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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Gniadecka, Monika, et al.
(författare)
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Suction chamber method for measuring skin mechanical properties : The dermaflex
- 2006. - 2
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Ingår i: Handbook of non-invasive methods and the skin, second edition. - Boca Raton, Florida : Taylor & Francis. - 0849314372 - 9780849314377 ; , s. 571-577
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Firmly established as the leading international reference in this field, Non-Invasive Methods and the Skin broke new ground with its comprehensive coverage of methods used in both clinical and experimental dermatology. Completely revised and updated, containing more than twice as much information, the Second Edition continues the tradition. The authors' thorough research and clear organization make this book a baseline reference for those using noninvasive biophysical methods to study the skin. Arranged by physical modality and structured to provide educational and practical information, the second edition, like its predecessor, will prove to be of value to young researchers and senior scientists alike. The coverage of major evaluation and measurement methods share a consistent format, including scope, sources of error, application, and validity. This edition incorporates 69 revised chapters with more than 90 new chapters covering topics such as computer technique, imaging techniques, skin friction, barrier functions, and more.New chapters provide coverage of: computers, computer techniques, and image analysis imaging techniques, including clinical photography legal situations and guidelines behind instrumental use skin friction barrier functions important new techniques such as in vitro confocal microscopy, OCT, and Raman spectroscopy veterinary/animal research use of methods The truly interdisciplinary, international panel of contributors includes experts from the specialties of dermatology, bioengineering, pathology, manufacturing engineering, medical physics, pharmacology, microbiology, neurology, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, cardiovascular research, and pharmacy from academic institutions and hospitals in countries such as Denmark, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, Israel, Taiwan, and Singapore. The revision is extensive and covers a broad spectrum of methods while providing the same caliber of authoritative information that made the previous edition so popular. Application oriented, practical, and instructive, this Second Edition will meet the needs of the researchers today, and in years to come.
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| 7. |
- Gniadecki, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Examination of periodic fluctuations in cutaneous blood flow
- 2006. - 2
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Ingår i: Handbook of non-invasive methods and the skin, second edition. - Boca Raton, Florida : Taylor & Francis. - 0849314372 - 9780849314377 ; , s. 697-707
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Firmly established as the leading international reference in this field, Non-Invasive Methods and the Skin broke new ground with its comprehensive coverage of methods used in both clinical and experimental dermatology. Completely revised and updated, containing more than twice as much information, the Second Edition continues the tradition. The authors' thorough research and clear organization make this book a baseline reference for those using noninvasive biophysical methods to study the skin. Arranged by physical modality and structured to provide educational and practical information, the second edition, like its predecessor, will prove to be of value to young researchers and senior scientists alike. The coverage of major evaluation and measurement methods share a consistent format, including scope, sources of error, application, and validity. This edition incorporates 69 revised chapters with more than 90 new chapters covering topics such as computer technique, imaging techniques, skin friction, barrier functions, and more.New chapters provide coverage of: computers, computer techniques, and image analysis imaging techniques, including clinical photography legal situations and guidelines behind instrumental use skin friction barrier functions important new techniques such as in vitro confocal microscopy, OCT, and Raman spectroscopy veterinary/animal research use of methods The truly interdisciplinary, international panel of contributors includes experts from the specialties of dermatology, bioengineering, pathology, manufacturing engineering, medical physics, pharmacology, microbiology, neurology, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, cardiovascular research, and pharmacy from academic institutions and hospitals in countries such as Denmark, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, Israel, Taiwan, and Singapore. The revision is extensive and covers a broad spectrum of methods while providing the same caliber of authoritative information that made the previous edition so popular. Application oriented, practical, and instructive, this Second Edition will meet the needs of the researchers today, and in years to come.
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| 8. |
-
Handbook of non-invasive methods and the skin, second edition
- 2006. - 2
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Firmly established as the leading international reference in this field, Non-Invasive Methods and the Skin broke new ground with its comprehensive coverage of methods used in both clinical and experimental dermatology. Completely revised and updated, containing more than twice as much information, the Second Edition continues the tradition. The authors' thorough research and clear organization make this book a baseline reference for those using noninvasive biophysical methods to study the skin.Arranged by physical modality and structured to provide educational and practical information, the second edition, like its predecessor, will prove to be of value to young researchers and senior scientists alike. The coverage of major evaluation and measurement methods share a consistent format, including scope, sources of error, application, and validity. This edition incorporates 69 revised chapters with more than 90 new chapters covering topics such as computer technique, imaging techniques, skin friction, barrier functions, and more.New chapters provide coverage of:computers, computer techniques, and image analysisimaging techniques, including clinical photography- legal situations and guidelines behind instrumental use- skin frictionbarrier functions- important new techniques such as in vitro confocal microscopy, OCT, and Raman spectroscopyveterinary/animal research use of methodsThe truly interdisciplinary, international panel of contributors includes experts from the specialties of dermatology, bioengineering, pathology, manufacturing engineering, medical physics, pharmacology, microbiology, neurology, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, cardiovascular research, and pharmacy from academic institutions and hospitals in countries such as Denmark, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, Israel, Taiwan, and Singapore. The revision is extensive and covers a broad spectrum of methods while providing the same caliber of authoritative information that made the previous edition so popular. Application oriented, practical, and instructive, this Second Edition will meet the needs of the researchers today, and in years to come.
