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1.
  • Araujo, Victor, et al. (författare)
  • Performance evaluation of FIWARE : A cloud-based IoT platform for smart cities
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing. - : Elsevier. - 0743-7315 .- 1096-0848. ; 132, s. 250-261
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • As the Internet of Things (IoT) becomes a reality, millions of devices will be connected to IoT platforms in smart cities. These devices will cater to several areas within a smart city such as healthcare, logistics, and transportation. These devices are expected to generate significant amounts of data requests at high data rates, therefore, necessitating the performance benchmarking of IoT platforms to ascertain whether they can efficiently handle such devices. In this article, we present our results gathered from extensive performance evaluation of the cloud-based IoT platform, FIWARE. In particular, to study FIWARE’s performance, we developed a testbed and generated CoAP and MQTT data to emulate large-scale IoT deployments, crucial for future smart cities. We performed extensive tests and studied FIWARE’s performance regarding vertical and horizontal scalability. We present bottlenecks and limitations regarding FIWARE components and their cloud deployment. Finally, we discuss cost-efficient FIWARE deployment strategies that can be extremely beneficial to stakeholders aiming to deploy FIWARE as an IoT platform for smart cities.
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2.
  • Banerjee, N, et al. (författare)
  • R-U-In?-Exploiting Rich Presence and Converged Communications for Next-Generation Activity-Oriented Social Networking
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Tenth International Conference on Mobile Data Management: Systems, Services and Middleware (MDM 2009). - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Communications Society. - 9780769536507 - 9781424441532 ; , s. 222-
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • With the growing popularity of social networking, traditional Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and telecom operators have both started exploring new opportunities to boost their revenue streams. The efforts have facilitated consumers to stay connected to their favorite social networks,be it from an ISP portal or a mobile device. The use of Web 2.0 technologies and converged communication tools has further led to a rise in both user-generated content as well as contextual information (i.e. rich presence) about users - including their current location, availability, interests and moods. In this evolving landscape, social networking players need to innovate for value-centric usage models that increase customer stickiness,along with business models to monetize the social media. To this end, we present R-U-In? - an activity-oriented social networking system for users to collaborate and participate in activities of mutual interest. Activities can be initiated and scheduled on-demand and be as ephemeral as the user interests themselves. R-U-In? leverages contextual modeling and reasoning techniques to enable "social search" based on real-time user interests and finds potential matches for the proposed activity. Further, it exploits next-generation presence and communication technologies to manage the entire activity lifecycle in real-time. Initial survey results, based on a prototype implementation of R-U-In?, attest to the promise of realtime activity-oriented social networking - both in terms of an effective collaboration tool for value-oriented social networking users and an enhanced end-user experience.
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3.
  • Belyakhina, Tamara, et al. (författare)
  • DisCPAQ : Distributed Context Acquisition and Reasoning for Personalized Indoor Air Quality Monitoring in IoT-Based Systems
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Internet of Things, Smart Spaces, and Next Generation Networks and Systems. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319673790 - 9783319673806 ; , s. 75-86
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The rapidly emerging Internet of Things supports many diverse applications including environmental monitoring. Air quality, both indoors and outdoors, proved to be a significant comfort and health factor for people. This paper proposes a smart context-aware system for indoor air quality monitoring and prediction called DisCPAQ. The system uses data streams from air quality measurement sensors to provide real-time personalised air quality service to users through a mobile app. The proposed system is agnostic to sensor infrastructure. The paper proposes a context model based on Context Spaces Theory, presents the architecture of the system and identifies challenges in developing large scale IoT applications. DisCPAQ implementation, evaluation and lessons learned are all discussed in the paper.
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4.
  • Bezerra, Nibia Souza, et al. (författare)
  • Propagation Model Evaluation for LoRaWAN : Planning Tool Versus Real Case Scenario
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: IEEE 5th World Forum on Internet of Things. - : IEEE.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • LoRa has emerged as a prominent technology for the Internet of Things (IoT), with LoRa Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) emerging as a suitable connection solution for smartthings. The choice of the best location for the installation of gateways, as well as a robust network server configuration, are key to the deployment of a LoRaWAN. In this paper, we present an evaluation of Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) values collected from the real-life LoRaWAN deployed in Skellefteå, Sweden, when compared with the values calculatedby a Radio Frequency (RF) planning tool for the Irregular Terrain Model (ITM), Irregular Terrain with Obstructions Model (ITWOM) and Okumura-Hata propagation models. Five sensors are configured and deployed along a wooden bridge, with different Spreading Factors (SFs), such as SF 7, 10 and 12. Our results show that the RSSI values calculated using the RF planning tool for ITWOM are closest to the values obtained from the real-life LoRaWAN. Moreover, we also show evidence that the choice of a propagation model in an RF planning tool has to be made with care, mainly due to the terrain conditions of the area where the network and the sensors are deployed.
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5.
  • Bezerra, Nibia Souza, et al. (författare)
  • Temperature Impact in LoRaWAN : A Case Study in Northern Sweden
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Sensors. - : MDPI. - 1424-8220. ; 19:20
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • LoRaWAN has become popular as an IoT enabler. The low cost, ease of installation and the capacity of fine-tuning the parameters make this network a suitable candidate for the deployment of smart cities. In northern Sweden, in the smart region of Skellefteå, we have deployed a LoRaWAN to enable IoT applications to assist the lives of citizens. As Skellefteå has a subarctic climate, we investigate how the extreme changes in the weather happening during a year affect a real LoRaWAN deployment in terms of SNR, RSSI and the use of SF when ADR is enabled. Additionally, we evaluate two propagation models (Okumura-Hata and ITM) and verify if any of those models fit the measurements obtained from our real-life network. Our results regarding the weather impact show that cold weather improves the SNR while warm weather makes the sensors select lower SFs, to minimize the time-on-air. Regarding the tested propagation models, Okumura-Hata has the best fit to our data, while ITM tends to overestimate the RSSI values.
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6.
  • de Koning, Enrico, et al. (författare)
  • AI Algorithm to Predict Acute Coronary Syndrome in Prehospital Cardiac Care: Retrospective Cohort Study
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: JMIR Cardio. - : JMIR Publications. - 2561-1011. ; 7:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Overcrowding of hospitals and emergency departments (EDs) is a growing problem. However, not all ED consultations are necessary. For example, 80% of patients in the ED with chest pain do not have an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Artificial intelligence (AI) is useful in analyzing (medical) data, and might aid health care workers in prehospital clinical decision-making before patients are presented to the hospital.Objective: The aim of this study was to develop an AI model which would be able to predict ACS before patients visit the ED. The model retrospectively analyzed prehospital data acquired by emergency medical services' nurse paramedics.Methods: Patients presenting to the emergency medical services with symptoms suggestive of ACS between September 2018 and September 2020 were included. An AI model using a supervised text classification algorithm was developed to analyze data. Data were analyzed for all 7458 patients (mean 68, SD 15 years, 54% men). Specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for control and intervention groups. At first, a machine learning (ML) algorithm (or model) was chosen; afterward, the features needed were selected and then the model was tested and improved using iterative evaluation and in a further step through hyperparameter tuning. Finally, a method was selected to explain the final AI model.Results: The AI model had a specificity of 11% and a sensitivity of 99.5% whereas usual care had a specificity of 1% and a sensitivity of 99.5%. The PPV of the AI model was 15% and the NPV was 99%. The PPV of usual care was 13% and the NPV was 94%.Conclusions: The AI model was able to predict ACS based on retrospective data from the prehospital setting. It led to an increase in specificity (from 1% to 11%) and NPV (from 94% to 99%) when compared to usual care, with a similar sensitivity. Due to the retrospective nature of this study and the singular focus on ACS it should be seen as a proof-of-concept. Other (possibly life-threatening) diagnoses were not analyzed. Future prospective validation is necessary before implementation.
