| 1. |
- Soligard, Torbjorn, et al.
(författare)
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How much is too much? (Part 1) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on load in sport and risk of injury
- 2016
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Ingår i: British Journal of Sports Medicine. - : BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP. - 0306-3674 .- 1473-0480. ; 50:17, s. 1030-1041
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Athletes participating in elite sports are exposed to high training loads and increasingly saturated competition calendars. Emerging evidence indicates that poor load management is a major risk factor for injury. The International Olympic Committee convened an expert group to review the scientific evidence for the relationship of load (defined broadly to include rapid changes in training and competition load, competition calendar congestion, psychological load and travel) and health outcomes in sport. We summarise the results linking load to risk of injury in athletes, and provide athletes, coaches and support staff with practical guidelines to manage load in sport. This consensus statement includes guidelines for (1) prescription of training and competition load, as well as for (2) monitoring of training, competition and psychological load, athlete well-being and injury. In the process, we identified research priorities.
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| 2. |
- Bahr, Roald, et al.
(författare)
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International Olympic Committee consensus statement: methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport 2020 (including STROBE Extension for Sport Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS))
- 2020
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Ingår i: British Journal of Sports Medicine. - : BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP. - 0306-3674 .- 1473-0480. ; 54:7, s. 372-389
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Injury and illness surveillance, and epidemiological studies, are fundamental elements of concerted efforts to protect the health of the athlete. To encourage consistency in the definitions and methodology used, and to enable data across studies to be compared, research groups have published 11 sport-specific or setting-specific consensus statements on sports injury (and, eventually, illness) epidemiology to date. Our objective was to further strengthen consistency in data collection, injury definitions and research reporting through an updated set of recommendations for sports injury and illness studies, including a new Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist extension. The IOC invited a working group of international experts to review relevant literature and provide recommendations. The procedure included an open online survey, several stages of text drafting and consultation by working groups and a 3-day consensus meeting in October 2019. This statement includes recommendations for data collection and research reporting covering key components: defining and classifying health problems; severity of health problems; capturing and reporting athlete exposure; expressing risk; burden of health problems; study population characteristics and data collection methods. Based on these, we also developed a new reporting guideline as a STROBE Extension-the STROBE Sports Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS). The IOC encourages ongoing in- and out-of-competition surveillance programmes and studies to describe injury and illness trends and patterns, understand their causes and develop measures to protect the health of the athlete. Implementation of the methods outlined in this statement will advance consistency in data collection and research reporting.
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| 3. |
- Derman, Wayne, et al.
(författare)
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Para sport translation of the IOC consensus on recording and reporting of data for injury and illness in sport
- 2021
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Ingår i: British journal of sports medicine. - : BMJ. - 1473-0480 .- 0306-3674. ; 55:19, s. 1068-1076
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2020, the IOC proposed a universal methodology for the recording and reporting of data for injury and illness in sport. Para sport is played by individuals with impairment, and they have a unique set of considerations not captured by these recommendations. Therefore, the aim of this addendum to IOC consensus statement was to guide the Para sport researcher through the complexities and nuances that should be taken into consideration when collecting, registering, reporting and interpreting data regarding Para athlete health. To develop this translation, experts in the field of Para sports medicine and epidemiology conducted a formal consensus development process, which began in March 2020 with the formation of a consensus group that worked over eight phases, incorporating three virtual consensus meetings to finalise the translation. This translation is consistent with the IOC consensus statement, yet provides more detailed Para athlete specific definitions and recommendations on study population, specifically, diagnostic and eligible impairment categorisation and recording of adaptive equipment, and defining and classifying health problems in the context of Para sport. Additionally, recommendations and Para athlete specific examples are described with regards to injury mechanism, mode of onset, injury and illness classification, duration, capturing and reporting exposure and risk. Finally, methods and considerations are provided to cater to the varied needs of athletes with impairment with respect to data collection tools. This harmonisation will allow the science to develop and facilitate a more accurate understanding of injury and illness patterns for tailoring evidence-informed prevention programmes and enabling better planning of medical services for Para sport events.
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| 4. |
- Matheson, Gordon O, et al.
(författare)
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Prevention and management of non-communicable disease : the IOC consensus statement, Lausanne 2013.
