| 1. |
- Bauer, H, et al.
(författare)
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The EEG-based local brain activity (LBA-) feedback training
- 2011
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Ingår i: Activitas Nervosa Superior Rediviva. - 1337-933X. ; 53:3, s. 107-113
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper a training procedure for EEG-based Local Brain Activity (LBA-) Feedback and first highly promising results are presented. The procedure utilizes multi-channel single trial evoked brain potentials that accompany stimulus-guided cognition. Up to three potential topographies at adjustable latencies are analyzed by means of BEM (boundary element method)-based SMS (simultaneous multiple sources)-LORETA (Pllana & Bauer 2011). If and only if a source can be localized within a predefined region of training (ROT), feedback will be given via a computer screen according to the strongest within-ROT source. In a screening experiment consisting of 7 session of 2 runs with 120 covert action naming items each, 5 healthy subjects trained to get feedback more frequently and more intensively in order to enhance the activity in their left hemisphere language areas. All subjects gained in both frequency and intensity of feedback, whereas 5 healthy control subjects who got the same instruction but sham feedback (frequency: random, 20% of items; intensity: random) did not learn. Group differences were statistically highly significant. The results are promising with respect to possible applications in rehabilitation, psychotherapy and training of cognitive functions.
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| 2. |
- Croy, Ilona, et al.
(författare)
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Interpersonal stroking touch is targeted to C tactile afferent activation
- 2016
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 297, s. 37-40
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- C tactile fibers are a specialized group of fibers innervating the non-glabrous skin that are tuned to light gentle stroking applied with velocities between 1 and 10. cm/s. Those fibers add to the sensation of interpersonal caressing and pleasant touch. It is unclear whether people spontaneously apply touch that is tuned to optimally activate those fibers. This was investigated in three studies. In study one, 45 participants (21.8. ±. 2.3 years, 24 women) were asked to stroke an artificial arm. In study two, 32 participants (28.3. ±. 8.7years, 16 women) were asked to stroke their partner. In study three, 11 parents (29.4. ±. 5.7years, 6 women) were asked to stroke their babies. Stroking velocity was tracked in all conditions. Stroking velocities were significantly slower in the partner touch and baby touch condition than in the artificial arm condition and all of the participants stroking their partner or baby used velocities that can activate C tactile fibers. We conclude that human social stroking is optimized for C tactile stimulation. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.
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| 3. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Past, Present, and Future Life Satisfaction among Young Adults. 1st International Conference on Time Perspective
- 2012
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Ingår i: 1st International Conference on Time Perspective.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Life Satisfaction (LS) refers to a comparison process in which individuals assess the quality of their lives on the basis of their own self-imposed standard. However, despite already existing instruments to measure temporal variations of LS (e.g., Temporal Satisfaction With Life Scale; TSWLS) not many studies have explored LS from a temporal perspective. Particularly among youth, beliefs about future LS are important—a positive outlook might have repercussions on motivation and choice of goals. Indeed, young adults focus on identity formation and expect to see self-improvement over time, thus, enhancing the future while older adults enhance the past. In Study 1, young adults (N = 286) self-reported temporal LS (past, present, and future) and baseline positive (PA) and negative affect (NA). In Study 2, participants (N = 82) reported LS at three points in time (6-months intervals) over a year period: baseline LS at Time 1 (T1) and T3, temporal LS at T2. Past LS was devaluated compared to present and future LS. Present LS predicted PA, while NA was counter-predicted by past and present LS. Moreover, past and present LS predicted T1LS, while T2LS was predicted solely by past LS. The construction of temporal judgments on LS is discussed.
