| 1. |
- Ihne-Schubert, Sandra Michaela, et al.
(författare)
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Cardio-Hepatic Interaction in Cardiac Amyloidosis
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Medicine. - 2077-0383. ; 13:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Congestion is associated with poor prognosis in cardiac amyloidosis (CA). The cardio-hepatic interaction and the prognostic impact of secondary liver affection by cardiac congestion in CA are poorly understood and require further characterisation. Methods: Participants of the amyloidosis cohort study AmyKoS at the Interdisciplinary Amyloidosis Centre of Northern Bavaria with proven transthyretin (ATTR-CA) and light chain CA (AL-CA) underwent serial work-up including laboratory tests, echocardiography, and in-depth hepatic assessment by vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) and 13C-methacetin breath test. Results: In total, 74 patients with AL-CA (n = 17), ATTR-CA (n = 26) and the controls (n = 31) were analysed. ATTR-CA patients showed decreased microsomal liver function expressed by maximal percentage of dose rate (PDRpeak) related to hepatic congestion. Reduced PDRpeak in AL-CA could result from altered pharmacokinetics due to changed hepatic blood flow. Liver stiffness as a combined surrogate of chronic liver damage and congestion was identified as a predictor of all-cause mortality. Statistical modelling of the cardio-hepatic interaction revealed septum thickness, NT-proBNP and PDRpeak as predictors of liver stiffness in both CA subtypes; dilatation of liver veins and the fibrosis score FIB-4 were only significant for ATTR-CA. Conclusions: Non-invasive methods allow us to characterise CA-associated hepatic pathophysiology. Liver stiffness might be promising for risk stratification in CA.
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| 2. |
- Ihne-Schubert, Sandra Michaela, et al.
(författare)
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Single German centre experience with patient journey and care-relevant needs in amyloidosis : The German AMY-NEEDS research and care program
- 2024
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - 1932-6203. ; 19:5 May
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Amyloidosis is a rare multi-system disorder associated with frequently delayed diagnosis, enormous disease burden and psychosocial distress. Methods Systematic assessment of needs was performed by a subtype-spanning questionnairebased survey within the AMY-NEEDS research and care program. Results 118 patients with proven amyloidosis (62.7% ATTR, 22.0% AL, 15.3% other forms) were included in August 2020 until February 2021 (mean age 71.2 ±11.3 years; 30% women). The median diagnostic delay between onset of symptoms and diagnosis was 9.0 (range: 2.5; 33.0) months. Local health care providers (HCPs) play a central role on the way to diagnosis. Diagnosis itself typically requires a clinical but not necessarily a university setting. In the treatment phase, the focus moves to the amyloidosis centre as primary contact and coordinator, with general practitioners (GPs) acting predominantly as a contact point in crisis and link to additional services. About half of patients reported impaired quality of life and one third suffering from anxiety and depressed mood, respectively. The majority of patients talk about their concerns with close caregivers and local HCPs. Advance care planning is a relevant, yet insufficiently met need. Conclusion The journey of patients with amyloidotic disease, their contact partners and needs at different stages were characterized in detail within the German health care system. An amyloidosis- specific care concept has to master the multitude of interfaces connecting the numerous treatment providers involved with the amyloidosis centre and GPs as key players. Telemedical approaches could be a promising and well-accepted option allowing optimal coordination and communication.
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| 3. |
- Ihne-Schubert, Sandra M., et al.
(författare)
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Vector autoregression : Useful in rare diseases?—Predicting organ response patterns in a rare case of secondary AA amyloidosis
- 2023
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - 1932-6203. ; 18:8 August
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Statistical analyses of clinical data are a cornerstone in understanding pathomechanisms of disorders. In rare disorders, cross-sectional datasets of sufficient size are usually not available. Taking AA amyloidosis as an example of a life-threatening rare disorder resulting from of uncontrolled chronic inflammation, we propose techniques from time series analysis to predict organ response to treatment. The advantage of time-series analysis is that it solely relies on temporal variation and therefore allows analyzing organ response to treatment even when the cross-sectional dimension is small. Methods The joint temporal interdependence of inflammatory activity and organ response was modelled multivariately using vector autoregression (VAR) based on a unique 4.5 year spanning data set of routine laboratory, imaging data (e.g., 18F-Florbetaben-PET/CT) and functional investigations of a 68-year-old patient with multi-organ involvement of AA amyloidosis due to ongoing inflammatory activity of a malignant paraganglioma in stable disease for >20 years and excellent response to tocilizumab). Results VAR analysis showed that alterations in inflammatory activity forecasted alkaline phosphatase (AP). AP levels, but not inflammatory activity at the previous measurement time point predicted proteinuria. Conclusion We demonstrate the feasibility and value of time series analysis for obtaining clinically reliable information when the rarity of a disease prevents conventional prognostic modelling approaches. We illustrate the comparative utility of blood, functional and imaging markers to monitor the development and regression of AA amyloidosis.
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| 4. |
- Abramo, Giovanni, et al.
(författare)
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Retraction of Predatory publishing in Scopus : evidence on cross-country differences lacks justification
- 2023
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Ingår i: Scientometrics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0138-9130 .- 1588-2861. ; 128:2, s. 1459-1461
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As members of the Distinguished Reviewers Board of Scientometrics and/or as recipients of the Derek de Solla Price Medal, we wish to express our disagreement with the retraction of the paper “Predatory publishing in Scopus: evidence on cross-country differences” co-authored by Vít Macháček and Martin Srholec (Macháček & Srholec, 2021a). The retraction was discussed in the blog Retraction Watch (Oransky, 2021), where important information about the context of the retraction was disclosed, including the pressure exerted by the publisher Frontiers on Scientometrics.
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| 5. |
- Ashouri, Sajad, et al.
