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1.
  • Lozano, Rafael, et al. (författare)
  • Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 2091-2138
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030.
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2.
  • Jabbar, Abdul, et al. (författare)
  • Epidemiology and antibiogram of common mastitis-causing bacteria in Beetal goats
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Veterinary World. - : Veterinary World. - 0972-8988 .- 2231-0916. ; 13:12, s. 2596-2607
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background and Aim: Mastitis has been identified as the most prevalent and economically imperative disease among dairy animals. Thus, understanding its common bacterial pathogens and risk factors is necessary to improve udder health at herd, region, or country level. However, scientific research on caprine mastitis, especially on Beetal breed, has remained to be insufficient in Pakistan. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the epidemiology and antibiogram assay of common mastitis-causing bacterial agents, that is, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Escherichia coli, in dairy goats.Materials and Methods: In total, 500 Beetal goats, irrespective of age and those that were not treated with any kind of antimicrobial agents during the past 120 h, were screened using California Mastitis Test in Pattoki, Kasur District, whereas epidemiological factors were recorded. The milk samples of mastitic goats were then collected and processed using standard methods. Each sample was primarily cultured on nutrient agar. Using a specific medium, each bacterial colony was separated using several streak methods. Six antibiotic disks belonging to different antibiotic groups were used for antibiogram profiling of bacterial isolates. Chi-square test was used to assess the association of baseline characteristics and mastitis occurrence. Meanwhile, multivariable logistic regression (p<0.001) was utilized to determine the risk factors associated with positive and negative dichotomous outcome of mastitis.Results: The results revealed that the overall prevalence of goat mastitis was 309 (61.8%), in which 260 (52%) and 49 (9.8%) cases were positive for subclinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM), respectively. Streptococcus and E. coli were found to be the predominant isolates causing SCM and CM, respectively (p<0.001). It was observed that amoxicillin+clavulanic acid was highly sensitive to isolates of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus and ceftiofur sodium to isolates of Streptococcus and E. coli, while enrofloxacin was found to be sensitive to isolates of Streptococcus and E. coli. Risk factors such as herd structure, deworming, vaccination, presence of ticks, use of teat dip and mineral supplements, feeding type, age, parity, housing, blood in the milk, milk leakage, milk taste, and milk yield were found to have the strongest association with mastitis occurrence, while ease of milking has moderate association.Conclusion: In the area examined, cases of SCM were found to be higher compared with that of CM, and ceftiofur sodium has been identified as the preferred treatment in both clinical and subclinical forms of caprine mastitis in Beetal goats. Risk factors for mastitis that was identified in this study can form the basis for the creation of an udder health control program specific for dairy goats. We hope our findings could raise awareness of the risk factors and treatment approaches for common mastitis-causing bacterial agents. 
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3.
  • Khalid, Muhammad, et al. (författare)
  • Frontier molecular, natural bond orbital, UV-VIS spectral study, solvent influence on geometric parameters, vibrational frequencies and solvation energies of 8-hydroxyquinoline
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. - : International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. - 0975-8232. ; 8:2, s. 457-469
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • N-heterocyclic compounds have extensive biological and pharmaceutical applications. 8-Hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) also plays a significant role in many fields of life. The excellent biological significance of the 8-HQ prompted us to extend the DFT based studies. The frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), UV-VIS and solvation model based studies remained unknown. Therefore, we intended to study the natural bond orbital, FMOs, UV-VIS, thermodynamic properties and medium influence on solvation energies, dipole moment, FTIR and FT-Raman using polarizable continuum model (PCM) and density-based solvation model (SMD). The electronic properties of molecule were calculated by M06-2X/6-31G (d,P) and B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) level of theories. The solvent influence on the geometric parameters, FT-IR and FT-Raman were studied by B3LYP /6-31G(d) method. A good correspondence is found between the optimized parameters and the reported X-ray data. Natural bond orbital reveals that the maximum stabilization energy reached up to 39.64kJ/mol which is responsible for extra stability of the molecule. In solvated 8-HQ, a significant medium effects on FT-IR and FT-Raman intensities is observed. The intensities enhanced from gas to solvent phase. The solvation free energies are found to be -28.710 and -39.456 kJ/mol in PCM and SMD models respectively. FMOs suggested that this molecule contain less hardness and larger softness values. These findings reveal that the molecule might be bioactive.
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4.
  • Murray, Christopher J. L., et al. (författare)
  • Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 1995-2051
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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5.
  • Asaf, Sajjad, et al. (författare)
  • The complete chloroplast genome of wild rice (Oryza minuta) and its comparison to related species
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Plant Science. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-462X. ; 8
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Oryza minuta, a tetraploid wild relative of cultivated rice (family Poaceae), possesses a BBCC genome and contains genes that confer resistance to bacterial blight (BB) and white-backed (WBPH) and brown (BPH) plant hoppers. Based on the importance of this wild species, this study aimed to understand the phylogenetic relationships of O. minuta with other Oryza species through an in-depth analysis of the composition and diversity of the chloroplast (cp) genome. The analysis revealed a cp genome size of 135,094 bp with a typical quadripartite structure and consisting of a pair of inverted repeats separated by small and large single copies, 139 representative genes, and 419 randomly distributed microsatellites. The genomic organization, gene order, GC content and codon usage are similar to those of typical angiosperm cp genomes. Approximately 30 forward, 28 tandem and 20 palindromic repeats were detected in the O. minuta cp genome. Comparison of the complete O. minuta cp genome with another eleven Oryza species showed a high degree of sequence similarity and relatively high divergence of intergenic spacers. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted based on the complete genome sequence, 65 shared genes and matK gene showed same topologies and O. minuta forms a single clade with parental O. punctata. Thus, the complete O. minuta cp genome provides interesting insights and valuable information that can be used to identify related species and reconstruct its phylogeny.
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6.
  • Kalsoom, Aasia, et al. (författare)
  • In Vitro Evaluation of Cytotoxic Potential of Caladium lindenii Extracts on Human Hepatocarcinoma HepG2 and Normal HEK293T Cell Lines
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: BioMed Research International. - : Hindawi Limited. - 2314-6133 .- 2314-6141. ; 2022
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Data regarding the therapeutic potential of Caladium lindenii (C. lindenii) are insufficient. It becomes more important to explore plants as an alternative or palliative therapeutics in deadly diseases around the globe. The current study was planned to explore C. lindenii for its anticancer activity of ethanolic and hexane extracts of C. lindenii leaves against hepatic carcinoma (HepG2) and human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cell lines. HepG2 and HEK293T cells were treated with 10, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/mL of ethanolic and hexane extracts of C. lindenii and were incubated for 72 h. Antiproliferative activity was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-biphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and percentage viability were calculated through crystal violet staining and cellular morphology by Floid Cell Imaging Station. The study showed ethanolic extract exhibiting a significantly higher antiproliferative effect on HepG2 (IC50=31 μg/mL) in a concentration-dependent manner, while HEK293T (IC50=241 μg/mL) cells showed no toxicity. Hexane extract exhibited lower cytotoxicity (IC50=150 μg/mL) on HepG2 cells with no effect on HEK293T (IC50=550 μg/mL). On the other hand, the percentage viability of HepG2 cells was recorded as 78%, 67%, 50%, 37%, and 28% by ethanolic extracts, and 88%, 80%, 69%, 59%, and 50% by hexane extracts at tested concentrations of both extracts. Toxicity assay showed significantly safer ranges of percentage viabilities in normal cells (HEK293T), i.e., 95%, 90%, 88%, 76%, and 61% with ethanolic extract and 97%, 95%, 88%, 75%, and 62% with hexane extract. The assay validity revealed 100% viability in the control negative (dimethyl sulfoxide treated) and less than 45% in the control positive (cisplatin) on both HepG2 and HEK293T cells. Morphological studies showed alterations in HepG2 cells upon exposure to >50 μg/mL of ethanolic extracts and ≥400 μg/mL of hexane extracts. HEK293T on the other hand did not change its morphology against any of the extracts compared to the aggressive changes on the HepG2 cell line by both extracts and positive control (cisplatin). In conclusion, extracts of C. lindenii are proved to have significant potential for cytotoxicity-induced apoptosis in human cancer HepG2 cells and are less toxic to normal HEK293T cells. Hence C. lindenii extracts are proposed to be used against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after further validations.
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7.
  • Khalil, Ibrahim, et al. (författare)
  • Burden of Diarrhea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2013 : Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - : American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - 1476-1645 .- 0002-9637. ; 95:6, s. 1319-1329
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Diarrheal diseases (DD) are leading causes of disease burden, death, and disability, especially in children in low-income settings. DD can also impact a child's potential livelihood through stunted physical growth, cognitive impairment, and other sequelae. As part of the Global Burden of Disease Study, we estimated DD burden, and the burden attributable to specific risk factors and particular etiologies, in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 1990 and 2013. For both sexes and all ages, we calculated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which are the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability. We estimate that over 125,000 deaths (3.6% of total deaths) were due to DD in the EMR in 2013, with a greater burden of DD in low- and middle-income countries. Diarrhea deaths per 100,000 children under 5 years of age ranged from one (95% uncertainty interval [UI] = 0-1) in Bahrain and Oman to 471 (95% UI = 245-763) in Somalia. The pattern for diarrhea DALYs among those under 5 years of age closely followed that for diarrheal deaths. DALYs per 100,000 ranged from 739 (95% UI = 520-989) in Syria to 40,869 (95% UI = 21,540-65,823) in Somalia. Our results highlighted a highly inequitable burden of DD in EMR, mainly driven by the lack of access to proper resources such as water and sanitation. Our findings will guide preventive and treatment interventions which are based on evidence and which follow the ultimate goal of reducing the DD burden.
