| 1. |
- Di Angelantonio, Emanuele, et al.
(författare)
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Association of Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity With Mortality : The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). - : American Medical Association (AMA). - 0098-7484 .- 1538-3598. ; 314:1, s. 52-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- IMPORTANCE The prevalence of cardiometabolic multimorbidity is increasing.OBJECTIVE To estimate reductions in life expectancy associated with cardiometabolic multimorbidity.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Age-and sex-adjusted mortality rates and hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using individual participant data from the Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration (689 300 participants; 91 cohorts; years of baseline surveys: 1960-2007; latest mortality follow-up: April 2013; 128 843 deaths). The HRs from the Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration were compared with those from the UK Biobank (499 808 participants; years of baseline surveys: 2006-2010; latest mortality follow-up: November 2013; 7995 deaths). Cumulative survival was estimated by applying calculated age-specific HRs for mortality to contemporary US age-specific death rates. EXPOSURES A history of 2 or more of the following: diabetes mellitus, stroke, myocardial infarction (MI).MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES All-cause mortality and estimated reductions in life expectancy.RESULTS In participants in the Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration without a history of diabetes, stroke, or MI at baseline (reference group), the all-cause mortality rate adjusted to the age of 60 years was 6.8 per 1000 person-years. Mortality rates per 1000 person-years were 15.6 in participants with a history of diabetes, 16.1 in those with stroke, 16.8 in those with MI, 32.0 in those with both diabetes and MI, 32.5 in those with both diabetes and stroke, 32.8 in those with both stroke and MI, and 59.5 in those with diabetes, stroke, and MI. Compared with the reference group, the HRs for all-cause mortality were 1.9 (95% CI, 1.8-2.0) in participants with a history of diabetes, 2.1 (95% CI, 2.0-2.2) in those with stroke, 2.0 (95% CI, 1.9-2.2) in those with MI, 3.7 (95% CI, 3.3-4.1) in those with both diabetes and MI, 3.8 (95% CI, 3.5-4.2) in those with both diabetes and stroke, 3.5 (95% CI, 3.1-4.0) in those with both stroke and MI, and 6.9 (95% CI, 5.7-8.3) in those with diabetes, stroke, and MI. The HRs from the Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration were similar to those from the more recently recruited UK Biobank. The HRs were little changed after further adjustment for markers of established intermediate pathways (eg, levels of lipids and blood pressure) and lifestyle factors (eg, smoking, diet). At the age of 60 years, a history of any 2 of these conditions was associated with 12 years of reduced life expectancy and a history of all 3 of these conditions was associated with 15 years of reduced life expectancy.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Mortality associated with a history of diabetes, stroke, or MI was similar for each condition. Because any combination of these conditions was associated with multiplicative mortality risk, life expectancy was substantially lower in people with multimorbidity.
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| 2. |
- Lembrechts, Jonas J., et al.
(författare)
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SoilTemp : A global database of near-surface temperature
- 2020
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 26:11, s. 6616-6629
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Current analyses and predictions of spatially explicit patterns and processes in ecology most often rely on climate data interpolated from standardized weather stations. This interpolated climate data represents long-term average thermal conditions at coarse spatial resolutions only. Hence, many climate-forcing factors that operate at fine spatiotemporal resolutions are overlooked. This is particularly important in relation to effects of observation height (e.g. vegetation, snow and soil characteristics) and in habitats varying in their exposure to radiation, moisture and wind (e.g. topography, radiative forcing or cold-air pooling). Since organisms living close to the ground relate more strongly to these microclimatic conditions than to free-air temperatures, microclimatic ground and near-surface data are needed to provide realistic forecasts of the fate of such organisms under anthropogenic climate change, as well as of the functioning of the ecosystems they live in. To fill this critical gap, we highlight a call for temperature time series submissions to SoilTemp, a geospatial database initiative compiling soil and near-surface temperature data from all over the world. Currently, this database contains time series from 7,538 temperature sensors from 51 countries across all key biomes. The database will pave the way toward an improved global understanding of microclimate and bridge the gap between the available climate data and the climate at fine spatiotemporal resolutions relevant to most organisms and ecosystem processes.
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| 3. |
- Furukawa, Toshi A., et al.
(författare)
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Dismantling, optimising, and personalising internet cognitive behavioural therapy for depression : a systematic review and component network meta-analysis using individual data
- 2021
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Ingår i: Lancet psychiatry. - London, United Kingdom : Elsevier. - 2215-0374 .- 2215-0366. ; 8:6, s. 500-511
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Findings We identified 76 RCTs, including 48 trials contributing individual participant data (11 704 participants) and 28 trials with aggregate data (6474 participants). The participants' weighted mean age was 42.0 years and 12 406 (71%) of 17 521 reported were women. There was suggestive evidence that behavioural activation might be beneficial (iMD -1.83 [95% credible interval (CrI) -2.90 to -0.80]) and that relaxation might be harmful (1.20 [95% CrI 0.17 to 2.27]). Baseline severity emerged as the strongest prognostic factor for endpoint depression. Combining human and automated encouragement reduced dropouts from treatment (incremental odds ratio, 0.32 [95% CrI 0.13 to 0.93]). The risk of bias was low for the randomisation process, missing outcome data, or selection of reported results in most of the included studies, uncertain for deviation from intended interventions, and high for measurement of outcomes. There was moderate to high heterogeneity among the studies and their components. 511
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| 4. |
- Lacy, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Cell-specific and divergent roles of the CD40L-CD40 axis in atherosclerotic vascular disease
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Atherosclerosis is a major underlying cause of cardiovascular disease. Previous studies showed that inhibition of the co-stimulatory CD40 ligand (CD40L)-CD40 signaling axis profoundly attenuates atherosclerosis. As CD40L exerts multiple functions depending on the cell-cell interactions involved, we sought to investigate the function of the most relevant CD40L-expressing cell types in atherosclerosis: T cells and platelets. Atherosclerosis-prone mice with a CD40L-deficiency in CD4+ T cells display impaired Th1 polarization, as reflected by reduced interferon-γ production, and smaller atherosclerotic plaques containing fewer T-cells, smaller necrotic cores, an increased number of smooth muscle cells and thicker fibrous caps. Mice with a corresponding CD40-deficiency in CD11c+ dendritic cells phenocopy these findings, suggesting that the T cell-dendritic cell CD40L-CD40 axis is crucial in atherogenesis. Accordingly, sCD40L/sCD40 and interferon-γ concentrations in carotid plaques and plasma are positively correlated in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Platelet-specific deficiency of CD40L does not affect atherogenesis but ameliorates atherothrombosis. Our results establish divergent and cell-specific roles of CD40L-CD40 in atherosclerosis, which has implications for therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway.
