with the semi-disaggregated granular sludge than the whole granular sludge at 35 °C, and 1.69 times higher at 55 °C. The main mechanisms behind the enhanced CH4 production rate, especially under the thermophilic condition, are the improvement of microbial interspecific syntrophic association caused by the higher electron and substrate transfer rate, and more active cell growth and metabolism as reflected in higher abundance of functional genes and enzymes and less useless extracellular polymeric substances. The CO biomethanation enhancement occurs in the conversion of the substrate to the intermediate products. The semi-disaggregation of anaerobic granular sludge or similar way to strengthen interspecific association is an effective approach to improve the ability and tolerance of microbial cultures under the CO atmosphere. This technique can well be applied for the energy conversion from the CO-rich gas substrates into BioSNG via CO biomethanation under the thermophilic condition, or for the production of intermediates as fuels/chemicals under the mesophilic condition. 
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22.
  • Jiang, Bingyi, et al. (författare)
  • Identification of the biomethanation pathways during biological CO2 fixation with exogenous H2 addition
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Fuel processing technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-3820 .- 1873-7188. ; 238
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Power-to-gas allows conversion of surplus electricity to methane when CO2 is available, which becomes an important technology for carbon capture, utilization and sequestration, as well as for increasing the flexibility of electricity production from renewable energy resources such as wind and solar energy. H2/CO2 biomethanation is a potentially promising alternative to the conversion of H2/CO2 to methane without limitation of variable hydrogen production. To identify mixed culture-based metabolic pathways of H2/CO2 under the mesophilic (35 °C) and thermophilic (55 °C) conditions, two specific inhibitors, 2-bromoethane sulfonate (BES) and vancomycin were employed in this experimental study. The combination of hydrogenotrophic and homoacetogenesis-acetoclastic methanogenesis makes up the pathway for the mesophilic cultivated microbial consortia. 16S rRNA gene analysis indicates that abundant Bacteria, Methanobacterium and Methanosaeta play important role in the conversion. Further analysis shows close collaboration between microorganisms by the formation of microbial clustering and the production of humic acids. The detailed metabolic mechanisms further confirm a diverse biomethanation network under the mesophilic condition. While under the thermophilic condition, the H2/CO2 biomethanation is fully dominated by the direct hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis mainly with Methanothermobacter, which is straightforward but more efficient. 
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23.
  • Jiang, Bingyi, et al. (författare)
  • Low-Grade Syngas Biomethanation in Continuous Reactors with Respect to Gas–Liquid Mass Transfer and Reactor Start-Up Strategy
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Fermentation. - : MDPI AG. - 2311-5637. ; 9:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In order to utilize a wider range of low-grade syngas, the syngas biomethanation was studied in this work with respect to the gas–liquid mass transfer and the reactor start-up strategy. Two reactors, a continuous stirred tank (CSTR) and a bubble column with gas recirculation (BCR-C), were used in the experiment by feeding an artificial syngas of 20% H2, 50% CO, and 30% CO2 into the reactors at 55 °C. The results showed that the CH4 productivity was slightly increased by reducing the gas retention time (GRT), but was significantly improved by increasing the stirring speed in the CSTR and the gas circulation rate in the BCR-C. The best syngas biomethanation performance of the CSTR with a CH4 productivity of 22.20 mmol·Lr−1·day−1 and a yield of 49.01% was achieved at a GRT of 0.833 h and a stirring speed of 300 rpm, while for the BCR-C, the best performance with a CH4 productivity of 61.96 mmol·Lr−1·day−1 and a yield of 87.57% was achieved at a GRT of 0.625 h and a gas circulation rate of 40 L·Lr−1·h−1. The gas–liquid mass transfer capability provided by gas circulation is far superior to mechanical stirring, leading to a much better performance of low-grade syngas biomethanation in the BCR-C. Feeding H2/CO2 during the startup stage of the reactor can effectively stimulate the growth and metabolism of microorganisms, and create a better metabolic environment for subsequent low-grade syngas biomethanation. In addition, during the thermophilic biomethanation of syngas, Methanothermobacter is the dominant genus. 
  •  
24.