(författare)
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Indicators on firm level innovation activities from web scraped data
- 2022
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Ingår i: Data in Brief. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-3409. ; 42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents data on companies' innovative behavior measured at the firm-level based on web scraped firm-level data derived from medium-high and high-technology companies in the European Union and the United Kingdom. The data are retrieved from individual company websites and contains in total data on 96,921 companies. The data provide information on various aspects of innovation, most significantly the research and development orientation of the company at the company and product level, the company's collaborative activities, company's products, and use of standards. In addition to the web scraped data, the dataset aggregates a variety firm-level indicators including patenting activities. In total, the dataset includes 21 variables with unique identifiers which enables connecting to other databases such as financial data.
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| 6. |
- Baier, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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The Impact of Captive Innovation Offshoring on the Effectiveness of Organizational Adaptation
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of International Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 1075-4253. ; 21:2, s. 150-165
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyze the effects of captive offshoring of innovation activities on the firms' ability to adapt their organizational structures. Basing our arguments on the complexity theory, we use three consecutive waves of the German part of the Community Innovation Survey to test our hypotheses. We find an inverted u-shape of innovation offshoring on the effectiveness of organizational adaptability, implying an optimal threshold value of innovation offshoring. This value is 11% for the share of off shored R&D, 15% for downstream innovation activities such as local market adaptation, and 34% for design activities. We also analyze several contingency variables. In particular, we show that the costs of innovation offshoring in terms of reduced organizational adaptation are increased by a regional dispersion of the offshoring activities and strong embeddedness in onshore networks. We also show that smaller firms find it easier to deal with the management complexity induced by geographical dispersion of innovation activities. 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Blind, Knut, et al.
(författare)
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Estimating the GDP effect of Open Source Software and its complementarities with R&D and patents : evidence and policy implications
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Technology Transfer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0892-9912 .- 1573-7047.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Open Source Software (OSS) has become an increasingly important knowledge asset in modern economies. However, the economic impact of OSS on countries’ GDP is ambivalent due to its public good character. Using a cross-country panel from 2000 to 2018, including 25 of the largest EU countries plus the USA, Japan, Korea, Canada, China, Norway, and Switzerland, matching OSS commits to GitHub to macroeconomic data provided by the OECD, our results confirm the dual nature of OSS. On the one hand, the open-access character creates great learning potential by providing a commonly accessible productive resource for all countries. On the other hand, it creates outward-directed spillovers associated with own OSS contributions. Accordingly, on average, we find that countries experience an increase in GDP when the world stock of OSS grows. However, smaller countries experience a decline in GDP resulting from their own contributions due to knowledge spillovers. The net effect is nonetheless positive. If no country contributed to OSS development, GDP for the average country would be 2.2% lower in the long run. Moreover, the losses associated with unintended spillovers are lower for countries with a higher R&D and patenting intensity. Based on our findings, we derive implications for policies and regulations concerning OSS.
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| 8. |
- Brandt, Tasso, et al.
(författare)
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Is the university model an organizational necessity? Scale and agglomeration effects in science
- 2013
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Ingår i: Scientometrics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1588-2861 .- 0138-9130. ; 94:2, s. 541-565
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we argue that the emergence of the dominant model of university organization, which is characterized by a large agglomeration of many (often loosely affiliated) small research groups, might have an economic explanation that relates to the features of the scientific production process. In particular, we argue that there are decreasing returns to scale on the level of the individual research groups, which prevent them from becoming to large, while we argue for positive agglomeration effects on the supra-research-group-level inside the university. As a consequence an efficient university organization would precisely consist of tying together many small individual research groups without merging them. Basing our empirical analysis on a multilevel dataset for German research institutes from four disciplines we are able to find strong support for the presence of these effects. This suggests that the emergence of the dominant model of university organization may also be the result of these particular features of the production process, where the least we can say is that this model is under the given circumstances highly efficient.
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| 9. |
- Castellani, Davide, et al.
(författare)
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Can European productivity make progress?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Intereconomics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0020-5346 .- 1613-964X. ; 53:2, s. 75-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 10. |
- Castellani, Davide, et al.
(författare)
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Multinationality, R&D and productivity : Evidence from the top R&D investors worldwide
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931. ; 26:3, s. 405-416
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the effects of multinationality on firm productivity, and contributes to the literature in two respects. First, we argue that multinationality affects productivity both directly and indirectly through higher incentives to invest in R&D. Second, we maintain that the multinational depth and breadth have different direct effects on productivity and R&D. Using data from the top R&D investors in the world, we propose an econometric model with an R&D and a productivity equation that both depend on multinationality. We find: i) multinational depth has a positive effect on productivity, while the effect of multinational breadth is negative; ii) multinationality (along both dimensions) has a positive effect on R&D intensity, translating into an indirect positive effect on productivity; iii) the positive indirect effect is however not large enough to compensate the negative direct effect of multinational breadth.
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| 11. |
- Castellani, Davide, et al.
(författare)
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R&D and productivity in the US and the EU : Sectoral specificities and differences in the crisis
- 2019
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Ingår i: Technological Forecasting and Social Change. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-1625. ; 138, s. 279-291
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using data on the US and EU top R&D spenders from 2004 until 2012, this paper investigates the sources of the US/EU productivity gap. We find robust evidence that US firms have a higher capacity to translate R&D into productivity gains (especially in the high-tech macro sector), and this contributes to explaining the higher productivity of US firms. Conversely, EU firms are more likely to achieve productivity gains through capital-embodied technological change, at least in the medium- and low-tech macro sectors. Our results also show that the US/EU productivity gap has worsened during the crisis period, as the EU companies have been more affected by the economic crisis in their capacity to translate R&D investments into productivity. Based on these findings, we make a case for a learning-based and selective R&D funding, which, instead of purely aiming at stimulating higher R&D expenditures, works on improving the firms’ capabilities to transform R&D into productivity gains.
