| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Akesson, A, et al.
(författare)
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Cadmium exposure in pregnancy and lactation in relation to iron status
- 2002
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Ingår i: American Journal of Public Health. - : American Public Health Association. - 1541-0048 .- 0090-0036. ; 92:2, s. 284-287
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of iron status on cadmium dose among pregnant women. Methods. Iron status and cadmium concentration in blood, urine, and placenta were determined among women followed for 2 years from early pregnancy. Results. Blood cadmium and urinary cadmium were correlated with iron status throughout the study period. Urinary cadmium increased longitudinally among women with exhausted iron stores during their pregnancy. The increase in urinary cadmium with age was more pronounced in multiparous than in nulliparous women. Conclusions. Iron deficiency during pregnancy leads to increased cadmium absorption and body burden. Multiparous women exhibit additional increases with increasing age.
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| 3. |
- Alfvén, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Low-level cadmium exposure and osteoporosis.
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. - 0884-0431 .- 1523-4681. ; 15, s. 1579-1586
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Osteoporosis is a major cause of morbidity worldwide. A number of risk factors, such as age and gender, are well established. High cadmium exposure causes renal damage and in severe cases also causes osteoporosis and osteomalacia, We have examined whether long-term Pow-level cadmium exposure increases the risk of osteoporosis. Bone mineral density (BMD) in the forearm was measured in 520 men and 544 women, aged 16-81 years, environmentally or occupationally exposed to cadmium, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) technique. Cadmium in urine was used as the dose estimate and protein HC was used: as a marker of renal tubular damage. There was a clear dose-response relation between cadmium dose and the prevalence of tubular proteinuria. Inverse relations were found between cadmium dose, tubular proteinuria, and BMD, particularly apparent in persons over 60 years of age, There was a dose-response relation between cadmium dose and osteoporosis. The odds ratios (ORs) for men were 2.2 (95% CI, 1.0-4.8) in the dose group 0.5-3 nmol Cd/mmol creatinine and 5.3 (2.0-14) in the highest dose category (greater than or equal to 3 nmol/mmol creatinine) compared with the lowest dose group (<0.5 nmol Cd/mmol creatinine). For women, the OR was 1.8 (0.65-5.3) in the dose group 0.53 nmol Cd/mmol creatinine. We conclude that exposure to low levels of cadmium is associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Bergdahl, Ingvar A., et al.
(författare)
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Lead binding to delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) in human erythrocytes
- 1997
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Ingår i: Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology. - : Wiley. - 0901-9928. ; 81:4, s. 153-158
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over 99% of the lead present in blood is usually found in erythrocytes. To investigate the nature of this selective accumulation of lead in erythrocytes, the specific binding of lead to proteins in human erythrocytes was studied using liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS). The principal lead-binding protein had a mass of approximately 240 kDa, and adsorption to specific antibodies showed that protein was delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD). Thus, the previous notion that lead in erythrocytes was bound primarily to haemoglobin has to be revised. Furthermore, in lead-exposed workers, the percentage of lead bound to ALAD was influenced by a common polymorphism in the ALAD gene. Specifically, in seven carriers of the ALAD2 allele, 84% of the protein-bound lead recovered was bound to ALAD compared to 81% in seven homozygotes for the ALAD1 allele whose erythrocytes were matched for blood-lead concentration. The small difference was statistically significant in Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test (P = 0.03). No ALAD allele-specific difference in ALAD-bound lead was found among 20 unexposed controls. Perhaps the difference in ALAD-bound lead can provide an explanation for the previously reported finding of higher blood-lead levels among carriers of the ALAD2 allele than among ALAD1 homozygotes in lead-exposed populations.
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| 8. |
- Bergdahl, IA, et al.