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| 5. |
- M. Sanne, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Koldioxidutsläpp från arbetsmaskiner kan minskas genom hållbara affärsmodeller
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Utsläppen från användning av entreprenadmaskiner utgör en stor del av koldioxidutsläppen i samhället enligt en rapport från Ingenjörsvetenskapsakademien. I den här rapporten beskriver vi ett koncept för en affärsmodell för användning av entreprenadmaskiner som stödjer minskningen av koldioxidutsläpp på olika sätt och samtidigt är företagsekonomiskt lönsamt. Rapporten baseras på ett projekt med finansiering från Construction Climate Challenge (ett initiativ från Volvo Construction Equipment) samt Stiftelsen IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet. Projektet genomfördes under oktober 2014-juni 2015. Vi vill tacka samtliga intervjupersoner för deras insats i projektet. För en fullständig redovisning av projektet hänvisar vi till en kommande vetenskaplig artikel.
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| 6. |
- Parma, Valentina, et al.
(författare)
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More Than Smell—COVID-19 Is Associated With Severe Impairment of Smell, Taste, and Chemesthesis
- 2020
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Ingår i: Chemical Senses. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0379-864X .- 1464-3553. ; 45:7, s. 609-622
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent anecdotal and scientific reports have provided evidence of a link between COVID-19 and chemosensory impairments, such as anosmia. However, these reports have downplayed or failed to distinguish potential effects on taste, ignored chemesthesis, and generally lacked quantitative measurements. Here, we report the development, implementation, and initial results of a multilingual, international questionnaire to assess self-reported quantity and quality of perception in 3 distinct chemosensory modalities (smell, taste, and chemesthesis) before and during COVID-19. In the first 11 days after questionnaire launch, 4039 participants (2913 women, 1118 men, and 8 others, aged 19–79) reported a COVID-19 diagnosis either via laboratory tests or clinical assessment. Importantly, smell, taste, and chemesthetic function were each significantly reduced compared to their status before the disease. Difference scores (maximum possible change ±100) revealed a mean reduction of smell (−79.7 ± 28.7, mean ± standard deviation), taste (−69.0 ± 32.6), and chemesthetic (−37.3 ± 36.2) function during COVID-19. Qualitative changes in olfactory ability (parosmia and phantosmia) were relatively rare and correlated with smell loss. Importantly, perceived nasal obstruction did not account for smell loss. Furthermore, chemosensory impairments were similar between participants in the laboratory test and clinical assessment groups. These results show that COVID-19-associated chemosensory impairment is not limited to smell but also affects taste and chemesthesis. The multimodal impact of COVID-19 and the lack of perceived nasal obstruction suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus strain 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may disrupt sensory-neural mechanisms.
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| 7. |
- Walther, G, et al.
(författare)
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Report on challenges for SCIs
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report discusses the challenges posed by four types of threats – terrorist attacks, cyber-attacks, extreme weather and social unrest – on the following eight smart critical infrastructure systems:a.ALPHA - Finance (financial system): The analysis focuses on disturbed information flow and disabling/manipulating IT and communication systems, including attacks on the “physical layer” using the example of IEMI/HPEM threats, as well as the software layer.b. BRAVO - Energy supply (system): The analysis focuses on disruption of “smart” energy supply in a “smart city”, caused by natural hazards, in this case flooding, leading to cascading effects and severe consequences for other energy-depending SCIs.c. CHARLIE - Health care (system):Focus of the analysis is on all threats that might cause large increases in the numbers of injuries or sick patients within a densely populated area. This will include indirect impacts, e.g. large numbers of injuries caused by a disaster or terrorist attacks or disease epidemics, but also direct impacts, e.g. service disruptions in critical health infrastructures, such as hospitals, due to attacks or disasters hitting the infrastructure itself.d.DELTA - Transportation (system) – airports: According to the framework situation, threats on Smart Airports will be assessed under circumstances of (i) blocked traffic, (ii) passenger and airplane traffic exceeding capacity (iii) flood.e. ECHO - Industry (in zones in cities) "Industrial Production Plants":The analysis focuses mainly on technological accidents within the refinery complex, but also accidents caused by natural hazards affecting refinery property outside the main refinery complex, e.g. accident on jetty belonging to refinery on the river Danube during unloading/loading oil products from barge to a tank, damages by a gale or storm on process installations (pipes, hoses) resulting in river pollution. Both scenarios could lead to cascading effects for other SCIs in close vicinity.f. FOXTROT - Water supply (systems): The analysis focuses on three cases of local and regional drinking water supply chains, with different kinds of vulnerabilities in terms of climate threats, ICT challenges, security issues and human error.g.GOLF - Urban flood protection (systems): The analysis focuses in the disruption of water and transport caused through tidal and fluvial flooding events.h. HOTEL: City of Helsinki - Flooding underground coal storage. Resilience of the energy infrastructure (city environment).The way this analysis was conducted was by assessing these threats using a 5x5 framework matrix. The two axes of the matrix were phases (understand risks, anticipate/prepare, absorb/withstand, respond/recover, adapt/learn) and dimensions (system/physical, information/data, organizational/business, societal/political, cognitive/decision-making).Each individual matrix block was discussed by subject experts who identified specific challenges and implications for each matrix element and rated its relevance (high, medium, low).In terms of the results, the system/physical dimension received the highest number of important challenges.Overall, the most important singular element was to understand risks in the organizational/business dimension. The least importance was attributed to the adapt/learn phase.
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| 8. |
- Sanne, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Recommendations for future development of technologies for water management
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A challenge describes both opportunities and barriers, and an enabler provides means to manage achallenge.The framework for the deliverable is based upon identifying process facilitators (e.g.workshops) and discursive abilities/devices providing enablers that partners used in order to make senseacross organizations and professional communities (developers and users) as a means to develop anddeploy digital technologies and services.IVL lead the work and edited the deliverable. Gothenburg city (CGEA), city of Amersfoort (COA) andBarcelona waste and wastewater company (BCASA) provided experiences as stakeholder and dataprovider, through user involvement.IVL Swedish Environmental Institute, Eurecat (EUT), Talkpool (TP),Civity (CIV) provided experiences from development and implementation work (focusing on stakeholderengagement and user involvement). They all contributed to the deliverable through meetings and writingone section each. Analysing the same processes from different points of view provided interesting insightsinto the development process and implications for the coming phases of the project.The Gothenburg section expresses how insights from cooperation issues from before the project, wereturned into a well-designed collaboration process (process facilitator) between developers andusers/stakeholders. In Gothenburg, engaging with various departments within the municipality and withexternal stakeholders has been a continuing learning process for IVL (case study leader).IVL graduallypresented various opportunities within the project, both in Amersfoort and Barcelona, which has beenvery much appreciated by the stakeholders. In this way, the engagement process has also enabledstakeholders to envision a number of opportunities that the new technologies empower that can becontinued beyond SCOREwater.Moreover, due to a fruitful collaboration between developers and stakeholders, both Gothenburg andBarcelona cities now envision even more opportunities and ambitions, some of which might be realizedwithin the project, some outside.Both Amersfoort and Barcelona also analyse how insights from different organizational issues influencedtheir design of process facilitators and discursive abilities.The Amersfoort section shows the influencefrom a) the different organizational structures and motives between the municipality, the for-profitcompanies and citizen volunteers and b) the differences in work processes between their policy makersand data analysts, people that seemed to be previously unfamiliar with working together.The first issuewas addressed through finding common ground in the objectives (added value as a discursive device) andthe second through designing a common process – going from simple to more complex hypothesis.In the Barcelona case, BCASA realized a) that they needed to “translate” their needs and concepts withregard to wastewater maintenance to other Catalan partners and b) that they needed to involve andengage both workers and managers at several departments for the SCOREwater project so that theyunderstand.see and value the benefits it provide and therefore engage in and support the SCOREwaterproject. EUT, TP and CIV expressed fewer specific challenges than the case studies, using familiar andproved process facilitators and discursive devices (CRISP-DM business modelling and user stories).
