| 1. |
- Schuttelaar, Marie L.A., et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence of contact allergy to metals in the European general population with a focus on nickel sulfate and piercings : The EDEN Fragrance Study
- 2018
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Ingår i: Contact Dermatitis. - : Wiley. - 0105-1873. ; 79:1, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Studies on sensitization to metals in the general population are scarce. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of sensitization to metals in the general population, and factors associated with nickel sensitization. Methods: In 5 European countries (The Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Sweden), a random sample (N =3119) from the general population (aged 18-74years) was patch tested and interviewed by use of a questionnaire on exposure to metals, piercing, and jewellery. Results: Overall, the age-standardized prevalences of sensitization to nickel, cobalt and chromium were, respectively, 14.5%, 2.1%, and 0.8%. The highest prevalence of nickel sensitization was seen in Portugal (18.5%) and the lowest (8.3%) in Sweden. The prevalence of cobalt sensitization varied between 3.8% (The Netherlands) and 0.9% (Italy), and the prevalence of chromium sensitization varied between 1.3% (Portugal) and 0.2% (Sweden). Significant associations were observed between nickel allergy and female sex (odds ratio [OR] 5.19; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 3.99-6.74), past piercing use (OR 3.86; 95%CI: 2.85-5.24), and currently having ≥3 piercings (OR 5.58; 95%CI: 4.02-7.76). Conclusions: The prevalence of sensitization to metals in the European general population was high, mostly because of nickel. The lowest prevalence of contact allergy to nickel and chromium observed in Sweden supports the effectiveness of long-standing regulation.
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| 2. |
- Sukakul, Thanisorn, et al.
(författare)
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Results of patch testing with five fragrance materials hitherto not tested : A dose-finding study in the clinical population
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Ingår i: Contact Dermatitis. - 0105-1873.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) for skin sensitization is used to derive safe use levels of sensitising fragrance ingredients in products. Post-marketing surveillance of the prevalence of contact allergy to these ingredients provides relevant data to help evaluate the performance of these measures. Objectives: To determine a suitable patch test concentration for five fragrance materials that had hitherto not been tested on a regular basis. These concentrations are then to be used in a surveillance study with patch testing consecutive patients over an extended monitoring period. Materials and Methods: Furaneol, CAS.3658-77-3; trans-2-hexenal, CAS.6728-26-3; 4,8-dimethyl-4,9-decadienal, CAS.71077-31-1; longifolene, CAS.475-20-7; benzaldehyde, CAS.10052-7, were patch tested with other fragrance allergens in four clinics. Patch testing was conducted in three rounds, starting with the lowest concentrations of the five ingredients. The doses were increased in the subsequent rounds if no late-appearing positive reactions and virtually no irritant reactions were reported. Results: Overall, 373 patients were tested. No positive allergic reaction was reported to the five ingredients. Patch test results of other fragrance allergens are reported. Conclusions: The highest test concentrations are each considered safe for patch testing consecutive patients. Further surveillance based on these preparations will evaluate the hypothesis that QRA-driven consumer product levels of these fragrances can prevent sensitization.
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| 3. |
- van Amerongen, Cynthia C.A., et al.
(författare)
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Allergic contact dermatitis caused by 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate in a hospital wristband
- 2019
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Ingår i: Contact Dermatitis. - : Wiley. - 0105-1873 .- 1600-0536. ; 81:6, s. 446-449
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (1,6-HDDA) is a multifunctional acrylate and a potent sensitizer. Objectives: To report a case of allergic contact dermatitis caused by 1,6-HDDA in a hospital wristband. Methods: A male patient presented with eczema on his wrist where he had worn a hospital wristband. Patch testing was performed with our extended European baseline series, additional series, and pieces of the hospital wristband. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed with extracts from the wristband and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for chemical analysis. Results: Positive reactions were found to pieces of the wristband, including adhesive rim (+++), inside (+++), and outside (++); to multiple allergens in the (meth)acrylates series; and to extracts of the wristband in acetone and ethanol. Chemical analysis of the ethanol extract showed presence of lauryl acrylate and 1,6-HDDA. Patch testing with TLC strips and subsequent chemical analysis showed that the substance causing the strongest reaction was 1,6-HDDA, to which the patient had a confirmed positive patch test reaction. Conclusion: 1,6-HDDA was identified as the culprit allergen responsible for allergic contact dermatitis caused by the hospital wristband.
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| 4. |
- van Amerongen, Cynthia C.A., et al.
(författare)
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Skin exposure to scented products used in daily life and fragrance contact allergy in the European general population - The EDEN Fragrance Study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Contact Dermatitis. - : Wiley. - 0105-1873 .- 1600-0536. ; 84:6, s. 385-394
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Fragrances are widely used in scented products used in daily life with the potential to induce skin sensitization. Objective: To evaluate exposure to scented products and to explore associations between exposure and fragrance contact allergy. Methods: A cross-sectional study on individuals from 18 to 74 years of age, who were randomly selected from the general population in five European countries. A random sample (N = 3119) was patch tested and interviewed on exposure to scented products. Results: Female participants were strongly associated with exposure to scented products relative to male participants. Participants age 40 years and older showed an inverse association with exposure to scented products. Compared to Sweden, The Netherlands followed by Germany showed the highest overall exposure to scented products. Sensitive skin was associated with exposure to scented products and with fragrance allergy. In univariable regression analysis, exposure to leave-on products and to specific scented product subgroups was significantly associated with fragrance allergy. Conclusion: Exposure to scented products depends primarily on sex and age. Female sex and sensitive skin are relevant indicators for developing fragrance allergy. Because aggregate exposure, especially to scented leave-on products, may enhance the prevalence of contact allergy to fragrances, further investigations into exposure amounts and frequencies is warranted.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Wilkinson, S. Mark, et al.
(författare)
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The European baseline series and recommended additions : 2023
- 2023
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Ingår i: Contact Dermatitis. - : Wiley. - 0105-1873 .- 1600-0536. ; 88:2, s. 87-92
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The European baseline series was last updated in 2019. This article discusses the reasoning behind a further iteration of the series for 2023.
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