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| 12. |
- Chavez, Cecilia Garcia, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding career transitions of applied researchers to universities : evidence from Germany
- 2024
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Ingår i: Science and Public Policy. - 0302-3427. ; 51:1, s. 89-107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyses the conditions and factors influencing non-university researchers' career transitions back into academia. Using affiliation data in publications of German researchers, their cross-sector career transitions from the public research organisation Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft and industry to universities are analysed. Although the rate of transitions is small, there are distinctive windows of opportunity at a junior career stage, especially for Fraunhofer researchers. Researchers who publish more and in more acclaimed journals, Fraunhofer researchers who co-publish with universities, and women are more likely to gain a university affiliation over the course of their career. These results indicate the influence of institutional proximity for cross-domain career transitions. The quality and impact of academic knowledge could be improved if the higher education sector was more open to recruitment of researchers from other sectors. Policy needs to target the barriers that preclude applied researchers from pursuing university careers.
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| 13. |
- de Faria, Pedro, et al.
(författare)
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Recruiting strategic human capital from MNCs-Does hiring MNC managers enable exporting in domestic firms?
- 2021
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 16:10 October
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exporting is a central growth strategy for most firms and managers with international experience are instrumental for export decisions. We suggest that such managers can be hired from Multinational Corporations (MNCs). We integrate theory from strategic human capital research into models explaining export decisions. We theorize that hiring managers from MNCs increases the odds of domestic firms to start exporting and this effect depends on the similarities between hiring firms and MNCs. We hypothesize that young firms will benefit comparatively less from hiring MNC managers. In contrast, firms with internationally diverse workforces and with high degrees of hierarchical specialization will benefit the most from hiring MNC managers. We test and support these hypotheses for 474,926 domestic firms in Sweden, which we observe between 2007 and 2015.
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| 14. |
- Edler, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
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Technology sovereignty as an emerging frame for innovation policy : defining rationales, ends and means
- 2023
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333. ; 52:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, global technology-based competition has not only intensified, but become increasingly linked to a more comprehensive type of competition between different political and value systems. The globalist assumptions of the post-Cold War era that reliable mutually beneficial agreements could be reached with all nations, regardless of ideology, have been shattered. A previously less visible, mostly political, risk dimension has been brought to the fore by recent geopolitical and geo-economic developments. Against this background, the notion of technology sovereignty has gained prominence in national and international debates, cutting across and adding to established rationales of innovation policy. In this paper, we propose and justify a concise yet nuanced concept of technology sovereignty to contribute to and clarify this debate. In particular, we argue that technology sovereignty should be conceived as state-level agency within the international system, i.e. as sovereignty of governmental action, rather than (territorial) sovereignty over something. Against this background, we define technology sovereignty not as an end in itself, but as a means to achieving the central objectives of innovation policy - sustaining national competitiveness and building capacities for transformative policies. By doing so, we position ourselves between a naive globalist position which largely neglects the risks of collaboration and the promotion of near autarky which disregards the inevitable costs of creating national redundancies and reducing cooperative interdependencies. We finish by providing a set of policy suggestions to support technology sovereignty in line with our conceptual approach.
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| 15. |
- Ejermo, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Do Higher Wages Reduce Knowledge Worker's Job Mobility? Evidence for Swedish Inventors
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Management Studies. - : Wiley. - 0022-2380. ; 55:1, s. 108-145
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on linked employer-employee panel data on all Swedish inventors, this paper analyses how wages affect inventors' job mobility. It is commonly assumed that higher wages reduce mobility because they reduce the value of outside opportunities. We argue that higher wages also send performance signals to potential employers, who raise their wage offers in response. By disentangling the effects of higher wages, we show evidence of a utility and an opportunity cost effect, which reduce mobility, and a performance-signalling effect, which increases mobility. In our data, the effects cancel each other out, with no effects of wages on mobility rates on average. We find, however, that for star inventors, who have sufficiently strong alternative performance signals (e.g., strong patent records), the performance signal sent by wages is crowded out by the alternative signals. Accordingly, for star inventors we find that higher wages decrease mobility.
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| 16. |
- Ejermo, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Innovation in Malmö after the Öresund Bridge
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Regional Science. - : Wiley. - 0022-4146 .- 1467-9787. ; 62:1, s. 5-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyze the effect of the Öresund Bridge, a combined railway and motorway bridge between Swedish Malmö and the Danish capital Copenhagen, on inventive activity in the region of Malmö. Applying difference-in-difference estimation on individual-level data, our findings suggest that the Öresund Bridge led to a significant increase in the number of patents per individual in the Malmö region as compared with the two other major regions in Sweden, Gothenburg, and Stockholm. We show that a key mechanism is the attraction of highly qualified workers to the Malmö region following the construction of the bridge.
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| 17. |
- Grillitsch, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Does the Timing of Integrating New Skills Affect Start-up Growth?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal. - : Wiley. - 1932-4391 .- 1932-443X. ; 15:4, s. 647-684
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research SummaryGrowth often requires start‐ups to recruit new skills not present in the founding team. We analyze if the relationship between integrating new skills and growth depends on timing. Should new skills be recruited as early as possible, or can start‐ups add them as needed along the way? Using a unique panel dataset covering Sweden's population of start‐ups from 1997 to 2012, our analysis shows that (a) start‐ups' growth rate is positively correlated with integrating novel skills early in their life, while adding novel skills later is associated with lower growth and (b) corporate spin‐offs profit less from recruiting novel skills than de novo start‐ups. We mirror our results against existing theories and develop theoretical perspectives for future research.Managerial SummaryEntrepreneurs and managers of start‐ups need to develop the competences of their company as it matures. For this, they typically need to hire qualified personnel. But when is the best time to do so? In this paper, we show that the costs of integrating new skills from recruitment increase over time. We show that in order to achieve high firm growth there is a window of opportunity for successful recruitment covering the first 3–4 years after the founding of the company. Recruiting novel skills after this period is associated with reduced firm growth. Our results are thus in favor of a hiring strategy, where needed skills are recruited as early as possible.