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7.
  • Fejzo, Orsola, et al. (författare)
  • Proactive Context-Aware IoT-Enabled Waste Management
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Proceeings of the 19th International Conference on Next Generation Wired/Wireless Advanced Networks and System. - Cham : Springer. ; , s. 3-15
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Exploiting future opportunities and avoiding problematic upcoming events is the main characteristic of a proactively adapting system, leading to several benefits such as uninterrupted and efficient services. In the era when IoT applications are a tangible part of our reality, with interconnected devices almost everywhere, there is potential to leverage the diversity and amount of their generated data in order to act and take proactive decisions in several use cases, smart waste management as such. Our work focuses in devising a system for proactive adaptation of behavior, named ProAdaWM. We propose a reasoning model and system architecture that handles waste collection disruptions due to severe weather in a sustainable and efficient way using decision theory concepts. The proposed approach is validated by implementing a system prototype and conducting a case study.
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8.
  • Idowu, Samuel, et al. (författare)
  • Applied Machine Learning : Forecasting Heat Load in District Heating System
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7788 .- 1872-6178. ; 133, s. 478-488
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Forecasting energy consumption in buildings is a key step towards the realization of optimized energy production, distribution and consumption. This paper presents a data driven approach for analysis and forecast of aggregate space and water thermal load in buildings. The analysis and the forecast models are built using district heating data unobtrusively collected from ten residential and commercial buildings located in Skellefteå, Sweden. The load forecast models are generated using supervised machine learning techniques, namely, support vector machine, regression tree, feed forward neural network, and multiple linear regression. The model takes the outdoor temperature, historical values of heat load, time factor variables and physical parameters of district heating substations as its input. A performance comparison among the machine learning methods and identification of the importance of models input variables is carried out. The models are evaluated with varying forecast horizons of every hour from 1 up to 48 hours. Our results show that support vector machine, feed forward neural network and multiple linear regression are more suitable machine learning methods with lower performance errors than the regression tree. Support vector machine has the least normalized root mean square error of 0.07 for a forecast horizon of 24 hour.
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9.
  • Idowu, Samuel, et al. (författare)
  • Forecasting Heat Load for Smart District Heating Systems : A Machine Learning Approach
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: 2014 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm 2014). - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Communications Society. - 9781479949342 ; , s. 554-559
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The rapid increase in energy demand requires effective measures to plan and optimize resources for efficient energy production within a smart grid environment. This paper presents a data driven approach to forecasting heat load for multi- family apartment buildings in a District Heating System (DHS). The forecasting model is built using six and eleven weeks of data from five building substations. The external factors and internal factors influencing the heat load in substations are parameters used as our model’s input. Short-term forecast models are generated using four supervised Machine Learning (ML) techniques: Support Vector Regression (SVR), Regression Tree, Feed Forwards Neural Network (FFNN) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). Performance comparison among these ML methods was carried out. The effects of combining the internal and external factors influencing heat load at substations was studied. The models are evaluated with varying horizon up to 24-hours ahead. The results show that SVR has the best accuracy of 5.6% MAPE for the best-case scenario.
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10.
  • Idowu, Samuel O., 1985- (författare)
  • Applied Machine Learning in District Heating System
  • 2018
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In an increasingly applied domain of pervasive computing, sensing devices are being deployed progressively for data acquisition from various systems through the use of technologies such as wireless sensor networks. Data obtained from such systems are used analytically to advance or improve system performance or efficiency. The possibility to acquire an enormous amount of data from any target system has made machine learning a useful approach for several large-scale analytical solutions. Machine learning has proved viable in the area of the energy sector, where the global demand for energy and the increasingly accepted need for green energy is gradually challenging energy supplies and the efficiency in its consumption.This research, carried out within the area of pervasive computing, aims to explore the application of machine learning and its effectiveness in the energy sector with dependency on sensing devices. The target application area readily falls under a multi-domain energy grid which provides a system across two energy utility grids as a combined heat and power system. The multi-domain aspect of the target system links to a district heating system network and electrical power from a combined heat and power plant. This thesis, however, focuses on the district heating system as the application area of interest while contributing towards a future goal of a multi-domain energy grid, where improved efficiency level, reduction of overall carbon dioxide footprint and enhanced interaction and synergy between the electricity and thermal grid are vital goals. This thesis explores research issues relating to the effectiveness of machine learning in forecasting heat demands at district heating substations, and the key factors affecting domestic heat load patterns in buildings.The key contribution of this thesis is the application of machine learning techniques in forecasting heat energy consumption in buildings, and our research outcome shows that supervised machine learning methods are suitable for domestic thermal load forecast. Among the examined machine learning methods which include multiple linear regression, support vector machine,  feed forward neural network, and regression tree, the support vector machine performed best with a normalized root mean square error of 0.07 for a 24-hour forecast horizon. In addition, weather and time information are observed to be the most influencing factors when forecasting heat load at heating network substations. Investigation on the effect of using substation's operational attributes, such as the supply and return temperatures, as additional input parameters when forecasting heat load shows that the use of substation's internal operational attributes has less impact.
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11.
  • Jayaraman, Prem, et al. (författare)
  • Orchestrating Quality of Service in the Cloud of Things Ecosystem
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Nanoelectronic and Information Systems. - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Communications Society. - 9781467396912 ; , s. 185-190
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Cloud of Things (CoT) is a vision inspired by Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing where the IoT devices are connected to the clouds via the Internet for datastorage, processing, analytics and visualization. CoT ecosystem will encompass heterogeneous clouds, networks and devices to provide seamless service delivery, for example, in smart cites. To enable efficient service delivery, there is a need to guarantee a certain level of quality of service from both cloud and networksperspective. This paper discusses the Cloud of Things, cloud computing, networks and new quality of service management research issues arising due to realisation of CoT ecosystem vision.
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12.
  • Kanwar, John, et al. (författare)
  • JamSense : Interference and Jamming Classification for Low-power Wireless Networks
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2021 13Th IFIP Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC). - : IEEE. - 9783903176423 ; , s. 9-16
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Low-power wireless networks transmit at low output power and are hence susceptible to cross-technology interference. The latter may cause packet loss which may waste scarce energy resources by requiring the retransmission of packets. Jamming attacks are even more harmful than cross-technology interference in that they may totally prevent packet reception and hence disturb or even disrupt applications. Therefore, it is important to recognize such jamming attacks. In this paper, we present JamSense. JamSense extends SpeckSense, a system that is able to detect multiple sources of interference, with the ability to classify jamming attacks. As SpeckSense, JamSense runs on resource-constrained nodes. Our experimental evaluation on real hardware shows that JamSense is able to identify jamming attacks with high accuracy while not classifying Bluetooth or WiFi interference as jamming attacks.
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13.