(författare)
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Methylmercury and inorganic mercury in serum--correlation to fish consumption and dental amalgam in a cohort of women born in 1922
- 1998
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Ingår i: Environmental research. ; 77, s. 20-24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Sweden. Methylmercury in serum (S-MeHg) was assessed from serum concentrations of total (S-TotHg) and inorganic mercury (S-InoHg), determined by cold vapor-atomic absorption spectrometry. The samples were collected from 135 women on two occasions, in 1968-1969 and 1980-1981. In a subgroup of 29 women, an association was found between S-MeHg and the amount of fish consumed in 1968-1969 (r = 0.38, P = 0.04). The association was stronger (r = 0.50; P = 0.006) when the individuals' mean S-MeHg from 1968-1969 and 1980-1981 were plotted vs fish consumption 1968-1969. In the group, as a whole, there was an association between S-InoHg and number of dental amalgam surfaces, in both 1968-1969 (r = 0.48, P = 0.0001) and 1980-1981 (r = 0.57, P < 0.0001). The S-InoHg increased by approximately 0.1 nmol/L per amalgam tooth surface, corresponding to an uptake of approximately 0.2 microgram/day per amalgam surface, but with considerable interindividual differences. The levels were lower in 1980-1981 than in 1968-1969 for both MeHg and InoHg. The medians and ranges (nmol/L) were for MeHg 1968-1969: 3.6 (0.3-11.9); MeHg 1980-1981, 2.0 (-0.4-8.7); InoHg 1968-1969, 3.3 (0.7-11.8); InoHg 1980-1981, 1.7 (0.1-11.8); TotHg 1968-1969, 7.2 (1.9-18.8); and TotHg 1980-1981, 3.9 (1.0-14.2). The decrease in S-MeHg is probably due to a decreased consumption of MeHg via contaminated fish. The decrease in S-InoHg may reflect a decrease in environmental exposure, but the possibility of contamination of the 1968-1969 samples at sampling and/or storage cannot be excluded. PMID: 9593624 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 9. |
- Börjesson, Jimmy, et al.
(författare)
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Kidney cadmium as compared to other markers of cadmium exposure in workers at a secondary metal smelter
- 2001
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Ingår i: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. - 0271-3586. ; 39:1, s. 19-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to evaluate whether cadmium concentrations in kidney (K-Cd), blood (B-Cd) or urine (U-Cd) could reveal previous occupational cadmium exposure at a metal smelter. METHODS: The study included 90 smelters and 35 controls (B-Cd and U-Cd determination). In a subgroup (N = 33), K-Cd was also determined. RESULTS: B-Cd (median 4.6; range 0.5-53 nmol/L), U-Cd (0. 29; 0.04-1.9 micromol/mol creatinine) and K-Cd (14; 3-61 microg/g wet weight) were similar to reported concentrations in the general Swedish population. In the subgroup, significant associations (P<0. 001) were obtained between B-Cd and K-Cd (r = 0.70), U-Cd and K-Cd (r = 0.60) and between U-Cd and B-Cd (r = 0.62). Multiple regression analyses revealed smoking as the major predictor of K-Cd, B-Cd, and U-Cd. B-Cd and U-Cd were both associated with the duration of employment at the smelter. CONCLUSIONS: There was no statistically significant evidence of previous occupational exposure at the smelter from measurement of K-Cd.
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| 10. |
- Gerhardsson, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Blood lead concentration after a shotgun accident.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Environmental Health Perspectives. - 1552-9924. ; 110:1, s. 115-117
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an accidental shooting, a man in his late forties was hit in his left shoulder region by about 60 lead pellets from a shotgun. He had injuries to the vessels, the clavicle, muscles, and nerves, with total paralysis of the left arm due to axonal injury. After several surgical revisions and temporary cover with split skin, reconstructive surgery was carried out 54 days after the accident. The brachial plexus was swollen, but the continuity of the nerve trunks was not broken (no neuroma present). We determined the blood lead (BPb) concentration during a follow-up period of 12 months. The BPb concentration increased considerably during the first months. Although 30 lead pellets were removed during the reconstructive surgery, the BPb concentration continued to rise, and reached a peak of 62 microg/dL (3.0 micromol/L) on day 81. Thereafter it started to decline. Twelve months after the accident, BPb had leveled off at about 30 microg/dL. At that time, muscle and sensory functions had partially recovered. The BPb concentration exceeded 30 microg/dL for 9 months, which may have influenced the recovery rate of nerve function. Subjects with a large number of lead pellets or fragments embedded in the body after shooting accidents should be followed for many years by regular determinations of BPb. To obtain a more stable basis for risk assessment, the BPb concentrations should be corrected for variations in the subject's hemoglobin concentration or erythrocyte volume fraction.
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| 11. |
- Gerhardsson, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Copper allergy from dental copper amalgam?
