| 1. |
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Hartley, Philippa, et al.
(författare)
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SKA Science Data Challenge 2: analysis and results
- 2023
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Ingår i: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 523:2, s. 1967-1993
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO) will explore the radio sky to new depths in order to conduct transformational science. SKAO data products made available to astronomers will be correspondingly large and complex, requiring the application of advanced analysis techniques to extract key science findings. To this end, SKAO is conducting a series of Science Data Challenges, each designed to familiarize the scientific community with SKAO data and to drive the development of new analysis techniques. We present the results from Science Data Challenge 2 (SDC2), which invited participants to find and characterize 233 245 neutral hydrogen (H i) sources in a simulated data product representing a 2000 h SKA-Mid spectral line observation from redshifts 0.25-0.5. Through the generous support of eight international supercomputing facilities, participants were able to undertake the Challenge using dedicated computational resources. Alongside the main challenge, 'reproducibility awards' were made in recognition of those pipelines which demonstrated Open Science best practice. The Challenge saw over 100 participants develop a range of new and existing techniques, with results that highlight the strengths of multidisciplinary and collaborative effort. The winning strategy - which combined predictions from two independent machine learning techniques to yield a 20 per cent improvement in overall performance - underscores one of the main Challenge outcomes: that of method complementarity. It is likely that the combination of methods in a so-called ensemble approach will be key to exploiting very large astronomical data sets.
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| 4. |
- McGawley, Kerry, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Improving menstrual health literacy in sport
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : Elsevier. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 26:7, s. 351-357
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Menstrual health represents a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being in relation to a woman's menstrual cycle. From a health literacy perspective, knowledge acquisition and expertise are dependent upon the degree to which an individual can find, access, understand, critically analyse, and apply health information. Therefore, menstrual health literacy can be used to describe the state of knowledge acquisition and application specific to menstrual health-related issues. Menstrual health literacy is low among female athletes, their coaches, and practitioners, and few evidence-informed education or implementation strategies exist to improve menstrual health literacy in sport. Moreover, athletes seldom discuss their menstrual cycles or hormonal contraceptive use with their coaches, despite experiencing menstrual symptoms and/or disturbances and perceiving their menstrual cycles/hormonal contraceptive use to affect performance. Barriers to communication about menstrual cycle- and hormonal contraceptive-related topics include a perceived lack of knowledge among athletes, coaches, and practitioners, concerns about how conversations on these issues will affect interpersonal relationships, and a lack of formal and informal discussion forums. Whilst evidence relating to the effects of the menstrual cycle phase and hormonal contraceptive use on training and performance is currently limited, with existing studies often lacking methodological rigour, impactful steps can still be made to support female athletes. This cornerstone review highlights the current state of menstrual health literacy among athletes, coaches, and practitioners, and provides recommendations for improving menstrual health literacy in sport.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Papamichael, D., et al.
(författare)
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Treatment of colorectal cancer in older patients : International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) consensus recommendations 2013
- 2015
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Ingår i: Annals of Oncology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0923-7534 .- 1569-8041. ; 26:3, s. 463-476
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in Europe and worldwide, with the peak incidence in patients >70 years of age. However, as the treatment algorithms for the treatment of patients with CRC become ever more complex, it is clear that a significant percentage of older CRC patients (>70 years) are being less than optimally treated. This document provides a summary of an International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) task force meeting convened in Paris in 2013 to update the existing expert recommendations for the treatment of older (geriatric) CRC patients published in 2009 and includes overviews of the recent data on epidemiology, geriatric assessment as it relates to surgery and oncology, and the ability of older CRC patients to tolerate surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy, treatment of their metastatic disease including palliative chemotherapy with and without the use of the biologics, and finally the use of adjuvant and palliative radiotherapy in the treatment of older rectal cancer patients. An overview of each area was presented by one of the task force experts and comments invited from other task force members.
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| 7. |
- Wright, Gillian, et al.
