| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Bravo, L, et al.
(författare)
-
- 2021
-
swepub:Mat__t
|
|
| 3. |
- Tabiri, S, et al.
(författare)
-
- 2021
-
swepub:Mat__t
|
|
| 4. |
- Thomas, HS, et al.
(författare)
-
- 2019
-
swepub:Mat__t
|
|
| 5. |
- Glasbey, JC, et al.
(författare)
-
- 2021
-
swepub:Mat__t
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
- Drake, TM, et al.
(författare)
-
Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in children: an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study
- 2020
-
Ingår i: BMJ global health. - : BMJ. - 2059-7908. ; 5:12
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). However, there is a lack of data available about SSI in children worldwide, especially from low-income and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of SSI in children and associations between SSI and morbidity across human development settings.MethodsA multicentre, international, prospective, validated cohort study of children aged under 16 years undergoing clean-contaminated, contaminated or dirty gastrointestinal surgery. Any hospital in the world providing paediatric surgery was eligible to contribute data between January and July 2016. The primary outcome was the incidence of SSI by 30 days. Relationships between explanatory variables and SSI were examined using multilevel logistic regression. Countries were stratified into high development, middle development and low development groups using the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI).ResultsOf 1159 children across 181 hospitals in 51 countries, 523 (45·1%) children were from high HDI, 397 (34·2%) from middle HDI and 239 (20·6%) from low HDI countries. The 30-day SSI rate was 6.3% (33/523) in high HDI, 12·8% (51/397) in middle HDI and 24·7% (59/239) in low HDI countries. SSI was associated with higher incidence of 30-day mortality, intervention, organ-space infection and other HAIs, with the highest rates seen in low HDI countries. Median length of stay in patients who had an SSI was longer (7.0 days), compared with 3.0 days in patients who did not have an SSI. Use of laparoscopy was associated with significantly lower SSI rates, even after accounting for HDI.ConclusionThe odds of SSI in children is nearly four times greater in low HDI compared with high HDI countries. Policies to reduce SSI should be prioritised as part of the wider global agenda.
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
| 11. |
- Abbafati, Cristiana, et al.
(författare)
-
- 2020
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 12. |
- Micah, Angela E., et al.
(författare)
-
Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19 : a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050
- 2021
-
Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 398:10308, s. 1317-1343
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached $8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total, $40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this, $13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and $1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4%) of the funds focused on country-level coordination and $2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7%) of COVID-19 development assistance for health went to Latin America, despite this region reporting 34.3% of total recorded COVID-19 deaths in low-income or middle-income countries in 2020. Spending on health is expected to rise to $1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
|
|
| 13. |
- Ademuyiwa, Adesoji O., et al.
(författare)
-
Determinants of morbidity and mortality following emergency abdominal surgery in children in low-income and middle-income countries
- 2016
-
Ingår i: BMJ Global Health. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2059-7908. ; 1:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Child health is a key priority on the global health agenda, yet the provision of essential and emergency surgery in children is patchy in resource-poor regions. This study was aimed to determine the mortality risk for emergency abdominal paediatric surgery in low-income countries globally.Methods: Multicentre, international, prospective, cohort study. Self-selected surgical units performing emergency abdominal surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive children aged <16 years during a 2-week period between July and December 2014. The United Nation's Human Development Index (HDI) was used to stratify countries. The main outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality, analysed by multilevel logistic regression.Results: This study included 1409 patients from 253 centres in 43 countries; 282 children were under 2 years of age. Among them, 265 (18.8%) were from low-HDI, 450 (31.9%) from middle-HDI and 694 (49.3%) from high-HDI countries. The most common operations performed were appendectomy, small bowel resection, pyloromyotomy and correction of intussusception. After adjustment for patient and hospital risk factors, child mortality at 30 days was significantly higher in low-HDI (adjusted OR 7.14 (95% CI 2.52 to 20.23), p<0.001) and middle-HDI (4.42 (1.44 to 13.56), p=0.009) countries compared with high-HDI countries, translating to 40 excess deaths per 1000 procedures performed.Conclusions: Adjusted mortality in children following emergency abdominal surgery may be as high as 7 times greater in low-HDI and middle-HDI countries compared with high-HDI countries. Effective provision of emergency essential surgery should be a key priority for global child health agendas.
|
|
| 14. |
- Stepniewska, Kasia, et al.
