| 1. |
- Lindblom, Jonas, 1971-
(författare)
-
The Role of the Melanocortin System in Linking Energy Homeostasis with Reward Mechanisms
- 2002
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There is evidence of a link between peripheral signals of energy homeostasis and reward mechanisms. A hypothesis was formulated that the melanocortin (MC) system is part of this link. The hypothesis was tested by a series of receptor expression and neurochemical studies in rats.A novel autoradiographical method was developed for quantification of MC3 and MC4 receptors in the rat brain. MC receptor levels were studied in three rat models combining underweight with an increased susceptibility for alcohol and drug consumption: alcohol preferring AA rats, nandrolone treated rats and food restricted rats. The results showed that MC receptors were differentially regulated in different brain regions in the three models. Interestingly, in all models the MC3 receptor was down-regulated in the nucleus accumbens (ACB), a region involved in the reward system, thus possibly linking the MC3 receptor to reward mechanisms.In vivo microdialysis indicated that the MC peptide α-MSH stimulates transmission of dopamine (DA), an important mediator of reward, in the ACB via an MC receptor mediated mechanism. Moreover, chronic treatment with an MC receptor agonist resulted in increased dopamine D2 receptor levels in the VTA and decreased D1 receptor levels in the ACB. The results show that melanocortins may have an important role for both acute and long term regulation of DA transmission.These results support the hypothesis that the melanocortins may serve as an important link between reward and body weight homeostasis. The results add to the understanding of the frequent co-morbidity of eating disorders and substance abuse, and the similarities between eating disorders and addiction. The more detailed understanding of the relationship between metabolic status and reward may also generate novel possibilities to treat eating disorders as well as addictive conditions.
|
|
| 2. |
- Lindestad, Per Å, et al.
(författare)
-
Voice source characteristics in mongolian throat singing studied with high-speed imaging technique, acoustic spectra, and inverse filtering
- 2001
-
Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 15:1, s. 78-85
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mongolian “throat singing” can be performed in different modes. In Mongolia, the bass-type is called Kargyraa. The voice source in bass-type throat singing was studied in one male singer. The subject alternated between modal voice and the throat singing mode. Vocal fold vibrations were observed with high-speed photography, using a computerized recording system. The spectral characteristics of the sound signal were analyzed. Kymographic image data were compared to the sound signal and flow inverse filtering data from the same singer were obtained on a separate occasion. It was found that the vocal folds vibrated at the same frequency throughout both modes of singing. During throat singing the ventricular folds vibrated with complete but short closures at half the frequency of the true vocal folds, covering every second vocal fold closure. Kymographic data confirmed the findings. The spectrum contained added subharmonics compared to modal voice. In the inverse filtered signal the amplitude of every second airflow pulse was considerably lowered. The ventricular folds appeared to modulate the sound by reducing the glottal flow of every other vocal fold vibratory cycle.
|
|
| 3. |
- Lohmander, Anette, et al.
(författare)
-
Kommunikations- och sväljstörningar genom hela livet : ett logopediskt ståndpunktsdokument
- 2017
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den forskning som bedrivs inom logopedi i Sverige idag spänner över ett brett spektrum av medfödda, utvecklingsrelaterade och förvärvade kommunikationsstörningar på grund av röst-, tal- och språksvårigheter samt sväljstörningar. Precis som i andra länder pågår en snabb utveckling både mot en breddning av det urval av områden som det forskas kring och ett ökat fokus på nationellt samarbete. Även om de framsteg som görs inom respektive fält kan mätas genom de forskningsrapporter som publiceras av respektive forskargrupper, finns det ett behov av att granska vilka forskningsinsatser som bedrivs jämte det demografiska sammanhanget. I detta ståndpunktsdokument ger vi en översikt över logopediämnet och den forskning som bedrivs i Sverige. I en kubmodell illustreras hur kommunikations- och sväljstörningar kan beskrivas. Stratifierade (per åldersintervall) uppskattningar av prevalensen av kommunikations- och sväljstörningar ges baserat på 2016 års befolkningsstruktur. Genom att presentera dessa två komponenter identifieras forskningsområden och riktningar inom logopedi som behöver ges ökad uppmärksamhet i det kommande forskningsarbetet.