(författare)
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The Mid-infrared Instrument for JWST and Its In-flight Performance
- 2023
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Ingår i: Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. - 0004-6280 .- 1538-3873. ; 135:1046
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) extends the reach of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to 28.5 μm. It provides subarcsecond-resolution imaging, high sensitivity coronagraphy, and spectroscopy at resolutions of λ/Δλ ∼ 100-3500, with the high-resolution mode employing an integral field unit to provide spatial data cubes. The resulting broad suite of capabilities will enable huge advances in studies over this wavelength range. This overview describes the history of acquiring this capability for JWST. It discusses the basic attributes of the instrument optics, the detector arrays, and the cryocooler that keeps everything at approximately 7 K. It gives a short description of the data pipeline and of the instrument performance demonstrated during JWST commissioning. The bottom line is that the telescope and MIRI are both operating to the standards set by pre-launch predictions, and all of the MIRI capabilities are operating at, or even a bit better than, the level that had been expected. The paper is also designed to act as a roadmap to more detailed papers on different aspects of MIRI.
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| 8. |
- Bouchet, P., et al.
(författare)
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JWST MIRI Imager Observations of Supernova SN 1987A
- 2024
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 965:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There exist very few mid-infrared (IR) observations of supernovae (SNe) in general. Therefore, SN 1987A, the closest visible SN in 400 yr, gives us the opportunity to explore the mid-IR properties of SNe, the dust in their ejecta, and the surrounding medium and to witness the birth of an SN remnant (SNR). The James Webb Space Telescope, with its high spatial resolution and extreme sensitivity, gives a new view on these issues. We report on the first imaging observations obtained with the Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI). We build temperature maps and discuss the morphology of the nascent SNR. Our results show that the temperatures in the equatorial ring (ER) are quite nonuniform. This could be due to dust destruction in some parts of the ring, as had been assumed in some previous works. We show that the IR emission extends beyond the ER, illustrating the fact that the shock wave has now passed through this ring to affect the circumstellar medium on a larger scale. Finally, while submillimeter Atacama Large Millimeter Array observations have hinted at the location of the compact remnant of SN 1987A, we note that our MIRI data have found no such evidence.
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| 9. |
- Fransson, Claes, 1951-, et al.
(författare)
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Emission lines due to ionizing radiation from a compact object in the remnant of Supernova 1987A
- 2024
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 383:6685, s. 898-903
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The nearby Supernova 1987A was accompanied by a burst of neutrino emission, which indicates that a compact object (a neutron star or black hole) was formed in the explosion. There has been no direct observation of this compact object. In this work, we observe the supernova remnant with JWST spectroscopy, finding narrow infrared emission lines of argon and sulfur. The line emission is spatially unresolved and blueshifted in velocity relative to the supernova rest frame. We interpret the lines as gas illuminated by a source of ionizing photons located close to the center of the expanding ejecta. Photoionization models show that the line ratios are consistent with ionization by a cooling neutron star or a pulsar wind nebula. The velocity shift could be evidence for a neutron star natal kick.
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| 10. |
- Jones, D. L., et al.
(författare)
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High dynamic range VLBI observations of NGC 6251
- 1986
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal. - Philadelphia, United States : Institute of Physics Publishing, Inc. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 305:2, s. 684-697
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 11. |
- Jones, O. C., et al.
