| 1. |
- Ackermann, Yvonne, et al.
(författare)
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Design of a bioelectrocatalytic electrode interface for oxygen reduction in biofuel cells based on a specifically adapted Os-complex containing redox polymer with entrapped Trametes hirsuta laccase
- 2010
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Ingår i: Electrochemistry communications. - : Elsevier. - 1388-2481 .- 1873-1902. ; 12:5, s. 640-643
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The design of the coordination shell of an Os-complex and its integration within an electrodeposition polymer enables fast electron transfer between an electrode and a polymer entrapped high-potential laccase from the basidiomycete Trametes hirsuta. The redox potential of the Os3+/2+-centre tethered to the polymer backbone (+720 mV vs. NHE) is perfectly matching the potential of the enzyme (+780 mV vs. NHE at pH 6.5). The laccase and the Os-complex modified anodic electrodeposition polymer were simultaneously precipitated on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode by means of a pH-shift to 2.5. The modified electrode was investigated with respect to biocatalytic oxygen reduction to water. The proposed modified electrode has potential applications as biofuel cell cathode.
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| 2. |
- Alsaoub, Sabine, et al.
(författare)
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An Intrinsic Self-Charging Biosupercapacitor Comprised of a High-Potential Bioanode and a Low-Potential Biocathode
- 2017
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Ingår i: ChemPlusChem. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2192-6506. ; 82:4, s. 576-583
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An intrinsic self-charging biosupercapacitor built on a unique concept for the fabrication of biodevices based on redox polymers is presented. The biosupercapacitor consists of a high-potential redox polymer based bioanode and a low-potential redox polymer based biocathode in which the potentials of the electrodes in the discharged state show an apparent potential mismatch E-anode > E-cathode and prevent the use of the device as a conventional biofuel cell. Upon charging, the potentials of the electrodes are shifted to more positive (cathode) and more negative (anode) values because of a change in the a(ox-)to-a(red) ratio within the redox polymer matrix. Hence, a potential inversion occurs in the charged state (E-anode < E-cathode) and an open circuit voltage of >0.4 V is achieved and the bio-device acts as a true biosupercapacitor. The bioanode consists of a novel specifically designed high-potential Os complex modified polymer for the efficient immobilization and electrical wiring of glucose converting enzymes, such as glucose oxidase and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase. The cathodic side is constructed from a low-potential Os complex modified polymer integrating the O-2 reducing enzyme, bilirubin oxidase. The large potential differences between the redox polymers and the prosthetic groups of the biocatalysts ensure fast and efficient charging of the biodevice.
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| 3. |
- Beck, Wolfgang, et al.
(författare)
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Die ältesten Runeninschriften im Kontext (sprach)wissenschaftlicher Editionen
- 2015
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Ingår i: Futhark. - 1892-0950 .- 1892-0950. ; 5, s. 7-24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Comprehensive editions of the oldest runic inscriptions are few and largely outdated;even the more recent ones do not meet modern critical standards. Other runic publications that treat this material tend to concentrate on selected data only. An up-to-date scholarly edition of the oldest runic inscriptions is thus currently lacking. The question is: what criteria must a new edition fulfil? Of course, information has to be provided concerning the rune-bearing object, such as (1) a description of the artifact, including the present place of keeping, (2) the find circumstances and (3) an archaeological dating. The description of the inscription itself has to be thorough, and must include (1) a plausible reading of the runes with remarks on runic forms and the textual composition, and (2) a transliteration, which constitutes the basis for a transcription. The transcription is the starting point for the internal, viz. linguistic interpretation that has to contain etymological as well as syntactic information (where necessary). In the etymological component, all important proposals have to be reconsidered. The linguistic interpretation must be the starting point for any broader analyses, which of necessity will require an interdisciplinary approach. The paper shows how such an edition can be laid out by means of one selected example.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Bobrowski, Tim, et al.