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| 9. |
- Andrén, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Striking the Balance between Formality and Informality in Safety-Critical Communication : The Case of Train Traffic Control Calls
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Pragmatics. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0378-2166 .- 1879-1387. ; 42:1, s. 220-241
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Talk in safety-critical activities displays features that distinguish it from both ordinaryconversations as well as from other institutional talk, but it also shares some features with these.Formality and informality are both interactionally accomplished phenomena, but they are shapedthrough different sources. Safety rules and pre-printed forms constitute two sources offormalization, dictating how to carry out communicative exchanges in certain types of situations,irrespective of the more specific circumstances in individual cases. Sources of informalization arethe participants’ need to adapt to situation-specific communicative needs, but also, ironicallyenough, routinization itself.In contemporary literature, safety-critical talk tends to be treated either in terms of strictadherence to a formal code, where all informalities are seen as potential sources of accidents, orinformalization is treated as natural and inevitable, focusing on routine conditions where they areapparently harmless. In this paper, based upon detailed analysis of telephone calls between traindrivers and dispatchers on the Swedish railway network, we propose a middle ground. We suggest acontingent theory of formalization, identifying four main types of informalizations, as well asdiscussing when and why they may be harmless and when they may be detrimental.
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| 10. |
- Blondin, Magnus
(författare)
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Övning ger färdighet? : Lagarbete, riskhantering och känslor i brandmäns yrkesutbildning
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Brandmän arbetar i situationer av stark osäkerhet och risk. Ett fungerande lagarbete är en förutsättning för att de ska kunna hantera de faror som förekommer vid olyckor, samordna sin verksamhet, rädda byggnader och fordon, ta hand om drabbade människor och även undvika att själva bli skadade. Blivande brandmän måste alltså lära sig arbetssätt som inbegriper både samordning, interaktion och individuella insatser i en mycket speciell och krävande arbetsmiljö.Denna studie bygger på deltagande observationer och intervjuer inom den tvååriga yrkesutbildningen Skydd Mot Olyckor. I fokus står hur studenterna i komplexa insatsövningar lär sig en praktisk förståelse av lagarbetet i sitt kommande yrke. Studien analyserar hur övningarna organiseras som en samtidig rekonstruktion och simulering av operativa arbetsuppgifter. Skolans övningsverksamhet ses alltså som en del av ett bredare lärandefält och med nära relationer till räddningstjänstens operativa verksamhet. I studien ges en detaljerad bild av hur övningarna genomförs samt av hur studenterna lär sig skapa kontroll. Det gäller såväl över arbetets materiella villkor och tekniska utrustning som över sociala interaktioner i arbetslaget och emotionella reaktioner på osäkerhet och risk. Studien bygger på ett sociokulturellt lärandeperspektiv med emfas på praktik och lärande av praktisk förståelse. I studien kombineras perspektiv från sociologi och från Science-and-Technology-Studies (STS) för att fånga praktikens sociomateriella dimensioner av teknik, social koordinering och emotioner.
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| 11. |
- Buhr, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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End users’ challenges, needs and requirements for assessing resilience
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report summarizes the results from the work in Task 1.3 of the SmartResilience project. Within the Work Package “Establishing the project baseline and the common framework”, Task 1.3 contributes to a better understanding of the indicators for resilience assessment by examining the actual needs from the ones responsible for such an assessment.This deliverable establishes, at an early stage in the project, a baseline for understanding end users’ current and projected challenges, needs and requirements for assessing resilience of critical infrastructures and using resilience indicators (RIs) for doing so. This is a necessary step to ensure that the resilience assessment methodology and smart RIs will be designed in ways that are useful and therefore adopted, thus delivering increased resilience for critical infrastructures, beyond the project.The identification of end users’ challenges, needs and requirements in assessing resilience within Task 1.3 has been guided by an actor analysis approach and is predominantly based on qualitative methods, consisting of semi-structured individual or group interviews with key end users connected to critical infrastructures, desktop studies and literature reviews. The task has covered eight critical infrastructures in the SmartResilience case studies (ALPHA-HOTEL) as well as an additional case study covering interconnected critical infrastructures (DSB). Furthermore, in order to take into account end users beyond these nine case studies, a literature review has been carried out as well as a survey among the Members of the Community of Users of Safe, Secure and Resilient Societies (CoU).The key findings from Task 1.3 are summarized below:Designing useful indicators requires extensive end user involvement in order to be able to integrate the indicators into existing organizational processes. There is a need to define the “work” that the indicators are supposed to do and make sure they meet the challenges of interconnected infrastructures.End users in the case studies confirmed and provided further insight into the following key challenges, which are illustrated by examples: the concept of resilience; external threats (climate change, cyber-attacks, terrorist attacks, flooding); the complexity of critical infrastructures; and data management.End users in the case studies expressed specific needs and requirements, which has been analyzed in terms of five dimensions of resilience and illustrated by examples: system/physical; information/data; organizational/business: societal/political and cognitive/decision-making.The survey to the CoU indicated that some actors do not see a need to develop RIs because they think current practices are sufficient. Although the low response rate calls for caution in interpreting the results, the responses suggests a number of challenges for the SmartResilience project. First, the need for the project to create assessments and RIs that are clearly regarded as providing added value in relation to end users’ current and projected needs. Second, the challenge to design assessments and RIs that can be widely disseminated, while at the same time taking different contexts into account.Three implications for indicator development are suggested. Firstly, indicators should be developed with an appropriate end user in mind. This means posing questions such as: What organization, and what function or user group, will use it? What is their interest in using indicators? What is their legitimacy to spread the indicator in the critical infrastructure? Secondly, indicators should be developed in dialogue with end users, in order to increase the likelihood that they cover areas that are relevant and currently not sufficiently covered; are relevant, understandable and legitimate; and are designed according to end users’ own motives for assessing resilience and perceptions of usefulness. Thirdly, indicators should be developed in alignment with end users’ organizational processes. This suggests that the project should develop indicators which are easy to understand in order to decrease the dependency of individual expertise and misunderstandings across different organizations; meet the level of capacity of resources that the organization(s) are willing to spend on assessments of resilience; and allow end users to collect, process and share (big) data, taking data security into account.