(författare)
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Ejecta, Rings, and Dust in SN 1987A with JWST MIRI/MRS
- 2023
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 958:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Supernova (SN) 1987A is the nearest supernova in ∼400 yr. Using the JWST MIRI Medium Resolution Spectrograph, we spatially resolved the ejecta, equatorial ring (ER), and outer rings in the mid-infrared 12,927 days (35.4 yr) after the explosion. The spectra are rich in line and dust continuum emission, both in the ejecta and the ring. The broad emission lines (280–380 km s−1 FWHM) that are seen from all singly-ionized species originate from the expanding ER, with properties consistent with dense post-shock cooling gas. Narrower emission lines (100–170 km s−1 FWHM) are seen from species originating from a more extended lower-density component whose high ionization may have been produced by shocks progressing through the ER or by the UV radiation pulse associated with the original supernova event. The asymmetric east–west dust emission in the ER has continued to fade, with constant temperature, signifying a reduction in dust mass. Small grains in the ER are preferentially destroyed, with larger grains from the progenitor surviving the transition from SN into SNR. The ER dust is fit with a single set of optical constants, eliminating the need for a secondary featureless hot dust component. We find several broad ejecta emission lines from [Ne ii], [Ar ii], [Fe ii], and [Ni ii]. With the exception of [Fe ii] 25.99 μm, these all originate from the ejecta close to the ring and are likely to be excited by X-rays from the interaction. The [Fe ii] 5.34 to 25.99 μm line ratio indicates a temperature of only a few hundred K in the inner core, which is consistent with being powered by 44 Ti decay.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Larsson, Josefin, et al.
(författare)
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JWST NIRSpec Observations of Supernova 1987A : From the Inner Ejecta to the Reverse Shock
- 2023
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal Letters. - : American Astronomical Society. - 2041-8205 .- 2041-8213. ; 949:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present initial results from JWST NIRSpec integral field unit observations of the nearby supernova SN 1987A. The observations provide the first spatially resolved spectroscopy of the ejecta and equatorial ring (ER) over the 1-5 μm range. We construct 3D emissivity maps of the [Fe i] 1.443 μm line from the inner ejecta and the He i 1.083 μm line from the reverse shock (RS), where the former probes the explosion geometry and the latter traces the structure of the circumstellar medium. We also present a model for the integrated spectrum of the ejecta. The [Fe i] 3D map reveals a highly asymmetric morphology resembling a broken dipole, dominated by two large clumps with velocities of ∼2300 km s−1. We also find evidence that the Fe-rich inner ejecta have started to interact with the RS. The RS surface traced by the He i line extends from just inside the ER to higher latitudes on both sides of the ER with a half-opening angle ∼45°, forming a bubble-like structure. The spectral model for the ejecta allows us to identify the many emission lines, including numerous H2 lines. We find that the H2 is most likely excited by far-UV emission, while the metal-line ratios are consistent with a combination of collisional excitation and recombination in the low-temperature ejecta. We also find several high-ionization coronal lines from the ER, requiring a temperature ≳2 × 106 K.
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| 15. |
- Muxlow, T. W. B., et al.
(författare)
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The e-MERGE Survey (e-MERLIN Galaxy Evolution Survey): overview and survey description
- 2020
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Ingår i: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 495:1, s. 1188-1208
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present an overview and description of the e-MERGE Survey (e-MERLIN Galaxy Evolution Survey) Data Release 1 (DR1), a large program of high-resolution 1.5-GHz radio observations of the GOODS-N field comprising similar to 140 h of observations with enhanced-Multi-Element Remotely Linked Interferometer Network (e-MERLIN) and similar to 40 h with the Very Large Array (VLA). We combine the long baselines of e-MERLIN (providing high angular resolution) with the relatively closely packed antennas of the VLA (providing excellent surface brightness sensitivity) to produce a deep 1.5-GHz radio survey with the sensitivity (similar to 1.5 mu Jy beam(-1)), angular resolution (0.2-0.7 arcsec) and field-of-view (similar to 15x15 arcmin(2)) to detect and spatially resolve star-forming galaxies and active galactic nucleus (AGN) at z greater than or similar to 1. The goal of e-MERGE is to provide new constraints on the deep, sub-arcsecond radio sky which will be surveyed by SKA1-mid. In this initial publication, we discuss our data analysis techniques, including steps taken to model in-beam source variability over an similar to 20-yr baseline and the development of newpoint spread function/primary beam models to seamlessly merge e-MERLIN and VLA data in the uv plane. We present early science results, including measurements of the luminosities and/or linear sizes of similar to 500 galaxies selected at 1.5 GHz. In combination with deep Hubble Space Telescope observations, we measure a mean radio-to-optical size ratio of r(e-MERGE)/r(HST) similar to 1.02 +/- 0.03, suggesting that in most high-redshift galaxies, the similar to GHz continuum emission traces the stellar light seen in optical imaging. This is the first in a series of papers that will explore the similar to kpc-scale radio properties of star-forming galaxies and AGN in the GOODS-N field observed by e-MERGE DR1.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Goodwillie, Carol, et al.