(författare)
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Rechargeable, flexible and mediator-free biosupercapacitor based on transparent ITO nanoparticle modified electrodes acting in mu M glucose containing buffers
- 2018
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Ingår i: Biosensors & bioelectronics. - : Elsevier. - 0956-5663 .- 1873-4235. ; 101, s. 84-89
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a transparent and flexible self-charging biosupercapacitor based on an optimised mediator- and membrane-free enzymatic glucose/oxygen biofuel cell. Indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles were spray-coated on transparent conducting ITO supports resulting in a flocculent, porous and nanostructured electrode surface. By this, high capacitive currents caused by an increased electrochemical double layer as well as enhanced catalytic currents due to a higher number of immobilised enzyme molecules were obtained. After a chemical pretreatment with a silane derivative, bilirubin oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria was immobilized onto the ITO nanostructured electrode surface under formation of a biocathode, while bioanodes were obtained by either immobilisation of cellobiose dehydrogenase from Corynascus thermophilus or soluble PQQ-dependent glucose dehydrogenase from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. The latter showed a lower apparent K-M value for glucose conversion and higher catalytic currents at mu M glucose concentrations. Applying the optimised device as a biosupercapacitor in a discontinuous charge/discharge mode led to a generated power output of 0.030 mW/cm(2) at 50 mu M glucose, simulating the glucose concentration in human tears. This represents an enhancement by a factor of 350 compared to the power density obtained from the continuously operating biofuel cell with a maximum power output of 0.086 mu W/cm(2) under the same conditions. After 17 h of charging/discharging cycles a remarkable current enhancement was still measured. The entire device was transferred to flexible materials and applied for powering a flexible display showing its potential applicability as an intermittent power source in smart contact lenses.
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| 6. |
- Falk, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Self-powered wireless carbohydrate/oxygen sensitive biodevice based on radio signal transmission
- 2014
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 9:10, s. e109104/1-e109104/9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here for the first time, we detail self-contained (wireless and self-powered) biodevices with wireless signal transmission. Specifically, we demonstrate the operation of self-sustained carbohydrate and oxygen sensitive biodevices, consisting of a wireless electronic unit, radio transmitter and sep. sensing bioelectrodes, supplied with elec. energy from a combined multi-enzyme fuel cell generating sufficient current at required voltage to power the electronics. A carbohydrate/oxygen enzymic fuel cell was assembled by comparing the performance of a range of different bioelectrodes followed by selection of the most suitable, stable combination. Carbohydrates (viz. lactose for the demonstration) and oxygen were also chosen as bioanalytes, being important biomarkers, to demonstrate the operation of the self-contained biosensing device, employing enzyme-modified bioelectrodes to enable the actual sensing. A wireless electronic unit, consisting of a micropotentiostat, an energy harvesting module (voltage amplifier together with a capacitor) and a radio microchip, were designed to enable the biofuel cell to be used as a power supply for managing the sensing devices and for wireless data transmission. The electronic system used required current and voltages greater than 44 μA and 0.57 V, resp. to operate; which the biofuel cell was capable of providing, when placed in a carbohydrate and oxygen contg. buffer. In addn., a USB based receiver and computer software were employed for proof-of concept tests of the developed biodevices. Operation of bench-top prototypes was demonstrated in buffers contg. different concns. of the analytes, showcasing that the variation in response of both carbohydrate and oxygen biosensors could be monitored wirelessly in real-time as analyte concns. in buffers were changed, using only an enzymic fuel cell as a power supply.
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| 7. |
- Figueiredo, Carina, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Protection Polymer Coatings on the Performance of an Amperometric Galactose Biosensor in Human Plasma
- 2024
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Ingår i: Biosensors. - 2079-6374. ; 14:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Galactose monitoring in individuals allows the prevention of harsh health conditions related to hereditary metabolic diseases like galactosemia. Current methods of galactose detection need development to obtain cheaper, more reliable, and more specific sensors. Enzyme-containing amperometric sensors based on galactose oxidase activity are a promising approach, which can be enhanced by means of their inclusion in a redox polymer coating. This strategy simultaneously allows the immobilization of the biocatalyst to the electroactive surface and hosts the electron shuttling units. An additional deposition of capping polymers prevents external interferences like ascorbic or uric acid as well as biofouling when measuring in physiological fuels. This work studies the protection effect of poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-co-glycidyl methacrylate (MPC) and polyvinylimidazole-polysulfostyrene (P(VI-SS)) when incorporated in the biosensor design for the detection of galactose in human plasma.