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| 4. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Questions of time and affect: a person’s affectivity profile, time perspective, and well-being
- 2016
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Ingår i: PeerJ. - : PeerJ. - 2167-8359. ; 4:e1826
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. A ‘‘balanced’’ time perspective has been suggested to have a positive influence on well-being: a sentimental and positive view of the past (high Past Positive), a less pessimistic attitude toward the past (low Past Negative), the desire of experiencing pleasure with slight concern for future consequences (high Present Hedonistic), a less fatalistic and hopeless view of the future (low Present Fatalistic), and the ability to find reward in achieving specific long-term goals (high Future). We used the affective profiles model (i.e., combinations of individuals’ experience of high/low positive/negative affectivity) to investigate differences between individuals in time perspective dimensions and to investigate if the influence of time perspective dimensions on well-being was moderated by the individual’s type of profile. Method. Participants (N = 720) answered to the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule, the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and two measures of well-being: the Temporal Satisfaction With Life Scale and Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well- Being-short version. A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was conducted to identify differences in time perspective dimensions and well-being among individuals with distinct affective profiles. Four Structural Equation Models (SEM) were used to investigate which time perspective dimensions predicted well-being for individuals in each profile. Results. Comparisons between individuals at the extreme of the affective profiles model suggested that individuals with a self-fulfilling profile (high positive/low negative affect) were characterized by a ‘‘balanced’’ time perspective and higher well-being compared to individuals with a self-destructive profile (low positive/high negative affect). However, a different pattern emerged when individuals who differed in one affect dimension but matched in the other were compared to each other. For instance, decreases in the past negative time perspective dimension lead to high positive affect when negative affect is high (i.e., self-destructive vs. high affective) but to low negative affect when positive affect was high (i.e., high affective vs. self-fulfilling). The moderation analyses showed, for example, that for individuals with a self-destructive profile, psychological well-being was significantly predicted by the past negative, present fatalistic and future time perspectives. Among individuals with a high affective or a self-fulfilling profile, psychological well-being was significantly predicted by the present fatalistic dimension. Conclusions. The interactions found here go beyond the postulation of a ‘‘balanced’’ time perspective being the only way of promoting well-being. Instead, we present a more person-centered approach to achieve higher levels of emotional, cognitive, and psychological well-being.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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The Person’s Type of Affective Profile as a moderator on the Relationship between Time Perspective and Well-Being
- 2016
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Ingår i: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective, Copenhagen, Denmark..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: A “balanced” time perspective has been suggested to have a positive influence on well-being. This “balanced” outlook on time is defined as a sentimental and positive view of the past (high past positive), a less pessimistic attitude toward the past (low past negative), the desire of experiencing pleasure with slight concern for future consequences (high present hedonistic), a less fatalistic and hopeless view of the future (low present fatalistic), and the ability to find reward in achieving specific long-term goals (high future). In the present study, we used the affective profiles model (i.e., combinations of individuals’ experience of high/low positive/negative affectivity) as the framework for analyzing individual differences in time perspective dimensions and to investigate if the influence of time perspective dimensions on well-being was moderated by the persons’ type of affective profile. Method: Participants (N = 720) responded to the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule, the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, the Temporal Satisfaction With Life Scale, and the Scales of Psychological Well-Being-short version. A Multivariate Analysis of Variance was conducted to identify differences in time perspective dimensions and well-being. Four Structural Equation Models were used to investigate which time perspective dimensions predicted well-being for individuals with each one of the four profiles. Results: A “balanced” time perspective characterized individuals with a self-fulfilling profile, who also scored higher in psychological well-being and in temporal satisfaction with life compared to individuals with any of the other profiles. Nevertheless, individuals with a high affective or low affective profile scored higher in both temporal satisfaction with life and psychological well-being compared to individuals with a self-destructive profile. Between 16% to 33% of the variance of psychological well-being and 29% to 40% of the variance of temporal satisfaction with life could be explained by the time perspective dimensions across the four profiles. For individuals with different profiles, however, their well-being was predicted by different time perspective dimensions. For example, while all dimensions explained the variance of psychological well-being for individuals with a self-destructive profile, only the past positive and present hedonistic dimensions were associated to the level of psychological well-being reported by individuals with a low affective profile. Moreover, the future dimension predicted the level of life satisfaction only among individuals with a self-destructive profile. Conclusion: Depending on the type of affective profile, individuals seem to use specific outlooks of time that fit their profile, thus, allowing them to maintain homeostasis in their affective system and at the same time increase their well-being.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Pfabigan, D, et al.
(författare)
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All about the money - external performance monitoring is affected by monetary, but not by socially conveyed feedback cues in more antisocial individuals
- 2011
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated the relationship between feedback processing and antisocial personality traits measured by the PSSI questionnaire (Kuhl and Kazén, 1997) in a healthy undergraduate sample. While event-related potentials [feedback related negativity (FRN), P300] were recorded, participants encountered expected and unexpected feedback during a gambling task. As recent findings suggest learning problems and deficiencies during feedback processing in clinical populations of antisocial individuals, we performed two experiments with different healthy participants in which feedback about monetary gains or losses consisted either of social-emotional (facial emotion displays) or non-social cues (numerical stimuli). Since the FRN and P300 are both sensitive to different aspects of feedback processing we hypothesized that they might help to differentiate between individuals scoring high and low on an antisocial trait measure. In line with previous evidence FRN amplitudes were enhanced after negative and after unexpected feedback stimuli. Crucially, participants scoring high on antisocial traits displayed larger FRN amplitudes than those scoring low only in response to expected and unexpected negative numerical feedback, but not in response to social-emotional feedback - irrespective of expectancy. P300 amplitudes were not modulated by antisocial traits at all, but by subjective reward probabilities. The present findings indicate that individuals scoring high on antisociality attribute higher motivational salience to monetary compared to emotional-social feedback which is reflected in FRN amplitude enhancement. Contrary to recent findings, however, no processing deficiencies concerning social-emotional feedback stimuli were apparent in those individuals. This indicates that stimulus salience is an important aspect in learning and feedback processes in individuals with antisocial traits which has potential implications for therapeutic interventions in clinical populations.