- 2013
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Ingår i: British Journal of Sports Medicine. - : BMJ. - 0306-3674 .- 1473-0480. ; 47:16, s. 1003-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Morbidity and mortality from preventable, non-communicable chronic disease (NCD) threatens the health of our populations and our economies. The accumulation of vast amounts of scientific knowledge has done little to change this. New and innovative thinking is essential to foster new creative approaches that leverage and integrate evidence through the support of big data, technology and design thinking. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the results of a consensus meeting on NCD prevention sponsored by the IOC in April 2013. Within the context of advocacy for multifaceted systems change, the IOC's focus is to create solutions that gain traction within healthcare systems. The group of participants attending the meeting achieved consensus on a strategy for the prevention and management of chronic disease that includes the following: (1) Focus on behavioural change as the core component of all clinical programmes for the prevention and management of chronic disease. (2) Establish actual centres to design, implement, study and improve preventive programmes for chronic disease. (3) Use human-centred design in the creation of prevention programmes with an inclination to action, rapid prototyping and multiple iterations. (4) Extend the knowledge and skills of Sports and Exercise Medicine (SEM) professionals to build new programmes for the prevention and treatment of chronic disease focused on physical activity, diet and lifestyle. (5) Mobilise resources and leverage networks to scale and distribute programmes of prevention. True innovation lies in the ability to align thinking around these core strategies to ensure successful implementation of NCD prevention and management programmes within healthcare. The IOC and SEM community are in an ideal position to lead this disruptive change. The outcome of the consensus meeting was the creation of the IOC Non-Communicable Diseases ad hoc Working Group charged with the responsibility of moving this agenda forward.
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| 5. |
- Matheson, Gordon O, et al.
(författare)
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Prevention and Management of Non-Communicable Disease : The IOC Consensus Statement, Lausanne 2013.
- 2013
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Ingår i: Sports Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0112-1642 .- 1179-2035. ; 43:11, s. 1075-88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Morbidity and mortality from preventable, non-communicable chronic disease (NCD) threatens the health of our populations and our economies. The accumulation of vast amounts of scientific knowledge has done little to change this. New and innovative thinking is essential to foster new creative approaches that leverage and integrate evidence through the support of big data, technology, and design thinking. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the results of a consensus meeting on NCD prevention sponsored by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in April, 2013. Within the context of advocacy for multifaceted systems change, the IOC's focus is to create solutions that gain traction within health care systems. The group of participants attending the meeting achieved consensus on a strategy for the prevention and management of chronic disease that includes the following: 1. Focus on behavioural change as the core component of all clinical programs for the prevention and management of chronic disease. 2. Establish actual centres to design, implement, study, and improve preventive programs for chronic disease. 3. Use human-centered design in the creation of prevention programs with an inclination to action, rapid prototyping and multiple iterations. 4. Extend the knowledge and skills of Sports and Exercise Medicine (SEM) professionals to build new programs for the prevention and treatment of chronic disease focused on physical activity, diet and lifestyle. 5. Mobilize resources and leverage networks to scale and distribute programs of prevention. True innovation lies in the ability to align thinking around these core strategies to ensure successful implementation of NCD prevention and management programs within health care. The IOC and SEM community are in an ideal position to lead this disruptive change. The outcome of the consensus meeting was the creation of the IOC Non-Communicable Diseases ad-hoc Working Group charged with the responsibility of moving this agenda forward.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Price, OJ, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence of lower airway dysfunction in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis by a subgroup of the IOC consensus group on 'acute respiratory illness in the athlete'
- 2022
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Ingår i: British journal of sports medicine. - : BMJ. - 1473-0480 .- 0306-3674. ; 56:4, s. 213-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To report the prevalence of lower airway dysfunction in athletes and highlight risk factors and susceptible groups.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesPubMed, EBSCOhost and Web of Science (1 January 1990 to 31 July 2020).Eligibility criteriaOriginal full-text studies, including male or female athletes/physically active individuals/military personnel (aged 15–65 years) who had a prior asthma diagnosis and/or underwent screening for lower airway dysfunction via self-report (ie, patient recall or questionnaires) or objective testing (ie, direct or indirect bronchial provocation challenge).ResultsIn total, 1284 studies were identified. Of these, 64 studies (n=37 643 athletes) from over 21 countries (81.3% European and North America) were included. The prevalence of lower airway dysfunction was 21.8% (95% CI 18.8% to 25.0%) and has remained stable over the past 30 years. The highest prevalence was observed in elite endurance athletes at 25.1% (95% CI 20.0% to 30.5%) (Q=293, I2=91%), those participating in aquatic (39.9%) (95% CI 23.4% to 57.1%) and winter-based sports (29.5%) (95% CI 22.5% to 36.8%). In studies that employed objective testing, the highest prevalence was observed in studies using direct bronchial provocation (32.8%) (95% CI 19.3% to 47.2%). A high degree of heterogeneity was observed between studies (I2=98%).ConclusionLower airway dysfunction affects approximately one in five athletes, with the highest prevalence observed in those participating in elite endurance, aquatic and winter-based sporting disciplines. Further longitudinal, multicentre studies addressing causality (ie, training status/dose–response relationship) and evaluating preventative strategies to mitigate against the development of lower airway dysfunction remain an important priority for future research.