  • Kanwar, John, et al. (författare)
  • JamSense: Interference and Jamming Classification for Low-power Wireless Networks
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: 2021 13th IFIP Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC). - : IEEE.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Low-power wireless networks transmit at low output power and are hence susceptible to cross-technology interference. The latter may cause packet loss which may waste scarce energy resources by requiring the retransmission of packets. Jamming attacks are even more harmful than cross-technology interference in that they may totally prevent packet reception and hence disturb or even disrupt applications. Therefore, it is important to recognize such jamming attacks. In this paper, we present JamSense. JamSense extends SpeckSense, a system that is able to detect multiple sources of interference, with the ability to classify jamming attacks. As SpeckSense, JamSense runs on resource-constrained nodes. Our experimental evaluation on real hardware shows that JamSense is able to identify jamming attacks with high accuracy while not classifying Bluetooth or WiFi interference as jamming attacks.
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14.
  • Kim, Joo Chan, 1989-, et al. (författare)
  • Acceptability of a Health Care App With 3 User Interfaces for Older Adults and Their Caregivers: Design and Evaluation Study
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: JMIR Human Factors. - : JMIR Publications. - 2292-9495. ; 10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: The older population needs solutions for independent living and reducing the burden on caregivers while maintaining the quality and dignity of life.Objective: The aim of this study was to design, develop, and evaluate an older adult health care app that supports trained caregivers (ie, formal caregivers) and relatives (ie, informal caregivers). We aimed to identify the factors that affect user acceptance of interfaces depending on the user’s role.Methods: We designed and developed an app with 3 user interfaces that enable remote sensing of an older adult’s daily activities and behaviors. We conducted user evaluations (N=25) with older adults and their formal and informal caregivers to obtain an overall impression of the health care monitoring app in terms of user experience and usability. In our design study, the participants had firsthand experience with our app, followed by a questionnaire and individual interview to express their opinions on the app. Through the interview, we also identified their views on each user interface and interaction modality to identify the relationship between the user’s role and their acceptance of a particular interface. The questionnaire answers were statistically analyzed, and we coded the interview answers based on keywords related to a participant’s experience, for example, ease of use and usefulness.Results: We obtained overall positive results in the user evaluation of our app regarding key aspects such as efficiency, perspicuity, dependability, stimulation, and novelty, with an average between 1.74 (SD 1.02) and 2.18 (SD 0.93) on a scale of −3.0 to 3.0. The overall impression of our app was favorable, and we identified that “simple” and “intuitive” were the main factors affecting older adults’ and caregivers’ preference for the user interface and interaction modality. We also identified a positive user acceptance of the use of augmented reality by 91% (10/11) of the older adults to share information with their formal and informal caregivers.Conclusions: To address the need for a study to evaluate the user experience and user acceptance by older adults as well as both formal and informal caregivers regarding the user interfaces with multimodal interaction in the context of health monitoring, we designed, developed, and conducted user evaluations with the target user groups. Our results through this design study show important implications for designing future health monitoring apps with multiple interaction modalities and intuitive user interfaces in the older adult health care domain.
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15.
  • Kim, Joo Chan, 1989-, et al. (författare)
  • Augmented Reality-Assisted Healthcare System for Caregivers in Smart Regions
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: 2021 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2). - : IEEE.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The rise in the aging population worldwide is already negatively impacting healthcare systems due to the lack of resources. It is envisioned that the development of novel Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled smart city healthcare systems may not only alleviate the stress on the current healthcare systems but may significantly improve the overall quality of life of the elderly. As more elderly homes are fitted with IoT, and intelligent healthcare becomes the norm, there is a need to develop innovative augmented reality (AR) based applications and services that make it easier for caregivers to interact with such systems and assist the elderly on a daily basis. This paper proposes, develops, and validates an AR and IoT-enabled healthcare system to be used by caregivers. The proposed system is based on a smart city IoT middleware platform and provides a standardized, intuitive and non-intrusive way to deliver elderly person's information to caregivers. We present our prototype, and our experimental results show the efficiency of our system in IoT object detection and relevant information retrieval tasks. The average execution time, including object detection, communicating with a server, and rendering the results in the application, takes on average between 767ms and 1,283ms.
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16.
  • Kim, Joo Chan, 1989-, et al. (författare)
  • The Effects of Augmented Reality Companion on User Engagement in Energy Management Mobile App
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Applied Sciences. - 2076-3417. ; 14:7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • As the impact of global warming on climate change becomes noticeable, the importance of energy efficiency for reducing greenhouse gas emissions grows immense. To this end, a platform, solution, and mobile apps are developed as part of the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program to support energy optimization in residences. However, to ensure long-term energy optimization, it is crucial to keep users engaged with the apps. Since augmented reality (AR) and a virtual animal companion positively influenced user engagement, we designed an AR companion that represented the user’s residence states; thereby making the user aware of indoor information. We conducted user evaluations to determine the effect of the AR companion on user engagement and perceived usability in the context of energy management. We identified that the user interface (UI) with AR (ARUI) barely affected user engagement and perceived usability compared to the traditional UI without AR (TUI); however, we found that the ARUI positively affected one of the user engagement aspects. Our results show AR companion integration’s potential benefits and effects on energy management mobile apps. Furthermore, our findings provide insights into UI design elements for developers considering multiple interaction modalities with AR.
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17.
  • Louis, Baptiste, et al. (författare)
  • CloudSimDisk: Energy-Aware Storage Simulation in CloudSim
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: 2015 IEEE/ACM 8th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing (UCC). - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Communications Society. - 9780769556970 ; , s. 11-15
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The cloud computing paradigm is continually evolving, and with it, the size and the complexity of its infrastructure. Assessing the performance of a cloud environment is an essential but an arduous task. Further, the energy consumed by data centers is steadily increasing and major components such as the storage systems need to be more energy efficient. Cloud simulation tools have proved quite useful to study these issues. However, these simulation tools lack mechanisms to study energy efficient storage in cloud systems. This paper contributes in the area of cloud computing by extending the widely used cloud simulator CloudSim. In this paper, we propose CloudSimDisk, a scalable module for modeling and simulation of energy-aware storage in cloud systems. We show how CloudSimDisk can be used to simulate energy-aware storage, and can be extended to study new algorithms for energy-awareness in cloud systems. Our simulation results proved to be in accordance with the analytical models that were developed to model energy consumption of hard disk drives in cloud systems. The source code of CloudSimDisk is also made available for the research community for further testing and development.
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18.
  • Mitra, Karan, et al. (författare)
  • A Mobile Cloud Computing System for Emergency Management
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: I E E E Cloud Computing. - 2325-6095. ; 1:4, s. 30-38
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Emergency management systems deal with the dynamic processing of data, where response teams must continuously adapt to the changing conditions at the scene of the emergency. Response teams must make critical decisions in highly demanding situations using large volumes of sensor data. Mobile devices have limited processing, storage, and battery resources; therefore, the sensed data from the scene of the emergency must be transmitted and processed quickly using the best available networks and clouds. Mobile cloud computing (MCC) is expected to play a critical role in the computation and storage offloading of sensor data to the best available clouds. However, applications running on mobile devices using clouds and heterogeneous access networks such as Wi-Fi and 3G are prone to unpredictable cloud workloads, network congestion, and handoffs. This article presents M2C2, a system for mobility management in MCC, that supports mechanisms for multihoming, cloud and network probing, and cloud and network selection. Through a prototype implementation and experiments, the authors show that M2C2 supports mobility efficiently in MCC scenarios such as emergency management.
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19.