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| 8. |
- Glithero, Nick, et al.
(författare)
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At-line measurement of lactose in dairy-processing plants
- 2013
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Ingår i: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1618-2642 .- 1618-2650. ; 405:11, s. 3791-3799
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environmental and process control applications have needs for sensors that operate continuously or repeatedly, making them applicable to batch measurement and flowing product stream measurement. Additionally, for lactose monitoring in dairy-processing plants, the sensors must have sufficient flexibility to handle a wide range of substrate concentration and be resilient to withstand wide pH excursions brought about by frequent exposure to clean-in-place chemicals that happen without any warning. This paper describes the development and trialling of an at-line lactose biosensor that meets the needs of the dairy industry for loss monitoring of lactose in dairy-processing plants by the combination of a third-generation enzyme biosensor with a sequential injection analyser. Results, both from grab sample analysis and an at-line factory prototype, are shown from their operation when installed at a Fonterra dairy factory (New Zealand) during the 2011-2012 season. Previous sensor fabrication methods were converted to a single-step process, and the flow-through cell was adapted to bubble-free operation. The lactose concentration in wastewater-processing streams was successfully monitored by taking and analysing samples every 2-3 min, semi-continuously, for 3 months by an unskilled operator. The Fonterra site flushes approximately 100-300,000 L of wastewater per hour from its lactose plant. In the 2011-2012 season, the daily mean lactose content of this wastewater varied significantly, from 0.0 to 8.0 % w/v (0-233,712 mu M) and equated to substantial total losses of lactose over a 6-month period. These lactose losses represent lost saleable or useable product.
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| 9. |
- Gonzalez-Arribas, Elena, et al.
(författare)
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Solar biosupercapacitor
- 2017
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Ingår i: Electrochemistry Communications. - : Elsevier BV. - 1388-2481 .- 1873-1902. ; 74, s. 9-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here we report on an entirely new kind of bioelectronic device – a solar biosupercapacitor, which is built from a dual-feature photobioanode combined with a double-function enzymatic cathode. The self-charging biodevice, based on transparent nanostructured indium tin oxide electrodes modified with biological catalysts, i.e. thylakoid membranes and bilirubin oxidase, is able to capacitively store electricity produced by direct conversion of radiant energy into electric energy. When self-charged during 10 min, using ambient light only, the biosupercapacitor provided a maximum of 6 mW m− 2 at 0.20 V.
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| 10. |
- Gonzalez-Arribas, Elena, et al.
(författare)
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Transparent, mediator- and membrane-free enzymatic fuel cell based on nanostructured chemically modified indium tin oxide electrodes
- 2017
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Ingår i: Biosensors & bioelectronics. - : Elsevier. - 0956-5663 .- 1873-4235. ; 97, s. 46-52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We detail a mediator- and membrane-free enzymatic glucose/oxygen biofuel cell based on transparent and nanostructured conducting supports. Chemically modified indium tin oxide nanoparticle modified electrodes were used to substantially increase the active surface area without significantly compromising transparency. Two different procedures for surface nanostructuring were employed, viz. spray-coating and drop-coating. The spray-coated biodevice showed superior characteristics as compared to the drop-coated enzymatic fuel cell, as a result of the higher nanostructured surface area as confirmed by electrochemical characterisation, as well as scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. Subsequent chemical modification with silanes, followed by the immobilisation of either cellobiose dehydrogenase from Corynascus thermophiles or bilirubin oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria, were performed to obtain the bioanodes and biocathodes, respectively. The optimised biodevice exhibited an OCV of 0.67 V and power output of up to 1.4 mu W/cm(2) at an operating voltage of 0.35 V. This is considered a significant step forward in the field of glucose/oxygen membrane- and mediator-free, transparent enzymatic fuel cells.