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8.
  • Shahid, Saher, 1987-, et al. (författare)
  • Improved catalytic efficiency of chimeric xylanase 10B from Thermotoga petrophila RKU1 and its synergy with cellulases
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Enzyme and microbial technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0141-0229 .- 1879-0909. ; 166
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • TpXyl10B is a glycoside hydrolase family 10 xylanase of hyperthermophile Thermotoga petrophila RKU-1. This enzyme is of considerable importance due to its thermostability. However, in its native state, this enzyme does not possess any carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) for efficient binding to plant biomass. In this study CBM6 from Clostridium thermocellum was attached to the N- and C-termini of TpXyl10B, thereby producing the variants TpXyl10B-B6C and TpXyl10B-CB6, respectively. TpXyl10B-B6C showed 5–7 folds increased activity on Beechwood xylan and the different types of plant biomass as compared to that from the catalytic domain only. However, the activity of TpXyl10B-CB6 decreased 0.6–0.8 folds on Beechwood xylan and plant biomass compared to the catalytic domain. We explained these results through molecular modeling, which showed that binding residues of CBM6's cleft B, which were previously reported to show no contribution towards binding due to steric hindrance from a loop region, were exposed in a favorable position in TpXyl10B-B6C such that they efficiently bound the substrate. In contrast, these binding residues of CBM6 in TpXyl10B-CB6 were exposed opposite to the catalytic residues; thus, binding to the substrate resulted in decreased exposure of catalytic residues to the substrate. CD spectroscopy and thermostability assays showed that TpXyl10B-B6C was highly thermostable, having a melting point > 90 °C, which is relatively higher than that of the other variant, TpXyl10B-CB6. In addition, this xylanase variant showed synergism with cellulases for the hydrolysis of plant biomass. Therefore, TpXyl10B-B6C, an engineered xylanase in this study, can be a valuable candidate for industrial applications.
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9.
  • Wang, Haidong, et al. (författare)
  • Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2015 : the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: The lancet. HIV. - : Elsevier. - 2352-3018. ; 3:8, s. e361-e387
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Timely assessment of the burden of HIV/AIDS is essential for policy setting and programme evaluation. In this report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we provide national estimates of levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and mortality for 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015.METHODS: For countries without high-quality vital registration data, we estimated prevalence and incidence with data from antenatal care clinics and population-based seroprevalence surveys, and with assumptions by age and sex on initial CD4 distribution at infection, CD4 progression rates (probability of progression from higher to lower CD4 cell-count category), on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality, and mortality from all other causes. Our estimation strategy links the GBD 2015 assessment of all-cause mortality and estimation of incidence and prevalence so that for each draw from the uncertainty distribution all assumptions used in each step are internally consistent. We estimated incidence, prevalence, and death with GBD versions of the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum software originally developed by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). We used an open-source version of EPP and recoded Spectrum for speed, and used updated assumptions from systematic reviews of the literature and GBD demographic data. For countries with high-quality vital registration data, we developed the cohort incidence bias adjustment model to estimate HIV incidence and prevalence largely from the number of deaths caused by HIV recorded in cause-of-death statistics. We corrected these statistics for garbage coding and HIV misclassification.FINDINGS: Global HIV incidence reached its peak in 1997, at 3·3 million new infections (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-3·4 million). Annual incidence has stayed relatively constant at about 2·6 million per year (range 2·5-2·8 million) since 2005, after a period of fast decline between 1997 and 2005. The number of people living with HIV/AIDS has been steadily increasing and reached 38·8 million (95% UI 37·6-40·4 million) in 2015. At the same time, HIV/AIDS mortality has been declining at a steady pace, from a peak of 1·8 million deaths (95% UI 1·7-1·9 million) in 2005, to 1·2 million deaths (1·1-1·3 million) in 2015. We recorded substantial heterogeneity in the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS across countries. Although many countries have experienced decreases in HIV/AIDS mortality and in annual new infections, other countries have had slowdowns or increases in rates of change in annual new infections.INTERPRETATION: Scale-up of ART and prevention of mother-to-child transmission has been one of the great successes of global health in the past two decades. However, in the past decade, progress in reducing new infections has been slow, development assistance for health devoted to HIV has stagnated, and resources for health in low-income countries have grown slowly. Achievement of the new ambitious goals for HIV enshrined in Sustainable Development Goal 3 and the 90-90-90 UNAIDS targets will be challenging, and will need continued efforts from governments and international agencies in the next 15 years to end AIDS by 2030.
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10.
  • Wang, Haidong, et al. (författare)
  • Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: The Lancet. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 388:10053, s. 1459-1544
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures.METHODS: We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER).FINDINGS: Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61·7 years (95% uncertainty interval 61·4-61·9) in 1980 to 71·8 years (71·5-72·2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11·3 years (3·7-17·4), to 62·6 years (56·5-70·2). Total deaths increased by 4·1% (2·6-5·6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55·8 million (54·9 million to 56·6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17·0% (15·8-18·1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14·1% (12·6-16·0) to 39·8 million (39·2 million to 40·5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13·1% (11·9-14·3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42·1%, 39·1-44·6), malaria (43·1%, 34·7-51·8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29·8%, 24·8-34·9), and maternal disorders (29·1%, 19·3-37·1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146 000 deaths, 118 000-183 000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393 000 deaths, 228 000-532 000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost [YLLs]) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death.INTERPRETATION: At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems.
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11.
  • Alay-e-Abbas, Syed Muhammad, 1983-, et al. (författare)
  • Structure inversion asymmetry enhanced electronic structure and electrical transport in 2D A3SnO (A = Ca, Sr, and Ba) anti-perovskite monolayers
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Nano Reseach. - : Springer Nature. - 1998-0124 .- 1998-0000. ; 16:1, s. 1779-1791
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Anti-perovskites A3SnO (A = Ca, Sr, and Ba) are an important class of materials due to the emergence of Dirac cones and tiny mass gaps in their band structures originating from an intricate interplay of crystal symmetry, spin-orbit coupling, and band overlap. This provides an exciting playground for modulating their electronic properties in the two-dimensional (2D) limit. Herein, we employ first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations by combining dispersion-corrected SCAN + rVV10 and mBJ functionals for a comprehensive side-by-side comparison of the structural, thermodynamic, dynamical, mechanical, electronic, and thermoelectric properties of bulk and monolayer (one unit cell thick) A3SnO anti-perovskites. Our results show that 2D monolayers derived from bulk A3SnO anti-perovskites are structurally and energetically stable. Moreover, Rashba-type splitting in the electronic structure of Ca3SnO and Sr3SnO monolayers is observed owing to strong spin-orbit coupling and inversion asymmetry. On the other hand, monolayer Ba3SnO exhibits Dirac cone at the high-symmetry Γ point due to the domination of band overlap. Based on the predicted electronic transport properties, it is shown that inversion asymmetry plays an essential character such that the monolayers Ca3SnO and Sr3SnO outperform thermoelectric performance of their bulk counterparts.
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12.
  • Asaf, Sajjad, et al. (författare)
  • Comparative analysis of complete plastid genomes from wild soybean (Glycine soja) and nine other Glycine species
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library Science (PLOS). - 1932-6203. ; 12:8
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The plastid genomes of different plant species exhibit significant variation, thereby providing valuable markers for exploring evolutionary relationships and population genetics. Glycine soja (wild soybean) is recognized as the wild ancestor of cultivated soybean (G. max), representing a valuable genetic resource for soybean breeding programmes. In the present study, the complete plastid genome of G. soja was sequenced using Illumina paired-end sequencing and then compared it for the first time with previously reported plastid genome sequences from nine other Glycine species. The G. soja plastid genome was 152,224 bp in length and possessed a typical quadripartite structure, consisting of a pair of inverted repeats (IRa/IRb; 25,574 bp) separated by small (178,963 bp) and large (83,181 bp) single-copy regions, with a 51-kb inversion in the large single-copy region. The genome encoded 134 genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, eight ribosomal RNA genes, and 39 transfer RNA genes, and possessed 204 randomly distributed microsatellites, including 15 forward, 25 tandem, and 34 palindromic repeats. Whole-plastid genome comparisons revealed an overall high degree of sequence similarity between G. max and G. gracilis and some divergence in the intergenic spacers of other species. Greater numbers of indels and SNP substitutions were observed compared with G. cyrtoloba. The sequence of the accD gene from G. soja was highly divergent from those of the other species except for G. max and G. gracilis. Phylogenomic analyses of the complete plastid genomes and 76 shared genes yielded an identical topology and indicated that G. soja is closely related to G. max and G. gracilis. The complete G. soja genome sequenced in the present study is a valuable resource for investigating the population and evolutionary genetics of Glycine species and can be used to identify related species.
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13.
