| 1. |
- Kassa, Habtemariam, et al.
(författare)
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Building future scenarios and uncovering persisting challenges of participatory forest management in Chilimo Forest, Central Ethiopia
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 90:2, s. 1004-1013
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examined the changes in forest status and people's livelihoods through building future scenarios for Chilimo Forest in Central Ethiopia where participatory forest management (PFM) is being implemented. Participatory methods were employed to collect data, and a dynamic modeling technique was applied to explore trends over time. By integrating the more quantitative model outputs with qualitative insights, information on forests and livelihoods was summarized and returned to users, both to inform them and get feedback. A scenario of open access without PFM provides higher income benefits in the short term but not over the longer term, as compared to a scenario with PFM. Follow up meetings were organized with national decision makers to explore the possibility of new provisions in the national forest proclamation related to joint community-state ownership of forests. Project implementers must constantly work towards improving short term incentives from PFM, as these may be insufficient to garner Support for PFM. Other necessary elements for PFM to succeed include: ensuring active participation of the communities in the process: and, clarifying and harmonizing the rules and regulations at different levels.
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| 2. |
- Allard, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Demands on monitoring
- 2023
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Ingår i: Monitoring Biodiversity : Combining Environmental and Social Data. - London : Routledge. - 9781032015934 ; , s. 34-58
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter provides a short overview of the types of processes for reporting as well as legislation that governs why and how monitoring is undertaken and some of the ways in which stakeholders are involved at different levels. Because monitoring for the policy side is, by default, mandated monitoring, this type becomes the focus of this chapter, while noting that many policies and legislation may have been prompted by the results of question-driven monitoring, pointing out areas of concern. In fact, the iterative process of monitoring, analysis, and reporting to a government that, in turn, changes the policies to better fit concerns or issues needing addressing can be seen as a co-development.Whereas the previous chapter illustrated what monitoring is, this chapter illustrates some of the demands on monitoring in legislation and policy, where they outline what monitoring is asked to contribute. The chapter reviews legislation on the global scene, on the community level of the European Union, and at national levels in the areas of water bodies and semi-aquatic, agricultural, urban, and forested semi-natural or natural landscapes.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Garedew, Efrem, et al.
(författare)
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A Dynamic Simulation Model of Land-Use, Population, and Rural Livelihoods in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia
- 2012
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Ingår i: Environmental Management. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0364-152X .- 1432-1009. ; 49, s. 151-162
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dynamic interactions between society and land resources have to be taken into account when planning and managing natural resources. A computer model, using STELLA software, was developed through active participation of purposively selected farm households from different wealth groups, age groups and gender within a rural community and some members of Kebelle council. The aim of the modeling was to study the perceived changes in land-use, population and livelihoods over the next 30 years and to improve our understanding of the interactions among them. The modeling output is characterized by rapid population growth, declining farm size and household incomes, deteriorating woody vegetation cover and worsening land degradation if current conditions remain. However, through integrated intervention strategies (including forest increase, micro-finance, family planning, health and education) the woody vegetation cover is likely to increase in the landscape, population growth is likely to slow down and households' income is likely to improve. A validation assessment of the simulation model based on historical data on land-use and population from 1973 to 2006 showed that the model is relatively robust. We conclude that as a supporting tool, the simulation model can contribute to the decision making process.
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| 5. |
- Garedew, Efrem, et al.
(författare)
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Land-Use and Land-Cover Dynamics in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia
- 2009
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Ingår i: Environmental Management. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0364-152X .- 1432-1009. ; 44, s. 683-694
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding the complexity of land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes and their driving forces and impacts on human and environmental security is important for the planning of natural resource management and associated decision making. This study combines and compares participatory field point sampling (pfps) and remote sensing to explore local LULC dynamics. The study was conducted in two peasant associations located in the central Ethiopian Rift Valley, which is a dry-land mixed farming area exposed to rapid deforestation. From 1973-2006, the area of cropland doubled at the expense of woodland and wooded-grassland in both of the study sites. Major deforestation and forest degradation took place from 1973-1986; woodland cover declined from 40% to 9% in one of the study sites, while the other lost all of its original 54% woodland cover. Our study concludes that assessing LULC dynamics using a combination of remote sensing and pfps is a valuable approach. The two methods revealed similar LULC trends, while the pfps provided additional details on how farmers view the changes. This study documents dramatic trends in LULC over time, associated with rapid population growth, recurrent drought, rainfall variability and declining crop productivity. The alarming nature of these trends is reflected in a decrease in the livelihood security of local communities and in environmental degradation. Given these dry-land conditions, there are few opportunities to improve livelihoods and environmental security without external support. If negative changes are to be halted, action must be taken, including building asset bases, instituting family planning services, and creating opportunities outside these marginal environments.