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| 11. |
- Hasan, Kamrul, et al.
(författare)
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Electrochemical Communication Between Electrodes and Rhodobacter capsulatus Grown in Different Metabolic Modes
- 2015
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Ingår i: Electroanalysis. - : Wiley. - 1040-0397. ; 27:1, s. 118-127
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The majority of efforts on microbial and photosynthetic microbial fuel cells are both curiosity driven and made to possibly meet the future growing demand for sustainable energy. The most metabolically versatile purple bacteria Rhodobacter capsulatus is a potential candidate for this purpose. However, utilizing bacteria in such systems requires efficient electronic transfer communication between the microbial cells and the electrodes, which is one of the greatest challenges. Previous studies demonstrated that osmium redox polymers (ORPs) could be used for extracellular electron transfer between the cells and electrodes. Recently, heterotrophically grown R. capsulatus has been wired with ORP modified electrodes. Here in this communication, we report electron transfer from R. capsulatus grown under heterotrophic as well as under photoheterotrophic conditions to electrodes. The cells, immobilized on bare graphite and ORP modified graphite electrodes, were excited with visible light and subsequent photosynthetic electron transfer was recorded using cyclic voltammetric and chronoamperometric measurements. Photoheterotrophically grown R. capsulatus cells on bare graphite generate a significant photocurrent density of 3.46 mu A cm(-2), whereas on an ORP modified electrode the current density increases to 8.46 mu A cm(-2). Furthermore, when 1 mM p-benzoquinone is added to the electrolyte the photocurrent density reaches 12.25 mu A cm(-2). Our results could have significant implications in photosynthetic energy conversion and in development of photobioelectrochemical devices.
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| 12. |
- Isik, Sonnur, et al.
(författare)
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Simultaneous detection of L-glutamate and nitric oxide from adherently growing cells at known distance using disk shaped dual electrodes
- 2007
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Ingår i: Bioelectrochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 1878-562X .- 1567-5394. ; 70:1, s. 173-179
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An ex vivo system for simultaneous detection of nitric oxide (NO) and L-glutamate using integrated dual 250 gin platinum disk electrodes modified individually with suitable sensing chemistries has been developed. One of the sensors was coated with an electrocatalytic layer of Ni tetrasulfonate phthalocyanine tetrasodium salt (Ni-TSPe) covered by second layer of Nation, which stabilises on the one hand the primary oxidation product NO+ and prevents interferences from negatively charged compounds such as NO2-. For glutamate determination, the second electrode was modified with a crosslinked redox hydrogel consisting of Os complex modified poly(vinylimidazol), glutamate oxidase and peroxidase. A manual x-y-z micromanipulator on top of an inverted optical microscope was used to position the dual electrode sensor at a defined distance of 5 mu m from a cell population under visual control. C6 glioma cells were stimulated simultaneously with bradykinin or VEGF to release NO while KCl was used to invoke glutamate release. For evaluation of the glutamate sensors, in some experiments HN10 cells were used. To investigate the sensitivity and reliability of the system, several drugs were applied to the cells, e.g. Ca2+-channel inhibitors for testing Ca2+-dependence of the release of NO and glutamate, rotenone for inducing oxidative stress and glutamate antagonists for analysing glutamate release. With these drugs the NO and glutamate release was modulated in a similar way then expected from previously described systems or even in-vivo measurements. We therefore conclude that our system is suitable to analyse stress-induced mechanisms in cell lines. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Niculescu, Mihaela, et al.