  • Kugler, Veronika Mozhdeh, et al. (författare)
  • Low temperature growth and characterization of (Na,K)NbOx thin films
  • 2003
  • Ingår i: Journal of Crystal Growth. - 0022-0248 .- 1873-5002. ; 254:3-4, s. 400-404
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Thin (Na,K)NbOx perovskite films (NKN) have been deposited on SiO2/Si(0 0 1) substrates at low temperatures, from 350°C to 550°C, by RF magnetron sputtering. The effects of substrate temperature on microstructure, electrical-, and mechanical properties of the NKN films have been studied. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that films deposited at temperatures in the range of 450-550°C were crystalline, growing as a single phase, with a preferred orientation of (0 0 1). Films deposited at 350°C, were shown to be amorphous. The growth temperature had a strong influence on the electrical properties of the NKN films and the relative dielectric constants of the obtained films were in between 38 and 78. Variations of the mechanical properties of the NKN films were observed for different substrate temperatures: The elastic moduli and the hardness values ranged from 205±26 to 93±29 GPa, and from 12±2 to around 2 GPa, for films deposited at 550°C and 450°C, respectively.
  •  
25.
  • Kugler, Veronika Mozhdeh, et al. (författare)
  • Microstructure/dielectric property relationship of low temperature synthesised (Na,K)NbOx thin films
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Journal of Crystal Growth. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-0248 .- 1873-5002. ; 262:1-4, s. 322-326
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Thin films of (Na,K)NbOx (NKN) were grown by reactive RF magnetron sputtering on polycrystalline Pt80Ir20 substrates, at relatively low growth temperatures between 300°C and 450°C. The results show that the electrical performance and the microstructure of the films are a strong function of the substrate temperature. X-ray diffraction of films grown up to 400°C revealed the formation of only one crystalline NKN-phase with a preferred (0 0 2)-orientation. However, a mixed orientation together with a secondary, paraelectric potassium niobate phase, were observed for NKN films deposited at 450°C. The differences in the microstructure explains the variations in the dielectric constants and losses: The single phase NKN films displayed a dielectric constant and a dielectric loss of 506 and 0.011, respectively, while the films with mixed phases exhibited values of 475 and 0.022, respectively. The possibility of fabricating NKN films with relatively high dielectric properties at low growth temperatures, as demonstrated here, is of high technological importance.
  •  
26.
  • Liu, Huihui, et al. (författare)
  • Conversion of high-ash microalgae through hydrothermal liquefaction
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Sustainable Energy & Fuels. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2398-4902. ; 4:6, s. 2782-2791
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Natural microalgae (NM,Scenedesmus) cultivated by utilization of exhaust gas from a municipal solid waste combustion power plant were used for the biofuel production through hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). The high-ash NM underwent acid-washing to obtain deashing microalgae (DA). HTL experiments were carried out at different temperatures from 260 °C to 340 °C with NM and DA. Products derived from NM and DA were examined by various techniques in order to identify the influence of the ash on the hydrothermal decomposition behavior. The results show that the ash inhibits the transformation of microalgae. The bio-oil yield including heavy oil and light oil is in the range of 17.59-22.09% for NM and 24.30-31.14% for DA, respectively. Calcium carbonate in the ash promotes deamination, resulting in an increase in the relative content of ketones in the NM-derived light oil. The concentration of NH4+in the aqueous phase derived from NM is in the range of 1373-1860 mg L−1, and PO43−is undetected due to the precipitation reaction between phosphorus and calcium ions. The HHV values of NM-derived hydrochars are low, ranging from 8.83 MJ kg−1to 9.88 MJ kg−1, compared with those of DA-derived hydrochars,. For natural microalgae, the deashing pretreatment before HTL is of great significance for improving the biocrude yield and quality, as well as the biomass conversion efficiency, nitrogen utilization and the hydrochar quality.
  •  
27.