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| 6. |
- Haraldsson, Anders, 1946-
(författare)
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A program manipulation system based on partial evaluation
- 1977
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Program manipulation is the task to perform transformations on program code, and is normally done in order to optimize the code with respect of the utilization of some computer resource. Partial evaluation is the task when partial computations can be performed in a program before it is actually executed. If a parameter to a procedure is constant a specialized version of that procedure can be generated if the constant is inserted instead of the parameter in the procedure body and as much computations in the code as possible are performed.A system is described which works on programs written in INTERLISP, and which performs partial evaluation together with other transformations such as beta-expansion and certain other optimization operations. The system works on full LISP and not only for a "pure" LISP dialect, and deals with problems occurring there involving side-effects, variable assignments etc. An analysis of a previous system, REDFUN, results in a list of problems, desired extensions and new features. This is used as a basis for a new design, resulting in a new implementation, REDFUN-2. This implementation, design considerations, constraints in the system, remaining problems, and other experience from the development and experiments with the system are reported in this paper.
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| 7. |
- Sahilu, Mersha, et al.
(författare)
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From self-subsistence farm production to khat: driving forces of change in Ethiopian agroforestry homegardens
- 2016
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Ingår i: Environmental Conservation. - 0376-8929 .- 1469-4387. ; 43, s. 263-272
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- SUMMARY Traditional agroforestry homegardens deliver multiple products and benefits, including food security and livelihoods for rural households in Ethiopia. However, this land use has been changing towards monoculture production of khat (Catha edulis). This study analyses the development trajectories and causes of change in agroforestry homegardens. In total, 84 interviews, including key informant and semistructured household interviews, and eight focus group discussions were conducted in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Regional State. It was found that khat production was increasing regardless of household wealth status. The proximate causes included better financial income for households, smaller sizes of farms due to farm land redistribution, favourable market conditions for khat, access to irrigation, decrease in governmental subsidies to buy fertilizer and quality seeds for food crop production, a positive experience of other farmers in khat production, and minimizing risks of theft and wildlife damage. Khat production challenges the implementation of national policies towards eradication of poverty and hunger.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Sandewall, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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An Approach for Assessing Changes of Forest Land Use, Their Drivers, and Their Impact to Society and Environment
- 2015
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Ingår i: Precious Forests - Precious Earth. - : InTech. - 9789535121756 ; , s. 259-277
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Globalization, urbanization, and new policies are changing land use, environment, and rural life. Policy makers need means to understand changes and their impacts for making wise decisions. This paper explores a methodological landscape-level approach for assessment and monitoring of changes in land use, forest cover and society, its drivers and impacts. It is based upon experience from case studies in Asia and Africa. The paper suggests that such approaches should address major issues of land use change including its drivers and impacts, generate policy relevant and accurate information, be cost-efficient and practical to implement, make appropriate use of modern knowledge, and engage stakeholders and decision makers. Technically, the approaches should cover all land types, objectively describe current land use and trends, enable verification, and be robust and flexible to address upcoming needs. The approach combines participatory field point sampling for estimating land use trends with remote sensing and GIS, household and key informant interviews for obtaining socio-economic and other information, and meetings with farmers and decision makers for feed-back and discussing policy issues. It illustrates that land use assessments for policy purposes can be developed to meet proposed requirements by combining different techniques and involving local stakeholders in inventory processes.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Sandewall, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Policies to promote household based plantation forestry and their impacts on livelihoods and the environment: cases from Ethiopia, China, Vietnam and Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Forestry Review. - : Commonwealth Forestry Association. - 1465-5489 .- 2053-7778. ; 17, s. 98-111
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The growing economies in the South, market globalization, population growth, social conflicts and climate change increase the strain on land and forest resources, and require a cost effective and ecologically sound production of goods and services to meet public needs. Based on global assessment data, four country level (Ethiopia, China, Vietnam, Sweden) and six local case studies and using a multi-scale approach, this paper examines trends and drivers in household based plantation forestry and reviews how policies affecting forest plantation and land use are interpreted and implemented at the local level. It discusses how sustainable forestry systems and policies can be developed which provide industrial supplies, promote environmental objectives and support the livelihoods of people. Besides reflecting characteristics and diversity of current trends in plantation forestry, the paper illustrates that local landscape studies could help in explaining trends revealed by national inventories in a way relevant to policy and research.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Sandewall, Mats
(författare)
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Swedish support to forestry education in Ethiopia – what was the outcome?