- 2002
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - 1879-1026. ; 290:1-3, s. 41-46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A 65-year-old female was investigated due to a gradually increasing greenish colour change of her plastic dental splint, which she used to prevent teeth grinding when sleeping. Furthermore, she had noted a greenish/bluish colour change on the back of her black gloves, which she used to wipe her tears away while walking outdoors. The investigation revealed that the patient had a contact allergy to copper, which is very rare. She had, however, had no occupational exposure to copper. The contact allergy may be caused by long-term exposure of the oral mucosa to copper from copper-rich amalgam fillings, which were frequently used in childhood dentistry up to the 1960s in Sweden. The deposition of a copper-containing coating on the dental splint may be caused by a raised copper intake from drinking water, increasing the copper excretion in saliva, in combination with release of copper due to electrochemical corrosion of dental amalgam. The greenish colour change of the surface of the splint is probably caused by deposition of a mixture of copper compounds, e.g. copper carbonates. Analysis by the X-ray diffraction technique indicates that the dominant component is copper oxide (Cu2O and CuO). The corresponding greenish/bluish discoloration observed on the back of the patient's gloves may be caused by increased copper excretion in tears.
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| 12. |
- Gerhardsson, Lars, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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Lead concentrations in cortical and trabecular bones in deceased smelter workers.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS). - : Elsevier BV. - 0946-672X .- 1878-3252. ; 19:2-3, s. 209-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to compare bone lead concentrations in cortical and trabecular bones in long-term exposed primary copper and lead smelter workers, and to relate the measured concentrations to the previous lead exposure of the workers. Lead concentrations in seven bones (trabecular: sternum, vertebrae, iliac crest, rib; cortical: femur, left forefinger, and temporal bone) were determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry in 32 male, long-term exposed copper and lead smelter workers, and compared with levels in 10 male occupationally unexposed reference persons. A time-integrated blood lead index (cumulative blood lead index, CBLI) was calculated for each worker. The lead levels in the seven studied bones were all significantly higher in active and retired lead workers as compared with the reference group (p
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| 13. |
- Herrstrom, P, et al.
(författare)
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Allergic disease, immunoglobulins, exposure to mercury and dental amalgam in Swedish adolescents
- 1997
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Ingår i: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-1246 .- 0340-0131. ; 69:5, s. 339-342
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-dose exposure to inorganic mercury in man can influence the immune system and in rare cases cause immune-related disease. Some experimental animals also react with autoimmunity after low doses of inorganic mercury. Glomerulonephritis and an increased formation of immunoglobulin type E (IgE) are characteristic of these reactions. A recent study of 15-year-old adolescents demonstrated an association between immunoglobulin type A (IgA) and mercury concentration in plasma (P-Hg). There was also an association between allergic disease and IgA levels. The present study included 54 male and 23 female 19-year-old students who were recruited from a cohort that had been previously defined in a survey of allergic disease. Of the students, 39 (51%) had asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis or eczema. Similar amalgam burden and P-Hg levels were observed in students with (n = 39) and without (n = 38) allergic disease (P = 0.48 and P = 0.98, respectively). As expected, IgE levels were significantly higher in the group with allergic disease (P = 0.006), but there was no association between P-Hg and IgE. The P-Hg levels were very low (median 1.50 nmol/l) and correlated significantly (r = 0.31) with the small number of amalgam surfaces (P = 0.007). Thirty-seven students had no amalgam fillings. P-Hg levels did not associate significantly with IgA, but did so with IgG2 (r = 0.33; P = 0.003). No conclusive correlation was observed between IgG2 and amalgam fillings. The findings of this study in 19-year-old subjects differ from earlier data obtained in a sample 4 years younger. The possibility of chance in the association between P-Hg levels and IgG2 must, however, be considered.