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| 12. |
- Engström, Margaretha, 1949-
(författare)
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Yrkeskunnande som säkerhetsmetod : En studie kring svåra driftsituationer vid svenska kärnkraftverk
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Existing safety methods for nuclear power predict known and conceivable but not unexpected events. The methods can prevent and limit consequences of incidents. Professional skills, however, can contribute with more than robustness. The operators practise their skills in everyday work in a way beyond formal instructions. This unnoticed practice is of great value for the safety as well as operation economy. In this doctoral thesis the operators’ professional skills at Swedish nuclear power plants have been investigated for the purpose of studying skill as a safety method for unexpected events.In order to study professional skills, adequate momentary actions in every day work have been looked for. These actions manifest in the flow of frequent unpredicted events occurring in ordinary work as a part of managing the continuous process. This dissertation comprises seven examples from Forsmark and Ringhals nuclear power plants. These examples are explored through the epistemology of skill, derived from a wittgensteinian concept of practice. The investigation has its main focus on exploring skill as a safety method for unexpected events. One result is that efforts have to be made in order to maintain practical obtained professional skills.The research has ended in the following conclusions:• Professional skill is important at unexpected events and thus for safety.• Professional skill is built over time in concrete actions in a working practice.• Earlier solutions of problem and successfully management of extraordinary operational situations should be kept alive.• The first criterion of selection at recruiting technicians should be practical persons.• Continuous recruitment is needed in order to avoid a loose generation curve where the professional skill is of different development phases in the different age groups.• For retaining personnel until they have good professional skills, prioritizing applicants from the local community is suggested.• Guidance by formalized requirements and measurable goals don’t reach professional skill and can moreover hide it.• Personnel and other stakeholders in nuclear power not having skills from operation at nuclear power plants need to be conscious about professional skill’s importance for safety.• Understanding the importance of professional skills should be disseminated to those groups influencing the conditions for moulding of it at the nuclear power plants. The knowledge contribution of this thesis points out the value of experienced skilled labour and human proper actions as the base for a sustainable operation and nuclear safety.
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| 13. |
- Hendry, Alexandra, et al.
(författare)
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Atypical Development of Attentional Control Associates with Later Adaptive Functioning, Autism and ADHD Traits
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of autism and developmental disorders. - : Springer Nature. - 0162-3257 .- 1573-3432. ; 50:11, s. 4085-4105
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Autism is frequently associated with difficulties with top-down attentional control, which impact on individuals’ mental health and quality of life. The developmental processes involved in these attentional difficulties are not well understood. Using a data-driven approach, 2 samples (N = 294 and 412) of infants at elevated and typical likelihood of autism were grouped according to profiles of parent report of attention at 10, 15 and 25 months. In contrast to the normative profile of increases in attentional control scores between infancy and toddlerhood, a minority (7–9%) showed plateauing attentional control scores between 10 and 25 months. Consistent with pre-registered hypotheses, plateaued growth of attentional control was associated with elevated autism and ADHD traits, and lower adaptive functioning at age 3 years.
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| 14. |
- Johansson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Arena för hållbar omställning av transportsektorn i ett transporteffektivt samhälle
- 2024
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Ingår i: Sammanställning av referat från Transportforum 2024. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. ; , s. 205-206
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Med forskningsmedel från Trafikverket har Trivector Traffic och IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet studerat möjligheterna för målstyrd planering av transportinfrastrukturen, samt utvecklat ett ramverk för en transformativ omställning till ett transporteffektivt och tillgängligt samhälle. Inom projektet har vetenskaplig och grå litteratur studerats inom två områden:Styrmedelspaket för transporteffektivitet med synergieffekter för olika hållbarhetsmål Processer för att nå samsyn kring utformning av gemensamma målbilder, styrmedel, åtgärder och metoder för att nå transporteffektivitet och olika hållbarhetsmål.Resultaten visar på behovet av minskad biltrafik och ökad transporteffektivitet för att uppnå klimatmål och socialt hållbara lokalsamhällen. En hållbar tillgänglighet kan skapas genom hållbar mobilitet, närhet och digital uppkoppling. Detta kan åstadkommas med styrmedelspaket som kombinerar åtgärder som underlättar för gång, cykel och kollektivtrafik med sådana som gör det svårare och dyrare att använda och äga egen bil i staden. Styrmedelspaketen ger positiva sidoeffekter för flera andra hållbarhetsmål samtidigt som de bidrar till ökad acceptans för omställningen.För att skapa ett mer transporteffektivt samhälle krävs samverkan och samordning av insatser. För en transport och samhällsplanering i samverkan föreslår vi en arena för kontinuerlig gemensam planering. På denna arena samverkar representanter från Trafikverket, region, kommun, samt intressenter för näringsliv och ideell sektor med tydliga mandat för att nå gemensamma mål om ett transporteffektivt och hållbart samhälle med mindre biltrafik.
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| 15. |
- Karltun, Anette, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Knowledge management infrastructure to support quality improvement : A qualitative study of maternity services in four European hospitals
- 2020
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Ingår i: Health Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0168-8510 .- 1872-6054. ; 124:2, s. 205-215
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of multilevel healthcare system interactions on clinical quality improvement (QI) is still largely unexplored. Through the lens of knowledge management (KM) theory, this study explores how hospital managers can enhance the conditions for clinical QI given the specific multilevel and professional interactions in various healthcare systems.The research used an in-depth multilevel analysis in maternity departments in four purposively sampled European hospitals (Portugal, England, Norway and Sweden). The study combines analysis of macro-level policy documents and regulations with semi-structured interviews (96) and non-participant observations (193 hours) of hospital and clinical managers and clinical staff in maternity departments.There are four main conclusions: First, the unique multilevel configuration of national healthcare policy, hospital management and clinical professionals influence the development of clinical QI efforts. Second, these different configurations provide various and often insufficient support and guidance which affect professionals’ action strategies in QI efforts. Third, hospital managers’ opportunities and capabilities for developing a consistent KM infrastructure with reinforcing enabling conditions which merge national policies and guidelines with clinical reality is crucial for clinical QI. Fourth, understanding these interrelationships provides an opportunity for improvement of the KM infrastructure for hospital managers through tailored interventions.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Peter, Moa G., et al.