  • Mitra, Karan, et al. (författare)
  • ALPINE : A Bayesian System For Cloud Performance Diagnosis And Prediction
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing (SCC). - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE. - 9781538620052 ; , s. 281-288
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Cloud performance diagnosis and prediction is a challenging problem due to the stochastic nature of the cloud systems. Cloud performance is affected by a large set of factors such as virtual machine types, regions, workloads, wide area network delay and bandwidth. Therefore, necessitating the determination of complex relationships between these factors. The current research in this area does not address the challenge of modeling the uncertain and complex relationships between these factors. Further, the challenge of cloud performance prediction under uncertainty has not garnered sufficient attention. This paper proposes, develops and validates ALPINE, a Bayesian system for cloud performance diagnosis and prediction. ALPINE incorporates Bayesian networks to model uncertain and complex relationships between several factors mentioned above. It handles missing, scarce and sparse data to diagnose and predict stochastic cloud performance efficiently. We validate our proposed system using extensive real data and show that it predicts cloud performance with high accuracy of 91.93%.
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20.
  • Mitra, Karan, et al. (författare)
  • M2C2: A mobility management system for mobile cloud computing
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2015. - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Communications Society. ; , s. 1608-1613
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Mobile devices have become an integral part of our daily lives. Applications running on these devices may avail storage and compute resources from the cloud(s). Further, a mobile device may also connect to heterogeneous access networks (HANs) such as WiFi and LTE to provide ubiquitous network connectivity to mobile applications. These devices have limited resources (compute, storage and battery) that may lead to servicedisruptions. In this context, mobile cloud computing enables offloading of computing and storage to the cloud. However, applications running on mobile devices using clouds and HANs are prone to unpredictable cloud workloads, network congestion and handoffs. To run these applications efficiently the mobile device requires the best possible cloud and network resources while roaming in HANs. This paper proposes, develops and validates a novel system called M2C2 which supports mechanismsfor: i.) multihoming, ii.) cloud and network probing, and iii.) cloudand network selection. We built a prototype system and performed extensive experimentation to validate our proposed M2C2. Our results analysis shows that the proposed system supports mobility efficiently in mobile cloud computing.
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21.
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22.
  • Mololoth, Vidya Krishnan, et al. (författare)
  • An energy trading framework using smart contracts
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: 2023 IEEE Green Technologies Conference, GreenTech. - : IEEE. - 9781665492874 - 9781665492881 ; , s. 214-218
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The adoption of blockchain in various industries is gaining more popularity, especially in the energy industry. With the increase of distributed energy resources (DER), energy users can generate, store, and trade their resources with others. Utility companies or energy users are influenced by blockchain-based peer-To-peer (P2P) energy trading markets. Blockchain adds transparency and immutability to the involved transactions. Smart contracts in blockchain automatically execute when the conditions are met without any third-party intervention. Motivated by these benefits, in this paper an energy trading framework is developed using Ethereum smart contracts. Energy users can trade their excess energy or buy energy using the smart contract functions. Smart contract written in solidity is compiled and deployed using remix with injected metamask provider. Ganache is used to create accounts and these accounts are imported to metamask for signing transactions. We also discuss alternative methods for smart contract deployment. Computational cost analysis is performed by evaluating the gas consumption analysis for the smart contract functions.
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23.
  • Mololoth, Vidya Krishnan, et al. (författare)
  • Blockchain and Machine Learning for Future Smart Grids: A Review
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI. - 1996-1073. ; 16:1
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Developments such as the increasing electrical energy demand, growth of renewable energy sources, cyber–physical security threats, increased penetration of electric vehicles (EVs), and unpredictable behavior of prosumers and EV users pose a range of challenges to the electric power system. To address these challenges, a decentralized system using blockchain technology and machine learning techniques for secure communication, distributed energy management and decentralized energy trading between prosumers is required. Blockchain enables secure distributed trust platforms, addresses optimization and reliability challenges, and allows P2P distributed energy exchange as well as flexibility services between customers. On the other hand, machine learning techniques enable intelligent smart grid operations by using prediction models and big data analysis. Motivated from these facts, in this review, we examine the potential of combining blockchain technology and machine learning techniques in the development of smart grid and investigate the benefits achieved by using both techniques for the future smart grid scenario. Further, we discuss research challenges and future research directions of applying blockchain and machine learning techniques for smart grids both individually as well as combining them together. The identified areas that require significant research are demand management in power grids, improving the security of grids with better consensus mechanisms, electric vehicle charging systems, scheduling of the entire grid system, designing secure microgrids, and the interconnection of different blockchain networks.
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24.
  • Nahar, Nurun, et al. (författare)
  • A Survey on Zero Trust Architecture: Applications and Challenges of 6G Networks
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: IEEE Access. - : IEEE. - 2169-3536. ; 12, s. 94753-94764
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • As sixth-generation (6G) cellular networks emerge, promising unparalleled connectivity and capabilities, yet it amplifies concerns regarding security vulnerabilities. These networks include a broader array of devices and sensors compared to earlier generations, increasing the potential for attackers to exploit weaknesses. Existing security frameworks contribute to safeguarding enterprises against external threats that originate beyond the network perimeter. These frameworks operate under the assumption that all entities inside the defined perimeters are reliable, and their primary objective is to authorize access to resources based on assigned roles and permissions. However, this strategy could be more effective today since attacks might originate from any source, including within the network perimeter. To address this issue, a zero-trust architecture (ZTA) could be a potential solution that assumes neither users nor devices can be inherently trusted, and it consistently evaluates potential risks to decide whether to allow access to resources. This article will explore the zero-trust approach and its significance in contemporary network security. We describe the role of authentication and access control in ZTA and present an in-depth discussion of state-of-the-art authentication and access control techniques in different scenarios. This article examines the applicability of the zero-trust concept in 6G networks and analyzes the associated challenges and opportunities. This article also examines case studies demonstrating the practical application of the zero trust paradigm in 6G or comparable networks. It explores the research scope and tries to identify relevant research gaps in this area.
  •  
25.
  • Nanda, Rohan, et al. (författare)
  • BayesForSG: a bayesian model for forecasting thermal load in smart grids
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: SAC '16. - New York : ACM Digital Library. - 9781450337397 ; , s. 2135-2141
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Forecasting the thermal load demand for residential buildings assists in optimizing energy production and developing demand response strategies in a smart grid system. However, the presence of a large number of factors such as outdoor temperature, district heating operational parameters, building characteristics and occupant behavior, make thermal load forecasting a challenging task. This paper presents an efficient model for thermal load forecast in buildings with different variations of heat load consumption across both winter and spring seasons using a Bayesian Network. The model has been validated by utilizing the realistic district heating data of three residential buildings from the district heating grid of the city of Skellefteå, Sweden over a period of four months. The results from our model shows that the current heat load consumption and outdoor temperature forecast have the most influence on the heat load forecast. Further, our model outperforms state-of-the-art methods for heat load forecasting by achieving a higher average accuracy of 77.97% by utilizing only 10% of the training data for a forecast horizon of 1 hour.
  •  
26.