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| 18. |
- Grillitsch, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Knowledge base combinations and firm growth
- 2019
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333. ; 48:1, s. 234-247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The link between knowledge and firm growth has been a core topic in economics of innovation for a long time. However, despite strong theoretical arguments, empirical evidence remains inconclusive. One important reason for this conundrum may be the failure of standard indicators to capture firm innovation activities comprehensively. We contribute to overcoming this limitation by looking in the knowledge processes that drive variegated forms of innovation and aim thereby to establish a solid relationship with firm growth in more detail. Our arguments draw on the differentiated knowledge base approach, distinguishing between analytical, synthetic, and symbolic knowledge. We measure the three types of knowledge bases with detailed longitudinal linked-employer-employee micro-data from Sweden. Econometric findings based on a very large sample of small and medium-sized firms indicate significantly positive effects of the three knowledge types, and in particular combinations thereof, on firm growth. In addition, we show that not only high-growth but also slow-growth firms benefit immensely from the use of combinatory knowledge bases. We find evidence on a curvilinear relation between knowledge bases and growth of firms. Beyond certain thresholds increasing the knowledge bases further results in decreasing firm growth. Our results remain robust in a wide range of specifications and econometric models.
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| 19. |
- Hajikhani, Arash, et al.
(författare)
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Connecting firm's web scraped textual content to body of science : Utilizing microsoft academic graph hierarchical topic modeling
- 2022
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Ingår i: MethodsX. - : Elsevier BV. - 2215-0161. ; 9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper demonstrates a method to transform and link textual information scraped from companies' websites to the scientific body of knowledge. The method illustrates the benefit of Natural Language Processing (NLP) in creating links between established economic classification systems with novel and agile constructs that new data sources enable. Therefore, we experimented on the European classification of economic activities (known as NACE) on sectoral and company levels. We established a connection with Microsoft Academic Graph hierarchical topic modeling based on companies' website content. Central to the operationalization of our method are a web scraping process, NLP and a data transformation/linkage procedure. The method contains three main steps: data source identification, raw data retrieval, and data preparation and transformation. These steps are applied to two distinct data sources.
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| 20. |
- Janger, Jürgen, et al.
(författare)
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The EU 2020 innovation indicator : A step forward in measuring innovation outputs and outcomes?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333. ; 46:1, s. 30-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In October 2013, the European Commission presented a new indicator intended to capture innovation outputs and outcomes and thereby “support policy-makers in establishing new or reinforced actions to remove bottlenecks that prevent innovators from translating ideas into products and services that can be successful on the market”. This article aims to evaluate the usefulness of the new indicator against the background of the difficulties in measuring innovation outputs and outcomes. We develop a unique conceptual framework for measuring innovation outcomes that distinguishes structural change and structural upgrading as two key dimensions in both manufacturing and services. We conclude that the new indicator is biased towards a somewhat narrowly defined “high-tech” understanding of innovation outcomes. We illustrate our framework proposing a broader set of outcome indicators capturing also structural upgrading. We find that the results for the modified indicator differ substantially for a number of countries, with potentially wide-ranging consequences for innovation and industrial policies.
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| 21. |
- Krieger, Bastian, et al.
(författare)
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Are firms withdrawing from basic research? An analysis of firm-level publication behaviour in Germany
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scientometrics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0138-9130 .- 1588-2861. ; 126:12, s. 9677-9698
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has expressed concerns about firms engaging less in basic research. We contribute to this debate by studying trends in the scientific publishing activities of firms located in Germany. Our results indicate that the firms’ aggregate volume of scientific publications stayed constant between 2008 and 2016. However, the number and share of publishing firms declined, and publication activities became more concentrated among publishing firms. Beyond that, we observe positive trends in publishing in basic research journals compared to journals focused on applied research, and publishing in collaboration with academic partners compared to publishing alone. Thus, our results paint an ambiguous picture. While they do not confirm a decrease in firms’ basic research engagement in the aggregate, the figures document a concentration of publishing activities on fewer firms. We argue that this concentration of basic research activities in firms may pose a threat to the longer-term innovativeness of the German economy.
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| 22. |
- Kroll, Henning, et al.
(författare)
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Can university leaders effectively promote research on complex societal challenges? : a change-agency perspective
- 2024
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Ingår i: Higher Education Policy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0952-8733 .- 1740-3863. ; 37:2, s. 348-365
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, new expectations have been placed on universities, demanding academic contributions towards solving large-scale, interdisciplinary challenges. This is in conflict with existing insights from university governance research, which emphasises that scientific communities focus on reproducing disciplinary practices that are unsuitable in addressing societal challenges, because the problems associated with them are usually large-scale, complex and interdisciplinary. In light of this seeming paradox, we revisit the question of how—and on which theoretical grounds—universities may still be able to develop suitable internal governance mechanisms that allow them to address complex societal challenges effectively. Because university leaders are usually unable to coerce individual researchers to address such challenges in their research simply through their bureaucratic powers, we will argue that university leaders can, however, leverage individual researchers' agency to deviate from routine and disciplinary practice by developing novel or legitimising existing interdisciplinary scripts necessary to deal with such societal problems. Specifically, we outline that university managements can create a dual role consisting of the communication of legitimising interdisciplinary research on societal challenges, as well as providing for the necessary degree of interdisciplinary coordination by convening researchers around these topics.
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| 23. |
- Lund, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of drought conditions on the carbon dioxide dynamics in a temperate peatland
- 2012
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Ingår i: Environmental Research Letters. - : IOP Publishing. - 1748-9326. ; 7:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Drought is arguably the most important regulator of inter-annual variation in net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) in peatlands. This study investigates effects of drought periods on NEE and its components, gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R-eco), on the basis of eddy covariance measurements of land-atmosphere exchange of CO2 in 2006-2009 in a south Swedish nutrient-poor peatland. Two drought periods had dissimilar effects on the CO2 exchange. In 2006, there was a short but severe drought period in the middle of the growing season resulting in increased R-eco rates, but no detectable effect on GPP rates. In contrast, in 2008 the drought period began early in the growing season and lasted for a longer period of time, resulting in reduced GPP rates, suggesting that GPP is most sensitive to drought during leaf out and canopy development compared with the full canopy stage. Both in 2006 and in 2008 the peatland acted as an annual source of atmospheric CO2, while in 2007 and 2009, when there were no drought periods, the peatland constituted a CO2 sink. It was concluded that the timing, severity and duration of drought periods regulate the effects on peatland GPP, R-eco and NEE.