(författare)
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Visualization of micropatterned complex biosensor sensing chemistries by means of scanning electrochemical microscopy
- 2004
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Ingår i: Biosensors & Bioelectronics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-4235 .- 0956-5663. ; 19:10, s. 1175-1184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Redox hydrogel-based micropatterned complex biosensor architectures, used as sensing chemistries in amperometric ethanol or glucose biosensors, were deposited on gold, graphite or glass. Well-localized immobilization of active hydrogels with variable compositions was achieved by dispensing 100 pl droplets of cocktails containing alcohol or glucose dehydrogenase, redox polymer (PVI(13)dmeOs) and crosslinker (PEGDGE) while moving the target surface relative to the position of the nozzle of a piezo-actuated microdispenser. The resulting structures were microscopic patterns of enzyme-containing lines of a redox hydrogel with a line width of about 100 mum. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) in the amperometric feedback mode was used to visualize the immobilized enzyme microstructures and their localized biochemical activity was observed with high lateral resolution by detecting the enzymatically consumed substrate using K-4[Fe(CN)(6)] as a free-diffusing electron-transfer mediator. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 15. |
- Pankratov, Dmitry, et al.
(författare)
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A Nernstian Biosupercapacitor
- 2016
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Ingår i: Angewandte Chemie International Edition. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1433-7851 .- 1521-3773. ; 55:49, s. 15434-15438
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose the very first "Nernstian biosupercapacitor", a biodevice based on only one redox polymer: poly(vinyl imidazole-co-allylamine)[Os(bpy)2Cl], and two biocatalysts. At the bioanode PQQ-dependent glucose dehydrogenase reduces the Os3+ moieties at the polymer to Os2+ shifting the Nernst potential of the Os3+/Os2+ redox couple to neg. values. Concomitantly, at the biocathode the redn. of O2 by means of bilirubin oxidase embedded in the same redox polymer leads to the oxidn. of Os2+ to Os3+ shifting the Nernst potential to higher values. Despite the use of just one redox polymer an open circuit voltage of more than 0.45 V was obtained during charging and the charge is stored in the redox polymer at both the bioanode and the biocathode. By connecting both electrodes via a predefined resistor a high power d. is obtained for a short time exceeding the steady state power of a corresponding biofuel cell by a factor of 8.
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| 16. |
- Psotta, Carolin, et al.
(författare)
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Continuous ex vivo glucose sensing in human physiological fluids using an enzymatic sensor in a vein replica
- 2023
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Ingår i: Bioelectrochemistry. - : Elsevier. - 1567-5394 .- 1878-562X. ; 152
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Managing blood glucose can affect important clinical outcomes during the intraoperative phase of surgery. However, currently available instruments for glucose monitoring during surgery are few and not optimized for the specific application. Here we report an attempt to exploit an enzymatic sensor in a vein replica that could continuously monitor glucose level in an authentic human bloodstream. First, detailed investigations of the superficial venous systems of volunteers were carried out using ocular and palpating examinations, as well as advanced ultrasound measurements. Second, a tubular glucose-sensitive biosensor mimicking a venous system was designed and tested. Almost ideal linear dependence of current output on glucose concentration in phosphate buffer saline was obtained in the range 2.2-22.0 mM, whereas the dependence in human plasma was less linear. Finally, the developed biosensor was investigated in whole blood under homeostatic conditions. A specific correlation was found between the current output and glucose concentration at the initial stage of the biodevice operation. However, with time, blood coagulation during measurements negatively affected the performance of the biodevice. When the experimental results were remodeled to predict the response without the influence of blood coagulation, the sensor output closely followed the blood glucose level.
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| 17. |
- Salaj-Kosla, Urszula, et al.
(författare)
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Direct electron transfer of bilirubin oxidase (Myrothecium verrucaria) at an unmodified nanoporous gold biocathode
- 2012
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Ingår i: Electrochemistry communications. - : Elsevier. - 1388-2481 .- 1873-1902. ; 16:1, s. 92-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Well defined mediatorless bioelectrocatalytic redn. of oxygen with high current densities of 0.8 mA cm- 2 was obtained on nanoporous gold electrodes modified with Myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase. A stable faradaic response was obsd. when the enzyme modified electrode was coated with a specifically designed electrodeposition polymer layer. The response of the enzyme electrode was only slightly inhibited by the addn. of F-.
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| 18. |
- Salaj-Kosla, Urszula, et al.