(författare)
-
Efficacy of single dose primaquine with artemisinin combination therapy on P. falciparum gametocytes and transmission : A WWARN individual patient meta-analysis.
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Journal of Infectious Diseases. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0022-1899 .- 1537-6613. ; 225:7, s. 1215-1226
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Since the World Health Organization recommended single low-dose (0.25mg/kg) primaquine (PQ) in combination with artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) in areas of low transmission or artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum, several single-site studies have been conducted to assess its efficacy.METHODS: An individual patient meta-analysis to assess the gametocytocidal and transmission-blocking efficacy of PQ used in combination with different ACTs was conducted. Random effects logistic regression was used to quantify PQ effect on (i) gametocyte carriage in the first two weeks post-treatment; (ii) the probability of infecting at least one mosquito or of a mosquito becoming infected.RESULTS: In 2,574 participants from fourteen studies, PQ reduced PCR-determined gametocyte carriage on days 7 and 14, most apparently in patients presenting with gametocytaemia on day 0 (Odds Ratio (OR)=0.22; 95%CI 0.17-0.28 and OR=0.12; 95%CI 0.08-0.16, respectively). The rate of decline in gametocyte carriage was faster when PQ was combined with artemether-lumefantrine (AL) compared to dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) (p=0.010 for day 7). Addition of 0.25mg/kg PQ was associated with near complete prevention of transmission to mosquitoes.CONCLUSION: Primaquine's transmission-blocking effects are achieved with 0.25 mg/kg PQ. Gametocyte persistence and infectivity are lower when PQ is combined with AL compared to DP.
|
|
| 15. |
- Ali, Magdi M. M., et al.
(författare)
-
Fc gamma RIIa (CD32) polymorphism and onchocercal skin disease : implications for the development of severe reactive onchodermatitis (ROD)
- 2007
-
Ingår i: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - Lawrence, Kans. : American society of tropical medicine and hygiene. - 0002-9637 .- 1476-1645. ; 77:6, s. 1074-8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The pathologic manifestations of Onchocerca volvulus infection depend on the interplay between the host and the parasite. A genetic single nucleotide polymorphism in the Fc gamma RIIa gene, resulting in arginine (R) or histidine (H) at position 131, affects the binding to the different IgG subclasses and may influence the clinical variations seen in onchocerciasis. This study investigated the relationship between this polymorphism and disease outcome. Fc gamma RIIa genotyping was performed on clinically characterized onchocerciasis patients (N = 100) and healthy controls (N = 74). Fc gamma RIIa genotype R/R131 frequencies were significantly higher among patients with severe dermatopathology (P < 0.001). Increased risk of developing this form was mostly associated with one tribe (Masalit) (OR = 3.2, 95% CI 1-9.9, P = 0.042). The H131 allele was found to be significantly associated with a reduced risk of having the severe form of the disease (adjusted OR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.13-0.46, P < 0.001). Our findings suggest that the polymorphism influences the clinical outcome of onchocerciasis.