  • Asaf, Sajjad, et al. (författare)
  • Osmoprotective functions conferred to soybean plants via inoculation with Sphingomonas sp. LK11 and exogenous trehalose
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Microbiology Research. - : Elsevier. - 0944-5013 .- 1618-0623. ; 205, s. 135-145
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Osmotic stress induced by drought can hinder the growth and yield of crop plants. To understand the eco-physiological role of osmoprotectants, the combined utilization of endophytes and osmolytes (trehalose) can be an ideal strategy used to overcome the adverse effects of drought. Hence, in the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of Sphingomonas sp. LK11, which produces phytohormones and synthesizes trehalose, in improving soybean plant growth under drought-induced osmotic stress (−0.4, −0.9, and −1.2 MPa). The results showed that the inoculation of soybean plants with Sphingomonas sp. LK11 significantly increased plant length, dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments, glutathione, amino acids (proline, glycine, and glutamate), and primary sugars as compared to control plants under varying drought stresses. Trehalose applied to the plant with or without endophyte-inoculation also showed similar plant growth-promoting attributes under stress. Stress exposure significantly enhanced endogenous jasmonic (JA) and abscisic (ABA) acid contents in control plants. In contrast, Sphingomonas sp. LK11-inoculation significantly lowered ABA and JA levels in soybean plants, but these phytohormones increased in response to combined treatments during stress. The drought-induced osmotic stress resistance associated with Sphingomonas sp. LK11 and trehalose was also evidenced by increased mRNA gene expression of soybean dehydration responsive element binding protein (DREB)-type transcription factors (GmDREBa and GmDREB2) and the MYB (myeloblastosis) transcription factor (GmMYBJ1) as compared to the control. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that inoculation with this endophyte and trehalose improved the negative effects of drought-induced osmotic stress, and it enhanced soybean plant growth and tolerance.
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14.
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15.
  • Imran, Qari Muhammad, et al. (författare)
  • Transcriptome wide identification and characterization of NO-responsive WRKY transcription factors in Arabidopsis thaliana L.
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Environmental and Experimental Botany. - : Elsevier. - 0098-8472 .- 1873-7307. ; 148, s. 128-143
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • WRKY transcription factors are important plant-specific regulatory genes characterized by one or two conserved WRKY domain(s) usually followed by a zinc-finger motif. In this study using Arabidopsis thaliana, the RNA-Seq based transcriptomic analysis showed differential expression of 33 genes encoding WRKY TFs in response to the nitric oxide (NO) donor S-Nitrosocysteine (CySNO). Interestingly, 93.9% of these TFs were up-regulated with at least 2-fold change, suggesting their putative involvement in NO mediated gene regulation. GO- analysis of all the 33 transcriptomic elements showed their putative involvement in biological processes such as abiotic stress tolerance and defense against fungal pathogens (89.39 fold enrichment). Analysis of the NO-responsive AtWRKY TFs promoter region revealed the presence of the cis-acting elements such as ABRE, EIRE, ERE, and MBS involved in osmotic stress response, maximal elicitor-mediated activation, and drought-stress regulation. The analysis of NO-responsive AtWRKY TF motifs and their comparison with rice, soybean, and tomato orthologs suggested that members of the WRKY family belonging to the same group shared similar motifs and phylogenetic tree suggested that these TFs were highly conserved. Validation of transcriptomic data through quantitative real time-PCR showed a high correlation coefficient (0.85) indicating the high reliability and similarity of both types of analysis. Comparison of the NO-responsive and non-responsive WRKYs showed the presence of tyrosine (T) and cysteine (C) residues at a distance of 7 residues from the WRKYGQK motif which may serve as potential targets for modification by NO via tyrosine nitration and S-nitrosylation. We also validated the response of WRKYs through in vivo analysis using atwrky62 loss of function mutant and the results indicated a negative role of AtWRKY62 in plant growth. Furthermore, atwrky62 showed significantly less SNO contents compared to wild type plants indicating putative role of AtWRKY62 in NO metabolism.
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16.
  • Khan, Syed Ishtiaq, et al. (författare)
  • Mononuclear copper(i) complexes of triphenylphosphine and N,N′-disubstituted thioureas as potential DNA binding chemotherapeutics
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: New Journal of Chemistry. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 1144-0546 .- 1369-9261. ; 45:20, s. 8925-8935
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this work, nine new mixed-ligand complexes with the general formula [CuBr(TPP)2Tu1–9] were synthesized. The copper(I) complexes of triphenylphosphine (TPP) and different N,N′-disubstituted thioureas (Tu) were characterized via spectroscopic techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H, 13C, and 31P NMR), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD). The complexes were synthesized via the direct reaction of bromo(tris(triphenylphosphine)copper(I)) [BrCu(PPh3)3] precursor and thiourea ligand solution under ambient conditions. Complexes 1, 2 and 3 crystallized in a triclinic system with the P  space group. Each complex is mononuclear, and the copper atom is tetrahedrally attached to two TPP groups through the phosphorous atom, one thiourea molecule through the sulfur atom and one bromine atom. The synthesized compounds were docked with a DNA macromolecule to predict their binding site and it was found that all molecules showed favorable binding to the DNA minor grooves. The DNA interaction studies of the representative complexes demonstrated their efficient DNA binding affinities. Based on the docking and DNA interaction results, complex 7 was found to be the best binder with a docking affinity of 382.2 kJ mol−1 and binding constant of 3.96 × 104 M−1. This compound tends to interact with the minor groove through the bromine atom positioning the side triphenylphosphine rings along the X-axis of the groove while keeping the 1-(2-chlorobenzyl)-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thiourea ring on the outside.
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17.
  • Abbas, Syed Adeel, et al. (författare)
  • Spinel-type Na2MoO4 and Na2WO4 as promising optoelectronic materials : First-principle DFT calculations
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Chemical Physics. - : Elsevier. - 0301-0104 .- 1873-4421. ; 538
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The mechanical, thermodynamic, electronic, and optical properties of Na2MoO4 (NMO) and Na2WO4 (NWO) spinels are elaborated by density functional theory (DFT) based full potential augmented plane wave method (FP-LAPW + lo). Our optimized lattice constants for the studied spinels are in good agreement with that obtained experimentally. The enthalpy of formation ensures the thermodynamic stability of NMO and NWO in the cubic phase. The Born mechanical stability criteria guarantees their mechanical stability, while Poisson ratio (ν) and Pugh's ratio (B/G) infer their brittle behavior. The Debye temperature (θD) is significant for NMO than NWO. The wide bandgap of 3.5 eV for NMO and 4.4 eV for NWO show the maximum absorption in the ultraviolet region that increases their importance for optoelectronic applications. The optical properties are explained in term of dielectric constant, refractive index, absorption of light, reflection, and optical loss factor.
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18.
  • Al-Jayyousi, Hiba, et al. (författare)
  • Exploring the Superior Anchoring Performance of the Two-Dimensional Nanosheets B2C4P2 and B3C2P3 for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: ACS Omega. - : American Chemical Society. - 2470-1343. ; 7:43, s. 38543-38549
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Potential anchoring materials in lithium–sulfur batteries help overcome the shuttle effect and achieve long-term cycling stability and high-rate efficiency. The present study investigates the two-dimensional nanosheets B2C4P2 and B3C2P3 by employing density functional theory calculations for their promise as anchoring materials. The nanosheets B2C4P2 and B3C2P3 bind polysulfides with adsorption energies in the range from −2.22 to −0.75 and −2.43 to −0.74 eV, respectively. A significant charge transfer occurs from the polysulfides, varying from −0.74 to −0.02e and −0.55 to −0.02e for B2C4P2 and B3C2P3, respectively. Upon anchoring the polysulfides, the band gap of B3C2P3 reduces, leading to enhanced electrical conductivity of the sulfur cathode. Finally, the calculated barrier energies of B2C4P2 and B3C2P3 for Li2S indicate fast diffusion of Li when recharged. These enthralling characteristics propose that the nanosheets B2C4P2 and B3C2P3 could reduce the shuttle effect in Li–S batteries and significantly improve their cycle performance, suggesting their promise as anchoring materials.
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19.
  • Aslam, Marryam, et al. (författare)
  • Physical characteristics of CdZrO3 perovskite at different pressure for optoelectronic application
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Journal of Materials Research and Technology. - : Elsevier. - 2238-7854. ; 9:5, s. 9965-9971
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A comprehensive investigation of the physical characteristics of any material provides beneficial information regarding its application viewpoint in different industries. Herein, we report the tunable mechanical and optoelectronic properties of cubic CdZrO3 under variable pressure up to 80 GPa using density functional theory (DFT). The pressure-induced band gap engineering reveals a fantastic fact of transformation of the indirect to direct band gap with increasing pressure. The dielectric response disclosed that optical parameters dragged towards higher energy with an increase of pressure, which unveiled the potential of CdZrO3 for optoelectronic applications. Effective change in optoelectronic is attributed to indirect to direct band gap transition. This study provides a gateway to how the optoelectronic properties of cubic CdZrO3 could be tuned by employing external pressure.
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20.