(författare)
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Direct electron transfer of Trametes hirsuta laccase adsorbed at unmodified nanoporous gold electrodes
- 2013
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Ingår i: Bioelectrochemistry. - : Elsevier. - 1567-5394 .- 1878-562X. ; 91, s. 15-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The enzyme Trametes hirsuta laccase undergoes direct electron transfer at unmodified nanoporous gold electrodes, displaying a c.d. of 28 μA/cm2. The response indicates that ThLc was immobilized at the surface of the nanopores in a manner which promoted direct electron transfer, in contrast to the absence of a response at unmodified polycryst. gold electrodes. The bioelectrocatalytic activity of ThLc modified nanoporous gold electrodes was strongly dependent on the presence of halide ions. Fluoride completely inhibited the enzymic response, whereas in the presence of 150 mM Cl-, the current was reduced to 50% of the response in the absence of Cl-. The current increased by 40% when the temp. was increased from 20 °C to 37 °C. The response is limited by enzymic and/or enzyme electrode kinetics and is 30% of that obsd. for ThLc co-immobilized with an osmium redox polymer.
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| 19. |
- Shao, Minling, et al.
(författare)
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Mutual enhancement of the current density and the coulombic efficiency for a bioanode by entrapping bi-enzymes with Os-complex modified electrodeposition paints
- 2013
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Ingår i: Biosensors & Bioelectronics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-4235 .- 0956-5663. ; 40:1, s. 308-314
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A bioanode with high current density and coulombic efficiency was developed by co-immobilization of pyranose dehydrogenase from Agaricus meleagris (AmPDH) with the dehydrogenase domain of cellobiose dehydrogenase from Corynascus thermophiles (recDHCtCDH) expressed recombinantly in Escherichia coli. The two enzymes were entrapped in Os-complex modified electrodeposition polymers (Os-EDPs) with specifically adapted redox potential by means of chemical co-deposition. AmPDH oxidizes glucose at both the C2 and C3 positions whereas recDHCtCDH oxidizes glucose only at the Cl position. Electrochemical measurements reveal that maximally 6 electrons can be harvested from one glucose molecule at the two-enzyme anode via a cascade reaction, as AmPDH oxidizes the products formed from of the recDHCtCDH catalyzed substrate oxidation and vice versa. Furthermore, a significant increase in current density can be obtained by combining AmPDH and recDHCtCDH in a single modified electrode. We propose the use of this bioanode in biofuel cells with increased current density and coulombic efficiency. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 20. |
- Shao, Minling, et al.
(författare)
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Optimization of a Membraneless Glucose/Oxygen Enzymatic Fuel Cell Based on a Bioanode with High Coulombic Efficiency and Current Density
- 2013
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Ingår i: ChemPhysChem. - : Wiley. - 1439-7641 .- 1439-4235. ; 14:10, s. 2260-2269
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- After initial testing and optimization of anode biocatalysts, a membraneless glucose/oxygen enzymatic biofuel cell possessing high coulombic efficiency and power output was fabricated and characterized. Agaricus meleagris (AmPDH) and flavodehydrogenase domains of various cellobiose dehydrogenases (DHCDH) were tested during the pre-screening. Myrothecium verrucaria adsorbed on graphite. Optimization showed that the current density for the mixed enzyme electrode could be further improved by using a genetically engineered variant of the non-glycosylated flavodehydrogenase domain of cellobiose dehydrogenase from Corynascus thermophilus expressed in E. coli (ngDH(CtCDHC310Y)) with a high glucose-turnover rate in combination with an Os-complex-modified redox polymer with a high concentration of Os complexes as well as a low-density graphite electrode. AmPDH/ngDH(CtCDHC310Y) anode showed not only a similar maximum voltage as with the biofuel cell based only on the ngDH(CtCDHC310Y) anode (0.55 V) but also a substantially improved maximum power output (20 Wcm(-2)) at 300 mV cell voltage in air-saturated physiological buffer. Most importantly, the estimated half-life of the mixed biofuel cell can reach up to 12 h, which is apparently longer than that of a biofuel cell in which the bioanode is based on only one single enzyme.
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