  • Ngo, Khoi, et al. (författare)
  • IReHMo: An efficient IoT-based remote health monitoring system for smart regions
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: 2015 17th International Conference on E-Health Networking, Application and Services, HealthCom 2015. - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Communications Society. - 9781467383257 ; , s. 563-568
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The ageing population worldwide is constantly rising, both in urban and regional areas. There is a need for IoT-based remote health monitoring systems that take care of the health of elderly people without compromising their convenience and preference of staying at home. However, such systems may generate large amounts of data. The key research challenge addressed in this paper is to efficiently transmit healthcare data within the limit of the existing network infrastructure, especially in remote areas. In this paper, we identified the key network requirements of a typical remote health monitoring system in terms of real-time event update, bandwidth requirements and data generation. Furthermore, we studied the network communication protocols such as CoAP, MQTT and HTTP to understand the needs of such a system, in particular the bandwidth requirements and the volume of generated data. Subsequently, we have proposed IReHMo - an IoT-based remote health monitoring architecture that efficiently delivers healthcare data to the servers. The CoAP-based IReHMo implementation helps to reduce up to 90% volume of generated data for a single sensor event and up to 56% required bandwidth for a healthcare scenario. Finally, we conducted a scalability analysis to determine the feasibility of deploying IReHMo in large numbers in regions of north Sweden.
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27.
  •  
28.
  • Nurgazy, Meruyert, et al. (författare)
  • CAVisAP: Context-Aware Visualization of Outdoor Air Pollution with IoT Platforms
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: 2019 International Conference on High Performance Computing & Simulation (HPCS). - : IEEE. ; , s. 84-91
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Air pollution is a severe issue in many big cities due to population growth and the rapid development of the economy and industry. This leads to the proliferating need to monitor urban air quality to avoid personal exposure and to make savvy decisions on managing the environment. In the last decades, the Internet of Things (IoT) is increasingly being applied to environmental challenges, including air quality monitoring and visualization. In this paper, we present CAVisAP, a context-aware system for outdoor air pollution visualization with IoT platforms. The system aims to provide context-aware visualization of three air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), ozone (O 3 ) and particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) in the city of Melbourne, Australia. In addition to the primary context as location and time, CAVisAP takes into account users’ pollutant sensitivity levels and color vision impairments to provide personalized pollution maps. Experiments are conducted to validate the system and results are discussed.
  •  
29.
  • Palm, Emanuel, 1987-, et al. (författare)
  • A Bayesian system for cloud performance diagnosis and prediction
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science, CloudCom. - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Computer Society. - 9781509014453 ; , s. 371-374
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The stochastic nature of the cloud systems makes cloud quality of service (QoS) performance diagnosis and prediction a challenging task. A plethora of factors including virtual machine types, data centre regions, CPU types, time-of-the-day, and day-of-the-week contribute to the variability of the cloud QoS. The state-of-the-art methods for cloud performance diagnosis do not capture and model complex and uncertain inter-dependencies between these factors for efficient cloud QoS diagnosis and prediction. This paper presents ALPINE, a proof-of-concept system based on Bayesian networks. Using a real-life dataset, we demonstrate that ALPINE can be utilised for efficient cloud QoS diagnosis and prediction under stochastic cloud conditions
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30.
  • Pathak, Aditya Kumar, 1993-, et al. (författare)
  • Anomaly Detection using Machine Learning to Discover Sensor Tampering in IoT Systems
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: ICC 2021 - IEEE International Conference on Communications. - : IEEE.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • With the rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) applications in smart regions/cities, for example, smart healthcare, smart homes/offices, there is an increase in security threats and risks. The IoT devices solve real-world problems by providing real-time connections, data and information. Besides this, the attackers can tamper with sensors, add or remove them physically or remotely. In this study, we address the IoT security sensor tampering issue in an office environment. We collect data from real-life settings and apply machine learning to detect sensor tampering using two methods. First, a real-time view of the traffic patterns is considered to train our isolation forest-based unsupervised machine learning method for anomaly detection. Second, based on traffic patterns, labels are created, and the decision tree supervised method is used, within our novel Anomaly Detection using Machine Learning (AD-ML) system. The accuracy of the two proposed models is presented. We found 84% with silhouette metric accuracy of isolation forest. Moreover, the result based on 10 cross-validations for decision trees on the supervised machine learning model returned the highest classification accuracy of 91.62% with the lowest false positive rate.
  •  
31.
  • Saguna, Saguna, et al. (författare)
  • Building activity definitions to recognize complex activities using an online activity toolkit
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: IEEE 13th International Conference on Mobile Data Management, MDM 2012. - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Communications Society. - 9780769547138 ; , s. 344-347
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • One of the biggest challenges in the field of activity recognition is gathering training data for building activity inference models. To address this problem, we have developed an online activity toolkit for gathering activity data from online users. We use this data to build activity definitions for use in our system which is based on Context-Driven Activity Theory. We use Markov chain analysis to assign weights to activities and context attributes of a complex activity as well as to build activity signatures based on transition and path probabilities. Our demo is intended to show how complex activities and associated atomic activities and context attributes can be described using an activity toolkit. The toolkit is used to take input from users available online and the results analysis of different complex activities can be viewed online in near real-time using the graphical user interface (GUI).
  •  
32.
  • Saguna, Saguna (författare)
  • Complex activity recognition and context validation within social interaction tools
  • 2013
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Human activity recognition using sensing technology is crucial in achieving pervasive and ubiquitous computing paradigms. It can be applied in many domains such as health-care, aged-care, personal-informatics, industry, sports and military. Activities of daily living (ADL) are those activities which users perform in their everyday life and are crucial for day-to-day living. Human users perform a large number of these complex activities at home, office and outdoors. This thesis proposes, develops and validates a mechanism which combines knowledge and data-driven approaches for the recognition of complex ADLs. This thesis focuses on the challenging task of capturing data from sensors and recognizing user’s complex activities which are concurrent, interleaved or varied-order in nature. We propose, develop and validate mechanisms and algorithms to infer complex activities which are concurrent and interleaved and build a test-bed which enables the sharing of this information on social interaction tools (SITs). In particular, we propose, develop and validate a novel context-driven activity theory (CDAT) to build atomic and complex activity definitions using domain knowledge and activity data collected from real-life experimentation. We develop a novel situation- and context-aware activity recognition system (SACAAR) which recognizes complex activities which are concurrent and interleaved and validate it by performing extensive real-life experimentation. We build a novel context-driven complex activity recognition algorithm to infer complex concurrent and interleaved activities. We build and validate an extended-SACAAR system which utilizes probabilistic and Markov chain analysis to discover complex activity signatures and associations between atomic activities, context attributes and complex activities. Our proposed algorithms achieve an average accuracy of 95.73% for complex activity recognition while maintaining Complex Activity Recognition and Context Validation within Social Interaction Tools computational efficiency. We build an ontological extension to SACAAR called semantic activity recognition system (SEMACT) which is based on CDAT and evaluate it using ontological reasoning for activity recognition. It achieves a high accuracy of 94.35% for the recognition of complex activities which are both concurrent and interleaved.We propose and develop novel mechanisms for context validation within SITs. Users might be keen on sharing their activity related information with family and friends. The wide scale use of SITs has made anytime, anywhere communication of user’s activities with family, friends and other interested parties possible. It is important that any activity-based updates based on user’s current context shared on these SITs are up-to-date, correct and not misleading. This thesis further focuses on the validation of context such as activity-based updates within social interaction tools. We validate the correctness and freshness of activity-based updates on SITs for a user by matching them against the inferred activity information by our SACAAR system. This provides the user with a mechanism to always have a correct and timely update which does not mislead their friends, family and other followers. We perform extensive experimentation and our validation algorithm is able to detect 81% of the incorrect updates made to social interaction tools. We propose, develop and implement a novel context-aware Twitter validator which checks and validates user’s tweets on Twitter. During the course of the thesis work, 9 peer-refereed international conference papers and 1 journal paper have been produced.