  • Baldo, Barbara, et al. (författare)
  • Quantification of Total and Mutant Huntingtin Protein Levels in Biospecimens Using a Novel alphaLISA Assay
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: eNeuro. - 2373-2822. ; 5:4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The neurodegenerative Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by a polyglutamine (polyQ) amplification in the huntingtin protein (HTT). Currently there is no effective therapy available for HD; however, several efforts are directed to develop and optimize HTT-lowering methods to improve HD phenotypes. To validate these approaches, there is an immediate need for reliable, sensitive, and easily accessible methods to quantify HTT expression. Using the AlphaLISA platform, we developed two novel sensitive and robust assays for quantification of HTT in biological samples using commercially available antibodies. The first, a polyQ-independent assay, measures the total pool of HTT, while the second, a polyQ-dependent assay, preferentially detects the mutant form of HTT. Using purified HTT protein standards and brain homogenates from an HD mouse model, we determine a lower limit of quantification of 1 and 3 pm and optimal reproducibility with CV values lower than 7% for intra- and 20% for interassay. In addition, we used the assays to quantify HTT in neural stem cells generated from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells in vitro and in human brain tissue lysates. Finally, we could detect changes in HTT levels in a mouse model where mutant HTT was conditionally deleted in neural tissue, verifying the potential to monitor the outcome of HTT-lowering strategies. This analytical platform is ideal for high-throughput screens and thus has an added value for the HD community as a tool to optimize novel therapeutic approaches aimed at modulating HTT protein levels.
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21.
  • Bilal, Muhammad Sajjad, et al. (författare)
  • Computational Investigation of 1, 3, 4 Oxadiazole Derivatives as Lead Inhibitors of VEGFR 2 in Comparison with EGFR : Density Functional Theory, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Biomolecules. - : MDPI. - 2218-273X. ; 12:11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic factor involved in tumor growth and metastasis. Gremlin has been proposed as a novel therapeutic pathway for the treatment of renal inflammatory diseases, acting via VEGFR 2 receptor. To date, most FDA-approved tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitors have been reported as dual inhibitors of EGFR and VEGFR 2. The aim of the present study was to find the potent and selective inhibitor of VEGFR 2 specifically for the treatment of renal cancer. Fourteen previously identified anti-inflammatory compounds i.e., 1, 3, 4 oxadiazoles derivatives by our own group were selected for their anti-cancer potential, targeting the tyrosine kinase (TK) domain of VEGFR2 and EGFR. A detailed virtual screening-based study was designed viz density functional theory (DFT) study to find the compounds stability and reactivity, molecular docking for estimating binding affinity, SeeSAR analysis and molecular dynamic simulations to confirm protein ligand complex stability and ADMET properties to find the pharmacokinetic profile of all compounds. The DFT results suggested that among all the derivatives, the 7g, 7j, and 7l were chemically reactive and stable derivatives. The optimized structures obtained from the DFTs were further selected for molecular docking, and the results suggested that 7g, 7j and 7l derivatives as the best inhibitors of VEGFR 2 with binding energy values -46.32, -48.89 and -45.01 kJ/mol. The Estimated inhibition constant (IC50) of hit compound 7j (0.009 mu M) and simulation studies of its complexes confirms its high potency and best inhibitor of VEGFR2. All the derivatives were also docked with EGFR, where they showed weak binding energies and poor interactions, important compound 7g, 7j and 7i exhibited binding energy of -31.01, -33.23 and -34.19 kJ/mol respectively. Furthermore, the anticancer potential of the derivatives was confirmed by cell viability (MTT) assay using breast cancer and cervical cancer cell lines. At the end, the results of ADMET studies confirmed these derivatives as drug like candidates. Conclusively, the current study suggested substituted oxadiazoles as the potential anticancer compounds which exhibited more selectivity towards VEGFR2 in comparison to EGFR. Therefore, the identified lead molecules can be used for the synthesis of more potent derivatives of VEGFR2, along with extensive in vitro and in vivo experiments, that can be used to treat various cancers, especially renal cancers, and to prevent angiogenesis due to aberrant expression of VEGFR2.
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22.
  • Cheong, Rachel Y., et al. (författare)
  • Effects of mutant huntingtin inactivation on Huntington disease-related behaviours in the BACHD mouse model
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. - : Wiley. - 0305-1846 .- 1365-2990. ; 47:4, s. 564-578
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aims: Huntington disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder with no disease-modifying treatments approved so far. Ongoing clinical trials are attempting to reduce huntingtin (HTT) expression in the central nervous system (CNS) using different strategies. Yet, the distribution and timing of HTT-lowering therapies required for a beneficial clinical effect is less clear. Here, we investigated whether HD-related behaviours could be prevented by inactivating mutant HTT at different disease stages and to varying degrees in an experimental model. Methods: We generated mutant BACHD mice with either a widespread or circuit-specific inactivation of mutant HTT by using Cre recombinase (Cre) under the nestin promoter or the adenosine A2A receptor promoter respectively. We also simulated a clinical gene therapy scenario with allele-specific HTT targeting by injections of recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing Cre into the striatum of adult BACHD mice. All mice were assessed using behavioural tests to investigate motor, metabolic and psychiatric outcome measures at 4–6 months of age. Results: While motor deficits, body weight changes, anxiety and depressive-like behaviours are present in BACHD mice, early widespread CNS inactivation during development significantly improves rotarod performance, body weight changes and depressive-like behaviour. However, conditional circuit-wide mutant HTT deletion from the indirect striatal pathway during development and focal striatal-specific deletion in adulthood failed to rescue any of the HD-related behaviours. Conclusions: Our results indicate that widespread targeting and the timing of interventions aimed at reducing mutant HTT are important factors to consider when developing disease-modifying therapies for HD.
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23.
  • Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, et al. (författare)
  • Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: The Lancet. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 386:10010, s. 2287-2323
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution.METHODS: Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk-outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990-2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol.FINDINGS: All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8-58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1-43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5-89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa.INTERPRETATION: Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks.FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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24.
  • Gabery, Sanaz, et al. (författare)
  • Characterization of a rat model of Huntington's disease based on targeted expression of mutant huntingtin in the forebrain using adeno-associated viral vectors.
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Neuroscience. - : Wiley. - 1460-9568 .- 0953-816X. ; 36:6, s. 2789-2800
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the huntingtin (htt) gene. Neuropathology is most severe in the striatum and cerebral cortex. As mutant htt is ubiquitously expressed, it has not been possible to establish clear structure-to-function relationships for the clinical aspects. In the present study, we have injected recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors of serotype 5 (rAAV5) expressing an 853-amino-acid fragment of htt with either 79 (mutant) or 18 (wild-type) glutamines (Q) in the dorsal striatum of neonatal rats to achieve expression of htt in the forebrain. Rats were followed for 6 months and compared with control rats. Neuropathological assessment showed long-term expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene (used as a marker protein) and accumulation of htt inclusions in the cerebral cortex with the rAAV5-htt-79Q vectors. We estimated that around 10% of NeuN-positive cells in the cerebral cortex and 2% of DARPP-32 neurons in the striatum were targeted with the GFP-expressing vector. Formation of intracellular htt inclusions was not associated with neuronal loss, gliosis or microglia activation and did not lead to altered motor activity or changes in body weight. However, the same mutant htt vector caused orexin loss in the hypothalamus - another area known to be affected in HD. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that widespread forebrain expression of mutant htt can be achieved using rAAV5-vectors and suggest that this technique can be further explored to study region-specific effects of mutant htt or other disease-causing genes in the brain.
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25.
  • Hussain, Ijaz, et al. (författare)
  • Study of the Distribution of Radiative Defects and Reabsorption of the UV in ZnO Nanorods-Organic Hybrid White Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Materials. - Basel, Switzerland : MDPI. - 1996-1944. ; 4:7, s. 1260-1270
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this study, the low temperature aqueous chemical growth (ACG) method was employed to synthesized ZnO nanorods to process-organic hybrid white light emitting diodes (LEDs) on glass substrate. Electroluminescence spectra of the hybrid white LEDs demonstrate the combination of emission bands arising from radiative recombination of the organic and ZnO nanorods (NRs). Depth resolved luminescence was used for probing the nature and spatial distribution of radiative defects, especially to study the re-absorption of ultraviolet (UV) in this hybrid white LEDs structure. At room temperature the cathodoluminescence (CL) spectra intensity of the deep band emission (DBE) is increased with the increase of the electron beam penetration depth due to the increase of defect concentration at the ZnO NRs/Polyfluorene (PFO) interface and probably due to internal absorption of the UV. A strong dependency between the intensity ratio of the UV to the DBE bands and the spatial distribution of the radiative defects in ZnO NRs has been found. The comparison of the CL spectra from the PFO and the ZnO NRs demonstrate that PFO has a very weak violet-blue emission band, which confirms that most of the white emission components originate from the ZnO NRs.
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26.
  • Hussain, Sajjad, et al. (författare)
  • Effect of oxygen content on the structural and optical properties of ZnO films grown by atmospheric pressure MOCVD
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Progress in Natural Science. - : Elsevier. - 1002-0071 .- 1745-5391. ; 23:1, s. 44-50
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Atmospheric pressure MOCVD was used to deposit ZnO layers on sapphire and homoepitaxial template under different oxygen flow rates. Oxygen content affects the lattice constant value and texture coefficient of the films as evidenced by the theta-2 theta peaks position and their intensity. Films deposited at lower oxygen flow rate possess higher value of strain and stresses. ZnO films deposited at high oxygen flow rates show intense UV emissions while samples prepared under oxygen deficient conditions exhibited defect related emission along with UV luminescence. The results are compared to the ZnO films deposited homoepitaxially on annealed ZnO samples. The data obtained suggest that ZnO stoichiometry is responsible for the structural and optical quality of ZnO films.