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| 14. |
- Järup, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Low level exposure to cadmium and early kidney damage : The OSCAR study
- 2000
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Ingår i: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - : BMJ. - 1351-0711 .- 1470-7926. ; 57:10, s. 668-672
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives - To study the dose-response relation between cadmium dose and renal tubular damage in a population of workers and people environmentally or occupationally exposed to low concentrations of cadmium. Methods - Early kidney damage in 1021 people, occuptionally or environmentally exposed to cadmium, was assessed from cadmium in urine to estimate dose, and protein HC (a1-microglobulin) in urine to assess tubular pvoteinuria. Results - There was an age and sex adjusted correlation between cadmium in urine and urinary protein HC. The prevalence of tubular proteinuria ranged from 5% among unexposed people to 50% in the most exposed group. The corresponding prevalence odds ratio was 6.0 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.6 to 22) for the highest exposure group, adjusted for age and sex. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed an increasing prevalence of tubular proteinuria with urinary cadmium as well as with age. After adjusment to the mean age of the study population (53 years), the results show an increased prevalence of 10% tubular proteinuria (taking into account a background prevalence of 5%) at a urinary cadmium concentration of 1.0 nmol/mmol creatinine. Conclusion - Renal tubular damage due to exposure to cadmium develops at lower levels of cadmium body burden than previously anticipated.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Schütz, Andrejs, et al.
(författare)
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Lead in finger bone, whole blood, plasma and urine in lead-smelter workers: extended exposure range.
- 2005
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Ingår i: International archives of occupational and environmental health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0340-0131 .- 1432-1246. ; 78:1, s. 35-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To assess the historical exposure and to study the relationships between lead concentrations in whole blood (B-Pb), plasma (P-Pb), urine (U-Pb), finger bone (Bone-Pb) and duration of employment in workers at a secondary lead smelter and to compare the relationships between B-Pb and P-Pb with results from previous studies of populations with a wide range of lead exposure. METHODS: In 39 lead workers (29 active, ten retired), recruited from those with the highest exposure at a German secondary lead smelter, levels of B-Pb, P-Pb and U-Pb were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Bone-Pb was determined by in vivo X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Results were compared with data from a previous study on 90 workers (71 active, 19 retired) with lower exposure, from a Swedish secondary lead smelter, as well as with previously collected data from 42 active Russian lead workers and 34 Ecuadorian lead-exposed subjects. RESULTS: The median values in the active/retired German lead workers were: age 44/59 years, duration of employment 20/38 years, Bone-Pb 71/150 microg/g, B-Pb 500/330 microg/l, P-Pb 2.7/1.1 microg/l, and U-Pb 25/13 micromol/mol creatinine. Bone-Pb increased with duration of employment by 4.2 microg/g per year and 1.6 microg/g per year in German and Swedish workers, respectively. The median Bone-Pb was three times higher in both active and retired German workers than in Swedish smelter workers with essentially the same age distribution and duration of employment. The linear regression equation between B-Pb and log P-Pb in the combined group of Ecuadorian, German, Russian and Swedish lead-exposed subjects (n=176) was B-Pb=545 x log[P-Pb] + 258 (r(s)=0.94; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The high Bone-Pb values recorded for the German smelters implied a historical lead exposure of considerable magnitude. The long-term high lead exposure also showed up in the B-Pb levels for both active and retired workers, leading to the implementation of necessary industrial safety measures in order to respond to biological threshold limits. The suggested equation describing the relationship between B-Pb and P-Pb in the combined group of subjects with a wide range of lead exposure can be useful in future cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of lead-exposed populations, relating, e.g., lead exposure to adverse health outcomes.
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| 17. |
- Schütz, Andrejs, et al.