  •  
33.
  • Saguna, Saguna, et al. (författare)
  • Complex activity recognition using context-driven activity theory and activity signatures
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 1073-0516 .- 1557-7325. ; 20:6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In pervasive and ubiquitous computing systems, human activity recognition has immense potential in a large number of application domains. Current activity recognition techniques (i) do not handle variations in sequence, concurrency and interleaving of complex activities; (ii) do not incorporate context; and (iii) require large amounts of training data. There is a lack of a unifying theoretical framework which exploits both domain knowledge and data-driven observations to infer complex activities. In this article, we propose, develop and validate a novel Context-Driven Activity Theory (CDAT) for recognizing complex activities. We develop a mechanism using probabilistic and Markov chain analysis to discover complex activity signatures and generate complex activity definitions. We also develop a Complex Activity Recognition (CAR) algorithm. It achieves an overall accuracy of 95.73% using extensive experimentation with real-life test data. CDAT utilizes context and links complex activities to situations, which reduces inference time by 32.5% and also reduces training data by 66%.
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34.
  • Saguna, Saguna, et al. (författare)
  • Complex activity recognition using context driven activity theory in home environments
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Smart spaces and next generation wired/wireless networking. - Heidelberg : Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology/Springer Verlag. - 9783642228742 ; , s. 38-50
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper proposes a context driven activity theory (CDAT) and reasoning approach for recognition of concurrent and interleaved complex activities of daily living (ADL) which involves no training and minimal annotation during the setup phase. We develop and validate our CDAT using the novel complex activity recognition algorithm on two users for three weeks. The algorithm accuracy reaches 88.5% for concurrent and interleaved activities. The inferencing of complex activities is performed online and mapped onto situations in near real-time mode. The developed systems performance is analyzed and its behavior evaluated.
  •  
35.
  • Saguna, Saguna, et al. (författare)
  • Context-Aware Twitter Validator (CATVal): A System to Validate Credibility and Authenticity of Twitter Content for use in Decision Support Systems
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Fusing Decision Support Systems into the Fabric of the Context. - Anávissos, Greece : IOS Press. - 9781614990727 - 9781614990734 ; , s. 323-334
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Decision support systems (DSS) are beginning to use content sourced from social networks such as Twitter to provide decision makers with information to make timely and critical decisions. Misleading information obtained from Twitter can lead to adverse outcomes as well as cause trust issues within DSSs. In this paper, we propose and investigate a context-aware Twitter validator (CATVal) system to validate credibility and authenticity of Twitter content at run-time for use in DSS. We build, store and update a credibility index for Twitter users and verify user's context information each time a user tweets. The proposed system can benefit a DSS by providing credible and dependable information while detecting misleading and false information sourced from Twitter and possible other social media.
  •  
36.
  • Saguna, Saguna, et al. (författare)
  • CrysP : multi-faceted activity-infused presence in emerging social networks
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Smart spaces and next generation Wired/Wireless networking. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology/Springer Verlag. - 9783642148903 ; , s. 50-61
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper presents Crystal Presence (CrysP) approach wher- e we fuse presence and activity in the realm of social networking. CrysP functions on the basis of the activity-infused multi-faceted presence information. This information is derived from user's involvement in multiple activities at any point in time. We propose and develop the CrysP System (CrysPSys) to determine CrysP from the user and his/her environmental context information (mainly relating to user activity, moods/emotions and cognition/thoughts) and then sharing the relevant CrysP with the appropriate devices, services and social-networks (corporate, personal and interest networks) and blogs (text, micro, video, photo and voice). We also highlight the benefits and challenges faced in developing such a system. This paper proposes the architecture and its test-bed and prototype implementation.
  •  
37.
  • Saguna, Saguna (författare)
  • Detecting and sharing multiple activity-infused crystal presence information with social interaction tools
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: The Seventh International Conference on Pervasive Services (ICPS 2010).
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Humans are engaging in information exchange related to their activities using a wide range of social interaction tools. There is a need to automate this process of exchanging information as manual updates are time consuming and intrusive.In our research, we aim to solve the problem of detecting and inferring a user’s multiple activity infused presence information and then share this with the correct social interaction tool. Humans also inherently multitask in varying time spans and their higher level activities can be formed by different types of lower level activities which can be shared with different social interaction tools accordingly. We propose a system which can infer these multiple activities fromwearable sensors as well as other context information, then determine a user’s multiple presence information, i.e. crystal presence based on these activities by spatio-temporal analysis and then automatically share the correct presence information with the correct social-interaction tool automatically.
  •  
38.
  • Saguna, Saguna, et al. (författare)
  • Determining user presence using context in a decentralized unified messaging system (IPAD-UMS)
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: 5th Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems. - 9789639799271
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • UMS can be described as a system that allows for communication between users via a number of communication technologies over heterogeneous network infrastructures[1]. It integrates networking technologies such as Ethernet, ATM, IEEE 802.11, GSM and UMTS alongwith various devices such as laptops, tablet PCs, desktops, mobile phones, smartphones, PDAs, fax machines and landline phones. In other words, it allows the users to access their different types of messages by logging into one inbox from these different devices[2]. The user is able to create, modify, access and administer messages belonging to various formats on a single device to which he/she has immediate access. This form of 'anywhere', 'anytime' access to 'anykind' of messages enables the UMS to become ubiquitous and pervasive[3, 4].
  •  
39.
  • Saguna, Saguna, et al. (författare)
  • Experiences and challenges of providing IoT-based care for elderly in real-life smart home environments
  • 2020. - 1
  • Ingår i: Handbook of Integration of Cloud Computing, Cyber-Physical Systems and Internet of Things. - Cham : Springer. ; , s. 255-271
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Elderly population across the world is on the rise and municipalities along with caregivers are struggling to provide care due to limited resources. Sweden’s elderly population is set to grow significantly by 2050 where the number of people between 65–79 years and 80 years and over is expected to increase by 45% and 87% respectively. The same trend continues within Europe where 25% of the population will be over 65 years of age by the year 2020, and the age group of 65–80 years is predicted to rise by 40% from the year 2010 to 2030. The rise in elderly population has increased the stress on municipalities and caregivers; and has created the need for new healthcare solutions that are feasible, affordable and easily accessible to all. Smart homes equipped with sensors have already made life easier for those living in them for many decades now by providing home automation solutions. We are also witnessing an increase in the use of Information Communication Technologies (ICT) to assist elderly population and decrease in operational costs. ICT systems in assisting elderly population have an immense potential for providing in-home care to the elderly. The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) with low-cost and prolific sensors has furthered this trend of home automation and monitoring solutions being used for elderly healthcare. Alongside, the field of ambient assisted homes has continuously paved the way for providing an improved quality of life for those in need such as patients with dementia or chronic conditions as well as elderly living alone at home.
  •  
40.
  • Saguna, Saguna (författare)
  • Inferring multiple activities of mobile users with activity algebra
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: 12th International Conference on Mobile Data Management (MDM), 2011. - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Communications Society. - 9781457705816 ; , s. 23-26
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper proposes a novel multiple activity recognition and reasoning approach where we use on-body sensor information along with other context information to infer mobile user activities which are both concurrent and interleaved. We develop and validate an activity algebra and a complex activity recognition algorithm for detecting these multiple activities. Activities are mapped onto situations using spatio-temporal analysis. We validate our approach by implementing a prototype and performing experiments in different scenarios using mobile devices
  •  
41.