(författare)
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Correlated evolution of mating system and floral display traits in flowering plants and its implications for the distribution of mating system variation
- 2010
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Ingår i: New Phytologist. - : Wiley. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 185, s. 311-321
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- New Phytologist (2009) Reduced allocation to structures for pollinator attraction is predicted in selfing species. We explored the association between outcrossing and floral display in a broad sample of angiosperms. We used the demonstrated relationship to test for bias against selfing species in the outcrossing rate distribution, the shape of which has relevance for the stability of mixed mating. Relationships between outcrossing rate, flower size, flower number and floral display, measured as the product of flower size and number, were examined using phylogenetically independent contrasts. The distribution of floral displays among species in the outcrossing rate database was compared with that of a random sample of the same flora. The outcrossing rate was positively associated with the product of flower size and number; individually, components of display were less strongly related to outcrossing. Compared with a random sample, species in the outcrossing rate database showed a deficit of small floral display sizes. We found broad support for reduced allocation to attraction in selfing species. We suggest that covariation between mating systems and total allocation to attraction can explain the deviation from expected trade-offs between flower size and number. Our results suggest a bias against estimating outcrossing rates in the lower half of the distribution, but not specifically against highly selfing species.
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| 19. |
- Hirschauer, Alec S., et al.
(författare)
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Imaging of I Zw 18 by JWST. I. Detecting Dusty Stellar Populations
- 2024
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Ingår i: Astronomical Journal. - 1538-3881 .- 0004-6256. ; 168:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a JWST imaging survey of I Zw 18, the archetypal extremely metal-poor, star-forming (SF), blue compact dwarf galaxy. With an oxygen abundance of only similar to 3% Z circle dot, it is among the lowest-metallicity systems known in the local Universe, and is, therefore, an excellent accessible analog for the galactic building blocks which existed at early epochs of ionization and star formation. These JWST data provide a comprehensive infrared (IR) view of I Zw 18 with eight filters utilizing both Near Infrared Camera (F115W, F200W, F356W, and F444W) and Mid-Infrared Instrument (F770W, F1000W, F1500W, and F1800W) photometry, which we have used to identify key stellar populations that are bright in the near- and mid-IR. These data allow for a better understanding of the origins of dust and dust-production mechanisms in metal-poor environments by characterizing the population of massive, evolved stars in the red supergiant (RSG) and asymptotic giant branch (AGB) phases. In addition, it enables the identification of the brightest dust-enshrouded young stellar objects (YSOs), which provide insight into the formation of massive stars at extremely low metallicities typical of the very early Universe. This paper provides an overview of the observational strategy and data processing, and presents first science results, including identifications of dusty AGB, RSG, and bright YSO candidates. These first results assess the scientific quality of JWST data and provide a guide for obtaining and interpreting future observations of the dusty and evolved stars inhabiting compact dwarf SF galaxies in the local Universe.
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| 20. |
- Matthews, Raymond W., et al.
(författare)
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Driving when distracted and sleepy : The effect of phone and passenger conversations on driving performance
- 2018
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Ingår i: Chronobiology International. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0742-0528 .- 1525-6073. ; 35:6, s. 750-753
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates the effect of passenger and phone conversations on sleep-restricted driving. Six volunteers (50% male, mean age 24.8 +/- 4.3years) had their sleep restricted to 4h in bed followed by a 20-min simulated drive on three separate occasions. Each drive included either a passenger conversation, a mobile phone conversation or a quiet passenger. The effect size of a phone conversation on lane deviation was large while passenger conversation was small. The main effect of conversation on lane deviation was non-significant (F(2,10)=2.57, p=0.126). Combining sleep-restricted driving with conversations warrants further investigation.