(författare)
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Lifelong olfactory deprivation-dependent cortical reorganization restricted to orbitofrontal cortex
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Human Brain Mapping. - 1065-9471 .- 1097-0193. ; 44:18, s. 6459-6470
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prolonged sensory deprivation has repeatedly been linked to cortical reorganization. We recently demonstrated that individuals with congenital anosmia (CA, complete olfactory deprivation since birth) have seemingly normal morphology in piriform (olfactory) cortex despite profound morphological deviations in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), a finding contradictory to both the known effects of blindness on visual cortex and to the sparse literature on brain morphology in anosmia. To establish whether these unexpected findings reflect the true brain morphology in CA, we first performed a direct replication of our previous study to determine if lack of results was due to a deviant control group, a confound in cross sectional studies. Individuals with CA (n = 30) were compared to age and sex matched controls (n = 30) using voxel- and surface-based morphometry. The replication results were near identical to the original study: bilateral clusters of group differences in the OFC, including CA atrophy around the olfactory sulci and volume increases in the medial orbital gyri. Importantly, no group differences in piriform cortex were detected. Subsequently, to assess any subtle patterns of group differences not detectable by our mass-univariate analysis, we explored the data from a multivariate perspective. Combining the newly collected data with data from the replicated study (CA = 49, control = 49), we performed support vector machine classification based on gray matter volume. In line with the mass-univariate analyses, the multivariate analysis could accurately differentiate between the groups in bilateral OFC, whereas the classification accuracy in piriform cortex was at chance level. Our results suggest that despite lifelong olfactory deprivation, piriform (olfactory) cortex is morphologically unaltered and the morphological deviations in CA are confined to the OFC.
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| 20. |
- Peter, Moa G., et al.
(författare)
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Morphological changes in secondary, but not primary, sensory cortex in individuals with life-long olfactory sensory deprivation
- 2020
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Ingår i: NeuroImage. - : Elsevier BV. - 1053-8119 .- 1095-9572. ; 218
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Individuals with congenital sensory deprivation usually demonstrate altered brain morphology in areas associated with early processing of the absent sense. Here, we aimed to establish whether this also applies to individuals born without a sense of smell (congenital anosmia) by comparing cerebral morphology between 33 individuals with isolated congenital anosmia and matched controls. We detected no morphological alterations in the primary olfactory (piriform) cortex. However, individuals with anosmia demonstrated gray matter volume atrophy in bilateral olfactory sulci, explained by decreased cortical area, curvature, and sulcus depth. They further demonstrated increased gray matter volume and cortical thickness in the medial orbital gyri; regions closely associated with olfactory processing, sensory integration, and value-coding. Our results suggest that a lifelong absence of sensory input does not necessarily lead to morphological alterations in primary sensory cortex and extend previous findings with divergent morphological alterations in bilateral orbitofrontal cortex, indicating influences of different developmental processes.
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| 21. |
- Peter, Moa G., et al.
(författare)
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Normal Olfactory Functional Connectivity Despite Lifelong Absence of Olfactory Experiences
- 2021
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Ingår i: Cerebral Cortex. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1047-3211 .- 1460-2199. ; 31:1, s. 159-168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Congenital blindness is associated with atypical morphology and functional connectivity within and from visual cortical regions; changes that are hypothesized to originate from a lifelong absence of visual input and could be regarded as a general (re) organization principle of sensory cortices. Challenging this is the fact that individuals with congenital anosmia (lifelong olfactory sensory loss) display little to no morphological changes in the primary olfactory cortex. To determine whether olfactory input from birth is essential to establish and maintain normal functional connectivity in olfactory processing regions, akin to the visual system, we assessed differences in functional connectivity within the olfactory cortex between individuals with congenital anosmia (n=33) and matched controls (n=33). Specifically, we assessed differences in connectivity between core olfactory processing regions as well as differences in regional homogeneity and homotopic connectivity within the primary olfactory cortex. In contrast to congenital blindness, none of the analyses indicated atypical connectivity in individuals with congenital anosmia. In fact, post-hoc Bayesian analysis provided support for an absence of group differences. These results suggest that a lifelong absence of olfactory experience has a limited impact on the functional connectivity in the olfactory cortex, a finding that indicates a clear difference between sensory modalities in how sensory cortical regions develop.
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| 22. |
- Peter, Moa G., et al.
(författare)
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Seeing Beyond Your Nose? The Effects of Lifelong Olfactory Sensory Deprivation on Cerebral Audio-visual Integration
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Neuroscience. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-4522 .- 1873-7544. ; 472, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lifelong auditory and visual sensory deprivation have been demonstrated to alter both perceptual acuity and the neural processing of remaining senses. Recently, it was demonstrated that individuals with anosmia, i.e. complete olfactory sensory deprivation, displayed enhanced multisensory integration performance. Whether this ability is due to a reorganization of olfactory processing regions to focus on cross-modal multisensory information or whether it is due to enhanced processing within multisensory integration regions is not known. To dissociate these two outcomes, we investigated the neural processing of dynamic audio-visual stimuli in individuals with congenital anosmia and matched controls (both groups, n = 33) using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Specifically, we assessed whether the previously demonstrated multisensory enhancement is related to cross-modal processing of multisensory stimuli in olfactory associated regions, the piriform and olfactory orbitofrontal cortices, or enhanced multisensory processing in established multisensory integration regions, the superior temporal and intraparietal sulci. No significant group differences were found in the a priori hypothesized regions using region of interest analyses. However, exploratory whole-brain analysis suggested higher activation related to multisensory integration within the posterior superior temporal sulcus, in close proximity to the multisensory region of interest, in individuals with congenital anosmia. No group differences were demonstrated in olfactory associated regions. Although results were outside our hypothesized regions, combined, they tentatively suggest that enhanced processing of audio-visual stimuli in individuals with congenital anosmia may be mediated by multisensory, and not primary sensory, cerebral regions.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Pilemalm, Sofie, et al.
(författare)
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Lärande och produktionshöjande åtgärder i räddningstjänst : behov i insatsrapporteringssystem
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Detta dokument beskriver en förstudie inom området lärande, utvärdering och produktivitetshöjande åtgärder i responssystem, med fokus på svensk räddningstjänst. Syftet med studien är att identifiera brister i dagens processer, utvärderingsmetoder och verktyg och identifiera lämpliga åtgärder, både i form av förbättrade insatsrapporter och andra värderingsverktyg, modeller, och metodiker. Dessa åtgärder bör i ett senare skede vidareutvecklas genom fördjupade studier.Förstudien utfördes som en kombinerad dokumentanalys, workshop och intervjustudie. Insatsrapporter och fördjupade utredningar/olycksfallsunderökningar analyserades och diskuterades på en workshop tillsammans med fackliga representanter och brandmän från räddningstjänster och representanter från Myndigheten för Stöda samhällsskydd och Beredskap (MSB). Vidare genomfördes en intervju med en MSB repsrentant som arbetar med räddningstjänstens nuvarande insatsrapportingssystem.Analysen av förstudien ledde fram till sex olika teman: 1) räddningsinsatser och lärandets innehåll 2) insatsrapportmall, 3) insatsrapportering: process och flaskhalsar 4) värdering av insatser 5) fördjupade studier och olycksfallsundersökningar och 6) verksamhetsutveckling. Till varje tema kopplades förbättringsåtgärder.Kopplat till dessa teman finns det framför allt ett behov av att ta fram en förbättrad process för hantering av insatsrapporter; motivering att fylla i den, återkoppling till organisationen och omföring av erfarenheter till kunskap, lärande och åtgärder – ett behov av en systematisk ansats eller metod som gärna införs lika över förbund och räddningsstationer. Här identifierades en rad förbättringsbehov och konkreta åtgärder kopplade till dagens tekniska insatsrapporteringssystem och mall för insatsrapportering. Vidare finns ett behov att dela erfarenheter mellan organisationer på ett helt annat sätt än vad som görs idag och förutsättningar för sådan spridning bör arbetas in i processen.Analysen och diskussionen visar generellt på ett stort behov av förbättrad erfarenhetsåterföring, ökad kunskap om de överväganden som räddningstjänstens personal gör under insats och hur dessa värderas samt hur och i vilken mån insamlade data används för verksamhetsutveckling. Kopplat till detta bör kriterier för värdering samt mål för insatsen definieras. Förslag på fortsatt arbete, runt insatsrapporten och runt alternativa vägar att utvärdera och lära från insatser, ges i dokumentet.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Sanne, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Lessons from adapting resilience indicators to flooding and storm- water management.