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| 9. |
- Pfabigan, Daniela, et al.
(författare)
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Blocked versus randomized presentation modes differentially modulate feedback-related negativity and P3b amplitudes
- 2014
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Ingår i: Clinical Neurophysiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1388-2457. ; 125:4, s. 715-726
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective Electrophysiological studies on feedback processing typically use a wide range of feedback stimuli which might not always be comparable. The current study investigated whether two indicators of feedback processing – feedback-related negativity (FRN) and P3b – differ for feedback stimuli with explicit (facial expressions) or assigned valence information (symbols). In addition, we assessed whether presenting feedback in either a trial-by-trial or a block-wise fashion affected these ERPs. Methods EEG was recorded in three experiments while participants performed a time estimation task and received two different types of performance feedback. Results Only P3b amplitudes varied consistently in response to feedback type for both presentation types. Moreover, the blocked feedback type presentation yielded more distinct FRN peaks, higher effect sizes, and a significant relation between FRN amplitudes and behavioral task performance measures. Conclusion Both stimulus type and presentation mode may provoke systematic changes in feedback-related ERPs. The current findings point at important potential confounds that need to be controlled for when designing FRN or P3b studies. Significance Studies investigating P3b amplitudes using mixed types of stimuli have to be interpreted with caution. Furthermore, we suggest implementing a blocked presentation format when presenting different feedback types within the same experiment.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Pfabigan, DM, et al.
(författare)
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Event-related potentials in performance monitoring are influenced by the endogenous opioid system.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Neuropsychologia. - : Elsevier BV. - 0028-3932 .- 1873-3514. ; 77, s. 242-252
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent research suggests that not only the dopamine neurotransmitter system but also the endogenous opioid system is involved in performance monitoring and the generation of prediction error signals. Heightened performance monitoring is also associated with psychopathology such as internalizing disorders. Therefore, the current study investigated the potential link between the functional opioid peptide prodynorphin (PDYN) 68 bp VNTR genetic polymorphism and neuronal correlates of performance monitoring. To this end, 47 healthy participants genotyped for this polymorphism, related to high-, intermediate-, and low-expression levels of PDYN, performed a choice-reaction task while their electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. On the behavioural level, no differences between the three PDYN groups could be observed. EEG data, however, showed significant differences. High PDYN expression individuals showed heightened neural error processing indicated by higher ERN amplitudes, compared to intermediate and low expression individuals. Later stages of error processing, indexed by late Pe amplitudes, and stimulus-driven conflict processing, indexed by N2 amplitudes, were not affected by PDYN genotype. The current results corroborate the notion of an indirect effect of endogenous opioids on performance monitoring, probably mediated by the mesencephalic dopamine system. Overall, enhanced ERN amplitudes suggest a hyper-active performance monitoring system in high PDYN expression individuals, and this might also be an indicator of a higher risk for internalizing disorders.
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| 12. |
- Pfabigan, Daniela, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the Effects of Antisocial Personality Traits on Brain Potentials during Face Processing
- 2012
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Ingår i: PLOS One. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 7:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Antisocial individuals are characterized to display self-determined and inconsiderate behavior during social interaction. Furthermore, recognition deficits regarding fearful facial expressions have been observed in antisocial populations. These observations give rise to the question whether or not antisocial behavioral tendencies are associated with deficits in basic processing of social cues. The present study investigated early visual stimulus processing of social stimuli in a group of healthy female individuals with antisocial behavioral tendencies compared to individuals without these tendencies while measuring event-related potentials (P1, N170). To this end, happy and angry faces served as feedback stimuli which were embedded in a gambling task. Results showed processing differences as early as 88–120 ms after feedback onset. Participants low on antisocial traits displayed larger P1 amplitudes than participants high on antisocial traits. No group differences emerged for N170 amplitudes. Attention allocation processes, individual arousal levels as well as face processing are discussed as possible causes of the observed group differences in P1 amplitudes. In summary, the current data suggest that sensory processing of facial stimuli is functionally intact but less ready to respond in healthy individuals with antisocial tendencies.
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| 13. |
- Pfabigan, D. M., et al.