|
|
| 16. |
- Efferth, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
-
Biopiracy versus One-World Medicine-From colonial relicts to global collaborative concepts
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Phytomedicine. - : Elsevier. - 0944-7113 .- 1618-095X. ; 53, s. 319-331
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Practices of biopiracy to use genetic resources and indigenous knowledge by Western companies without benefit-sharing of those, who generated the traditional knowledge, can be understood as form of neo-colonialism. Hypothesis: The One-World Medicine concept attempts to merge the best of traditional medicine from developing countries and conventional Western medicine for the sake of patients around the globe. Study design: Based on literature searches in several databases, a concept paper has been written. Legislative initiatives of the United Nations culminated in the Nagoya protocol aim to protect traditional knowledge and regulate benefit-sharing with indigenous communities. The European community adopted the Nagoya protocol, and the corresponding regulations will be implemented into national legislation among the member states. Despite pleasing progress, infrastructural problems of the health care systems in developing countries still remain. Current approaches to secure primary health care offer only fragmentary solutions at best. Conventional medicine from industrialized countries cannot be afforded by the impoverished population in the Third World. Confronted with exploding costs, even health systems in Western countries are endangered to burst. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is popular among the general public in industrialized countries, although the efficacy is not sufficiently proven according to the standards of evidence-based medicine. CAM is often available without prescription as over-the-counter products with non-calculated risks concerning erroneous self-medication and safety/toxicity issues. The concept of integrative medicine attempts to combine holistic CAM approaches with evidence-based principles of conventional medicine. Conclusion: To realize the concept of One-World Medicine, a number of standards have to be set to assure safety, efficacy and applicability of traditional medicine, e.g. sustainable production and quality control of herbal products, performance of placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trials, phytovigilance, as well as education of health professionals and patients.
|
|
| 17. |
- Alsharaeh, E. H., et al.
(författare)
-
Sol-Gel-Assisted Microwave-Derived Synthesis of Anatase Ag/TiO2/GO Nanohybrids toward Efficient Visible Light Phenol Degradation
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Catalysts. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4344. ; 7:5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A simple microwave-assisted (MWI) wet chemical route to synthesize pure anatase phase titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) is reported here using titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) as starting material. The as-prepared TiO2 NPs were characterized by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV/visible absorption spectroscopy, and infrared and Raman spectroscopic techniques. Further modification of the anatase TiO2 NPs was carried out by incorporating plasmonic silver (Ag) NPs and graphene oxide (GO) in order to enhance the visible light absorption. The photocatalytic activities of the anatase TiO2, Ag/TiO2, and Ag/TiO2/GO nanocomposites were evaluated under both ultraviolet (UV) and visible light irradiation using phenol as a model contaminant. The presence of Ag NPs was found to play a significant role to define the photocatalytic activity of the Ag/TiO2/GO nanocomposite. It was found that the Ag performed like a sink under UV excitation and stored photo-generated electrons from TiO2, whereas, under visible light excitation, the Ag acted as a photosensitizer enhancing the photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposite. The detailed mechanism was studied based on photocatalytic activities of Ag/TiO2/GO nanocomposites. Therefore, the as-prepared Ag/TiO2/GO nanocomposite was used as photocatalytic materials under both UV and visible light irradiation toward degradation of organic molecules.
|
|
| 18. |
- Balogun, Halima A., et al.
(författare)
-
Pf332-C231-reactive antibodies affect growth and development of intra-erythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum parasites
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Vaccine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-410X .- 1873-2518. ; 30:1, s. 21-28
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Plasmodium falciparum antigen 332 (Pf332), is a megadalton parasite protein expressed at the surface of infected red cells during later stages of the parasite's developmental cycle. Antibodies to different parts of this antigen have been shown to inhibit parasite growth and adherence to host cells with or without ancillary cells. However, the mechanisms involved in these inhibitions remain largely unknown. We further analysed the activities of specific antibodies with regard to their specific mechanisms of action. For these analyses, affinity purified human antibodies against epitopes in the C-terminal fragment of Pf332 (Pf332-C231) were employed. All purified antibodies recognized Pf332-C231 both by immunofluorescence and ELISA. IgG was the main antibody isotype detected, although all sera investigated had varying proportions of IgG and IgM content. All the antibodies showed a capacity to inhibit parasite growth in P. falciparum cultures to different extents, mainly by acting on the more mature parasite stages. Morphological analysis revealed the antibody effects to be characterized by the presence of a high proportion of abnormal schizonts (15-30%) and pyknotic parasites. There was also an apparent antibody effect on the red cell integrity, as many developing parasites (up to 10% of trophozoites and schizonts) were extracellular. In some cases, the infected red cells appeared to be disintegrating/fading, staining paler than surrounding infected and uninfected cells. Antigen reversal of inhibition confirmed that these inhibitions were antigen specific. Furthermore, the growth of parasites after 22-42 h exposure to antibodies was investigated. Following the removal of antibody pressure, a decreased growth rate of these parasites was seen compared to that of control parasites. The present study confirms the potential of Pf332 as a target antigen for parasite neutralizing antibodies, and further indicates that epitopes within the C231 region of Pf332 should constitute important tools in the dissection of the role of Pf332 in the biology of the malaria parasite, as well as in the design of a malaria vaccine.
|
|
| 19. |
- Beyerlein, Kenneth R., et al.