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| 21. |
- Olofsson, Henrik, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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CO line observations of OH/IR stars in the inner Galactic Bulge: Characteristics of stars at the tip of the AGB
- 2022
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 665
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context. OH/IR stars are examples of late stellar evolution on the asymptotic giant branch (AGB), and they are, as such, important objects to study. They are also excellent probes of stellar populations, in particular in regions of high interstellar extinction such as the central regions of our Galaxy. Aims. Our goal is to characterise the stellar and circumstellar properties of high-mass-loss-rate OH/IR stars in the inner Galactic Bulge using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Interferometer (ALMA). Methods. Rotational lines of (CO)-C-12 and (CO)-C-13, as well as a millimetre-wave continuum, have been observed for a sample of 22 OH/IR stars in directions within 2 degrees of the Galactic Centre. Photometry data (approximate to 1-30 mu m) have been gathered from the literature to construct spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and to determine pulsational variability. Radiative transfer models have been used to interpret the line and photometry data. Results. All stars in the sample were detected in at least one CO line, and eight objects were detected in 324 GHz continuum. Based on luminosity criteria, the sample is divided into 17 objects that most likely lie within the inner Galactic Bulge, and five objects that are most likely foreground objects. The median luminosity of the inner-Galactic-Bulge sub-sample, 5600 L-circle dot, corresponds to an initial mass in the range 1.2-1.6 M-circle dot, indicating that these inner-Galactic-Bulge OH/IR stars descend from solar-type stars. The objects in this sub-sample are further divided into two classes based on their SED characteristics: Eleven objects have SEDs that are well matched by models invoking dust envelopes extending from a few stellar radii and outwards, while six objects are better modelled as having detached dust envelopes with inner radii in the range 200-600 au and warmer central stars. The former objects have periodic variability, while the latter objects are predominantly non-periodic. The median gas-mass-loss rate, gas terminal expansion velocity, gas-to-dust mass ratio, and circumstellar (CO)-C-12/(CO)-C-13 abundance ratio have been estimated to be 2 x 10(-5) M-circle dot yr(-1), 18 km s(-1), 200 (excluding the sources with detached dust envelopes, which show markedly lower gas-to-dust ratios), and 5, respectively, for the inner-Galactic-Bulge sub-sample. All line brightness distributions are resolved at an angular scale of approximate to 0 ''.15, but only two objects show a structure in their circumstellar envelopes at our resolution and sensitivity. In both cases, this structure takes the form of a cavity and a bipolar morphology. Conclusions. The inner-Galactic-Bulge sub-sample consists of high mass-loss-rate stars that descend from solar-type progenitors and that lie near the tip of the AGB. Some of the sample stars may have recently ceased mass loss and, hence, have begun to evolve beyond the AGB, as evidenced by a change in circumstellar characteristics and indications of warmer central stars. The inferred very low stellar C-12/C-13 isotope ratios are indicative of CNO-cycle nuclear processing, and they are most likely established at the surfaces of the stars during the first dredge-up on the red giant branch since these stars are not expected to experience hot-bottom burning. The inner-Galactic-Bulge OH/IR stars studied here constitute an excellent sample of equidistant objects for the purpose of understanding the evolution of the mass-loss-rate characteristics at the tip of the AGB.
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| 22. |
- Roach, Gregory D., et al.