- 2021
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This deliverable reports on the activities conducted as part of Task 5.2.The objective is to a) contributeto improving resilience to releases of contaminated water in the Göteborg case study and b) to identifysocial and organizational enablers for the development and effective use of technologies fordigitalization of water management. For this purpose, we used tools developed for identifying, visualizingand evaluating/acting upon data addressing resilience in critical infrastructures, defined and quantifiedthrough indicators.The framework for the deliverable is based upon a) a previous H2020 project regarding the design,implementation and added value from using the tools as well as b) findings from the SCOREwaterdeliverable D5.1 regarding issues of stakeholder engagement, user involvement and implementation/evaluation (focusing on the two former).Through an iterative design process, we created a baseline witha scenario with regard to resilience against the release of insufficiently purified water from a worksitein the West link construction project in Göteborg. Based upon the baseline we created a business casefor what we wanted to measure and improve through the tools. We created two checklists for measuringand acting upon data on resilience addressing the business case. Finally, we identified a few bestpractices for stakeholder engagement as well as examples of how to make best use of the technologiesand services to be developed and deployed in the SCOREwater project.The deliverable provides a process description of the successive iteration we carried out. We show halffinishedchecklists for resilience measurement, describe stakeholder feedback from these and asuccessive development of the business case and the checklists.The process illustrates that the tool isuseful for this context and provide a beneficial illustration for how to create useful checklists thatstakeholders benefit from to increase knowledge about resilience and how to improve resilience. Thebest practices for introducing and adapting the resilience tools were to do “homework” properly (that isto identify the relevant baseline) and to interact intensively to identify and define stakeholder issuessuch as:1. What is the regulatory context setting the rules of the game?2. Who are the relevant actors, their responsibilities and their possible contributions?3. What are their problems and motivations (pains and gains)?4. What added value can the tools provide?5. How can the purpose of using the tools best be aligned with and add to the overall project/casestudy objectives?Similarly, the replication of the tools in Amersfoort and possibly Barcelona require doing the “homework”and engaging in identifying baselines and business cases as well as how to implement them into existingpractices.Contribution to the case study: The Göteborg municipal environmental board saw the tools as anopportunity to develop methods for early warning, such as enabling mitigation of negative environmentalimpacts on recipients from the release of stormwater and process water from construction sites.Construction companies saw that the tools provided potentials for improving knowledge of resilience oftheir water management as well as potentials to improve their resilience. Stakeholders stressed that ifthe organizational capacities to make use of the data and services provided by improvements in sensorcapability and AI solutions are not improved, overall resilience would not be improved. The baseline is also useful to measure the impacts in a later stage of the project.Contribution to the project: The social and organizational enablers identified to make best use of thetechnologies and services to be developed and deployed in the SCOREwater project were related to thecommunicative and organizational abilities to react to and how to use the improvements in sensortechnology and AI solutions. The business case provides an example of how added value could help toimprove current practices at construction sites and provide arguments for the possibility for morestringent regulation and oversight due to improved technology. This includes e.g. workplace routines foracting upon alarms, as well as more frequent reporting to authorities, based upon real-time monitoringand using AI technology for proxy indicators.
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| 27. |
- Sanne, Johan M., et al.
(författare)
-
Analys och konsekvenser av ett ökat friluftsliv
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med uppdraget är att sammanställa befintlig kunskap över hur besökstrycket i naturen ser ut under 2020–2021 jämfört med tidigare och vilka utmaningar detta har lett till, med anledning av medieuppgifter kring ökat tryck och negativa effekter som en följd av corona-pandemin. Resultatet ska kunna användas i planering av framtida insatser. Målet är att sammanställa befintlig kunskap och genom analys skapa en mer sammanhållen bild över situationen och visa på behov av ytterligare kunskap. Fem olika utmaningar valdes ut av Naturvårdsverket.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Sanne, Johan M., 1966-
(författare)
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Creating Safety in Air Traffic Control
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Is flying safe? Indeed it is -- statistics tell us that it is far more dangerous to drive a car or take the train. But flight safety does not just happen. Instead, as it is argued in this book, it is created by a well-developed air traffic control system that continues to be highly effective -- despite increasing volumes of traffic. How is this high level of safety achieved and sustained? Air traffic controllers are responsible for guiding the aircraft and organizing a safe and efficient traffic flow. Their work is highly structured, providing rules and resources helping them to organize traffic. To achieve the necessary cooperation with flight crews and other controllers necessary for a safe flow, controllers use a number of strategies. Among other things, controllers must visualize traffic and develop redundant procedures to prevent -- or deal with -- potential problems. In this work, controllers must rely on both cognitive abilities and social integrative skills. The study is based on extensive observations, videotapes and interviews of air traffic controllers and flight crews. It focuses on daily teamwork in air traffic control as well as organizational features such as rules and resources that structure the work. The double focus on both organizational structure and the dynamics of interaction among controllers makes the book pioneering in its field.
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| 30. |
- Sanne, Johan M, 1966-
(författare)
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Framing risks in a safety-critical and hazardous job : Risk-taking as responsibility in railway maintenance
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1366-9877 .- 1466-4461. ; 11:5, s. 645-658
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In risk management research, risk-taking is mostly treated as deviation that calls for improved risk communication. I argue, however, that risk-taking should be seen as expressing a rationale of its own, thus, improving safety requires that this rationale be adequately understood and that the conditions that reproduce risk-taking be changed. This argument is supported by an ethnography of railway maintenance in Sweden. Railway technicians are charged with maintaining the railway infrastructure to support safe and punctual trains, an assignment that exposes them to occupational hazards. The technicians' claim of occupational responsibility for transportation safety risks is framed by two notions in occupational discourse: first, the safety-critical nature of their tasks, and second, the notion of service to the general public. Technician interdependence in achieving occupational safety requires mutual responsibility in the team. Technicians justify occupational risk-taking, claiming it is sometimes needed to achieve production goals given the available time and resources and the manageability of the risks taken. Finally, I stress the need for technicians to change their frames of reference and for employers to assume responsibility for reducing the need for risk-taking. © 2008 Taylor & Francis.