  • Liu, Huihui, et al. (författare)
  • Hydrothermal carbonization of natural microalgae containing a high ash content
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Fuel. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-2361 .- 1873-7153. ; 249, s. 441-448
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The potential to convert natural microalgae (Scenedesmus) into solid fuels by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was evaluated. The deashing microalgae (DA) were obtained by acid-washing natural microalgae (NM) with HCl. The deashing efficiency was high from 44.66% for NM to 14.45% for DA. HTC carried out at temperature in the range from 180 to 260 degrees C with this two types feedstock (i.e. NM and DA). The results showed that DA-derived hydrochars had good physicochemical and fuel properties compared with that of NM-derived hydrochars. HTC process of DA was mainly based on polymerization, and the hydrolysis process was short. The hydrochars obtained from DA at 220 degrees C (HC-D220) had the highest value of 51.86% with a carbon content and fixed carbon content 1.15 and 1.33 times, respectively, greater than that of DA. The high heating value (HHV) of HC-D220 reached 26.64 MJ/kg which is equivalent to medium-high calorific coal. The thermogravimetric analysis (TG) demonstrated that the hydrochars derived from DA have good combustion properties with stable at high temperature zones. They can easily mix with coal or replace coal in combustion application. The results of this study revealed that natural microalgae can be utilized by hydrothermal carbonization to generate renewable fuel resources.
  •  
28.
  • Liu, Huihui, et al. (författare)
  • Hydrothermal Treatment of High Ash Microalgae : Focusing on the Physicochemical and Combustion Properties of Hydrochars
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Energy & Fuels. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0887-0624 .- 1520-5029. ; 34:2, s. 1929-1939
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Natural microalgae with high ash content are common in water environment. Converting them into biofuels not only meets the energy demands but also improves the aquatic environment. This study aims to explore the physicochemical properties and molecular structural features of hydrochars derived from hydrothermal treatment of natural microalgae. Meanwhile, the combustion behavior and kinetics analysis of hydrochars were also evaluated. The hydrothermal treatment was performed with natural microalgae and its acid-washing microalgae under different temperatures from 260 to 340 °C to reveal the effect of ash on hydrochars properties. The results indicate that the ash significantly influences the functional groups composition and physicochemical property of hydrochars. The yields of hydrochars derived from deashing microalgae are lower than those of hydrochars derived from natural microalgae. However, the relative content of the C-C/C-H/C=C groups representing hydrocarbon carbon in hydrochars derived from deashing microalgae is higher than that of hydrochars derived from natural microalgae. Both natural microalgae and deashing microalgae contain the protein-N and pyrrole-N, and natural microalgae also contain a small amount of inorganic-N. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas of hydrochars derived from natural microalgae and deashing microalgae are in the range of 5.97-10.29 and 21.34-34.74 m2 g-1, respectively. The thermogravimetric analysis results show that hydrochars derived from deashing microalgae have better fuel quality in view of the comprehensive combustibility indexes compared with hydrochars derived from natural microalgae, which is conducive to their application to solid fuels. The acid-washing pretreatment can effectively improve the utilization of natural microalgae.
  •  
29.
  • Olofsson, I, et al. (författare)
  • Initial Review and Evaluation of Process Technologies and Systems Suitable for Cost-Efficient Medium-Scale Gasification for Biomass to Liquid Fuels
  • 2005
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The most promising routes for conversion of biomass to liquid (BTL) fuels are based on thermal processes, i.e. initial pyrolysis or gasification of the biomass and subsequent production of CO2-neutral methanol, ethanol, dimethylether (DME) or Fisher-Tropsh-diesel from the syngas. Swedish research groups have an extensive knowledge and experience of R&D on thermal conversion of biomass fuels in general, and also on gasification and pyrolysis processes. However, although much effort has been spent on the task during the last century and despite gasification is an emerging technology approaching a demonstration phase, there are very few if any successful commercial reference plants. The best reported cost-efficiencies are also still somewhat too high for market introduction. Most of the present knowledge gaps and technology development challenges seem to be more or less process chemistry related and actually quite suitable for the ETPC and BioFuelRegion (BFR) research groups. Recent work within the relatively unique area of thermal and especially molecular process chemistry have indicated that solutions to some of the previously identified major obstacles could potentially be developed by comparatively simple measures. In addition, the process complexity, many fuel-, process- and subprocess-variables governs a high potential for systematic process and system optimization, another expertise research area within UmU/ETPC and BFR.