(författare)
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Flat-out napping : The quantity and quality of sleep obtained in a seat during the daytime increase as the angle of recline of the seat increases
- 2018
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Ingår i: Chronobiology International. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0742-0528 .- 1525-6073. ; 35:6, s. 872-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Some shiftwokers in the long-haul transportation industries (i.e. road, rail, sea, air) have the opportunity to sleep in on-board rest facilities during duty periods. These rest facilities are typically fitted with a seat with a maximum back angle to the vertical of 20 degrees, 40 degrees, or 90 degrees. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of back angle on the quantity and quality of sleep obtained in a seat during a daytime nap. Six healthy adults (3 females aged 27.0 years and 3 males aged 22.7 years) each participated in three conditions. For each condition, participants had a 4-h sleep opportunity in a bed (02:00-06:00 h) followed by a 4-h sleep opportunity in a seat (13:00-17:00 h). The only difference between conditions was in the back angle of the seat to the vertical during the seat-based sleep periods: 20 degrees (upright), 40 degrees (reclined), and 90 degrees (flat). Polysomnographic data were collected during all sleep episodes. For the seat-based sleep episodes, there was a significant effect of back angle on three of four measures of sleep quantity, i.e. total sleep time, slow-wave sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and three of four measures of sleep quality, i.e. latency to REM sleep, arousals, and stage shifts. In general, the quantity and quality of sleep obtained in the reclined and flat seats were better than those obtained in the upright seat. In particular, compared to the flat seat, the reclined seat resulted in similar amounts of total sleep and slow-wave sleep, but 37% less REM sleep; and the upright seat resulted in 29% less total sleep, 30% less slow-wave sleep, and 79% less REM sleep. There are two main mechanisms that may explain the results. First, it is difficult to maintain the head in a comfortable position for sleep when sitting upright, and this is likely exacerbated during REM sleep, when muscle tone is very low. Second, an upright posture increases sympathetic activity and decreases parasympathetic activity, resulting in a heightened level of physiological arousal.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Sorbye, H., et al.
(författare)
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Patient characteristics and stratification in medical treatment studies for metastatic colorectal cancer : a proposal for standardization of patient characteristic reporting and stratification
- 2007
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Ingår i: Annals of Oncology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0923-7534 .- 1569-8041. ; 18:10, s. 1666-1672
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Prognostic factors have the potential to determine the survival of patients to a greater extent than current antineoplastic agents. Despite this knowledge, there is no consensus on, first, what patient characteristics to report and, second, what stratification factors to use in metastatic colorectal cancer trials. Patients and methods: Seven leading oncology and medical journals were reviewed for phase II and III publications reporting on medical treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer patients during 2001–2005. One hundred and forty-three studies with 21 214 patients were identified. The reporting of patient characteristics and use of stratification was noted. Results: Age, gender, performance status, metastases location, sites and adjuvant chemotherapy were often reported (99–63%). Laboratory values as alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and white blood cell count, repeatedly found to be of prognostic relevance, were rarely reported (5–9%). Stratification was used in all phase III trials; however, only study centre was used with any consistency. Conclusion: There is considerable inconsistency in the reporting of patient characteristics and use of stratification factors in metastatic colorectal cancer trials. We propose a standardization of patient characteristics reporting and stratification factors. A common set of characteristics and strata will aid in trial reporting, interpretation and future meta-analyses.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Vallejo-Marin, M., et al.
(författare)
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Trait correlates and functional significance of heteranthery in flowering plants
- 2010
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Ingår i: New Phytologist. ; 188:2, s. 418-425
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- P>Flowering plants display extraordinary diversity in the morphology of male sexual organs, yet the functional significance of this variation is not well understood. Here, we conducted a comparative analysis of floral correlates of heteranthery - the morphological and functional differentiation of anthers within flowers - among angiosperm families to identify traits associated with this condition. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of correlated evolution between heteranthery and several floral traits commonly reported from heterantherous taxa. In addition, we quantified the effect of phylogenetic uncertainty in the observed patterns of correlated evolution by comparing trees in which polytomous branches were randomly resolved. Heteranthery is reported from 12 angiosperm orders and is phylogenetically associated with the absence of floral nectaries, buzz-pollination and enantiostyly (mirror-image flowers). These associations are robust to particularities of the underlying phylogenetic hypothesis. Heteranthery has probably evolved as a result of pollinator-mediated selection and appears to function to reduce the conflict of relying on pollen both as food to attract pollinators and as the agent of male gamete transfer. The relative scarcity of heteranthery among angiosperm families suggests that the conditions permitting its evolution are not easily met despite the abundance of pollen-collecting bees and nectarless flowers.