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| 24. |
- Lund, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Variability in exchange of CO2 across 12 northern peatland and tundra sites
- 2010
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 16:9, s. 2436-2448
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many wetland ecosystems such as peatlands and wet tundra hold large amounts of organic carbon (C) in their soils, and are thus important in the terrestrial C cycle. We have synthesized data on the carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange obtained from eddy covariance measurements from 12 wetland sites, covering 1-7 years at each site, across Europe and North America, ranging from ombrotrophic and minerotrophic peatlands to wet tundra ecosystems, spanning temperate to arctic climate zones. The average summertime net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) was highly variable between sites. However, all sites with complete annual datasets, seven in total, acted as annual net sinks for atmospheric CO2. To evaluate the influence of gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R-eco) on NEE, we first removed the artificial correlation emanating from the method of partitioning NEE into GPP and R-eco. After this correction neither R-eco (P = 0.162) nor GPP (P = 0.110) correlated significantly with NEE on an annual basis. Spatial variation in annual and summertime R-eco was associated with growing season period, air temperature, growing degree days, normalized difference vegetation index and vapour pressure deficit. GPP showed weaker correlations with environmental variables as compared with R-eco, the exception being leaf area index (LAI), which correlated with both GPP and NEE, but not with R-eco. Length of growing season period was found to be the most important variable describing the spatial variation in summertime GPP and R-eco; global warming will thus cause these components to increase. Annual GPP and NEE correlated significantly with LAI and pH, thus, in order to predict wetland C exchange, differences in ecosystem structure such as leaf area and biomass as well as nutritional status must be taken into account.
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| 25. |
- Neuhäusler, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Managing portfolio risk in strategic technology management : evidence from a panel data-set of the world's largest R&D performers
- 2016
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Ingår i: Economics of Innovation and New Technology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1043-8599 .- 1476-8364. ; 25:7, s. 651-667
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we analyze the impact of firms’ technology bases on their financial performance. By taking a strategic perspective of technology, we argue that it is not sufficient to analyze only the size or novelty/quality of the technology base as technology bases can best be understood as portfolios of individual technologies. In such a framework, risk consideration should be taken into account. More specifically, we argue that increasing technological breadth can serve as a hedge against the inherent uncertainties of developing and commercializing technology, in particular when the technology base is very large or novel. We also propose that technology has higher impacts on financial performance for firms with broader technology portfolios. A similar argument proposes that technological breadth can offset the increased risks of addressing foreign markets. We test our hypotheses using an international panel data-set of large R&D-performing firms. Our results suggest that broad technology portfolios can indeed serve as a hedge against technological and commercialization risks.
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| 26. |
- Neumann, Anne, et al.
(författare)
-
Estimating alternative technology sets in nonparametric efficiency analysis : restriction tests for panel and clustered data
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of Productivity Analysis. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0895-562X .- 1573-0441. ; 45:1, s. 35-51
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nonparametric efficiency analysis has become a widely applied technique to support industrial benchmarking as well as a variety of incentive-based regulation policies. In practice such exercises are often plagued by incomplete knowledge about the correct specifications of inputs and outputs. Simar and Wilson (Commun Stat Simul Comput 30(1):159–184, 2001) and Schubert and Simar (J Prod Anal 36(1):55–69, 2011) propose restriction tests to support such specification decisions for cross-section data. However, the typical oligopolized market structure pertinent to regulation contexts often leads to low numbers of cross-section observations, rendering reliable estimation based on these tests practically unfeasible. This small-sample problem could often be avoided with the use of panel data, which would in any case require an extension of the cross-section restriction tests to handle panel data. In this paper we derive these tests. We prove the consistency of the proposed method and apply it to a sample of US natural gas transmission companies from 2003 through 2007. We find that the total quantity of natural gas delivered and natural gas delivered in peak periods measure essentially the same output. Therefore only one needs to be included. We also show that the length of mains as a measure of transportation service is non-redundant and therefore must be included.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Rammer, Christian, et al.
(författare)
-
Concentration on the few : mechanisms behind a falling share of innovative firms in Germany
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333. ; 47:2, s. 379-389
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Innovation activities in the German business sector showed two opposing trends over the past two decades: While total innovation expenditures grew substantially, the number of firms conducting innovation activities fell sharply. In this paper, we explore the mechanisms behind the declining trend in the share of innovation active firms. Considering both input (R&D activities) and output (introduction of innovations), we model innovation decisions as a multi-stage process using continuous-time Markov chain analysis. We base our analyses on a 14-year panel from the German part of the Community Innovation Survey. Our results show that smaller firms and firms in sectors with less innovation competition are more likely to stop innovating. We also show that better financial situation and public funding can mitigate the trend towards a falling share of innovating and R&D-performing firms.
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| 29. |
- Robin, Stephane, et al.
(författare)
-
Cooperation with public research institutions and success in innovation: Evidence from France and Germany
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333. ; 42:1, s. 149-166
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We evaluate the impact of cooperation with public research on firms' product and process innovations in France and Germany using Community Innovation Survey data from 2004 and 2008. We find that cooperating with public research increases product innovation, but has no effect on process innovation, which depends more on firms' openness. Our benchmark estimates, which are very similar in 2004 and 2008, suggest that the increase in product innovation is much higher in Germany than in France. Endogeneity tests show that the French benchmark estimate may be somewhat biased in 2004 but not in 2008, which hints at a persistent gap in the effect of cooperation between France and Germany. We derive two important policy implications from our results. First, public private collaborations in research should not be encouraged at all costs, since they may not sustain all forms of innovation. Second, the changes in the institutional context of public-private partnerships in research which have been implemented between 2004 and 2008 have yet to prove effective in sustaining the innovation impact of cooperation. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 30. |
- Schubert, Per, et al.