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27.
  • Hussain, Tanveer, et al. (författare)
  • Sensing of volatile organic compounds on two-dimensional nitrogenated holey graphene, graphdiyne, and their heterostructure
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Carbon. - : Elsevier. - 0008-6223 .- 1873-3891. ; 163, s. 213-223
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Gas-sensing properties of nitrogenated holey graphene (C2N), graphdiyne (GDY) and their van der Waals heterostructure (C2N…GDY) have been studied towards particular volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by means of spin-polarized, dispersion-corrected DFT calculations. We find that VOCs such as acetone, ethanol, propanal, and toluene interact weakly with the GDY monolayer; however, the bindings are significantly enhanced with the C2N monolayer and the hybrid C2N…GDY heterostructure in AB stacking. Electron localization function (ELF) analysis shows that all VOCs are van der Waals bound (physical binding) to the 2D materials, which result in significant changes of the charge density of C2N and GDY monolayers and the C2N…GDY heterostructure. These changes alter the electronic properties of C2N and GDY, and the C2N…GDY heterostructure, upon VOC adsorption, which are investigated by density-of-states plots. We further apply thermodynamic analysis to study the sensing characteristics of VOCs under varied conditions of pressure and temperature. Our findings clearly indicate that the C2N…GDY heterostructure is a promising material for sensing of certain VOCs.
  •  
28.
  • Imran, Muhammad, et al. (författare)
  • Exploration of preprocessing architectures for field-programmable gate array-based thermal-visual smart camera
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Journal of Electronic Imaging (JEI). - 1017-9909 .- 1560-229X. ; 25:4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Embedded smart cameras are gaining in popularity for a number of real-Time outdoor surveillance applications. However, there are still challenges, i.e., computational latency, variation in illumination, and occlusion. To solve these challenges, multimodal systems, integrating multiple imagers can be utilized. However, trade-off is more stringent requirements on processing and communication for embedded platforms. To meet these challenges, we investigated two low-complexity and high-performance preprocessing architectures for a multiple imagers' node on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). In the proposed architectures, majority of the tasks are performed on the thermal images because of the lower spatial resolution. Analysis with different sets of images show that the system with proposed architectures offers better detection performance and can reduce output data from 1.7 to 99 times as compared with full-size images. The proposed architectures can achieve a frame rate of 53 fps, logics utilization from 2.1% to 4.1%, memory consumption 987 to 148 KB and power consumption in the range of 141 to 163 mW on Artix-7 FPGA. This concludes that the proposed architectures offer reduced design complexity and lower processing and communication requirements while retaining the configurability of the system.
  •  
29.
  • Imran, Qari Muhammad, et al. (författare)
  • WRKYs, the Jack-of-various-Trades, Modulate Dehydration Stress in Populus davidiana-A Transcriptomic Approach
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Molecular Sciences. - : MDPI. - 1661-6596 .- 1422-0067. ; 20:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Populus davidiana, native to Korea and central Asian countries, is a major contributor to the Korean forest cover. In the current study, using high-throughput RNA-seq mediated transcriptome analysis, we identified about 87 P. davidiana WRKY transcription factors (PopdaWRKY TFs) that showed differential expression to dehydration stress in both sensitive and tolerant cultivars. Our results suggested that, on average, most of the WRKY genes were upregulated in tolerant cultivars but downregulated in sensitive cultivars. Based on protein sequence alignment, P. davidiana WRKYs were classified into three major groups, I, II, III, and further subgroups. Phylogenetic analysis showed that WRKY TFs and their orthologs in Arabidopsis and rice were clustered together in the same subgroups, suggesting similar functions across species. Significant correlation was found among qRT-PCR and RNA-seq analysis. In vivo analysis using model plant Arabidopsis showed that atwrky62 (orthologous to Potri.016G137900) knockout mutants were significantly sensitive to dehydration possibly due to an inability to close their stomata under dehydration conditions. In addition, a concomitant decrease in expression of ABA biosynthetic genes was observed. The AtHK1 that regulates stomatal movement was also downregulated in atwrky62 compared to the wild type. Taken together, our findings suggest a regulatory role of PopdaWRKYs under dehydration stress.
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30.
  • Kassebaum, Nicholas J., et al. (författare)
  • Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: The Lancet. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 388:10053, s. 1603-1658
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background Healthy life expectancy (HALE) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) provide summary measures of health across geographies and time that can inform assessments of epidemiological patterns and health system performance, help to prioritise investments in research and development, and monitor progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We aimed to provide updated HALE and DALYs for geographies worldwide and evaluate how disease burden changes with development. Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015) for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost (YLLs) and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for each geography, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using the Sullivan method, which draws from age-specific death rates and YLDs per capita. We then assessed how observed levels of DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends calculated with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator constructed from measures of income per capita, average years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Findings Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2015, with decreases in communicable, neonatal, maternal, and nutritional (Group 1) disease DALYs off set by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Much of this epidemiological transition was caused by changes in population growth and ageing, but it was accelerated by widespread improvements in SDI that also correlated strongly with the increasing importance of NCDs. Both total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most Group 1 causes significantly decreased by 2015, and although total burden climbed for the majority of NCDs, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined. Nonetheless, age-standardised DALY rates due to several high-burden NCDs (including osteoarthritis, drug use disorders, depression, diabetes, congenital birth defects, and skin, oral, and sense organ diseases) either increased or remained unchanged, leading to increases in their relative ranking in many geographies. From 2005 to 2015, HALE at birth increased by an average of 2.9 years (95% uncertainty interval 2.9-3.0) for men and 3.5 years (3.4-3.7) for women, while HALE at age 65 years improved by 0.85 years (0.78-0.92) and 1.2 years (1.1-1.3), respectively. Rising SDI was associated with consistently higher HALE and a somewhat smaller proportion of life spent with functional health loss; however, rising SDI was related to increases in total disability. Many countries and territories in central America and eastern sub-Saharan Africa had increasingly lower rates of disease burden than expected given their SDI. At the same time, a subset of geographies recorded a growing gap between observed and expected levels of DALYs, a trend driven mainly by rising burden due to war, interpersonal violence, and various NCDs. Interpretation Health is improving globally, but this means more populations are spending more time with functional health loss, an absolute expansion of morbidity. The proportion of life spent in ill health decreases somewhat with increasing SDI, a relative compression of morbidity, which supports continued efforts to elevate personal income, improve education, and limit fertility. Our analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework on which to benchmark geography-specific health performance and SDG progress. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform financial and research investments, prevention efforts, health policies, and health system improvement initiatives for all countries along the development continuum.
  •  
31.
  • Majid, Farzana, et al. (författare)
  • Exploration of magnesium based MgX2O4 (X = Rh, Bi) spinels for thermoelectric applications using density functional theory (DFT)
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Journal of Materials Research and Technology. - : Elsevier. - 2238-7854. ; 9:3, s. 6135-6142
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • By using WIEN2k code, we investigated the mechanical and thermoelectric properties of magnesium based MgX2O4 (X = Rh and Bi) spinels. To compute the mechanical behavior of MgX2O4 (X = Rh and Bi), the Perdew-Bruke-Ernzerhof (PBEsol) flavor of generalized gradient approximation is used. From structural optimization, ground state lattice constant (a0) show a comparable with the previously evaluated theoretical and experimental values. The Born stability criterion represents that the investigated spinels are stable in the cubic phase and their ductile behaviors are observed by calculating Pugh’s ratio as well as Poisson ratio. Besides, thermodynamic behavior is concluded in terms of the Debye temperature. To investigate the electronic and thermoelectric behavior, the modified Becke and Johnson (mBJ) potential is employed. Finally, we investigated the thermoelectric behavior to represent the importance of studied spinels in thermoelectric appliances by calculating the figure of merit (ZT). High values of the See-beck coefficient and ZT at room temperature explores the potential of the studied spinels in thermoelectric devices.
  •  
32.
  • Mansha, Saira, et al. (författare)
  • Development of pH-Responsive, Thermosensitive, Antibacterial, and Anticancer CS/PVA/Graphene Blended Hydrogels for Controlled Drug Delivery
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Gels. - : MDPI. - 2310-2861. ; 10:3
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Drug delivery techniques based on polymers have been investigated for their potential to improve drug solubility, reduce systemic side effects, and controlled and targeted administration at infection site. In this study, we developed a co-polymeric hydrogel composed of graphene sheets (GNS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and chitosan (CS) that is loaded with methotrexate (MTX) for in vitro liver cancer treatment. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to check the structural properties and surface morphology. Moreover, tests were conducted on the cytotoxicity, hemolytic activity, release kinetics, swelling behaviour and degradation of hydrogels. A controlled release of drug from hydrogel in PBS at pH 7.4 was examined using release kinetics. Maximal drug release in six hours was 97.34%. The prepared hydrogels did not encourage the HepG2 growth and were non-hemolytic. The current study highlights the potential of GNS-based hydrogel loaded with MTX as an encouraging therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. HepG2 cell viability of MTX-loaded CS-PVA-GNS hydrogel was (IC50 5.87 mu g/200 mL) in comparison to free MTX (IC50 5.03 mu g/200 mL). These outcomes recommend that hydrogels with GNS ensure improved drug delivery in cancer microenvironment while lessening adverse consequences on healthy cells.