(författare)
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Feelings of helplessness increase ERN amplitudes in healthy individuals
- 2013
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Ingår i: Neuropsychologia. - : Elsevier BV. - 0028-3932. ; 51:4, s. 613-621
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experiencing feelings of helplessness has repeatedly been reported to contribute to depressive symptoms and negative affect. In turn, depression and negative affective states are associated, among others, with impairments in performance monitoring. Thus, the question arises whether performance monitoring is also affected by feelings of helplessness. To this end, after the induction of feelings of helplessness via an unsolvable reasoning task, 37 participants (20 females) performed a modified version of a Flanker task. Based on a previously validated questionnaire, 17 participants were classified as helpless and 20 as not-helpless. Behavioral measures revealed no differences between helpless and not-helpless individuals. However, we observed enhanced Error-Related Negativity (ERN) amplitude differences between erroneous and correct responses in the helpless compared to the not-helpless group. Furthermore, correlational analysis revealed that higher scores of helplessness were associated with increased ERN difference scores. No influence of feelings of helplessness on later stages of performance monitoring was observed as indicated by Error-Positivity (Pe) amplitude. The present study is the first to demonstrate that feelings of helplessness modulate the neuronal correlates of performance monitoring. Thus, even a short-lasting subjective state manipulation can lead to ERN amplitude variation, probably via modulation of mesencephalic dopamine activity.
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| 14. |
- Pfabigan, D. M., et al.
(författare)
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Sex differences in event-related potentials and attentional biases to emotional facial stimuli
- 2014
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Attentions' processes play an important role in the processing of emotional Information. Previous research reported attentional biases during stimulus processing in anxiety and depression. However, sex differences in the processing of emotional stimuli and higher prevalence rates of anxiety disorders among women, compared to men, suggest that attentional biases may also differ between the two sexes. The present study used a modified version of the dot probe task with happy, angry, and neutral facial stimuli to investigate the time course of attentional biases in healthy volunteers. Moreover, associations of attentional biases with alexithymia were examined on the behavioral and physiological level. Event-related potentials were measured while 21 participants (11 women) performed the task, utilizing also for the first time a difference wave approach in the analysis to highlight emotion-specific aspects. Women showed overall enhanced probe P1 amplitudes compared to men, in particular after rewarding facial stimuli. Using the difference wave approach, probe P1 amplitudes appeared specifically enhanced with regard to congruently presented happy facial stimuli among women, compared to men. Both methods yielded enhanced probe P1 amplitudes after presentation of the emotional stimulus in the left compared to the right visual hemifield. Probe P1 amplitudes correlated negatively with self-reported alexithymia, most of these correlations were only observable in women. Our results suggest that women orient their attention to a greater extent to facial stimuli than men and corroborate that alexithymia is a correlate of reduced emotional reactivity on a neuronal level. We recommend using a difference wave approach when addressing aftentional processes of orientation and disengagement also in future studies.
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| 15. |
- Pfabigan, D, et al.
(författare)
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Manipulation of feedback expectancy and valence induces negative and positive reward prediction error signals manifest in event-related brain potentials
- 2011
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. ; 48, s. 656-664
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The feedback-related negativity (FRN) has been hypothesized to be most sensitive to unexpected negative feedback. The present study investigated feedback expectancy and valence using a probabilistic gambling paradigm where subjects encountered expected or unexpected positive and negative feedback outcomes. In line with previous studies, FRN amplitude reflected a negative reward prediction error, but to a minor extent also a positive reward prediction error. Moreover, the P300 amplitude was largest after unexpected feedback, irrespective of valence. We propose to interpret the FRN in terms of a reinforcement learning signal which is detecting mismatch between internal and external representations indexed by the ACC to extract motivationally salient outcomes.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Sailer, Uta, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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A happier and less sinister past, a more hedonistic and less fatalistic present and a more structured future: time perspective and well-being
- 2014
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Ingår i: PeerJ. - : PeerJ. - 2167-8359. ; 2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. Previous studies have established a link between how people relate to their past, present, and future (i.e., time perspective) and subjective well-being (i.e., life satisfaction, positive and negative affect). Time perspective comprises five dimensions: Past Positive, Past Negative, Present Hedonistic, Present Fatalistic, and Future. Life satisfaction can also be evaluated in relation to different time frames. Moreover, approach related positive affect is associated to a different concept of well-being labeled psychological well-being. In the present study we extend previous findings by investigating the effect of time perspective on the time frame of evalua- tions of life satisfaction (past, present, future) and by investigating the relationship between time perspective and psychological well-being. Method. Questionnaires on time perspective (Zimbardo’s Time Perspective In- ventory), temporal life satisfaction (Temporal Satisfaction with Life Scale), affect (Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule), and psychological well-being (Scales of Psychological Well-Being—short version) were answered by 453 individuals. Two different structural equation models were tested, one of the relationship between time perspective and temporal life satisfaction, and the other of the relationship between time perspective, affect and psychological well-being. Results. Time perspective affected life satisfaction depending on the time scale on which it was evaluated—memory of a negative past influenced life satisfaction in all time frames, and a positive view of the past influenced both past and future life satisfaction. Moreover, less rumination about past negative events (i.e., low score on Past Negative), the tendency to take risks in the present to achieve happy feelings and/or avoid boredom (i.e., high scores on Present Hedonistic), and a less hopeless and pessimistic view about the present (low scores on Present Fatalistic) were asso- ciated with higher levels of psychological well-being and positive affect. These same time perspective dimensions were associated with lower levels of negative affect. The Future time perspective dimension (i.e., approaching life with self-control, punctu- ality, and planning for the future) was associated with both psychological well-being and positive affect. Conclusions. High levels of both subjective and psychological well-being are related to a happier and a less sinister past, a more hedonistic and less fatalistic present, as well as to a more structured future.