(författare)
-
Modeling GPP in the Nordic forest landscape with MODIS time series data-Comparison with the MODIS GPP product
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Remote Sensing of Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0034-4257 .- 1879-0704. ; 126, s. 136-147
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Satellite sensor-derived data are suitable for regional estimations of several important biophysical variables. Data with a finer spatial resolution should improve regional estimations of GPP (gross primary productivity), since they better capture the variation in a heterogeneous landscape. The main objective of this study was to investigate if MODIS 500 m reflectance data can be used to drive empirical models for regional estimations of GPP in Nordic forests. The performance of the proposed models was compared with the MODIS 1 km GPP product. Linear regression analyses were made on 8-day averages of eddy covariance GPP from three deciduous and ten coniferous sites in relation to MODIS 8-day composite data and 8-day averages of modeled incoming PPFD (photosynthetic photon flux density). Time series of EVI2 (two-band enhanced vegetation index) were calculated from MODIS 500 m reflectance data and smoothed by a curve fitting procedure. For most sites, GPP was fairly strongly to strongly related to the product of EVI2 and PPFD (Deciduous: R-2=0.45-0.86, Coniferous: R-2=0.49-0.90). Similar strengths were found between GPP and the product of EVI2 and MODIS 1 km daytime LST (land surface temperature) (R-2=0.55-0.81, 0.57-0.77) and between GPP and EVI2, PPFD and daytime LST in multiple linear regressions (R-2=0.73-0.89,0.65-0.93). One year of data was collected from all coniferous sites to derive a general empirical model for GPP versus (1) the product of EVI2 and PPFD (R-2=0.70), (2) the product of EVI2 and daytime LST (R-2=0.62) and (3) EVI2, PPFD and daytime LST (R-2=0.72). These three models were then validated at six sites for the remaining years by linearly relating eddy covariance GPP to modeled GPP, which resulted in fairly strong to strong relationships for most sites (R-2=0.49-0.91, RMSE=0.63-1.22 gC m(-2) day(-1), R-2=0.53-0.73, RMSE=0.90-1.43 gC m(-2) day(-1) R-2=0.56-0.87, RMSE=0.79-1.11 gC m(-2) day(-1)). In comparison, similar validation strengths were found for the latest collection 5.1 of the MODIS 1 km GPP product (R-2=0.59-0.88, RMSE=0.80-1.16 gC m(-2) day(-1)). The main conclusion is that the suggested empirical models driven by MODIS 500 m reflectance data can be used for regional estimations of Nordic forest GPP, while preserving a finer resolution than the MODIS 1 km GPP product. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 31. |
- Schubert, Torben
(författare)
-
Are there scale economies in scientific production? On the topic of locally increasing returns to scale
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Scientometrics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1588-2861 .- 0138-9130. ; 99:2, s. 393-408
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper the question of returns to scale in scientific production is analysed using non-parametric techniques of multidimensional efficiency measurement. Based on survey data for German research groups from three scientific fields, it is shown that the multidimensional production possibility sets are weakly non-convex and locally strictly non-convex. This suggests that the production functions for the groups in the sample are characterised by increasing returns to scale in some regions and at least constant returns to scale otherwise. This has two implications for the organisation of scientific research: first, the size of at least some groups in our sample is suboptimal and they would benefit from growth. Second, greater specialisation in certain tasks in science (e.g. transfer-oriented groups vs. research-oriented groups) would increase the output of the overall system.
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| 32. |
- Schubert, Torben
(författare)
-
Captive offshoring, innovation and market diffusion : evidence from the Swedish Community Innovation Survey
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Journal of the Knowledge Economy. - 1868-7865.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although the effects of captive offshoring on firm innovation have increasingly become a subject of study, the literature did so far not distinguish between the effects on introducing innovation as opposed to the effects their market diffusion. This distinction is important. By integrating insights from the innovation diffusion literature, we argue that the effects of captive offshoring on home base innovation are likely to differ between the generation and the diffusion phases. Using a matched employer-employee panel dataset drawn from consecutive waves of the Swedish Community Innovation Survey (CIS) between 2009 and 2015, it is shown that captive offshoring, as measured by the share of employees at foreign locations, has an inverted u-shape effect on innovation propensity (with positive effects for the average firm). In contrast, employment offshoring does not, on average, affect the rate of diffusion as measured by the share of turnover from new products. For firms with more novel product innovations, the effects are even negative.
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| 33. |
- Schubert, Torben, et al.
(författare)
-
Energy efficiency and the direct and indirect effects of energy audits and implementation support programmes in Germany
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215. ; 157
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy audits help to increase energy efficiency in industry and have proven effective in many studies. Additional implementation support programmes providing financial incentives have been developed to not only support audits but also to overcome financial barriers to energy efficiency investments. Because the different types of programmes coexist, we argue that a precise analysis of their effects must explicitly model them together, demonstrating non-trivial direct and indirect effects of both audits and financial programmes on the adoption of energy efficiency measures. We corroborate the presence of these direct and indirect effects with data on German firms, all of which have participated in an energy audit programme and some of which have additionally received financial implementation support. Audits not only affect the adoption of energy efficiency measures directly, they also increase the likelihood of receiving financial implementation support, which in turn increases the adoption rate. Furthermore, our findings highlight that consultancy during implementation is an important factor for adoption. Accordingly, additional supporting policies should be considered in future energy audits, for example to ensure assistance during implementation.
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| 34. |
- Schubert, Torben, et al.