(författare)
-
Mix-and-diffuse serial synchrotron crystallography
- 2017
-
Ingår i: IUCrJ. - : INT UNION CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. - 2052-2525. ; 4:6, s. 769-777
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Unravelling the interaction of biological macromolecules with ligands and substrates at high spatial and temporal resolution remains a major challenge in structural biology. The development of serial crystallography methods at X-ray free-electron lasers and subsequently at synchrotron light sources allows new approaches to tackle this challenge. Here, a new polyimide tape drive designed for mix-and-diffuse serial crystallography experiments is reported. The structure of lysozyme bound by the competitive inhibitor chitotriose was determined using this device in combination with microfluidic mixers. The electron densities obtained from mixing times of 2 and 50 s show clear binding of chitotriose to the enzyme at a high level of detail. The success of this approach shows the potential for high-throughput drug screening and even structural enzymology on short timescales at bright synchrotron light sources.
|
|
| 20. |
- Bolad, Ahmed, et al.
(författare)
-
Distinct interethnic differences in IgG class/subclass and IgM antibody responses to malaria antigens but not in IgG responses to non-malarial antigens in sympatric tribes living in West Africa
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. - : Wiley. - 0300-9475 .- 1365-3083. ; 61:4, s. 380-386
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The well-established relative resistance to malaria observed in the Fulani ascompared with other sympatric tribes in West Africa has been attributed totheir higher levels of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies to malarialantigens. In this study, we confirm and extend the previous findings by analysesof the levels of IgM, IgG and IgG subclasses of anti-malarial antibodies inasymptomatic individuals of different sympatric tribes in Burkina Faso(Fulani/Mossi) and Mali (Fulani/Dogon). The Fulani showed significantlyhigher median concentrations of anti-malarial IgG and IgM antibodies thanthe sympatric tribes at both locations. Although the overall subclass pattern ofantibodies did not differ between the tribes, with IgG1 and IgG3 as dominant,the Fulani showed consistently significantly higher levels of these subclasses ascompared with those of the non-Fulani individuals. No significant differenceswere seen in the levels of total IgG between the tribes, but the Fulani showedsignificantly higher levels of total IgM than their neighbours in both countries.While the antibody levels to some nonmalarial antigens showed the same patternof differences seen for antibody levels to malaria antigens, no significant suchdifferences were seen with antibodies to other nonmalarial antigens. In conclusion,our results show that the Fulani in two different countries show higherlevels of anti-malarial antibodies than sympatric tribes, and this appears not tobe a reflection of a general hyper-reactivity in the Fulani.
|
|
| 21. |
- Bu, Ning, et al.
(författare)
-
Early Brain Volume Changes After Stroke : Subgroup Analysis From the AXIS-2 Trial
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Frontiers in Neurology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-2295. ; 12
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and Purpose: The evolution of total brain volume early after stroke is not well understood. We investigated the associations between age and imaging features and brain volume change in the first month after stroke. Methods: We retrospectively studied patients with acute ischemic stroke enrolled in the AXIS-2 trial. Total brain volume change from hyperacute MRI data to the first month after stroke was assessed using unified segmentation in SPM12. We hypothesized that age, ischemic brain lesion size, and white matter (WM) changes were associated with larger brain volume change. Enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVSs) and white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) were rated visually and the presence of lacunes was assessed. Results: We enrolled 173 patients with a mean age of 67 ± 11 years, 44% were women. There was a median 6 ml decrease in volume (25th percentile −1 ml to 75th percentile 21 ml) over time, equivalent to a median 0.5% (interquartile range [IQR], −0.07%−1.4%), decrease in brain volume. Age was associated with larger brain volume loss (per 10 years of age, 5 ml 95% CI 2–8 ml). Baseline diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) lesion volume was not associated with greater volume loss per 10 ml of lesion volume, change by 0 ml (95% CI −0.1 to 0.1 ml). Increasing Fazekas scores of deep WMH were associated with greater tissue loss (5 ml, 95% CI 1–10 ml). Conclusions: Total brain volume changes in a heterogenous fashion after stroke. Volume loss occurs over 1 month after stroke and is associated with age and deep WM disease. We did not find evidence that more severe strokes lead to increased early tissue loss.