  •  
33.
  • Mustafa, Ghulam M., et al. (författare)
  • Study of optoelectronic and transport properties of MgLu2Z4 (Z=S, Se) spinels for optoelectronic and energy harvesting applications
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing. - : Elsevier. - 1369-8001 .- 1873-4081. ; 121
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Intense research has been done to build materials that are potential candidates for energy storage applications. Spinels are of great interest in this respect because they have vast potential to be used in Mg-based batteries. To explore their energy storage as well as transport response, we calculate Mg-based spinels, namely MgLu2Z4 (ZS, Se). The full potential linearized augmented plane wave method has been used to examine their optoelectronic and transport response. An increase in the lattice constant has been observed by replacing S with Se, and our calculated values are in good agreement with those obtained experimentally. The Tran-Blaha modified Becke-Johnson exchange potential (TB-mBJ), has been used to study the optoelectronic and thermoelectric characteristics of the respective spinels. The dependence of these properties on the bandgap has also been observed. Replacing S with Se resulted in the transformation of the electronic bandgap from near-infrared to the visible region (MgLu2S4: 2.60 eV and MgLu2Se4: 2.00 eV). These results showed that these materials have the potential to be used in optoelectronic devices. The optical properties are discussed as a function of energy. Besides, the thermal transports are discussed with the help of Seebeck coefficient and figure of merit as a function of chemical potential and temperature.
  •  
34.
  • Nadeem, Muhammad, et al. (författare)
  • Evaluation of mechanical properties of cored interlocking blocks – A step toward affordable masonry material
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Results in Engineering (RINENG). - : Elsevier. - 2590-1230. ; 18
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This research study is about the evaluation of mechanical properties of locally prepared Cored 6” self-interlocking blocks. Currently, all the construction practices, whether brick masonry, block masonry, or reinforced concrete, are time consuming, relatively energy inefficient, not eco-friendly, and non-sustainable. Another issue in masonry construction is that the strength and behavior of bricks or blocks masonry depend upon the properties of the binding material (mortar) used in masonry wall joints. Considering these issues, Eco Blocks are newly introduced interlocking blocks with different sizes and shapes. Construction with interlocking blocks is faster, economical, and easier, as they do not require binding material. The aim of this study was to obtain the mechanical properties such as the compressive strength (individual block and prism), diagonal tensile strength, shear parameters, modulus of elasticity, shear modulus, and flexural strength of Cored 6′′ Eco Blocks through comprehensive experimental investigation. These showed encouraging results as compared with typical interlocking compressed earth blocks and also satisfied the threshold set forth by the international standards regulating earth construction. The compressive and flexural strengths of the blocks have been obtained as 6.03 MPa and 1.66 MPa, respectively. Based on the results outcomes, Cored 6” Eco Blocks can be utilized in load bearing walls.
  •  
35.
  • Naghavi, Mohsen, et al. (författare)
  • Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 385:9963, s. 117-171
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background Up-to-date evidence on levels and trends for age-sex-specifi c all-cause and cause-specifi c mortality is essential for the formation of global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) we estimated yearly deaths for 188 countries between 1990, and 2013. We used the results to assess whether there is epidemiological convergence across countries. Methods We estimated age-sex-specifi c all-cause mortality using the GBD 2010 methods with some refinements to improve accuracy applied to an updated database of vital registration, survey, and census data. We generally estimated cause of death as in the GBD 2010. Key improvements included the addition of more recent vital registration data for 72 countries, an updated verbal autopsy literature review, two new and detailed data systems for China, and more detail for Mexico, UK, Turkey, and Russia. We improved statistical models for garbage code redistribution. We used six different modelling strategies across the 240 causes; cause of death ensemble modelling (CODEm) was the dominant strategy for causes with sufficient information. Trends for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias were informed by meta-regression of prevalence studies. For pathogen-specifi c causes of diarrhoea and lower respiratory infections we used a counterfactual approach. We computed two measures of convergence (inequality) across countries: the average relative difference across all pairs of countries (Gini coefficient) and the average absolute difference across countries. To summarise broad findings, we used multiple decrement life-tables to decompose probabilities of death from birth to exact age 15 years, from exact age 15 years to exact age 50 years, and from exact age 50 years to exact age 75 years, and life expectancy at birth into major causes. For all quantities reported, we computed 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We constrained cause-specific fractions within each age-sex-country-year group to sum to all-cause mortality based on draws from the uncertainty distributions. Findings Global life expectancy for both sexes increased from 65.3 years (UI 65.0-65.6) in 1990, to 71.5 years (UI 71.0-71.9) in 2013, while the number of deaths increased from 47.5 million (UI 46.8-48.2) to 54.9 million (UI 53.6-56.3) over the same interval. Global progress masked variation by age and sex: for children, average absolute diff erences between countries decreased but relative diff erences increased. For women aged 25-39 years and older than 75 years and for men aged 20-49 years and 65 years and older, both absolute and relative diff erences increased. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the prominent role of reductions in age-standardised death rates for cardiovascular diseases and cancers in high-income regions, and reductions in child deaths from diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and neonatal causes in low-income regions. HIV/AIDS reduced life expectancy in southern sub-Saharan Africa. For most communicable causes of death both numbers of deaths and age-standardised death rates fell whereas for most non-communicable causes, demographic shifts have increased numbers of deaths but decreased age-standardised death rates. Global deaths from injury increased by 10.7%, from 4.3 million deaths in 1990 to 4.8 million in 2013; but age-standardised rates declined over the same period by 21%. For some causes of more than 100 000 deaths per year in 2013, age-standardised death rates increased between 1990 and 2013, including HIV/AIDS, pancreatic cancer, atrial fibrillation and flutter, drug use disorders, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and sickle-cell anaemias. Diarrhoeal diseases, lower respiratory infections, neonatal causes, and malaria are still in the top five causes of death in children younger than 5 years. The most important pathogens are rotavirus for diarrhoea and pneumococcus for lower respiratory infections. Country-specific probabilities of death over three phases of life were substantially varied between and within regions. Interpretation For most countries, the general pattern of reductions in age-sex specifi c mortality has been associated with a progressive shift towards a larger share of the remaining deaths caused by non-communicable disease and injuries. Assessing epidemiological convergence across countries depends on whether an absolute or relative measure of inequality is used. Nevertheless, age-standardised death rates for seven substantial causes are increasing, suggesting the potential for reversals in some countries. Important gaps exist in the empirical data for cause of death estimates for some countries; for example, no national data for India are available for the past decade.
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36.
  • Nazir, Sadia, et al. (författare)
  • Ab-initio simulations of MgTiO3 oxide at different pressure
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: High Energy Density Physics. - : Elsevier. - 1574-1818. ; 33
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We employ Wien2k code, an all-electron scheme based on density functional theory (DFT) to explore the structural, thermodynamic, mechanical and opto-electronic behavior of MgTiO3 (MTO) oxide in the pressure range 0-200GPa. The structural, mechanical and thermodynamic stabilities of MTO are discussed in terms of Goldschmidt's tolerance factor, enthalpy of formation and Born stability criteria, respectively. Mechanical nature is further discussed by calculating the Debye temperature, wave velocity, Pugh's and Poisson's ratios. The electron density (n) and specific heat capacity (Cv) of electrons are explained in details. The pressure up to 200 GPa, with the step of 50 GPa, is implemented in order to tune the electronic properties where a direct to indirect band gap transition is observed. We further explored the refraction of light (ultraviolet region), dielectric constant and the optical behavior of MTO.
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37.
  • Panigrahi, Puspamitra, et al. (författare)
  • Two-Dimensional Nitrogenated Holey Graphene (C2N) Monolayer Based Glucose Sensor for Diabetes Mellitus
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Applied Surface Science. - : Elsevier. - 0169-4332 .- 1873-5584. ; 573
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Real-time monitoring of sugar molecules is crucial for diagnosis, controlling, and preventing diabetes. Here, we have proposed the potential of porous C2N monolayer-based glucose sensor to detect the sugar molecules (glucose, fructose, and xylose) by employing the van der Waals interactions corrected first-principles density functional theory and non-equilibrium Green’s function methods. The binding energy turns out to be -0.93 (-1.31) eV for glucose, -0.84 (-1.23) eV for fructose, and -0.81 (-1.30) eV for xylose in gas phase (aqueous medium). The Bader charge analysis reveals that the C2N monolayer donates charge to the sugar molecules. The dimensionless electron localization function highlights that glucose, fructose, and xylose bind through physisorption. The adsorption of sugar molecules on the C2N monolayer increases the workfunction compared to 3.54 eV (pristine C2N) with about 2.00 eV, indicating a suppressed probability of electron mobility. The electronic transport properties of C2N based device reveals distinct characteristics and zero-bias transmissions. The distinctive properties of the C2N monolayer can be indexed as promising identifiers for glucose sensors to detect blood sugar.
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38.