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| 27. |
- Williams, Kathryn J. H., et al.
(författare)
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Conceptualising creativity benefits of nature experience : Attention restoration and mind wandering as complementary processes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0272-4944 .- 1522-9610. ; 59, s. 36-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Accumulating evidence indicates that time spent in natural environments promotes creativity, but few researchers have considered how this occurs. We evaluate two candidate mechanisms, attention restoration and mind wandering. We compare the accounts in terms of attentional focus, brain network activation, cognitive effects, and the temporal progression of these processes across the stages of creativity. Based on this analysis, we propose that (1) gentle shifts between externally oriented soft fascination and internally oriented mind wandering can occur during nature experience; (2) this provides the basis for mutually reinforcing pathways that enhance attention control following nature experience; and (3) mind wandering might support additional benefits for creativity, including flexibility and new associations of ideas. We propose research to test the proposed pathways, including the conditions under which environments influence creativity, the ebb and flow of attention orientation during environmental experience, and the links between attentional focus, brain network activation and creativity.
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| 28. |
- Winn, Alice A., et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of inbreeding depression in mixed-mating plants provides evidence for selective interference and stable mixed mating
- 2011
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Ingår i: Evolution. - : Wiley. - 0014-3820 .- 1558-5646. ; , s. 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01462.x
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hermaphroditic individuals can produce both selfed and outcrossed progeny, termed mixed mating. General theory predicts that mixed-mating populations should evolve quickly toward high rates of selfing, driven by rapid purging of genetic load and loss of inbreeding depression (ID), but the substantial number of mixed-mating species observed in nature calls this prediction into question. Lower average ID reported for selfing than for outcrossing populations is consistent with purging and suggests that mixed-mating taxa in evolutionary transition will have intermediate ID. We compared the magnitude of ID from published estimates for highly selfing (r > 0.8), mixed-mating (0.2 ?r? 0.8), and highly outcrossing (r < 0.2) plant populations across 58 species. We found that mixed-mating and outcrossing taxa have equally high average lifetime ID (?= 0.58 and 0.54, respectively) and similar ID at each of four life-cycle stages. These results are not consistent with evolution toward selfing in most mixed-mating taxa. We suggest that prevention of purging by selective interference could explain stable mixed mating in many natural populations. We identify critical gaps in the empirical data on ID and outline key approaches to filling them.
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| 29. |
- Zheng, Xiaopeng, et al.
(författare)
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Managing grains and interfaces via ligand anchoring enables 22.3%-efficiency inverted perovskite solar cells
- 2020
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Ingår i: NATURE ENERGY. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2058-7546. ; 5, s. 131-140
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Inverted perovskite solar cells have attracted increasing attention because they have achieved long operating lifetimes. However, they have exhibited significantly inferior power conversion efficiencies compared to regular perovskite solar cells. Here we reduce this efficiency gap using a trace amount of surface-anchoring alkylamine ligands (AALs) with different chain lengths as grain and interface modifiers. We show that long-chain AALs added to the precursor solution suppress nonradiative carrier recombination and improve the optoelectronic properties of mixed-cation mixed-halide perovskite films. The resulting AAL surface-modified films exhibit a prominent (100) orientation and lower trap-state density as well as enhanced carrier mobilities and diffusion lengths. These translate into a certified stabilized power conversion efficiency of 22.3% (23.0% power conversion efficiency for lab-measured champion devices). The devices operate for over 1,000 h at the maximum power point under simulated AM1.5 illumination, without loss of efficiency. While perovskite solar cells with an inverted architecture hold great promise for operation stability, their power conversion efficiency lags behind that of conventional cells. Here, Zheng et al. achieve a certified 22.34% efficiency, exploiting alkylamine ligands as grain and interface modifiers.
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