|
|
| 22. |
- Bu, Ning, et al.
(författare)
-
Imaging Markers of Brain Frailty and Outcome in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Stroke. - 1524-4628. ; 52:3, s. 1004-1011
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Functional outcome after stroke may be related to preexisting brain health. Several imaging markers of brain frailty have been described including brain atrophy and markers of small vessel disease. We investigated the association of these imaging markers with functional outcome after acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: We retrospectively studied patients with acute ischemic stroke enrolled in the AXIS-2 trial (AX200 in Ischemic Stroke Trial), a randomized controlled clinical trial of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor versus placebo. We assessed the ratio of brain parenchymal volume to total intracerebral volumes (ie, the brain parenchymal fraction) and total brain volumes from routine baseline magnetic resonance imaging data obtained within 9 hours of symptom onset using the unified segmentation algorithm in SPM12. Enlarged perivascular spaces, white matter hyperintensities, lacunes, as well as a small vessel disease burden, were rated visually. Functional outcomes (modified Rankin Scale score) at day 90 were determined. Logistic regression was used to test associations between brain imaging features and functional outcomes. RESULTS: We enrolled 259 patients with a mean age of 69±12 years and 46 % were female. Increased brain parenchymal fraction was associated with higher odds of excellent outcome (odds ratio per percent increase, 1.078 [95% CI, 1.008-1.153]). Total brain volumes and small vessel disease burden were not associated with functional outcome. An interaction between brain parenchymal fraction and large vessel occlusion on excellent outcome was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Global brain health, as assessed by brain parenchymal fraction on magnetic resonance imaging, is associated with excellent functional outcome after ischemic stroke. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00927836.
|
|
| 23. |
|
|
| 24. |
- Farouk, Salah E., et al.
(författare)
-
Different antibody and cytokine-mediated responses to Plasmodium falciparum parasite in two sympatric ethnic tribes living in Mali
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Microbes and infection. - : Elsevier SAS. - 1286-4579 .- 1769-714X. ; 7:1, s. 110-117
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Fulani are known to be less susceptible to Plasmodium falciparum malaria infections and to have lower parasitaemia despite living under similar malaria transmission intensity compared with other ethnic tribes. The aim of the present study was to examine whether the Fulani were more polarised towards Th2 as reflected by higher numbers of malaria-specific IL-4- and IL-10-producing cells and lower numbers of IFN-γ- and IL-12-producing cells as compared to their neighbour ethnic tribe, the Dogon of Mali. Total IgE and both anti-malaria IgE and IgG antibodies were measured by ELISA and the numbers of IL-4-, IFN-γ-, IL-10- and IL-12-producing cells were enumerated using enzyme-linked ImmunoSpot assay (ELISPOT). Numbers of parasite clones were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The study was performed outside the transmission period and all individuals included were asymptomatic. The results revealed that the Fulani were less parasitised, had fewer circulating parasite clones in their blood, had significantly higher anti-malaria IgG and IgE antibodies and higher proportions of malaria-specific IL-4- and IFN-γ-producing cells compared to the Dogon. The higher antigen-specific production of IL-4 among the Fulani was statistically significant both before and after adjustment for level of spontaneous cytokine production, while greater IFN-γ production only attained statistical significance after adjustment for spontaneous levels. Taken together, the association of higher anti-malarial IgE and IgG antibodies and increased numbers of specific IL-4- and IFN-γ-producing cells compared to the ethnic sympatric tribe, the Dogon, may assist in explaining the lower susceptibility to malaria observed in the Fulani.
|
|
| 25. |
- Farouk, Salah E, et al.