- 2015
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Ingår i: Fakta. Skog. - 1400-7789.
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Sweden and other Nordic countries have invested a large sum of aid-money to build up forest academic education in Africa. The Norwegian support to Sokoine University of Agriculture in Tanzania and the Swedish investment in Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources in Ethiopia are the foremost examples. The purpose was to build forestry competence in order to strengthen the country's forestry sector. In recent years there has been an increased emphasis on institutional development and integration in the national university system. The number of students attending the various courses at Wondo Genet has increased in line with educational policy initiatives, but the competition for available places in the forestry programmes has decreased in recent years. The forestry competence has increased at all academic levels in the country as a result of the Sida/SLU support programme. The proportion of female graduated students, which was previously very small, has increased but it is still rather low. Increased globalisation, integration of the College into the educational system of the country and the phasing out of the Swedish bilateral aid-programme has shifted the focus from large-scale production forestry towards other values of the forest, and increased the emphasis on a sustainable management of natural resources. The landscape around Wondo Genet has been drastically transformed. A new insight, that trends in society influence forest status and living conditions, has been created as a result of various factors such as deforestation, increased population pressure, land use conflicts, changing farming systems, urbanization and climate change. As a consequence, the research direction has partially changed.
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| 15. |
- Sandewall, Mats
(författare)
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The Expansion of Farm-Based Plantation Forestry in Vietnam
- 2010
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Ingår i: AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 39, s. 567-579
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study targets plantation forestry by farm households (small holders), which is increasing globally and most rapidly in China and Vietnam. By use of an interdisciplinary approach on three study sites in Vietnam, we examined the trends in farmers' tree planting over time, the various pre-requisites for farm-based plantation forestry and its impact on rural people's livelihood strategies, socio-economic status, income and security. The findings indicated a change from subsistence to cash-based household economy, diversification of farmers' incomes and a transformation of the landscape from mainly natural forests, via deforestation and shifting cultivation, to a landscape dominated by farm-based plantations. The trend of transformation, over a period of some 30 years, towards cash crops and forestry was induced by a combination of policy, market, institutional, infrastructural and other conditions and the existence of professional farming communities, and was most rapid close to the industrial market.
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| 16. |
- Sandewall, Mats
(författare)
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Wood Fuel Demand and Sustainability of Supply in South-Western Ethiopia, Case of Jimma Town
- 2009
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Ingår i: Research Journal of Forestry. - : Science Alert. - 1819-3439. ; 3, s. 29-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study was aimed to evaluate impact of wood harvesting for fuel and its ultimate effect on the sustainability of the forest resources in the study area in the year 2004. To estimate on level of wood fuel consumption, data was collected from stratified and randomly interviewed urban and rural households and non-household sectors using semi-structured survey questionnaire. Harvesting for fuel wood was estimated at established check points and measuring on the amount of inflow to the town. Forest inventory was also executed to estimate on the amount of growing stock and its incremental yields by land use types. The finding revealed as the actual harvest for fuel was 3 times the annual allowable yield from the forest and trees outside forest for fuel. Harvesting above allowable annual cut degrade the forest ecosystem quality which imply local forest product crises, loss of biological diversity and contribute to expand desertification globally. Therefore, efforts need be done to reduce harvesting below annual incremental yields since in this case it is assumed that the standing stock remains untouched and the wood fuel supply is sustainable
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| 17. |
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