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| 31. |
- Sanne, Johan M., 1966-
(författare)
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Förbättrad krishantering - säkerhetsstyrning eller improvisation? : Slutrapport från forskningsprojekt Utveckling av riskbegrepp och riskhanteringsstrategier för minskad sårbarhet i i tekniska system
- 2008
-
Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Projektet har med kvalitativa metoder och med samhällsvetenskapliga begrepp studerat huvudsakligen två säkerhetskritiska system, järnväg och kärnkraft. Olyckor i tekniska system är ofta en följd av en ensidig fokusering på en ingenjörsmässig analys av riskerna och en ingenjörsmässig utformning av systemen. I kritiska situationer är det drift- och underhållspersonal som kompenserar för brister i teknik, instruktioner, resurser och planering genom improvisation, regelbrott och risktagande. Personalens kunskaper och samhällsvetenskaplig forskning ger en förbättrad förståelse av orsakerna till olyckorna och stöd för arbetet med att förutse, förebygga och hantera dem. Men organisationerna förmår idag inte att ta till sig dessa kunskaper för att förbättra säkerhetsstyrningen.Båda verksamheterna organiseras utifrån konkurrerande logiker: lönsamhet, formell riskanalys och yrkesgemenskaper. Järnvägsunderhållet karaktäriseras av en ständig kompromiss mellan krav på punktlighet, trafiksäkerhet och arbetarskydd. Järnvägsteknikerna kompenserar för brister i systemutformningen, såsom fysisk arbetsmiljö, regelsystem, resurstilldelning och planering, genom improvisation, regelbrott och risktagande. Teknikerna är oftast framgångsrika. Men tyvärr leder detta arbetssätt ibland till arbetsplatsolyckor. Organisationen har inte heller tillräcklig förmåga att lära sig hur systemet kan förbättras.Kärnkraften har länge arbetat med att minska riskerna för mänskliga felhandlingar. Men tillbudet i Forsmark 2006 visar att systemets utformning kan vara en större felkälla. Kärnkraftverket hade inte förutsett den utlösande händelsen och inte konstruerat systemet för att kunna hantera den. Inte heller Kärnkraftinspektionen hade insett detta, i likhet med stora delar av kärnkraftsindustrin i världen. En alltför snäv analys ledde till att möjliga samband mellan olika delar av systemet inte uppmärksammades. Om två istället för fyra säkerhetssystem hade fallerat hade personalens skickliga ingripande varit nödvändigt för att undvika skador på härden och i förlängningen härdsmälta. Hur kan kärnkraftsindustrin förbättra det organisatoriska lärandet även för systemutformning?Improvisation är nödvändigt i säkerhetskritiska system men även säkerhetsstyrningen kan förbättras. Personalens kunskaper och arbetssätt används idag inte fullt ut för att förbättra riskanalys och säkerhetsstyrning. Projektet har bidragit till att utveckla begrepp och teorier för dessa kunskaper och arbetssätt: relationen mellan risk, ansvar och identifikation, lärande och risk, organisering som bricolage, samt tillbudsrapportering som historieberättande. För att förbättra förståelsen av och beredskapen inför framtida olyckor och kriser måste både företag och myndigheter förändra sin kunskapsproduktion och säkerhetsstyrning:Utforma och hantera tillbudsrapporteringssystem så att de upplevs som meningsfulla och förändra systemen för att förebygga olyckor istället för att bortförklara dem.Involvera fler delar i organisationen vid riskanalys, använd kunskaper från olika håll. Granska för-givet-tagna utgångspunkter, modeller och arbetssätt samt föreställningar om tillräcklig visshet. Använd personalens kompetens vid systemutformning.Granska hur systemet verkligen fungerar, utgå inte från att planeringen återspeglar detta. Granska samband mellan teknik, produktionskrav, regelverk och risker.Minska behovet av risktagande och regelbrott genom att förändra systemets utformning och resurstilldelning. Underlätta improvisation och erkänn dess nödvändighet.
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| 32. |
- Sanne, Johan M, 1966-
(författare)
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Incident reporting or storytelling? Competing schemes in a safety-critical and hazardous work setting
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Safety Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-7535 .- 1879-1042. ; 46:8, s. 1205-1222
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Incident-reporting schemes can prevent accidents through organizational learning from incidents. However, many occupational health and safety incidents go unreported. For these reasons I undertook ethnographic fieldwork to investigate the low level of reporting among railway maintenance technicians in Sweden and the role played by informal storytelling within their occupational communities. The study found that the incident-reporting scheme is not integrated in technicians' practices and cultural frame and does not seem to serve their interests. Storytelling, however, is an integral part of technicians' practices and their accident etiology and creates a way for them to address risks, at least from a narrow perspective. The occupational etiology is based upon technicians' local practice, which emphasizes vigilance, carefulness, skill, responsibility, and the like, and usually neglects root causes. This frame is rational and intelligible, given the technicians' limited power to influence their working conditions, as well as their limited training and the poor feedback they receive when incidents are reported. However, the occupationally-based perspective impedes the articulation of a systems perspective that could be used for organizational learning. To make an incident-reporting scheme work, employees must be given ownership, must know how and why to use it, and need feedback on root causes. These root causes must also be addressed. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Sanne, Johan M., 1966-
(författare)
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Learning from adverse events in the nuclear power industry : Organizational learning, policy making and normalization
- 2012
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Ingår i: Technology in society. - : Elsevier. - 0160-791X .- 1879-3274. ; 34:3, s. 239-250
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nuclear power accidents repeatedly reveal that the industry has an incomplete understanding of the complex risks involved in its operation. Through analyzing the investigation of a nuclear power incident in Sweden in 2006, I show how the industry’s learning practices shape recurrent normalization of risk regulation after such surprises. Learning is shaped through institutionalized measures of sufficiency and particular “risk objects” (e.g. human factors and safety culture) created through learning from previous events. Subsequent regulatory measures are shaped through improvement scripts associated with these risk objects. These learning practices exclude alternative conceptual perspectives to understand and address safety-critical incidents. Latent risks will therefore produce similar events in the future. The article contributes to the literature on organizational learning, policy making, sensemaking and normalization in complex systems. To improve learning from incidents and regulation in high-hazard industries, social scientists and a wider circle of stakeholders should be included in the regulatory and post-incident examination processes.
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| 35. |
- Sanne, Johan M., 1966-
(författare)
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Making Matters Speak in Railway Maintenance
- 2009. - 1
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Ingår i: Ethnographies of Diagnostic Work. - : Palgrave MacMillan. - 9780230223288 - 0230223281 ; , s. 288-
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This book explores ethnographic studies of diagnostic work in diverse settings. Switching attention from product (diagnosis) to process (diagnosing), it reveals the importance of collaborative, socio-material, technologically augmented practices, exploring the potential of the multi-disciplinary studies presented to inform innovation"--Provided by publisher.
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| 36. |
- Sanne, Johan M., et al.