(författare)
-
Gamma delta T cells inhibit in vitro growth of the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum by a granule exocytosis-dependent cytotoxic pathway that requires granulysin.
- 2004
-
Ingår i: European Journal of Immunology. - : Wiley. - 0014-2980 .- 1521-4141. ; 34:8, s. 2248-56
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several reports have stated the ability of gamma delta T cells to inhibit the growth of the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. However, little information is available about the mechanisms involved. In this study, in vitro systems were used to study the role of the granule exocytosis-dependent cytotoxic pathway in the growth inhibition/killing of P. falciparum by human gamma delta T cells. Our results show that the inhibition requires cell-to-cell contact and that gamma delta T cells kill the asexual blood stages of P. falciparum through a granule exocytosis-dependent cytotoxic pathway after recognition of certain ligands or molecules expressed on the surface of infected erythrocytes or merozoites. The in vitro inhibitory capacity of gamma delta T cells was strongly correlated with the expression of granulysin in the cytotoxic granules, while non-inhibitory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressed very little, implicating a role for granulysin in parasite inhibition. This was further suggested by the addition of neutralizing anti-granulysin antibodies, which abrogated the parasite inhibitory capacity of the gamma delta T cells. Taken together, our results suggest that the capacity of gamma delta T cells for inhibition/killing of P. falciparum is based on the granule exocytosis-dependent cytotoxic pathway and that the presence of granulysin is essential to maintain efficient killing.
|
|
| 26. |
|
|
| 27. |
|
|
| 28. |
- Khairan, Hadeel E., et al.
(författare)
-
Examination of Single- and Hybrid-Based Metaheuristic Algorithms in ANN Reference Evapotranspiration Estimating
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 15:19
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hydrological resource management, including crop watering and irrigation scheduling, relies on reliable estimates of reference evapotranspiration (ETo). However, previous studies of forecasting ETo have not dealt with comparing single and hybrid metaheuristic algorithms in much detail. This study aims to assess the efficiency of a novel methodology to simulate univariate monthly ETo estimates using an artificial neural network (ANN) integrated with the hybrid particle swarm optimisation–grey wolf optimiser algorithm (PSOGWO). Several state-of-the-art algorithms, including constriction coefficient-based particle swarm optimisation and chaotic gravitational search algorithms (CPSOCGSA), the slime mould algorithm (SMA), the marine predators algorithm (MPA) and the modified PSO algorithm were used to evaluate PSOGWO’s prediction accuracy. Monthly meteorological data were collected in Al-Kut City (1990 to 2020) and used for model training, testing and validation. The results indicate that pre-processing techniques can improve raw data quality and may also suggest the best predictors scenario. That said, all models can be considered efficient with acceptable simulation levels. However, the PSOGWO-ANN model slightly outperformed the other techniques based on several statistical tests (e.g., a coefficient of determination of 0.99). The findings can contribute to better management of water resources in Al-Kut City, an agricultural region that produces wheat in Iraq and is under the stress of climate change.
|
|
| 29. |
- Khairan, Hadeel E., et al.
(författare)
-
Parameter Optimisation-Based Hybrid Reference Evapotranspiration Prediction Models: A Systematic Review of Current Implementations and Future Research Directions
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Atmosphere. - : MDPI. - 2073-4433. ; 14:1
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- A hybrid machine learning (ML) model is becoming a common trend in predicting reference evapotranspiration (ETo) research. This study aims to systematically review ML models that are integrated with meta-heuristic algorithms (i.e., parameter optimisation-based hybrid models, OBH) for predicting ETo data. Over five years, from 2018–2022, the articles published in three reliable databases, including Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and IEEE Xplore, were considered. According to the protocol search, 1485 papers were selected. After three filters were applied, the final set contained 33 papers related to the nominated topic. The final set of papers was categorised into five groups. The first group, swarm intelligence-based algorithms, had the highest proportion of papers, (23/33) and was superior to all other algorithms. The second group (evolution computation-based algorithms), third group (physics-based algorithms), fourth group (hybrid-based algorithms), and fifth group (reviews and surveys) had (4/33), (1/33), (2/33), and (3/33), respectively. However, researchers have not treated OBH models in much detail, and there is still room for improvement by investigating both newly single and hybrid meta-heuristic algorithms. Finally, this study hopes to assist researchers in understanding the options and gaps in this line of research.