  • Saguna, Saguna, et al. (författare)
  • Recognizing concurrent and interleaved activities in social interactions
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Ninth International Conference on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing (DASC). - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Communications Society. - 9781467300063 ; , s. 230-237
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Social networks constitute an important research area where users are involved in social interactions and inform each other of activities they perform. In this paper a complex activity recognition system (SEMACT) is proposed, built and validated. Different activities performed by users form an activity hierarchy. We perform semantic reasoning by using ontological constructs and rules to recognize both concurrent and interleaved complex activities at different levels of granularity of this activity hierarchy. Different application domains require activity recognition systems to define and recognize activities at different levels of granularity. Our system tackles this problem by recognizing complex activities which are then shared across application domains using a generic API. A test-bed and prototype are built to validate our SEMACT system. Extensive experimentation is performed which demonstrates that high accuracy of 94.35% was achieved for the recognition of complex activities both concurrent and interleaved within computationally feasible time
  •  
42.
  • Saguna, Saguna, et al. (författare)
  • Towards a robust concurrent and interleaved activity recognition of mobile users
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: 12th International Conference on Mobile Data Management (MDM), 2011. - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Communications Society. - 9781457705816 ; , s. 297-298
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper proposes a situation and context-aware complex activity recognition system where we use on-body sensor information along with other context information to infer mobile user activities which are both concurrent and interleaved. We develop and validate our complex activity recognition algorithm for detecting these multiple complex activities. Activities are mapped onto situations using spatio-temporal analysis. We further build a test-bed in the social-networking domain to test and validate our approach in different scenarios using mobile devices
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43.
  • Schürholz, Daniel, et al. (författare)
  • MyAQI : Context-aware Outdoor Air Pollution Monitoring System
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: IoT 2019. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Air pollution is a growing global concern that affects the health and livelihood of millions of people worldwide. The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) has made available a plethora of data sources that provide near real-time information on air pollution. Many studies and systems have taken advantage of data stemming from the IoT and have been dedicated to enhancing the monitoring and prediction of air quality, from a fairly analytical angle, often disregarding the user's perspective in processing and presenting this data. In this paper, we research and present a novel context-aware air quality monitoring and prediction system called My Air Quality Index (MyAQI). MyAQI takes into consideration user's context (e.g. health conditions, individual sensitivities and preferences) to tailor the visualisation and notifications. We propose a context model that is used to combine user's context with air pollution data to provide context-aware recommendations to the specific user. MyAQI also incorporates a prediction algorithm based on Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network (LSTM) to predict future air quality. MyAQI is implemented as a web-based application and has the capability to consume data from a wide range of data sources including IoT devices and open data sources (via Application Programming Interfaces (API)). We demonstrate the context-aware visualisation techniques implemented in MyAQI, which adapt to changing user's context, and validate the performance of the air quality prediction algorithm.
  •  
44.
  • Shah, Tejal, et al. (författare)
  • Remote health care cyber-physical system : quality of service (QoS) challenges and opportunities
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: IET Cyber-Physical Systems: Theory & Applications. - : IET. - 2398-3396. ; 1:1, s. 40-48
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • There is a growing emphasis to find alternative non-traditional ways to manage patients to ease the burden on health care services largely fuelled by a growing demand from sections of population that is ageing. In-home remote patient monitoring applications harnessing technological advancements in the area of Internet of things (IoT), semantic web, data analytics, and cloud computing have emerged as viable alternatives. However, such applications generate large amounts of real-time data in terms of volume, velocity, and variety thus making it a big data problem. Hence, the challenge is how to combine and analyse such data with historical patient data to obtain meaningful diagnoses suggestions within acceptable time frames (considering quality of service (QoS)). Despite the evolution of big data processing technologies (e.g. Hadoop) and scalable infrastructure (e.g. clouds), there remains a significant gap in the areas of heterogeneous data collection, real-time patient monitoring, and automated decision support (semantic reasoning) based on well-defined QoS constraints. In this study, the authors review the state-of-the-art in enabling QoS for remote health care applications. In particular, they investigate the QoS challenges required to meet the analysis and inferencing needs of such applications and to overcome the limitations of existing big data processing tools.
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45.
  • Shahid, Zahraa, 1980-, et al. (författare)
  • Federated Learning for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection in ADLs of Elderly in Single-resident Smart Homes
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: The 39th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC ’24), April 8–12, 2024, Avila, Spain.. - New York, NY, USA. - 9798400702433 ; , s. -3
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • One of the main concerns regarding the facilitation of the elderly well-being monitoring system is to preserve the participants’ privacy, enable the older adults to live longer independently, and support caregivers. Human Activity Recognition (HAR) in smart homes allows us to foresee the residents’ needs by identifying changes in behaviour that might link to possible health conditions. We propose a Federated learning (FL) model within the health monitoring application to generalize for diverse participant populations and to achieve comparable performance without disclosing the raw data to the traditional centralized approach, which raises privacy issues. In this study, we evaluate an unsupervised variational autoencoder (VAE) in centralized, individualized, compared to federated learning settings to learn the features of normal patterns of daily activities and build an anomaly detector based on reconstructed error resulting as outcomes by the trained model. Further, we validated our proposed approach on real-world datasets collected over three years from six single-resident elderly households. The individual and centralized-based learning models were used as a baseline to compare with FL. Our results show that the personalized FedAvg models achieve RMSE of about 1%, while the Global FL models achieve RMSE of approximately. 4%. The centralized model achieves RMSE of about 0.5%, and the RMSE of individual models based on local training ranges between 1% to 6%. The FL models are relatively comparable to the centralized baseline model.
  •  
46.
  • Shahid, Zahraa, 1980- (författare)
  • Human Behaviour Recognition of Elderly in Single-Resident IoT Enabled Smart Homes: An Applied Machine Learning Approach
  • 2024
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In Human Activity Recognition (HAR) systems, activities of daily living/human behaviour are recognized using sensor data by applying data mining techniques and machine learning algorithms to the collected data. This allows for customised and automated services to support humans’ daily living. Along with recognizing human behaviour, HAR can provide insights into the abnormal behaviour of individuals that might link to possible health conditions. Health monitoring applications are widely used for patients with chronic diseases, especially to give feedback to the users and promote self-awareness, for example, persons with dementia who need constant monitoring to minimize the risk of undesirable events. In developing HAR applications and services along with anomaly detection, obstacles and challenges remain that need to be addressed and motivate our research focusing on older adults living in real-world conditions. The need for care has increased, especially with the demographic developments and growing population of 65 years and over. Some of the challenges identified are installing IoT devices and sensors, collecting data and maintaining the system in an uncontrolled environment, and identifying valuable features to extract from sensors while ensuring the development of a non-intrusive and privacy-preserving system. Our research uses smart home sensors to infer ADLs (e.g., eating, sleeping, and bathroom visits) for older adults in single-resident homes. The research aims to develop and validate an anomaly detection based IoT system within HAR to support older adults in living longer independently and for the relatives (caregivers) to provide the necessary support. In addition, the system will help address the challenges of the ageing population and the increased burden on healthcare resources. This thesis identifies technologies and datasets suitable for IoT-enabled smart healthcare applications to recognize near real-time and short- and long-term behavioural changes.We propose to develop a life conditions model for each individual by understanding the routines and activities of daily living based on interviews with older adults and their caregivers and collecting datasets with a focus on motion sensors. The developed life condition model for each individual is used to recognize human behaviour (based on context information such as time and location) and to analyze overall behavioural change. Hence, we develop and build an anomaly detection system that preserves privacy for near real-time behavioural changes and supports large-scale deployment. Our research methodology follows a quantitative research methodology as well as a qualitative approach based on interviews. We defined activity models based on contextual information such as time and location to extract features suitable for inferring daily living activities, model behavioural patterns, and, after that, detect abnormal activities in each daily routine by utilizing motion sensors as suitable sensing devices for non-intrusive IoT enabled smart healthcare applications in single-resident homes. For example, we applied a statistical method to build a routine or habit model for each older adult. We utilized unsupervised clustering methods K-means and LOF and reinforcement learning sleeping to recognise sleep activity patterns and detect anomalies. Further, to recognise all variations of the person’s behaviour and detect short and long-term behavioural changes in older people’s daily behaviour, we applied LSTM and VAE algorithms. In addition, we developed an anomaly detection system that preserves privacy to support large-scale deployments by utilizing federated learning to build a generalizable model that learns from different persons models.