  •  
30.
  • Rosenhall, Ulf, et al. (författare)
  • Self-assessed hearing problems in Sweden: a demographic study.
  • 1999
  • Ingår i: Audiology : official organ of the International Society of Audiology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-6091. ; 38:6, s. 328-34
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A study of self-assessed hearing problems was performed comprising 48,680 Swedish inhabitants aged 16-84 years. The participants of the survey responded to personal interviews during the period 1986-1993. One of the questions in the interview concerned difficulties of hearing in background noise. The total prevalence of the reported hearing problems was 10.7 per cent, varying from 2.4 per cent in the youngest age group to 30 per cent in the oldest. Men reported difficulties in hearing more often than women, except in the youngest age group. Hearing problems were more often reported by manual workers, unemployed and by those who had taken early retirement, than by non-manual employees and the self-employed. Regional differences regarding hearing problems were observed. The prevalence of self-reported problems was lowest in metropolitan Stockholm (7.9 per cent) and increased in the following order: other major cities (9.4 per cent), other cities (10.5 per cent), small population centres (12.5 per cent), agricultural areas (13.5 per cent) and sparsely populated forest areas (15 per cent). In summary, a number of factors related to ageing, socioeconomic status and domicile were related to self-assessed difficulties hearing a conversation. These factors obviously include determinants such as genetics, health status, gender-related differences, exposure to noise and possible conditioning effects of low-level noise exposure.
  •  
31.
  • Söderlind, Fredrik, et al. (författare)
  • Sol–gel synthesis and characterization of Na0.5K0.5NbO3 thin films
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: Journal of Crystal Growth. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-0248 .- 1873-5002. ; 281:2-4, s. 468-474
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Thin films of the perovskite structured Na0.5K0.5NbO3 (NKN) have been synthesized with three different sol–gel methods, viz. the alkoxide method, a modified Pechini method and a somewhat novel oxalate method, based on 2-methoxy ethanol as solvent with oxalic acid and ethylene glycol as chelating ligand and stabilizer. Only one method (the modified Pechini method) gave pure NKN phase while the other two methods gave extra peaks in the X-ray diffraction patterns, indicating that other, unidentified, phases were present. SEM images revealed grain sizes ranging from 100 to 300 nm.
  •  
32.
  • Zhang, Wennan, et al. (författare)
  • A PRELIMINARY TEST ON AN INDUSTRIAL BIOMASS CFB GASIFIER
  • 2002
  • Ingår i: 12th European Biomass Conference. - 889004425X ; , s. 745-748
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • A test was carried out on an 6 MW industrial biomass atmospheric CFB gasifier in a power plant. The gas composition, NH3 and tar contents in the product gas at different temperatures were measured and analyzed. Ash (char in the present case) analysis was also made to make mass balance of chemical element in solid and gas phases during gasification based on Si balance analysis. The measurement results show that a gas productivity of 2 Nm3/kg (daf biomass) with gas LHV of 5MJ/Nm3 can be achieved at 750℃.The conversion of fuel-bound nitrogen (FBN) to NH3 ranges from 6 wt% to 70 wt% depending on temperature. Tar content in the product gas ranges from 2.5 to 16.7 g/m3. Small fractions of H, O, N, Cl and S contents in fuel remain in the ash while most of mineral metal element remains in the ash.
  •  
33.
  • Zhang, Wennan, et al. (författare)
  • A review on transportation fuels from biomass syngas : 7th World Congress on Recovery, Recycling and Reintegration, Beijing
  • 2005
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • There exists already a market of transportation fuels i.e. bioethanol and biodiesel produced from food crops in several countries. From the viewpoint of economics, environment, land use, water use and chemical fertilizer use, however, there is a strong preference for the use of woody biomass and various forest/agricultural residues as the feedstock. Thus, the production of transportation fuels through biomass gasification seems the most promising. The technology of producing liquid fuels such as methanol and FT-diesel is well established based on fossil fuels. For biomass, however, it is fairly new. This paper critically reviews a number of transportation fuels such as methanol, DME, FT-fuels etc. with respect to four criteria: efficiency, economy, environmental impact and end use with emphasis on well-to-wheel efficiency. The production of syngas required is discussed which suggests appropriate gasifier design for a high quality syngas production. It is supposed that ethanol is the best choice to substitute gasoline while FT-diesel is the best choice to substitute diesel.