|
|
| 30. |
- Knoška, Juraj, et al.
(författare)
-
Ultracompact 3D microfluidics for time-resolved structural biology
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 11
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To advance microfluidic integration, we present the use of two-photon additive manufacturing to fold 2D channel layouts into compact free-form 3D fluidic circuits with nanometer precision. We demonstrate this technique by tailoring microfluidic nozzles and mixers for time-resolved structural biology at X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs). We achieve submicron jets with speeds exceeding 160 m s−1, which allows for the use of megahertz XFEL repetition rates. By integrating an additional orifice, we implement a low consumption flow-focusing nozzle, which is validated by solving a hemoglobin structure. Also, aberration-free in operando X-ray microtomography is introduced to study efficient equivolumetric millisecond mixing in channels with 3D features integrated into the nozzle. Such devices can be printed in minutes by locally adjusting print resolution during fabrication. This technology has the potential to permit ultracompact devices and performance improvements through 3D flow optimization in all fields of microfluidic engineering.
|
|
| 31. |
- Potapov, Anton M., et al.
(författare)
-
Global fine-resolution data on springtail abundance and community structure
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Scientific Data. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2052-4463. ; 11:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Springtails (Collembola) inhabit soils from the Arctic to the Antarctic and comprise an estimated ~32% of all terrestrial arthropods on Earth. Here, we present a global, spatially-explicit database on springtail communities that includes 249,912 occurrences from 44,999 samples and 2,990 sites. These data are mainly raw sample-level records at the species level collected predominantly from private archives of the authors that were quality-controlled and taxonomically-standardised. Despite covering all continents, most of the sample-level data come from the European continent (82.5% of all samples) and represent four habitats: woodlands (57.4%), grasslands (14.0%), agrosystems (13.7%) and scrublands (9.0%). We included sampling by soil layers, and across seasons and years, representing temporal and spatial within-site variation in springtail communities. We also provided data use and sharing guidelines and R code to facilitate the use of the database by other researchers. This data paper describes a static version of the database at the publication date, but the database will be further expanded to include underrepresented regions and linked with trait data.
|
|
| 32. |
- Prasciolu, Mauro, et al.
(författare)
-
On the use of multilayer Laue lenses with X-ray free electron lasers
- 2021
-
Ingår i: International Conference on X-Ray Lasers 2020. - : SPIE. - 1996-756X .- 0277-786X. - 9781510646186 ; 11886
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on the use of multilayer Laue lenses to focus the intense X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) beam at the European XFEL to a spot size of a few tens of nanometers. We present the procedure to align and characterize these lenses and discuss challenges working with the pulse trains from this unique X-ray source.
|
|
| 33. |
- Stepniewska, Kasia, et al.