(författare)
-
Firm capabilities, technological dynamism and the internationalisation of innovation : A behavioural approach
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Journal of International Business Studies. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0047-2506 .- 1478-6990. ; 49:1, s. 70-95
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We develop a behavioural framework of bounded rational decision-making under uncertainty to analyse the role of technological dynamism in the firm’s environment for its decision to internationalise innovation. Applying prospect theory, we argue that technological uncertainty in the firm’s environment affects its risk preferences differently depending on its technological capabilities. A key prediction is that firms with low capabilities will internationalise innovation when faced by technological uncertainty while firms with high capabilities will concentrate their innovation at the home-base. We also argue that our behavioural approach based on prospect theory is not a stand-alone programme but benefits from the integration with traditional concepts in IB. In particular, we make a case that organisational measures fostering absorptive capacity, such as intensive personnel exchange between headquarters and subsidiaries, can help to attenuate the high-capability firms’ tendency to concentrate innovation at the home-base when faced by high uncertainty. We corroborate the predictions of our framework based on data from the German part of the Community Innovation Survey.
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| 35. |
- Schubert, Torben, et al.
(författare)
-
Forschungs-, Technologie- und Innovationspolitik muss die Entstehung kritischer Massen fördern
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Wirtschaftsdienst. - 0043-6275. ; 104:4, s. 241-245
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Economic research emphasises the role of increasing returns to scale and critical mass in research and technology development. This suggests that countries benefit from specialising in certain technologies and can thereby bundle available resources. Using the example of the Exzellenzstrategie and the Zukunftsstrategie, we argue that German RTI policy lacks strategic prioritisation. The lack of focus implies that Germany spreads its resources too thinly over many technological alternatives and therefore fails to create critical mass within each of them. The guiding principles for a German RTI policy should focus on creating critical mass through specialisation..
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| 36. |
- Schubert, Torben
(författare)
-
Infringement of intellectual property in innovation partnerships
- 2016
-
Ingår i: R & D Management. - : Wiley. - 0033-6807. ; 46:s2, s. 596-611
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using data from the German Community Innovation Survey (CIS) from 2008, we analyze whether innovation partnering increases the risk of experiencing infringement of intellectual property (IP). The results show that depending on types of IP innovation, partnerships increase the risk of infringement by up to 37% compared with the average risk in the sample. The results suggest that this massive increase can be reduced by IP rights and contracts to govern the partnerships. Yet, we show that formal protection mechanisms do not eliminate the sources of opportunistic infringement, because that infringement in innovation partnerships more commonly relates to the infringement of formally unprotected IP, such as tacit knowledge and know-how.
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| 37. |
- Schubert, Torben, et al.
(författare)
-
Institutional change and the optimal size of universities
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Scientometrics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0138-9130 .- 1588-2861. ; 108:3, s. 1129-1153
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The last years have been characterized by tremendous institutional change in the university sector induced by far-reaching Higher Education Reforms (e.g. Bologna). Building on loose-coupling theory, we hypothesize that smaller universities were better able to adapt to the Higher Education Reforms of the recent years, triggering a decline in the optimal size of universities in the reform period. Using a 12-year panel data set on the inputs and outputs of German universities, we find a tremendous decrease in optimal university size, which is driven by the decline in the optimal scale for the provision of teaching activities. Our results also suggest this drop is also due to fact that the relatively higher administrative overheads of larger universities become an organizational liability in times of rapid institutional change.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Schubert, Torben, et al.
(författare)
-
Old is gold? The effects of employee age on innovation and the moderating effects of employment turnover
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Economics of Innovation and New Technology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1043-8599 .- 1476-8364. ; 24, s. 95-113
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is consistent evidence in the literature that an average employee's age is negatively related to firm-level innovativeness. This observation has been explained by older employees working with outdated technological knowledge and being characterized by reduced cognitive flexibility. We argue that firms can mitigate this effect through employee turnover. In particular, turnover of R&D workers is deemed a vehicle for transfer of external knowledge to the firm, which can compensate for lower cognitive flexibility and up-to-date knowledge among older workers. We use a matched employer–employee data set based on three consecutive Community Innovation Survey surveys for Sweden to test our predictions. Our results suggest (a) that overall employee age impacts negatively on product innovation activities (both in terms of propensity and success), (b) that the effect of employee staying rate (measured by the share of employees who remain in the firm from one year to the next) on innovation follows an inverted U-shape implying an ‘optimal’ level of employment turnover and (c) that this ‘optimal’ value is lower for firms with older employees. The latter suggests that firms with older employees can at least partially compensate an aged workforce by increased employment turnover.
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| 40. |
- Schubert, Torben, et al.
(författare)
-
Placing articles in the large publisher nations: Is there a "free lunch" in terms of higher impact?
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. - : Wiley. - 1532-2890 .- 1532-2882. ; 64:3, s. 596-611
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper deals with the role of a journal's publisher country in determining the expected citation rates of the articles published in it. We analyze whether a paper has a higher citation rate when it is published in one of the large publisher nations, the U.S., U.K., or the Netherlands, compared to a hypothetical situation when the same paper is published in journals of different origin. This would constitute a free lunch, which could be explained by a Matthew effect visible on the country-level, similar to the well-documented Matthew effect on the author-level. We first use a simulation model that highlights increasing citation returns to quality as the central key condition on which such a Matthew effect may emerge. Then we use an international bibliometric panel data set of forty-nine countries for the years 2000-2010 and show that such a free lunch implied by this Matthew effect can be observed for top journals from the U.S. and depending on the specification also from the U.K. and the Netherlands, while there is no effect for lower-ranked American journals and negative effects for lower-ranked British journals as well as those coming from the Netherlands.
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| 41. |
- Schubert, Torben, et al.
(författare)
-
Product innovation and educational diversity in top and middle management teams
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Academy of Management Journal. - : Academy of Management. - 0001-4273 .- 1948-0989. ; 63:1, s. 272-294
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of diversity in management teams on firm innovation have become an important topic in strategic management. With a few exceptions, however, the literature has focused on diversity in top management teams (TMTs), while the role of diversity in lower management levels, particularly middle management teams (MMTs), has usually been neglected. In this paper, we intend to fill this gap by explicitly differentiating between the effects of diversity in TMTs and MMTs. By matching various firm-level and individual-level datasets, we compile a linked employer–employee panel dataset for Sweden for the period 2004–2012. Focusing on measures of educational diversity, we find that the effects differ considerably between MMTs and TMTs. TMTs’ diversity determines whether firms engage in innovation activities at all, while MMTs’ diversity affects the actual outcome of innovation processes, in particular successful product innovations and their degree of market novelty.