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| 18. |
- Sailer, Uta, 1970
(författare)
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Representation of Reward in PTSD
- 2011
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Ingår i: Neurobiology of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.. - New York : Nova Science Publishers. - 9781616688516 ; , s. 53-65
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 19. |
- Sailer, Uta, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Saccade-Related Potentials During Eye-Hand Coordination: Effects of Hand Movements on Saccade Preparation
- 2016
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Ingår i: Motor Control. - : Human Kinetics. - 1087-1640 .- 1543-2696. ; 20:3, s. 316-336
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated the effect of hand movements on behavioral and electrophysiological parameters of saccade preparation. While event-related potentials were recorded in 17 subjects, they performed saccades to a visual target either together with a hand movement in the same direction, a hand movement in the opposite direction, a hand movement to a third, independent direction, or without any accompanying hand movements. Saccade latencies increased with any kind of accompanying hand movement. Both saccade and manual latencies were largest when both movements aimed at opposite directions. In contrast, saccade-related potentials indicating preparatory activity were mainly affected by hand movements in the same direction. The data suggest that concomitant hand movements interfere with saccade preparation, particularly when the two movements involve motor preparations that access the same visual stimulus. This indicates that saccade preparation is continually informed about hand movement preparation.
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| 20. |
- Sailer, Uta, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Still Eating Despite Decreased Olfactory Pleasure-The Influence of Odor Liking and Wanting on Food Intake
- 2016
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Ingår i: Chemical Senses. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0379-864X .- 1464-3553. ; 41:6, s. 497-504
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Typically, the subjective pleasantness of an odor decreases after it has been repeatedly smelled. This study investigates how the pleasantness ("liking") and the wish to be further exposed to the same odor ("wanting") are affected by variety on a longer time scale, and how they relate to actual food intake. Twenty-five participants rated a coconut odor presented 120 times for its liking and wanting before being offered coconut sweets. The amount eaten was assessed. Individual patterns of change were described by fitting 3 different models to the ratings. To study effects of variety on odor evaluation, the ratings were compared with a previous study where coconut was 1 of 3 odors presented in an alternating way. Initially, both liking and wanting the odors were high, but decreased over repetitions in 75% of the subjects. About 40% of all subjects showed an exponential change of ratings, 40% a step-like change, and 20% a linear change. Food intake was not related to the pattern of change in the ratings. Moreover, decreased olfactory pleasure did not seem to affect eating behavior. However, participants who rated the coconut odor higher at the beginning ate twice as many sweets as the others. Odor variety did not affect the experienced pleasure of smelling (liking), but did affect the motivation to experience the same smell again (wanting). This has not been reported for food or touch stimulation and may be specific for the perception of odors.
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| 21. |
- Sailer, Uta, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Temporal dynamics of brain activation during 40 minutes of pleasant touch
- 2016
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Ingår i: Neuroimage. - : Elsevier BV. - 1053-8119 .- 1095-9572. ; 139, s. 360-367
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Touch is important for individuals' subjective well-being, is typically rewarding, and is one of few sensory stimuli which are experienced as pleasant for a rather long time. This study tracked brain activation during slow stroking stimulation of the arm that was applied continuously for 40 min - a much longer time than what previous studies have investigated. Methods: 25 subjects were stroked for 40 min with a soft brush while they were scanned with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and rated the perceived pleasantness of the brush stroking. Two resting baselines were included. Whole brain-based analyses investigated the neural response to long-lasting stroking. Results: Stroking was perceived as pleasant throughout scanning and activated areas that were previously found to be involved in the processing of pleasant touch. Activation in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and S2, subdivision OP1, decreased over time, whereas activation in orbito-frontal gyrus (OFC) and putamen strongly increased until reaching a plateau after approximately 20 min. Similarly, functional connectivity of posterior insula with middle cingulate and striatal regions increased over time. Discussion: Long-lasting stroking was processed in similar areas as shorter-lasting stroking. The decreased activation in somatosensory cortices over time may represent stimulus habituation, whereas increased activation in OFC and putamen may relate to the stimulation's subjective reward value. This involvement of reward-related brain circuits can facilitate maintenance of long-lasting social touch interactions. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Schütz, Erica, et al.