(författare)
-
Safety of single-dose primaquine as a Plasmodium falciparum gametocytocide : a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data
- 2022
-
Ingår i: BMC Medicine. - : Springer Nature. - 1741-7015. ; 20:1
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundIn 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended single low-dose (SLD, 0.25 mg/kg) primaquine to be added as a Plasmodium (P.) falciparum gametocytocide to artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) without glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) testing, to accelerate malaria elimination efforts and avoid the spread of artemisinin resistance. Uptake of this recommendation has been relatively slow primarily due to safety concerns.MethodsA systematic review and individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis of single-dose (SD) primaquine studies for P. falciparum malaria were performed. Absolute and fractional changes in haemoglobin concentration within a week and adverse effects within 28 days of treatment initiation were characterised and compared between primaquine and no primaquine arms using random intercept models.ResultsData comprised 20 studies that enrolled 6406 participants, of whom 5129 (80.1%) had received a single target dose of primaquine ranging between 0.0625 and 0.75 mg/kg. There was no effect of primaquine in G6PD-normal participants on haemoglobin concentrations. However, among 194 G6PD-deficient African participants, a 0.25 mg/kg primaquine target dose resulted in an additional 0.53 g/dL (95% CI 0.17-0.89) reduction in haemoglobin concentration by day 7, with a 0.27 (95% CI 0.19-0.34) g/dL haemoglobin drop estimated for every 0.1 mg/kg increase in primaquine dose. Baseline haemoglobin, young age, and hyperparasitaemia were the main determinants of becoming anaemic (Hb < 10 g/dL), with the nadir observed on ACT day 2 or 3, regardless of G6PD status and exposure to primaquine. Time to recovery from anaemia took longer in young children and those with baseline anaemia or hyperparasitaemia. Serious adverse haematological events after primaquine were few (9/3, 113, 0.3%) and transitory. One blood transfusion was reported in the primaquine arms, and there were no primaquine-related deaths. In controlled studies, the proportions with either haematological or any serious adverse event were similar between primaquine and no primaquine arms.ConclusionsOur results support the WHO recommendation to use 0.25 mg/kg of primaquine as a P. falciparum gametocytocide, including in G6PD-deficient individuals. Although primaquine is associated with a transient reduction in haemoglobin levels in G6PD-deficient individuals, haemoglobin levels at clinical presentation are the major determinants of anaemia in these patients.
|
|
| 34. |
- Vamvakidou, Anastasia, et al.
(författare)
-
Clinical Value of Stress Transaortic Flow Rate During Dobutamine Echocardiography in Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction, Low-Gradient Aortic Stenosis : A Multicenter Study
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging. - 1941-9651 .- 1942-0080. ; 14:11
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Low rest transaortic flow rate (FR) has been shown previously to predict mortality in low-gradient aortic stenosis. However limited prognostic data exists on stress FR during low-dose dobutamine stress echocardiography. We aimed to assess the value of stress FR for the detection of aortic valve stenosis (AS) severity and the prediction of mortality.METHODS: This is a multicenter cohort study of patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and low-gradient aortic stenosis (aortic valve area <1 cm2 and mean gradient <40 mm Hg) who underwent low-dose dobutamine stress echocardiography to identify the AS severity and presence of flow reserve. The outcome assessed was all-cause mortality.RESULTS: Of the 287 patients (mean age, 75±10 years; males, 71%; left ventricular ejection fraction, 31±10%) over a mean follow-up of 24±30 months there were 127 (44.3%) deaths and 147 (51.2%) patients underwent aortic valve intervention. Higher stress FR was independently associated with reduced risk of mortality (hazard ratio, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.94-0.99]; P=0.01) after adjusting for age, chronic kidney disease, heart failure symptoms, aortic valve intervention, and rest left ventricular ejection fraction. The minimum cutoff for prediction of mortality was stress FR 210 mL/s. Following adjustment to the same important clinical and echocardiographic parameters, among the three criteria of AS severity during stress, ie, the guideline definition of aortic valve area <1cm2 and aortic valve mean gradient ≥40 mm Hg, or aortic valve mean gradient ≥40 mm Hg, or the novel definition of aortic valve area <1 cm2 at stress FR ≥210 mL/s, only the latter was independently associated with mortality (hazard ratio, 1.72 [95% CI, 1.05-2.82]; P=0.03). Furthermore aortic valve area <1cm2 at stress FR ≥210 mL/s was the only severe aortic stenosis criterion that was associated with improved outcome following aortic valve intervention (P<0.001). Guideline-defined stroke volume flow reserve did not predict mortality.CONCLUSIONS: Stress FR during low-dose dobutamine stress echocardiography was useful for the detection of both AS severity and flow reserve and was associated with improved prediction of outcome following aortic valve intervention.
|
|
| 35. |
|
|
| 36. |
|
|