  •  
34.
  • Zhang, Wennan, et al. (författare)
  • Further test on the Sanya 6MW biomass CFB gasifier
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: 2nd World Conference and Exhibition on Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate Protection. Rome, Italy, 10 - 14 May 2004.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Following a preliminary test on the 6 MW Sanya biomass CFB gasifier (reported in the last conference at Amsterdam), a further test has been carried out focusing on the use of in-bed dolomite in order to reduce the tar content in the product gas. The gas composition and tar contents in the product gas at different temperatures were measured and analyzed. The results show that there is no big difference between two cases with and without dolomite at low temperature of 700C. However, at high temperature of 900C, the tar content was reduced significantly by the addition of in-bed dolomite. Temperature has a strong effect on the efficiency of dolomite catalyst
  •  
35.
  • Zhang, Wennan, et al. (författare)
  • Process simulation of circulating fluidized beds with combustion/gasification of biomass.
  • 2002
  • Ingår i: Twelfth European Biomass Conference - Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate Protection. - Florence : ETA. - 889004425X ; , s. 1503-
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper briefly presents the work carried out for the 4th framework Joule project under the contract JOR3CT980306. The project is to build up an integrated mathematical model to predict reactor performance of biomass circulating fluidized bed boiler/gasifier when reactor design, operating conditions and fuel properties are defined. For CFB boilers, the sub-models of combustion, heat transfer, ash deposition on a heat transfer surface and NOx/N2O emission have been developed, and evaluated against the 12 MW Chalmers CFB boiler. For CFB gasifiers, the sub-models of gasification, heat transfer, NH3/HCN emission, alkali ash and tar emissions from the gasifiers are developed. The results have been checked on Sanya 6MW industrial biomass CFB gasifier.
  •  
36.
  • Zhang, Wennan, et al. (författare)
  • Thermogravimetric and Online Gas Analysis on various Biomass Fuels
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier. - 1876-6102. ; , s. 162-167
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this work, the biomass property is evaluated based on pyrolysis behavior of biomass fuels by means of TGA and online gas analysis. Wood, sawdust, pine bark, peat, straw, black liquor and microalgae are chosen as the biomass feedstocks for the pyrolysis study. The measurement results show high volatile content for algae and black liquor (around 85%) and low volatile content for pine bark and peat (around 69%). Differently from woody biomass, the DTG curve of straw has a single dominant peak at much lower temperature, which suggests a dominant component of hemicellulose in biomass, while algae and peat have a broader temperature specturm of devolatilization but much lower peak temperature. CO2 is released first and H2 later in the pyrolysis process for all biomass feedstocks, whileas the peak of CO formation follows CO2 formation trend for most feedstocks used, except for peat and pine bark which give a peak later at high temperature. This indicates secondary reactions of tar cracking, steam reforming and char gasification.
  •  
37.
  • Zhang, Zhenwen, et al. (författare)
  • CO Biomethanation with Different Anaerobic Granular Sludges
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Waste and Biomass Valorization. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1877-2641 .- 1877-265X. ; 12:7, s. 3913-3925
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Abstract: Biomethanation of the syngas from biomass gasification provides an alternative method for production of biofuel and chemicals. CO in syngas plays a key role in biomethanation of syngas, as it is both a substrate and an inhibitor of certain methanogenesis processes. In this study, CO biomethanation by using a mixture of N2 and CO as the gas substrate, was investigated with the help of 5 adapted anaerobic granular sludges under thermophilic and mesophilic conditions. The results show that CO biomethanation by the adapted inocula is omnipresent. The sludge from the juice plant has a methane yield more than 80% of the theoretical value both at 37 °C and 55 °C. Increasing the temperature from 37 °C to 55 °C has a slight effect on the final methane production, but can significantly increase the CO consumption rate and shorten the time for CO biomethanation. Graphic Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. 
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