(författare)
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The affective profiles in the USA : happiness, depression, life satisfaction, and happiness-increasing strategies
- 2013
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Ingår i: PeerJ. - : PeerJ. - 2167-8359. ; 1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. The affective profiles model categorizes individuals as self-fulfilling (high positive affect, low negative affect), high affective (high positive affect, high negative affect), low affective (low positive affect, low negative affect), and self-destructive (low positive affect, high negative affect). The model has been used extensively among Swedes to discern differences between profiles regarding happiness, depression, and also life satisfaction. The aim of the present study was to investigate such differences in a sample of residents of the USA. The study also investigated differences between profiles with regard to happiness-increasing strategies. Methods. In Study I, 900 participants reported affect (Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule; PANAS) and happiness (Happiness-Depression Scale). In Study II, 500 participants self-reported affect (PANAS), life satisfaction (Satisfaction With Life Scale), and how often they used specific strategies to increase their own happiness (Happiness-Increasing Strategies Scales). Results. The results showed that, compared to the other profiles, self-fulfilling individuals were less depressed, happier, and more satisfied with their lives. Nevertheless, self-destructive individuals were more depressed, unhappier, and less satisfied than all other profiles. The self-fulfilling individuals tended to use strategies related to agentic (e. g., instrumental goal-pursuit), communal (e. g., social affiliation), and spiritual (e. g., religion) values when pursuing happiness. Conclusion. These differences suggest that promoting positive emotions can positively influence a depressive-to-happy state as well as increasing life satisfaction. Moreover, the present study shows that pursuing happiness through strategies guided by agency, communion, and spirituality is related to a self-fulfilling experience described as high positive affect and low negative affect.
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| 24. |
- Strauss, Timmy, et al.
(författare)
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Touch aversion in patients with interpersonal traumatization
- 2019
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Ingår i: Depression and anxiety (Print). - : WILEY. - 1091-4269 .- 1520-6394. ; 36:7, s. 635-646
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Interpersonal touch is a key aspect of human interaction and a usually very comforting experience. For patients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) caused by interpersonal traumatization, such touch is affectively ambiguous. Methods In two studies, we investigated the experience and neural processing of various types of interpersonal and impersonal touch in patients as compared with healthy controls. Results Patients strongly disliked show, interpersonal skin-to-skin stroking, while controls appreciated this kind of touch. No group differences were observed for ratings of impersonal touch. Similarly, the neural activation differed between groups for interpersonal, but not for impersonal touch. The interpersonal touch aversion in patients was accompanied by enhanced blood-oxygen-level-dependent response in the superior temporal gyrus and by a pronounced reduction of response in the hippocampus. This reduction was significantly correlated to symptoms of negative alterations and arousal within the patients. Conclusion We interpret the hippocampal suppression as an attempt to control traumatic memories, evoked by interpersonal touch. This mechanism may maintain the aversion of interpersonal touch in patients with interpersonal trauma-related PTSD.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Triscoli, Chantal, et al.
(författare)
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Heart rate variability is enhanced by long-lasting gentle touch
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Convention of Psychological Science (ICPS). Vienna, Austria: 23-25 march.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The affective dimension of touch, as coded by the C tactile afferents, plays an important role in the maintenance of the physical and social well-being of the individual. The present study investigates whether long-lasting pleasant touch performed at the velocity which elicits the highest CT firing frequency has a positive effect on autonomic responses and stress hormones. In a between-subjects design, 40 participants received either 40 minutes of brush stroking or vibration on the forearm, and rated the perceived pleasantness and intensity of the tactile stimulation in regular intervals. Salivary cortisol and alpha amylase levels, as well as measures of reward responsiveness, tactile sensitivity and interoceptive awareness were collected prior and after the tactile stimulation. Heart rate was registered throughout the whole experimental session. The pleasantness ratings decreased over continuous stimulation for both groups, with the brush stroking being perceived as more pleasant than vibration. The heart rate variability index “SDNN” increased over time for touch only, whereas it remained stable for vibration. Salivary cortisol levels decreased over time regardless the type of the tactile stimulation. These results indicate that prolonged pleasant touch at the CT optimized stroking velocity has a beneficial effect on the autonomic system, as shown by the increased SDNN, which is associated with wellbeing. The decrease in salivary cortisol levels for both touch and vibration suggests that several kinds of tactile stimulation may reduce stress. The above findings highlight the importance of long-lasting social touch interactions for improving the physiological state of the individual.
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| 28. |
- Triscoli, Chantal, et al.