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| 42. |
- Schubert, Torben, et al.
(författare)
-
The effects of sustainability orientation on research and teaching efficiency in German universities
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Socio-Economic Planning Sciences. - 0038-0121. ; 88
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Academic research increasingly focuses on environmental sustainability as a specific societal mission to be addressed. However, the effects of the increasing sustainability orientation on output generation in public research organizations are largely unexplored. In this paper, we analyse the effects of the increasing importance of sustainability-oriented research topics on research and teaching efficiency in German universities in 2018. Our results are mixed. On the one hand, we find that a higher share of publications related to sustainability increases research efficiency. On the other hand, it decreases teaching efficiency. The latter negative effect seems to relate primarily to a notion of teaching efficiency associated with quantity rather than the quality of teaching output. We conclude that the tendency to focus academic research on challenge-driven sustainability orientation can have non-trivial effects on the efficiency of output generation and therefore needs to be considered ex-ante by policy-makers, administrators and university managers.
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| 43. |
- Schubert, Torben, et al.
(författare)
-
Universities’ effects on regional GDP and unemployment : The case of Germany
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Papers in Regional Science. - : Wiley. - 1056-8190. ; 95:3, s. 467-489
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a large consensus that higher education institutions exert notable effects on their regional environment. So far, however, much of the related evidence is based on case studies. Few findings are available on a more generalizable level. To bridge this gap, our study uses spatial panel-data models to identify the impacts of higher education institution (HEI) activities on GDP per capita and unemployment in Germany. Beyond demand-side effects, we seek to identify the, arguably more important, indirect long-term effects of knowledge generation. Accounting for regional spillovers, we find that on average HEI contributed €8,300 to regional GDP per capita in the period 2000 to 2011. Furthermore, we find that they help to significantly reduce unemployment rates in the long run.
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| 44. |
- Song, Yaoyao, et al.
(författare)
-
Measuring scientific productivity in China using malmquist productivity index
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of Data and Information Science. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 2543-683X. ; 4:1, s. 32-59
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper aims to investigate the scientific productivity of China's science system. This paper employs the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The results reveal that the overall efficiency of Chinese universities increased significantly from 2009 to 2016, which is mainly driven by technological progress. From the perspective of the functions of higher education, research and transfer activities perform better than the teaching activities. As an implication, the indicator selection mechanism, investigation period and the MPI model can be further extended in the future research. The results indicate that Chinese education administrative departments should take actions to guide and promote the teaching activities and formulate reasonable resource allocation regulations to reach the balanced development in Chinese universities. This paper selects 58 Chinese universities and conducts a quantified measurement during the period 2009-2016. Three main functional activities of universities (i.e. teaching, researching, and application) are innovatively categorized into different schemes, and we calculate their performance, respectively.
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| 45. |
- Tagesson, Torbern, et al.
(författare)
-
High-resolution satellite data reveal an increase in peak growing season gross primary production in a high-Arctic wet tundra ecosystem 1992-2008
- 2012
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. - : Elsevier BV. - 1569-8432. ; 18, s. 407-416
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Arctic ecosystems play a key role in the terrestrial carbon cycle. Our aim was to combine satellite-based normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with field measurements of CO2 fluxes to investigate changes in gross primary production (GPP) for the peak growing seasons 1992-2008 in Rylekaerene, a wet tundra ecosystem in the Zackenberg valley, north-eastern Greenland. A method to incorporate controls on GPP through satellite data is the light use efficiency (LUE) model, here expressed as GPP = epsilon(peak) x PAR(in) x FAPAR(green_peak); where epsilon(peak) was peak growing season light use efficiency of the vegetation, PARin was incoming photosynthetically active radiation, and FAPAR(green_peak) was peak growing season fraction of PAR absorbed by the green vegetation. The Speak was measured for seven different high-Arctic plant communities in the field, and it was on average 1.63 g CO2 MJ(-1). We found a significant linear relationship between FAPARgreen_peak measured in the field and satellite-based NDVI. The linear regression was applied to peak growing season NDVI 1992-2008 and derived FAPAR(green_peak) was entered into the LUE-model. It was shown that when several empirical models are combined, propagation errors are introduced, which results in considerable model uncertainties. The LUE-model was evaluated against field-measured GPP and the model captured field-measured GPP well (RMSE was 192 mg CO2 m(-2) h(-1)). The model showed an increase in peak growing season GPP of 42 mg CO2 m(-2) h(-1) y(-1) in Rylekaerene 1992-2008. There was also a strong increase in air temperature (0.15 degrees C y(-1)), indicating that the GPP trend may have been climate driven. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 46. |
- Østergaard, Christian Richter, et al.
(författare)
-
Environmental innovations and green skills in the Nordic countries
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Rethinking clusters : place-based value creation in sustainability transitions - place-based value creation in sustainability transitions. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2523-3084 .- 2523-3092. - 9783030619237 - 9783030619220 ; Part F2668, s. 195-211
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this chapter, we argue that policy-making aiming to achieve environmentally sustainable transitions of the economy is in need of a solid empirical evidence base. Conventional measurement concepts used for example by the EU based on sector-classifications deliver highly biased pictures. We propose measurement concepts based on the use of green skills and human capital, validate key assumptions of our concept and apply the concept to the four Nordic countries Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Our results show that indeed various versions of indicators based on green skills help predicting whether firms introduce environmental innovations, and this finding is robust across the four countries. Upon applying our measurement concept at the regional level, we find that the different Nordic countries show rather distinct patterns in their geographical distributions of these green skills, which may have implications for firms’ capabilities to introduce environmental innovations.
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