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| 8. |
- Reier-Nilsen, T, et al.
(författare)
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Diagnostic approach to lower airway dysfunction in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on 'acute respiratory illness in the athlete'
- 2023
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Ingår i: British journal of sports medicine. - : BMJ. - 1473-0480 .- 0306-3674. ; 57:8, s. 481-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To compare the performance of various diagnostic bronchoprovocation tests (BPT) in the assessment of lower airway dysfunction (LAD) in athletes and inform best clinical practice.DesignSystematic review with sensitivity and specificity meta-analyses.Data sourcesPubMed, EBSCOhost and Web of Science (1 January 1990–31 December 2021).Eligibility criteriaOriginal full-text studies, including athletes/physically active individuals (15–65 years) who underwent assessment for LAD by symptom-based questionnaires/history and/or direct and/or indirect BPTs.ResultsIn 26 studies containing data for quantitative meta-analyses on BPT diagnostic performance (n=2624 participants; 33% female); 22% had physician diagnosed asthma and 51% reported LAD symptoms. In athletes with symptoms of LAD, eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea (EVH) and exercise challenge tests (ECTs) confirmed the diagnosis with a 46% sensitivity and 74% specificity, and 51% sensitivity and 84% specificity, respectively, while methacholine BPTs were 55% sensitive and 56% specific. If EVH was the reference standard, the presence of LAD symptoms was 78% sensitive and 45% specific for a positive EVH, while ECTs were 42% sensitive and 82% specific. If ECTs were the reference standard, the presence of LAD symptoms was 80% sensitive and 56% specific for a positive ECT, while EVH demonstrated 65% sensitivity and 65% specificity for a positive ECT.ConclusionIn the assessment of LAD in athletes, EVH and field-based ECTs offer similar and moderate diagnostic test performance. In contrast, methacholine BPTs have lower overall test performance.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020170915.
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| 9. |
- Schwellnus, F., et al.
(författare)
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Study of low work function materials for hot cavity resonance ionization laser ion sources
- 2009
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Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-583X .- 1872-9584. ; 267:10, s. 1856-1861
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The selectivity of a hot cavity resonance ionization laser ion source (RILIS) is most often limited by contributions from competing surface ionization of the hot walls of the ionization cavity. In this article we present investigations on the properties of designated high temperature, low work function materials regarding their performance and suitability as cavity material for RILIS. Tungsten test cavities, impregnated with a mixture of barium oxide and strontium oxide (BaOSrO on W), or alternatively gadolinium hexaboride (GdB6) were studied in comparison to a standard tungsten RILIS cavity as being routinely used for hot cavity laser ionization at ISOLDE. Measurement campaigns took place at the off-line mass separators at ISOLDE/CERN, Geneva and RISIKO/University of Mainz.