(författare)
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Heart rate variability is enhanced by long-lasting pleasant touch at CT-optimized velocity
- 2017
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Ingår i: Biological Psychology. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 0301-0511 .- 1873-6246. ; 128, s. 71-81
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: The present study explores whether long-lasting pleasant touch has positive effects on the stress response, reward sensitivity, mood, and interoceptive awareness. Methods: 40 participants received either 35 min of brush stroking targeting C-tactile fibres (CT) or vibration on the forearm, and rated pleasantness and intensity. Prior and after, stress response (cortisol and heart rate variability), reward sensitivity, mood and interoceptive awareness were measured. Results: Pleasantness decreased over time for both groups, with brush stroking being perceived as more pleasant and intense than vibration. Heart rate variability (SDNN) increased for brush stroking only, and was related to the higher pleasantness and intensity. No significant effect of CT-optimal touch was observed on any of the other measures. Discussion: The beneficial effect of pleasant touch on heart rate variability suggests a neuronal link between CTfibre stimulation and autonomic regulation, and highlights the potential of long-lasting touch to improve the physiological response.
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| 29. |
- Triscoli, Chantal, et al.
(författare)
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Liking and wanting pleasant odors: different effects of repetitive exposure in men and women.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 5:Artikel nummer 526
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Odors can enrich the perception of our environment and are commonly used to attract people in marketing situations. However, the perception of an odor changes over repetitions. This study investigated whether repetitive exposition to olfactory stimuli leads to a change in the perceived pleasantness ("liking") or in the wish to be further exposed to the same olfactory stimulus ("wanting"), and whether these two mechanisms show gender differences. Three different pleasant odors were each repeatedly presented for 40 times in random order with a mean inter-stimulus interval of 18 s. Eighteen participants rated both "liking" and "wanting" for each of the 120 olfactory stimuli. Wanting ratings decreased significantly over repetitions in women and men, with a steeper decrease for men during the initial trials before plateauing. In contrast, liking ratings decreased significantly over repetitions only in men, with a steeper decrease after the initial ratings, but not in women. Additionally, women scored higher in a questionnaire on reward responsiveness than men. We conclude that positive evaluation (liking) and the wish to experience more of the same (wanting) are different concepts even in the domain of olfaction. The persistence of perceived pleasantness in women may be due to the attribution of a greater subjective value to odors.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Triscoli, Chantal, et al.
(författare)
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Touch between romantic partners: Being stroked is more pleasant than stroking and decelerates heart rate
- 2017
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Ingår i: Physiology and Behavior. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0031-9384 .- 1873-507X. ; 177, s. 169-175
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Touch has been found to entail positive effects in the person receiving it, whereas effects on the person giving touch have previously been unexplored. We investigated whether stroking the partner also is a pleasant experience for the person performing it, and whether it has similar effects on well-being and autonomic nervous function as being stroked or stroking oneself. Furthermore, we compared the hedonic and autonomic nervous effects of strolcing the partner and self-stroking. Methods: In the first experiment, 40 subjects stroked the forearm of their respective partner, while ratings of pleasantness were obtained from both Stroker and Receiver. Heart rate was monitored throughout the session and stroking velocity was tracked. The participants could not see each other faces during the experiment to avoid feedback. In experiment 2, the design was replicated with 20 subjects, and self-stroking and rest conditions were added. Results: Both stroking the partner and self-stroking were performed within a velocity range optimal for activating C-tactile cutaneous afferents. Being stroked, stroking the partner, and self-stroking were all perceived as pleasant. However, being stroked entailed the significantly highest pleasantness ratings, and being stroked was the only condition that significantly decreased heart rate. Individuals in satisfying relationships were more pleased to be touched by their partner and showed a greater decline in heart rate when being touched. Discussion: The data demonstrated a role for affective touch in the regulation of heart rate when being stroked. The absence of autonomic effects when providing the stroking may be due to the absence of visual feedback from the person being stroked. The high pleasantness of giving and receiving touch may foster affective tactile interactions among romantic partners, thus reinforcing the relationship.
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| 32. |
- Triscoli, Chantal, et al.