|
|
| 4. |
- Löfgren, Magnus, 1979-
(författare)
-
Behavioral effects of female sex steroid hormones : models of PMS and PMDD in Wistar rats
- 2009
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background Animal models can be used to mimic human conditions of psychopathology, and also as pre-clinical models to evaluate candidate drugs. With hormonal treatment it is possible to produce behavior in the rat which corresponds to the mental symptoms of pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS), and pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). PMS affects 25-30 % of all women in fertile age and 3-8% are diagnosed with the more severe condition PMDD. The cardinal mental symptoms are; irritability, mood-swings, depression, anxiety, fatigue, insomnia, difficulties with concentration and memory and learning difficulties. The symptoms of PMS/PMDD occur in the luteal phase in conjunction with increasing concentrations of progesterone (P4) and P4-metabolites. In anovulatory cycles the symptoms are absent. The hormones which produce the monthly reoccurring negative symptoms on mood are foremost the neuroactive metabolites; allopregnanolone (ALLO) and tetrahydro-deoxycorticosterone (THDOC). ALLO is produced by the corpus luteum, but can also be synthesized in the brain, both ALLO and THDOC can also be released from the adrenal cortex during stress. These steroids are active on the inhibitory GABA neurotransmitter system through the GABAA receptor, and the effects are similar to that of alcohol and benzodiazepines. These steroids have strong sedative and hypnotic effects. A paradox is that some individuals seem to react with negative mood on sex steroids while all fertile women have the cyclical steroid changes during the menstrual cycle. Some individuals are more sensitive to neuroactive steroids with influences of personality, heritability and stress factors. Aims The thesis aims were to develop pre-clinical animal models of PMS/PMDD and to investigate induction of ALLO tolerance, individual sensitivity to neurosteroids and the interactions between chronic social stress and neurosteroids. Methods In these studies male and female Wistar rats were used to test steroid hormone effects on learning and memory and behaviors analogous to negative mood symptoms. This was accomplished through hormonal treatment and a subsequent withdrawal period from P4 (P4) + estradiol (E2) (PEWD), or ALLO. To assess tolerance, memory and learning in the Morris water maze (MWM) was studied. Anxiety-like behaviors were tested with the elevated plus maze (EPM), open field test (OFT), and the intruder test (IT). The EPM or OFT was used to classify the rats as high or low responders on risk-taking and explorative behavior (HR/LR). For social ranking order assessment the tube test (TT) and food competition test (FCT) were used. Chronic social stress was accomplished through co-habituation with two older rats (chronic subordination stress). In female rats the estrous cycle followed using staining of vaginal smears. Concentration of corticosterone (CORT) was measured by radio-immuno-assay (RIA). Results In the MWM ALLO pre-treatment produced tolerance to the acute negative ALLO effects. Both male and female rats showed behavioral correlations between the EPM and OFT tests, and correlations were also seen in CORT levels. Individuals with the stable trait of high risk-taking and explorative behavior (HR) were more sensitive to PEWD induction of anxiety-like behavior. These animals also showed decreased CORT levels during withdrawal. Chronic subordination stress enhanced the response to PEWD on measures of locomotor activity and social anxiety-like behavior. Conclusions It is possible to induce tolerance to the negative ALLO effects on learning and memory. The animal models of anxiety-like behavior show an individual PEWD response profile where HR rats are more sensitive. Exposure to chronic social stress enhanced the PEWD response. Hence there are both inherent and environmental factors behind the behavioral response to steroid hormones in rats.
|
|
| 5. |
- Mc Allister, Anita, 1955-, et al.
(författare)
-
Röststörningar hos barn och ungdomar
- 2007. - 1
-
Ingår i: Logopedi. - Lund : Studentlitteratur. - 9789144038865 ; , s. 279-285
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Logopedi definieras som läran om språk-, röst- och talstörningar och deras behandling. Detta är den första heltäckande läroboken i logopedi på svenska och består av 40 kapitel av 44 olika författare. I en introducerande del beskrivs funktion och utveckling med anknytning till de fyra logopediska huvudområdena röst, språk, tal och sväljning. Därefter beskrivs karakteristik, diagnostik och intervention vid språkstörningar, röststörningar och talstörningar hos barn, ungdomar och vuxna. Vidare behandlas alternativ och kompletterande kommunikation samt sväljningsstörningar. Boken avslutas med en del som beskriver logopedi ur ett historiskt perspektiv, i nutid och med utblickar mot framtiden.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Sjölinder, Marie, et al.