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| 10. |
- Schwellnus, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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How much is too much? (Part 2) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on load in sport and risk of illness
- 2016
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Ingår i: British Journal of Sports Medicine. - : BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP. - 0306-3674 .- 1473-0480. ; 50:17, s. 1043-1052
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The modern-day athlete participating in elite sports is exposed to high training loads and increasingly saturated competition calendar. Emerging evidence indicates that inappropriate load management is a significant risk factor for acute illness and the overtraining syndrome. The IOC convened an expert group to review the scientific evidence for the relationship of loadincluding rapid changes in training and competition load, competition calendar congestion, psychological load and traveland health outcomes in sport. This paper summarises the results linking load to risk of illness and overtraining in athletes, and provides athletes, coaches and support staff with practical guidelines for appropriate load management to reduce the risk of illness and overtraining in sport. These include guidelines for prescription of training and competition load, as well as for monitoring of training, competition and psychological load, athlete well-being and illness. In the process, urgent research priorities were identified.
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| 11. |
- Sewry, N., et al.
(författare)
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Pre-race screening and stratification predicts adverse events-A 4-year study in 29585 ultra-marathon entrants, SAFER X
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. - : Wiley. - 0905-7188 .- 1600-0838. ; 30:7, s. 1205-1211
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Pre-race screening and risk stratification in recreational endurance runners may predict adverse events (AEs) during a race. Aim To determine if pre-race screening and risk stratification predict AEs during a race. Methods A total of 29 585 participants (Male 71.1%, average age = 42.1 years; Female 28.9%, average age = 40.2 years) at the Two Oceans ultra-marathon races (56 km) completed a pre-race medical screening questionnaire and were risk stratified into four pre-specified groups [very high risk (VHR; existing cardiovascular disease-CVD:3.2%), high risk (HR; risk factors for CVD:10.5%), intermediate risk (IR; existing other chronic disease, medication use or injury:53.3%), and low risk (LR:33.0%)]. Race starters, finishers, and medical encounters (ME) were recorded. Did-not-start (DNS) rate (per 1000 entrants that did-not-start), did-not-finish (DNF) rate (per 1000 starters that did-not-finish), AE rate [per 1000 starters that either DNF or had an ME], and ME rate (per 1000 starters with an ME) were compared across risk categories. Results Adverse events were significantly higher (per 1000 starters; 95%CI) in the VHR (68.9; 52.4-89.9:P = .0407) compared with the LR (51.3; 46.5-56.7). The DNS rate was significantly different between the IR (190.3; 184.0-196.9) and LR (207.4; 199.2-216.0: P = .0011). DNF rates were not different in the VHR (56.4; 41.9-75.9) compared to LR (44.2; 39.7-49.1: P = .1295), and ME rate was also not different between risk categories, however, VHR (12.9; 7.0-23.9) was approaching significance compared to LR (6.9; 5.2-9.1: P = .0662). Conclusion Pre-race medical screening and risk stratification may identify athletes at higher risk of AEs. Further studies should be performed in larger cohorts to clarify the role of pre-race medical screening in reducing AEs in endurance runners.
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| 12. |
- Sewry, N., et al.
(författare)
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Risk factors for not finishing an ultramarathon: 4-year study in 23,996 race starters, SAFER XXI
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. - : Edizioni Minerva Medica. - 0022-4707 .- 1827-1928. ; 62:5, s. 710-715
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Limited data support prerace medical screening to identify risk factors for not finishing an endurance running race. The aim of the study was to determine risk factors associated with not finishing an ultramarathon. METHODS: A prospective, cross-sectional study of Two Oceans ultramarathon (56 km) race starters who completed a prerace medical screening questionnaire. Race day environmental conditions were recorded on race day. Univariate analyses of risk factors associated with the did-not-finish (DNF) included race day factors and prerace medical screening history. RESULTS: Risk factors for DNF amongst 23,996 starters during the 56 km race included older age and females (P<0.0001). After adjusting for age and sex, the following were significant univariate risk factors: fewer years of running (P<0.0001), less previous race experience (P<0.0001), less training/racing per week (P=0.0002), lower average weekly training distance (P=0.0016), slower race vs. training speed (P<0.0001), lack of allergies (P=0.0100) and average wet-bulb globe temperature (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Females, older age, training-related factors (less training/racing, average weekly training distance, race vs. training speed) and average wet-bulb temperature, were risk factors for not finishing an ultramarathon. The results may not only assist runners and coaches in race preparation, but also have clinical implications for the medical planning prior to races.
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