(författare)
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Touch Satiety: Differential Effects of Stroking Velocity on Liking and Wanting Touch Over Repetitions
- 2014
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 9:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A slow, gentle caress of the skin is a salient hedonic stimulus. Low threshold, unmyelinated C-tactile afferents fire preferentially to this type of touch, where slow (<1 cm/s) and fast (>10 cm/s) stroking velocities produce lower firing frequencies and are rated as less pleasant. The current aim was to investigate how the experience of tactile pleasantness changes with repeated exposure (satiety to touch). A further aim was to determine whether tactile satiety varied with different stroking velocities. The experimental paradigm used a controlled brush stroke to the forearm that was delivered repeatedly for ~50 minutes. In Experiment 1, brush strokes were administered at three different velocities (0.3 cm/s, 3 cm/s and 30 cm/s), which were presented in a pseudo-randomised order. In Experiment 2, brush strokes were applied using only one velocity (either 3 or 30 cm/s). After each stroke, the participants rated both subjective pleasantness (liking) and wanting (the wish to be further exposed to the same stimulus) for each tactile sensation. In Experiment 1, both pleasantness and wanting showed a small, but significant, decrease over repetitions during stroking at 3 cm/s only, where the mean values for pleasantness and wanting were similar. Conversely, slower (0.3 cm/s) and faster (30 cm/s) stroking showed no decrease in ratings over time, however pleasantness was rated higher than wanting. In Experiment 2, both pleasantness and wanting showed a significant decrease over repetitions for both applied velocities, with a larger decrease in ratings for stroking at 3 cm/s. In conclusion, satiety to touch occurred with a slow onset and progression, where pleasantness and wanting ratings to stroking at 3 cm/s were affected more than at the slower or faster velocities. Tactile satiety appears to differ compared to appetitive and olfactory satiety, because the hedonic and rewarding aspects of touch persist for some time.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Votinov, Mikhail, et al.
(författare)
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A Genetic Polymorphism of the Endogenous Opioid Dynorphin Modulates Monetary Reward Anticipation in the Corticostriatal Loop
- 2014
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 9:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor (KOP-R) system has been shown to play a role in different types of behavior regulation, including reward-related behavior and drug craving. It has been shown that alleles with 3 or 4 repeats (HH genotype) of the variable nucleotide tandem repeat (68-bp VNTR) functional polymorphism of the prodynorphin (PDYN) gene are associated with higher levels of dynorphin peptides than alleles with 1 or 2 repeats (LL genotype). We used fMRI on N = 71 prescreened healthy participants to investigate the effect of this polymorphism on cerebral activation in the limbic-corticostriatal loop during reward anticipation. Individuals with the HH genotype showed higher activation than those with the LL genotype in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) when anticipating a possible monetary reward. In addition, the HH genotype showed stronger functional coupling (as assessed by effective connectivity analyses) of mOFC with VMPFC, subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, and ventral striatum during reward anticipation. This hints at a larger sensitivity for upcoming rewards in individuals with the HH genotype, resulting in a higher motivation to attain these rewards. These findings provide first evidence in humans that the PDYN polymorphism modulates neural processes associated with the anticipation of rewards, which ultimately may help to explain differences between genotypes with respect to addiction and drug abuse.
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| 35. |
- Votinov, Mikhail, et al.
(författare)
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Better you lose than I do: neural networks involved in winning and losing in a real time strictly competitive game
- 2015
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many situations in daily life require competing with others for the same goal. In this case, the joy of winning is tied to the fact that the rival suffers. In this fMRI study participants played a competitive game against another player, in which every trial had opposite consequences for the two players (i.e., if one player won, the other lost, or vice versa). Our main aim was to disentangle brain activation for two different types of winning. Participants could either win a trial in a way that it increased their payoff; or they could win a trial in a way that it incurred a monetary loss to their opponent. Two distinct brain networks were engaged in these two types of winning. Wins with a monetary gain activated the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, an area associated with the processing of rewards. In contrast, avoidance of loss/other-related monetary loss evoked activation in areas related to mentalizing, such as the temporo-parietal junction and precuneus. However, both types of winnings shared activation in the striatum. Our findings extend recent evidence from neuroeconomics by suggesting that we consider our conspecifics' payoff even when we directly compete with them.
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| 36. |
- Wehrspaun, Claudia, et al.
(författare)
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Early event-related potentials indicate context-specific target processing for eye and hand motor systems
- 2013
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Ingår i: Neuroscience Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-0102. ; 77:1-2, s. 50-57
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Concurrent eye and hand movements toward a common visual target require different motor programs based on identical visual input. We used event-related brain potentials (ERP) to determine if and when the processing of the visual target differs for the two motor systems. The N2, an index for target evaluation, was more negative for the target of a hand than of an eye movement in two experiments. A possible interpretation for this finding is different visual target processing. Targets for hand movements require a different weighting of visual information, for example concerning features such as surface structure which are important for hand but not for eye movements. In experiment 2, the early C1-component, which had an average maximum at 67 ms following target onset, was significantly more negative when subjects pointed at the stimuli. Traditionally, the C1 has been regarded as a sensory component, but recent studies have linked it to higher order processing, such as attention and expectations. Thus, the present data indicate that target processing for eye or hand movements is already context-specific during early visual information processing. We suggest that differences in a target's relevance for upcoming movements modify target processing as well as sensory expectations.
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