(författare)
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Studie av bakgrundshalter av metaller hos svenska ungdomar
- 2000
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Försurande luftföroreningar leder till försurning av mark och vatten. Detta leder till mobilisering av vissa metaller/element (medan andra fixeras starkare i marken). Via dricksvatten och föda kan dessa förskjutningar påverka människans exponering. Ett bra sätt att studera detta är att mäta retentionen genom biologisk monitorering, d.v.s. bestämning av element i biologiskt prov, t ex blod. Upprepade mätningar över tid kan ge en god uppfattning om utvecklingen av miljö- och exponeringssituationen i ett givet område och användas för att utvärdera effekter av insatta åtgärder. För att kunna göra jämförelser och följa utvecklingen är det viktigt att ha tillgång till bakgrundshalter av miljöföroreningar, vilket är en av målsättningarna med detta projekt. Vänersborg-Trollhättan utgör ett område som starkt förorenats med både försurande luftföroreningar samt metaller. 1993/94 togs blodprov på sammanlagt 372 st 15-åringar i Trollhättan och Uppsala. 1995/96 togs nya prover på 292 av ungdomarna, som då var 17 år gamla. Även en rad andra förhållanden registrerades, bl a andra blodvariabler, som återspeglar järnstatus. Tretton element bestämdes i helblod och plasma med induktivt kopplad plasma masspektrometri. Genom intervju och enkät inhämtades uppgifter om bl a livsstilsfaktorer. Utifrån sju dagars kostregistrering beräknades intag av olika näringsämnen. En stor mängd data angående halter av olika element i helblod och serum hos svenska ungdomar har genererats. Särskilt för rubidium (Rb) och bly (Pb), men också för zink (Zn) och kvicksilver (Hg) var halterna högre i helblod än i plasma. För kadmium (Cd) var medianhalten högre i serum än i helblod. För kobolt (Co), koppar (Cu), selen (Se) och tallium (Tl) var koncentrationerna i helblod och serum ungefär lika höga. Det fanns signifikanta samband mellan halterna i helblod och plasma för Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Rb, volfram (W), Hg och Pb, men inte för rhodium (Rd), palladium (Pd), Cd, platina (Pt) eller Tl. 1993/94 fanns en rad skillnader i elementhalter mellan orterna: Halten av Pb (19%), W (75%) och Rb (9%) var högre i både helblod och plasma hos ungdomar i Trollhättan än i Uppsala. Även för Co, Se, Rb och Pd var koncentrationen högre i antingen helblod eller plasma. För inget av det 13 elementen hade Uppsala-ungdomarna högre halter. Mellan 1993/94 och 1995/96 (ungdomar studerade båda åren) visade halterna av Cu, Se och Cd ökande trender i både helblod och plasma, medan W, Hg och Pb sjönk. Det är inte klart hur stor del av detta som är en tidstrend, respektive återspeglar ökande ålder. En rad andra förhållanden påverkade elementhalterna: Flickorna hade högre halter i helblod av Co och Cu än pojkarna, som hade högre halt av Rb och Pb. Halten av Se i serum var associerat med intaget av selen. Koncentrationerna av Hg i både helblod och serum var relaterade till intaget av fisk, såväl totalt (rS=0,32; P=0,0001), som insjö- och annan fisk, serumhalten också med antalet amalgamfyllningar. Cd i helblod var starkt korrelerat till rökning och till dåligt järnstatus, återspeglat i serumhalten av ferritin (rS=-0,17; P=0,002). Det fanns ett stort antal signifikanta associationer mellan halter av olika element i blod, och särskilt i serum, mycket långt över det slumpen skulle kunna förklara. Det är oklart om detta sammanhänger med kopplad exponering eller metabolism, t ex bindningar till proteiner eller interaktion. Mängder av ytterligare bearbetningar återstår i detta omfattande datamaterial.
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| 18. |
- Österberg, Kai, et al.
(författare)
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A neurobehavioural study of long-term occupational inorganic lead exposure
- 1997
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - 0048-9697. ; 201:1, s. 39-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A group of 38 male workers at a secondary smelter (period of employment 2-35 years; median 10 years) was divided into two subgroups depending on bone-lead concentration, arranged as 19 matched pairs according to age, education and job level. The median concentrations for finger-bone lead (Bone-Pb) were 16 vs. 32 μg/g; for current blood-lead (B-Pb), 1.6 vs. 1.8 μmol/l; for retrospective peak blood-lead (Peak-Pb), 2.7 vs. 3.0 μmol/l; and for a retrospective cumulative blood lead index (CBLI), 143 vs. 233 μmol/l x months. Nineteen unexposed male workers from a nearby mechanical plant served as controls, using the same matching algorithm. The triplets were examined with a standardised neuropsychological test battery, and four questionnaires for self-rating of symptoms and activity/stress level related to work environment. No sign of behavioural deterioration was observed in the exposed groups, either in objective cognitive tests or in subjective symptom/mood self-rating scales. Despite the limited sample size, the statistical power was sufficient to conclude that a concealed lead-associated effect was unlikely. Covariations between behavioural measures and lead exposure indices were generally low and non-significant, as a whole not exceeding a random level. No confounding or effect-modifying factor was detected that could explain the results as a type II error. To conclude, a current B-Pb of 1.8 μmol/l was not associated with adverse behavioural effects, and a long-term lead exposure around 2.0 μmol/l for 13 years (mean values) was not associated with permanent brain dysfunction.
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