(författare)
-
User involvement of patients with eating disorder – the design process from user needs to prototype
- 2010
-
Ingår i: ICEHST 2010 - International Conference on e-Health Services and Technologies. - University of Piraeus, Athens, Greece.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this work was to investigate different methods for involving patients with eating disorders in the design process. According to the specific needs of this group of patients four main design goals were set up for the system. These were: Providing an artificial case manager able of answering questions and of interacting with the patient; Enhancing motivation to get well; Providing distraction from the disease; Providing an appealing environment that the patients find interesting enough to use for a longer period of time. To meet these requirements several methods for involving end-users were used including “Cultural Probes”, “Repertory Grid Technique” and ”Wizard of Oz”. This paper describes our experiences of using these methods when developing a system for patients with eating disorders. The methods and the tasks used in the different studies also turned out to be a distraction away from the disease, which shows the potential of making the development process a part of the actual usage. The patients’ enthusiasm regarding the tasks in the studies also showed the importance of using methods suitable with respect to the symptoms of the disease and tasks that the specific group of patients find interesting and meaningful.
|
|
| 8. |
- Tiderius, Carl Johan, et al.
(författare)
-
Delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC): intra- and interobserver variability in standardized drawing of regions of interest.
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Acta Radiologica. - : SAGE Publications. - 1600-0455 .- 0284-1851. ; 45:6, s. 628-634
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: To establish the reproducibility of a standardized region of interest (ROI) drawing procedure in delayed gadolinium‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of cartilage (dGEMRIC). Material and Methods: A large ROI in lateral and medial femoral weight‐bearing cartilage was drawn in images of 12 healthy male volunteers by 6 investigators with different skills in MRI. The procedure was done twice, with a 1‐week interval. Calculated T1‐values were evaluated for intra‐ and interobserver variability. Results: The mean interobserver variability for both compartments ranged between 1.3% and 2.3% for the 6 different investigators without correlation to their experience in MRI. Post‐contrast intra‐observer variability was low in both the lateral and the medial femoral cartilage, 2.6% and 1.5%, respectively. The larger variability in lateral than in medial cartilage was related to slightly longer and thinner ROIs. Conclusion: Intra‐observer variability and interobserver variability are both low when a large standardized ROI is used in dGEMRIC. The experience of the investigator does not affect the variability, which further supports a clinical applicability of the method.
|
|
| 9. |
- Toskas, Konstantinos, et al.
(författare)
-
PRC2-mediated repression is essential to maintain identity and function of differentiated dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Science Advances. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 2375-2548. ; 8:34
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How neurons can maintain cellular identity over an entire life span remains largely unknown. Here, we show that maintenance of identity in differentiated dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons is critically reliant on the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). Deletion of the obligate PRC2 component, Eed, in these neurons resulted in global loss of H3K27me3, followed by a gradual activation of genes harboring both H3K27me3 and H3K9me3 modifications. Notably, H3K9me3 was lost at these PRC2 targets before gene activation. Neuronal survival was not compromised; instead, there was a reduction in subtype-specific gene expression and a progressive impairment of dopaminergic and serotonergic neuronal function, leading to behavioral deficits characteristic of Parkinson's disease and anxiety. Single-cell analysis revealed subtype-specific vulnerability to loss of PRC2 repression in dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra. Our study reveals that a PRC2-dependent nonpermissive chromatin state is essential to maintain the subtype identity and function of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons.
|
|
| 10. |
- Täckström, Oscar, et al.
(författare)
-
An Embodied question answering system for use in the treatment of eating disorders
- 2008. - 1
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of The 4th International Workshop on Human-Computer Conversation.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents work in progress on implementing an embodied question answering system, Dr. Cecilia, in the form of a virtual caregiver, for use in the treatment of eating disorders. The rationale for the system is grounded in one of the few effective treatments for anorexia and bulimia nervosa. The questions and answers database is encoded using natural language, and is easily updatable by human caregivers without any technical expertise. Matching of users' questions with database entries is performed using a weighted and normalized n-gram similarity function. In this paper we give a comprehensive background to and an overview of the system, with a focus on aspects pertaining to natural language processing and user interaction. The system is currently only implemented for Swedish.
|
|