(författare)
-
Målstyrd planering - Processer, metoder, styrmedel och åtgärder för ett transporteffektivt samhälle
- 2023
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rapporten beskriver resultatet av en förstudie som utförts av IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet och Trivector Traffic AB, med finansiering från Trafikverket (TRV 2020/119125). Förstudiens syfte var att identifiera nödvändiga komponenter för det tidiga planeringsskedet med att komma överens om mål, metoder och åtgärder för transport- och samhällsplanering i samverkan mellan olika aktörer för att nå transporteffektivitet och olika hållbarhetsmål såsom till hälsa, socialt hållbara lokalsamhällen och klimatmål. Med tidigt skede menas innan konkreta styrmedel, åtgärder och infrastrukturer diskuteras och utformas. Vi har analyserat vetenskaplig litteratur och grå litteratur inom två områden:Styrmedelspaket för transporteffektivitet med synergieffekter för olika hållbarhetsmålProcesser och arenor för att nå samsyn kring utformning av gemensamma målbilder, styrmedel, åtgärder och metoder för att nå transport-effektivitet och olika hållbarhetsmål.
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| 37. |
- Sanne, Johan M., 1966-
(författare)
-
Samtal i säkerhetstjänst i järnvägen - vilka avvikelser leder till olyckor? : Slutrapport från projektet Samtal i säkerhetstjänst: samtalsdisciplin ellersamarbete, tillitsskapande och ojämlika maktrelationer
- 2013
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Projektet analyserade orsakerna till missförstånd vid samtal i säkerhetstjänst och hur de orsakar tillbud eller olyckor samt förslag till åtgärder för att förhindra sådana olyckor.Avvikelser från föreskrifterna är vanligt förekommande till vardags utan att orsaka tillbud eller olyckor. Avvikelserna beror på medvetna strategier för att åstadkomma ökad produktion som utgår från deltagarnas vardagliga och etablerade arbetsmetoder. Det leder till komprimerade samtal, inofficiella begrepp, improviserade arbeten, förhandlingar om plats på spåren, blandningar av säkerhetssamtal och informationssamtal, utebliven repetition samt oklara referenser.Artefakter, materiella såsom signaler, växlar, monitorbilder, blanketter och språkliga såsom ”växel ur kontroll”, ”plus” och ”minus”, har avgörande betydelse för hur deltagarna skapar mening i ett samtal.Artefakterna bidrar också aktivt till att skapa och forma händelser på ett sätt som kan försvåra eller underlätta för deltagarnas hantering av kritiska situationer.Missförstånd med säkerhetskritiska konsekvenser uppstår på grund av brister i säkerhetssamtalen om det samtidigt förekommer andra orsaker såsom slentrianmässiga förväntningar och felaktiga antaganden, dålig hörbarhet, felaktig förståelse av situationen och samspel med tekniken.Utredare tillskriver ofta bristande samtalsdisciplin som orsak men det är svårt att finna stöd för detta i materialet. Utredningarna stannar ofta vid att identifiera avvikelser, istället för att analysera orsakerna till dem och om de bidragit till händelsens utfall. Intrycket blir att utredarna summerar alla felhandlingar och antar att de sammantaget orsakat händelsen. Förslagen till åtgärder handlar följdriktigt om åtgärder för att öka regelföljande utan kunskaper om orsakerna bakom avvikelserna. De föreslagna åtgärderna har därför liten eller kortvarig effekt på avvikelserna. Det kan bero på att bristerna i samtalsdisciplin är så uppenbara och att de under en lång tid beskrivits som säkerhetskritiska. En förbättrad samtalsdisciplin hade kunnat minska eller undanröja missförståndet även om det inte i sig orsakade detta. Men att använda säkerhetssamtalen som säkerhetsbarriär på detta sätt är att ställa alltför höga krav på dem eftersom brister i samtalen är oundvikliga.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Sjöström, John
(författare)
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Det komplexa deltagandet : Praktikgemenskaper, kunskapsprocesser och arbetsmiljöarbete vid ett pappersbruk
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Arbetsmiljölagen ger anställda och deras representanter, skyddsombuden, rätt att delta i det systematiska arbetsmiljöarbete som arbetsgivaren har skyldighet att arrangera. Forskning om deltagande har i stor utsträckning varit fokuserad påstrukturella och organisatoriska förutsättningar för anställdas deltagande. Mycket tyder dock på att anställda inte utnyttjar sina starka rättigheter. Avhandlingens analyserar arbetsmiljödeltagandet genom en fallstudie på ett pappersbruk med väl etablerade organisatoriska strukturer för deltagande i syfte att förklara deltagandets grunder bortom de strukturella villkoren. Syfte är att förstå varför anställda inte i avsedd omfattning utnyttjar de möjligheter till arbetsmiljöinflytande som lagstiftning och goda strukturella villkor ger. Avhandlingen visar hur anställda i stor utsträckning handskas med arbetets risker och belastningar genom sin kollektivt utvecklade kompetens, förståelse och ansvar för varandra och i mindre utsträckning genom att interagera med arbetsgivaren genom arbetsmiljödeltagande. Etienne Wengers begrepp ”praktikgemenskaper” används i avhandlingen tillsammans med Paavo Bergmans analys av lagarbete och betydelsen av processpecifik kompetens för att klarlägga de sociala processer för meningsskapande som betingar anställdas deltagande i arbetsmiljöarbetet. Med Lysgaards begrepp ”arbetarkollektivet” visar också avhandlingen på betydelsen av maktrelationerna mellan operatörer och arbetsgivare för möjligheterna att etablera en gemensam kunskapsprocess kring arbetsmiljö genom de former för arbetsmiljödeltagande som var etablerade på pappersbruket.
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| 41. |
- Snir, Omri, et al.
(författare)
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Antibodies to several citrullinated antigens are enriched in the joints of rheumatoid arthritis patients
- 2010
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Ingår i: Arthritis and Rheumatism. - : Wiley. - 0004-3591 .- 1529-0131. ; 62:1, s. 44-52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- MCV and CCP positivity represent a similar subset of RA patients, whereas ACPAs with different fine specificities fall into subgroups of anti-CCP+/anti-MCV+ patients. The levels of all specific ACPAs were elevated in synovial fluid, suggesting that there is local antibody production and/or retention of ACPAs at the site of inflammation governed by RA-predisposing genes.
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| 42. |
- Österman, Cecilia, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Preventing workplace violence and threats among professional cleaners : how not to be in the ‘wrong place at the wrong time’
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 49<sup>th</sup> Annual Nordic Ergonomics Society Conference, "Joy at work". - Lund : Lund Universitet. - 9789177531524 ; , s. 460-467
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Professional cleaners work in a complex work environment, subjected to various physical and mental loads. This paper focuses on work related violence and threats and practical suggestions for its prevention and mitigation. By organizing and designing cleaning work in time and space it is possible to reduce the risk of cleaners being in the 'wrong place at the wrong time’. Cleaners need to have sufficient knowledge of how their work can be carried out as safely as possible; how to act when threatening or precarious situations occur, and feel confident in managerial support if they need to interrupt work in a threatening situation.
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