  • Sajjad, Anila, et al. (författare)
  • Integration of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Wheat Gluten Hydrolysates-Development of Multifunctional Films with Pliable Properties
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials. - : Springer Nature. - 1574-1443 .- 1574-1451. ; 33:4, s. 914-929
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Biodegradable wheat gluten hydrolysates (WGH) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNPs) with cross-linkers were prepared as nanocomposite films. The physiochemical analysis demonstrated the formation of ZNPs of size approximately 18.37 nm with spherical and hexagonal nanostructures. The ZNPs are endowed with different functional groups, as corroborated by X-ray diffractogram (XRD), field emission electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), respectively. XRD and functional group patterns (IR) of WG and ZNPs exhibited minor changes during film development, indicating a successful interaction between the components. The SEM analysis revealed that the integration of ZNPs into the wheat gluten polymer promoted nano-aggregation on the film surface and the cross-section. The swelling capacity of films was found to be highest by WG/PVP/ZNPs with 265% (pH 7) and 198% (at pH 9). The antibacterial assessments revealed the sensitivity of Pseudomonasaeruginosa and E.coli toward WG/PVP/ZNPs with 14 and 13 mm zone of inhibition, demonstrating the maximum release of zinc ions from WG/PVP/ZNPs films. Furthermore, the WG/PVP/ZNPs film exhibits maximum oxidant scavenging (84%) and oxidant quenching potential (75%). The findings suggest that casting of WGH with ZNPs has a remarkable effect on the films’ physical and biological properties, allowing for their potential use as future bioplastics in biomedical and industrial sectors.
  •  
39.
  • Sajjad, Anila, et al. (författare)
  • Wheat gluten hydrolysates with embedded Ag-nanoparticles; a structure-function assessment for potential applications as wound sorbents with antimicrobial properties
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Polymer testing. - : Elsevier BV. - 0142-9418 .- 1873-2348. ; 118
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Numerous approaches have been used to prevent bacterial infection from injured skin, such as bandages and topical creams. However, the higher level of reactive oxygen species, bacterial infections, and excess wound exudates remain the major challenges for wound healing. In this study, we have tailored the structure of wheat gluten hydrolysates (WGH) as a continuous matrix by compositing it with a minimal amount of PVA, PVP, and PEG as polymer crosslinkers (0.5 wt%) to provide film structure integrity. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were impregnated into the WGH to develop a control release matrix of the AgNPs. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractogram, and functional group patterns of WG and AgNPs indicate a successful integration of AgNPs into the wheat gluten matrix. The swelling capacity of the films was tested at acidic, neutral, and basic pH and was found to be highest in WG/PEG/Ag at pH 9 with 389%. The gradual release of Ag+/AgNPs from the films significantly scavenged free radicals and increased the antibacterial activity with up to a 12 mm inhibition zone against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. According to these findings, WGH with AgNPs has been successfully cast in films with increased absorption capacity, free radicals scavenging, oxidant quenching, and antibacterial capabilities, along with the sustained release of silver ions. The results, therefore, show the potential of the developed films in biomedical applications such as wound dressing.
  •  
40.
  • Sajjad, Muhammad, et al. (författare)
  • Bulk and monolayer bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) : Excellent high temperature p-type thermoelectric materials
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: AIP Advances. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 2158-3226. ; 10:7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We have combined first-principles and semiclassical Boltzmann transport theory to demonstrate the potential superb electronic and thermal transport properties of bulk and monolayer bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI). The exfoliation energy required to produce monolayer BiOI (22.53 meV/angstrom (2)) is lower than that required to produce monolayer h-BN, implying possible manufacturing from bulk. The calculated phonon frequencies, complemented with an ab initio molecular dynamic simulation for 8 ps at elevated temperature (900 K), reveal the monolayer’s dynamic and structural stability. The calculated band gaps are indirect for both bulk and monolayer and amount to 2.04 eV and 2.07 eV, respectively. Our results indicate remarkably high Seebeck coefficients for BiOI in the bulk (227 mu V/K at a hole concentration of 9.00 x 10(20) cm(-3)) and in the monolayer form (200 mu V/K at a hole concentration of 8.14 x 10(13) cm(-2)) at 900 K. The lowest lattice thermal conductivities of 1.35 W/mK for the bulk and 1.44 W/mK for the monolayer are obtained at 900 K. Because of the high value of S-2 sigma/tau for p-type doping, the figure of merit achieves peak values of 1.51 at a carrier concentration of 8.44 x 10(20) cm(-3) for bulk BiOI and 1.61 at a carrier concentration of 4.27 x 10(13) cm(-2) for monolayer BiOI.
  •  
41.
  • Sajjad, Muhammad, et al. (författare)
  • Superior Anchoring of Sodium Polysulfides to the Polar C2N 2D Material : A Potential Electrode Enhancer in Sodium–Sulfur Batteries
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Langmuir. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0743-7463 .- 1520-5827. ; 36:43, s. 13104-13111
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Despite the high theoretical specific energy in rechargeable sodium–sulfur batteries, the shuttle effect severely hampers its capacity and reversibility, which could be overcome by introducing an anchoring material. We, herein, use first-principles calculations to study the low-cost, easily synthesized, environmentally friendly, and stable two-dimensional polar nitrogenated holey graphene (C2N) and nonpolar polyaniline (C3N) to investigate their performance as anchoring materials and the mechanism behind the binding to identify the best candidate to improve the performance of sodium–sulfur batteries. We gain insight into the interaction, including the lowest-energy configurations, binding energies, binding nature, charge transfer, and electronic properties. Sodium primarily contributes to binding with the nanosheets, which is in accordance with their characteristics as anchoring materials. Sodium polysulfides (NaPSs) and the S8 cluster adsorb at the pores of C2N, where there are six electron lone pairs, one for each N atom. The polar C2N binds the NaPSs much strongly than the nonpolar C3N. In contrast to C3N, the charge population substantially modifies by adsorbing NaPSs on C2N, with a substantial charge transfer from the sulfur atoms. The calculated work function of 6.04 eV for pristine C2N, comparable with the previously reported values, decreases on adsorption of the NaPSs formed from battery discharging. We suggest that the inclusion of C2N into sulfur electrodes could also improve their issue with poor conductivity.
  •  
42.
  • Sajjad, Muhammad, et al. (författare)
  • Two dimensional holey graphyne: An excellent anode and anchoring material for metal–ion and metal–sulfur batteries
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Carbon. - : Elsevier. - 0008-6223 .- 1873-3891. ; 214
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Based on first-principles calculations, the potential of holey graphyne is investigated for battery applications in terms of the storage capacity, volume expansion, diffusion barrier, and metal polysulfides binding. We found substantially higher storage capacities of Li (873 mAh/g) and Na (558 mAh/g) than typical graphite anodes (372 mAh/g for Li and <35 mAh/g for Na) and other carbonaceous materials (450–750 mAh/g for Li and 200–500 mAh/g for Na). The migration barriers of Li and Na turn out to be 0.28 eV and 0.32 eV, respectively, lower than those theoretically reported for commercial anodes TiO2 (0.4–1.0 eV) and silicon (0.6–0.8 eV). Holey graphyne with maximum Li adsorption expands only 0.5%, in contrast to the 10% volume growth in graphite. The lithium and sodium polysulfides and S8 cluster adsorb with moderate binding energies ranging from −0.73 eV to −2.08 eV, which is sufficient to prevent the unintended decomposition of polysulfides. Our findings demonstrate that holey graphyne is a promising anode material for metal-ion batteries and an anchoring material for metal-sulfur batteries to mitigate the shuttle effect.
  •  
43.
  • Sajjad, Muhammad Umar, et al. (författare)
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Interleukin-8 in Delirium, Dementia, and Cognitively Healthy Patients.
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD. - 1875-8908. ; 73:4, s. 1363-1372
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Delirium is a common and serious complication in geriatric patients. The pathophysiology of delirium is not known.The objective of the current study was to test the hypothesis that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of inflammatory markers at the time of spinal anesthesia for hip surgery are associated with delirium.In total 133 hip fracture patients and 125 cognitively healthy controls undergoing elective surgery, together with 73 Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia patients, were recruited at Oslo University Hospital and Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Delirium was evaluated daily in hip fracture patients by the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). Depression was evaluated by Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD). Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels were measured in CSF using a Mesoscale Discovery (MSD) immunoassay.Hip fracture patients had significantly higher IL-8 levels (p<0.001) compared to cognitively healthy controls or patients with stable AD dementia. Furthermore, preoperative IL-8 levels were significantly higher (p=0.013) in hip fracture patients who developed delirium (incident delirium) after surgery as compared to patients with no delirium. However, subgroup analyses showed that IL-8 levels were only significantly higher in delirium patients without dementia (p=0.006). In contrast, depression subgroup analysis showed that IL-8 concentration was significantly higher (p=0.002) in delirium patients with depression. Both TNF-α and IL-1β were undetected in most patients.Our study suggests that IL-8 levels are associated with delirium onset and that underlying depression or dementia influences IL-8 levels.
  •  
44.