  •  
47.
  • Shahid, Zahraa Khais, et al. (författare)
  • Autoencoders for Anomaly Detection in Electricity and District Heating Consumption: A Case Study in School Buildings in Sweden
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Proceedings - 2023 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2023 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe, (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe 2023). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9798350347449 - 9798350347432
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Real-time anomaly detection in real-time energy consumption helps identify the technical and infrastructure issues and events that result in significant energy waste and provides the end users feedback to address the issues, which reduces drift operation costs and saves energy in the building. This study proposes deep learning reconstruction models to detect anomalies in daily energy consumption data for nine school buildings. We evaluated the performance of three proposed models, stacked RNN-LSTM autoencoder, CNN-LSTM autoencoder, and LSTM Variational Autoencoder (VAE), to learn the features of normal consumption in an unsupervised manner and detect anomalies based on reconstruction error. We used Exponential Moving Average (EMA) and static threshold to detect local and global anomalies. The experimental results demonstrate that the local CNN-LSTM autoencoder performs better than the local Stacked Autoencoder(AE), with RMSE values ranging between 8-13% for electricity and 11-19% for district heating compared to 12-17% and 15-34% resulting from AE model, respectively. Local LSTM-Variational Autoencoder (VAE) outperformed both methods, with RMSE 4-6% for electricity and 5-7% for district heating. LSTM-VAE trained model on grouped training datasets of schools with similar energy consumption and building profiles has improved the local model by lowering RMSE values to 2-3% for electricity and 3-4% in district heating.
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48.
  • Shahid, Zahraa Khais, 1980-, et al. (författare)
  • Detecting Anomalies in Daily Activity Routines of Older Persons in Single Resident Smart Homes: Proof-of-Concept Study
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: JMIR Aging. - : JMIR Publications. - 2561-7605. ; 5:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: One of the main challenges of health monitoring systems is the support of older persons in living independently in their homes and with relatives. Smart homes equipped with internet of things devices can allow older persons to live longer in their homes. Previous surveys used to identify sensor-based data sets in human activity recognition systems have been limited by the use of public data set characteristics, data collected in a controlled environment, and a limited number of older participants.Objective: The objective of our study is to build a model that can learn the daily routines of older persons, detect deviations in daily living behavior, and notify these anomalies in near real-time to relatives.Methods: We extracted features from large-scale sensor data by calculating the time duration and frequency of visits. Anomalies were detected using a parametric statistical approach, unusually short or long durations being detected by estimating the mean (μ) and standard deviation (σ) over hourly time windows (80 to 355 days) for different apartments. The confidence level is at least 75% of the tested values within two (σ) from the mean. An anomaly was triggered where the actual duration was outside the limits of 2 standard deviations (μ−2σ, μ+2σ), activity nonoccurrence, or absence of activity.Results: The patterns detected from sensor data matched the routines self-reported by users. Our system observed approximately 1000 meals and bathroom activities and notifications sent to 9 apartments between July and August 2020. A service evaluation of received notifications showed a positive user experience, an average score of 4 being received on a 1 to 5 Likert-like scale. One was poor, two fair, three good, four very good, and five excellent. Our approach considered more than 75% of the observed meal activities were normal. This figure, in reality, was 93%, normal observed meal activities of all participants falling within 2 standard deviations of the mean.Conclusions: In this research, we developed, implemented, and evaluated a real-time monitoring system of older participants in an uncontrolled environment, with off-the-shelf sensors and internet of things devices being used in the homes of older persons. We also developed an SMS-based notification service and conducted user evaluations. This service acts as an extension of the health/social care services operated by the municipality of Skellefteå provided to older persons and relatives.
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49.
  • Shahid, Zahraa Khais, 1980-, et al. (författare)
  • Forecasting and Detecting Anomalies in ADLs in Single-Resident Elderly Smart Homes
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: RACS '23: Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Research in Adaptive and Convergent Systems. - New York : Association for Computing Machinery. - 9798400702280
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • As the ageing population increases, predictive health applications for the elderly can provide opportunities for more independent living, increase cost efficiency and improve the quality of health services for senior citizens. Human activity recognition within IoT-based smart homes can enable the detection of early health risks related to mild cognitive impairment by providing proactive measurements and interventions to both the elderly and supporting healthcare givers. In this paper, we developed and evaluated a Multivariate long short-term memory (LSTM) to learn to forecast activities of daily living and detect anomalous behaviour using motion sensor data in 6 single-resident smart homes of the elderly. We use Mahalanobis distance to identify anomalies based on distance scores to build thresholds. The model's performance in terms of NMAE error values ranges between 2\% and 6\%. The experimental results show that the performance of LSTM for predicting the direct next activity versus the multiple forecasts is close. The method could identify participants' changing health conditions through the used predictive model and unsupervised anomaly detection method.
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50.
  • Shahid, Zahraa Khais, et al. (författare)
  • Forecasting Electricity and District Heating Consumption: A Case Study in Schools in Sweden
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: 2023 IEEE Green Technologies Conference, GreenTech. - : IEEE. - 9781665492874 - 9781665492881 ; , s. 169-175
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The growing population and demand for new public buildings contribute to increased energy consumption and greenhouse emissions. In Sweden, the largest amount of energy is consumed in school buildings, i.e., where schools form the highest number of public properties (30 million m2). In total, schools consumed 4 222 GWh of district heating and about 3 GWh of electricity for heating and other purposes in 2020. These figures lead to the realization of the need to apply effective measures to meet the European Green Deal target for 2030. Accurately forecasting energy usage is important for all stakeholders to conduct economic analysis and optimize decision-making. It is equally important in maintenance operations to allocate resources and enable the staff and students to adjust their behaviours and address the issues in buildings where peak forecasts occur. This paper develops and evaluates a power and district heating consumption for a single day and multiple days forecasting using Multivariate Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)-Long-Short term memory (LSTM) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and Autoencoders (AE), using daily real consumption data of six public schools provided by Skelefteå municipality in Sweden. The experimental results demonstrate that the hybrid model CNN-LSTM has achieved good accuracy compared to others, with RMSE and nRMSE error between 18%-25% and 5%-6% for electricity, respectively, and between 20%-30% RMSE and 5% nRMSE for district heating.
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