  • Sajjad, Muhammad, et al. (författare)
  • Ultralow Lattice Thermal Conductivity in Double Perovskite Cs2PtI6 : A Promising Thermoelectric Material
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: ACS Applied Energy Materials. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2574-0962. ; 3:11, s. 11293-11299
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We report first-principle calculations of the recently synthesized Pb-free double perovskite Cs2PtI6, which we found to have the potential to be an excellent thermoelectric material, through the investigation of its electronic and phonon transport properties. The Heyd–Scuseria–Ernzerhof functional results in an indirect band gap of 1.40 eV, perfectly matching the experiment. Our well-converged phonon dispersion displays positive frequencies in the entire Brillouin zone and hence confirms the dynamic stability of the material. Further, the low-lying optical modes mix significantly with the heat-carrying acoustic phonons and add to their scattering phase space. We have found strong phonon anharmonicity due to the nonsymmetric and nonspherical electron densities of the atoms derived from their bonding environment, which in combination with low group velocities and high phonon scattering rates results in ultralow lattice thermal conductivity in Cs2PtI6. For example, it is 0.15 W/mK at 300 K, which is 8-fold smaller than that reported for the typical thermoelectric material Bi2Te3. Our simulations show that it could be reduced by another factor of 2 by nanostructuring the material with features of around 8 nm. We have found a remarkably high p-type Seebeck coefficient of 139 μV/K at the maximum considered carrier concentration and temperature. Our calculations also find a high figure of merit of 1.03 for the p-type carriers at room temperature, attributed to the substantial thermoelectric coefficient S2σ/τ, where S, σ, and τ are the Seebeck coefficient, the electrical conductivity, and the relaxation time, respectively.
  •  
45.
  • Sartelli, Massimo, et al. (författare)
  • Ten golden rules for optimal antibiotic use in hospital settings: the WARNING call to action
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: WORLD JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY SURGERY. - 1749-7922. ; 18:1
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Antibiotics are recognized widely for their benefits when used appropriately. However, they are often used inappropriately despite the importance of responsible use within good clinical practice. Effective antibiotic treatment is an essential component of universal healthcare, and it is a global responsibility to ensure appropriate use. Currently, pharmaceutical companies have little incentive to develop new antibiotics due to scientific, regulatory, and financial barriers, further emphasizing the importance of appropriate antibiotic use. To address this issue, the Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery established an international multidisciplinary task force of 295 experts from 115 countries with different backgrounds. The task force developed a position statement called WARNING (Worldwide Antimicrobial Resistance National/International Network Group) aimed at raising awareness of antimicrobial resistance and improving antibiotic prescribing practices worldwide. The statement outlined is 10 axioms, or "golden rules," for the appropriate use of antibiotics that all healthcare workers should consistently adhere in clinical practice.
  •  
46.
  • Shahid, Muhammad, et al. (författare)
  • Assessing the potential and hydrological usefulness of the CHIRPS precipitation dataset over a complex topography in Pakistan
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Hydrological Sciences Journal. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0262-6667 .- 2150-3435. ; 66:11, s. 1664-1684
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study evaluates the spatial and temporal performance of the Climate Hazard Group InfraRed Precipitation Satellite (CHIRPS) against Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) 3B42/3B43 v. 7 and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM)-based Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG V06), from 2000 to 2013. Several statistical metrics were used to assess the performance of CHIRPS over the Indus Basin, and its hydrological utility is also assessed using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The Gilgit and Soan basins were selected for hydrological modelling. The results demonstrate the spatial and temporal dependency of CHIRPS, i.e. better performance was observed in the Lower Indus Basin (LIB) while poor performance was observed in the Upper Indus Basin (UIB). The hydrological assessment of CHIRPS revealed poor performance (overestimation of streamflow) across the Gilgit Basin during both calibration and validation periods. Satisfactory to good performance was obtained across the Soan Basin.
  •  
47.
  • Singh, Deobrat, et al. (författare)
  • Promising high-temperature thermoelectric response of bismuth oxybromide
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Results in Physics. - : Elsevier. - 2211-3797. ; 19
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Recently, the bismuth oxybromide quintuple-layer (QL) was experimentally realized. In the present study, we extensively examine the stability, electronic and thermal transport of bulk bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) and QL based on first-principles calculations and the semiclassical Boltzmann transport theory. We have found that the bulk and QL BiOBr systems are dynamically and thermally stable with an indirect band gap of 2.86 and 3.08 eV, respectively. The emergence of comparatively flat bands at the top valence band favours the pronounced p-type Seebeck coefficient. Our calculated results demonstrate a high Seebeck coefficient of 1569.82 μV/K and 1580 μV/K for bulk and QL BiOBr materials at high temperatures. At higher temperature, the lattice thermal conductivity values of bulk are 1.32/0.23 for in-plane/out-of-plane, respectively and 1.85 W/mK in QL BiOBr, which are relatively low compared to other layered materials, e.g., MX2 (M = Mo, W, Pt, Zr, and X  = S, Se, Te). The figure of merit (ZT) turns out to be as high as 3.52 for bulk BiOBr and 1.5 for QL BiOBr at higher temperatures,suggest them as good candidates for thermoelectric applications.
  •  
48.
  • Singh, Nirpendra, et al. (författare)
  • Phonon Dynamics and Transport Properties of Copper Thiocyanate and Copper Selenocyanate Pseudohalides
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: ACS Omega. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2470-1343. ; 5:44, s. 28637-28642
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The phonon transport properties of CuSCN and CuSeCN have been investigated using the density functional theory and semiclassical Boltzmann transport theory. The Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof functional shows an indirect (direct) electronic band gap of 2.18 eV (1.80 eV) for CuSCN (CuSeCN). The calculated phonon band structure shows that both compounds are dynamically stable. The Debye temperature of the acoustic phonons is 122 and 107 K for CuSCN and CuSeCN, respectively. The extended in-plane bond lengths as compared to the out-of-plane bond lengths result in phonon softening and hence, low lattice thermal conductivity. The calculated room temperature in-plane (out-of-plane) lattice thermal conductivity of CuSCN and CuSeCN is 2.39 W/mK (4.51 W/mK) and 1.70 W/mK (3.83 W/mK), respectively. The high phonon scattering rates in CuSeCN give rise to in-plane low lattice thermal conductivities. The room-temperature Grüneisen parameters of CuSCN and CuSeCN are found to be 0.98 and 1.08, respectively.
  •  
49.
  • Sufyan, Ali, et al. (författare)
  • Evaluating the potential of planar checkerboard lattice Cu2N monolayer as anode material for lithium and sodium-ion batteries using first-principles methods
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Applied Surface Science. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0169-4332 .- 1873-5584. ; 654
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We present first-principles insights into the electrical and electrochemical properties of Cu2N, a newly synthesized two-dimensional material that features a planar, checkerboard lattice structure [Hu et al., Nano Lett. 2023, 23 (12), 5610–5616]. We evaluate the suitability of monolayer Cu2N as an anode material for Li and Na-ion batteries by examining its storage capacity, diffusion barrier, open-circuit voltage (OCV), volume expansion, and the impact of defects on its electrochemical performance. The monolayer Cu2N demonstrates a storage capacity of 379.88 mAh.g−1 for both Li and Na, comparable to that of commercial graphite for Li (372 mAh.g−1) and significantly higher for Na (less than 35 mAh.g−1). The migration barriers for Li and Na are found to be 0.1 eV and 0.01 eV, respectively, substantially lower than those theoretically reported for commercial anodes TiO2 (0.4–1.0 eV) and graphite (∼0.4 eV), which imply that monolayer Cu2N demonstrates excellent charge/discharge capabilities. Moreover, the volume growth of monolayer Cu2N is 4.14 % with maximal Li adsorption, which is 2.4 times less than graphite. The analysis of vacancy defects reveals a significant enhancement in the binding energies of Li and Na atoms, accompanied by minimal changes in diffusion barriers. Since monolayer Cu2N has already been successfully synthesized, these findings would pave the way for large-scale experimental fabrication of monolayer Cu2N as a battery anode.
  •  
50.
  • Sufyan, Ali, et al. (författare)
  • Monolayer TiC—A high-performance Dirac anode with ultralow diffusion barriers and high energy densities for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Applied Surface Science. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0169-4332 .- 1873-5584. ; 642
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Two-dimensional Dirac materials have stimulated substantial research interest as binder-free anodes in metal-ion batteries, owing to their ultrahigh electronic conductivity, large specific area, and higher energy density. Here, using first-principles density functional theory calculations, we have investigated the feasibility of monolayer TiC as a potential anode material for Li/Na-ion batteries. The results indicate that monolayer TiC exhibits excellent dynamical and thermal stability. The electronic structure of monolayer TiC shows semimetallic characteristics with a Dirac cone at the M high symmetry point and the formation of Ti or C vacancies transforms the Dirac cone into a nodal loop or a nodal surface, respectively. Thus, monolayer TiC possesses superior electrical conductivity, which can be further enhanced by the formation of Ti or C vacancies in the material. Furthermore, the calculated adsorption energy values of -0.85 and -0.46 eV for Li-ion and Na-ion, respectively, indicate that Li/Na atom adsorption over monolayer TiC is a favorable process. The density of states plots show that after the adsorption of a single Li/Na atom, monolayer TiC maintains its metallic state, which is advantageous for the diffusion of stored electrons. Most remarkably, monolayer TiC exhibits energy densities of 2684 and 2015 mWh/g for Li and Na, respectively, which are significantly higher than commercial graphite and most other 2D anode materials. The fully loaded TiC anode exhibits excellent cycle stability with volume expansions as low as 0.13 and 0.11%, for Li and Na, respectively. Furthermore, an ultrafast diffusivity with low energy barriers of 0.02 and 0.10 eV is found in monolayer TiC for Li-ion and Na-ion, respectively, which suggests that it has an excellent charge/discharge capability. These exceptional properties make monolayer TiC an excellent candidate as an anode material for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. Finally, SiC(111) has been proposed as a candidate substrate for monolayer TiC due to its minimal lattice mismatch.
  •  
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