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| 9. |
- Kettis, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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The role of dermatologists, nurses and pharmacists in chronic dermatological treatment: patient and provider views and experiences.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Acta dermato-venereologica. - : Medical Journals Sweden AB. - 0001-5555 .- 1651-2057. ; 86:3, s. 202-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Effectively co-ordinated treatment support from healthcare providers (doctors, nurses and pharmacists) may improve patients' adherence to treatment. The objective of this study was to identify patients' and providers' perceptions of the roles of different healthcare providers in dermatological treatment. Focus groups were used in two types of fora: patients with chronic dermatological diseases (n =2x6) and healthcare providers (n =2x6), including doctors, nurses and pharmacists working in dermatological care. Data were analysed according to the Consensual Qualitative Research approach. The respondents viewed the roles of the providers as complementary, but poorly co-ordinated. Treatment support is provided mainly by the nurse. During the doctor's appointment, diagnosis and treatment decisions are often prioritized, leaving limited time for treatment support. The pharmacist's provision of support is constrained by the lack of privacy and clinical history of individual patients. The most apparent "gap" in the chain of treatment support was between the pharmacist and the other providers. There was a wish for improved interprofessional collaboration to avoid giving conflicting advice. There is a need to improve interprofessional collaboration in dermatology, in order to optimize treatment support in clinical practice.
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| 10. |
- Kjellgren, Karin I, 1950, et al.
(författare)
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To follow dermatological treatment regimens--patients' and providers' views.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Acta dermato-venereologica. - : Medical Journals Sweden AB. - 0001-5555 .- 1651-2057. ; 84:6, s. 445-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adherence to long-term therapy for chronic illness is on average 50%. However, regarding adherence to dermatological treatment the existing literature is limited. The aim of the study was to acquire an understanding of issues associated with adherence to dermatological therapy. Focus group interviews were used in two types of fora: patients with chronic dermatological diseases and health care providers, including doctors, nurses and pharmacists working in dermatological care. Results reveal the providers' view of a suboptimal rate of adherence. According to both providers and patients, factors affecting adherence were patients' expectations and experiences of therapeutic effect, possibilities for the patient to take active part in treatment decisions, as well as mode of administration and type of medication. Suggested strategies for improvement are individualized patient education, continuous treatment support with assessment of medication-taking behaviour and enhanced communication skills among the providers.
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| 11. |
- Ogoshi, Ken-ichiro, et al.
(författare)
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In vivo imaging of intradermal tattoos by confocal scanning laser microscopy
- 2006
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Ingår i: Skin research and technology. - 0909-752X .- 1600-0846. ; 12:2, s. 94-98
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background/aims: In vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a new method for high-resolution imaging of intact skin in situ. Horizontal mapping of the outer skin is provided (magnification × 1000). Objectives: Tattooing is popular all over the world, however, tattooed skin has not been studied in using CLSM. Results: Tattoos in two volunteers were studied using the Vivascope1500® of Lucid Inc. Subepidermal massive deposits of dense, clustered pigment granules up to about 3 μm in size corresponding to black tattoos, and more scarce and diffuse deposits, corresponding to red, blue and green tattoos, were observed. Diffuse pigment granules tended to accumulate in the outer dermis underneath the level of the basement membrane zone. Conclusion: Dermal pigments from tattoos can be imaged in vivo using CLSM. This application of CLSM has an important future potential for pre-evaluation of tattoos before laser removal, predicting good or poor outcome of laser removal. Copyright © Blackwell Munksgaard 2006.
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| 12. |
- Ogoshi, Ken-ichiro, et al.
(författare)
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Safety of sodium fluorescein for in vivo study of skin
- 2006
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Ingår i: Skin research and technology. - 0909-752X .- 1600-0846. ; 12:3, s. 155-161
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background/purpose: Epicutaneous labeling or intradermal injection of the fluorescent sodium fluorescein is being used increasingly to investigate skin conditions in vivo when using non-invasive devices such as confocal scanning laser microscopy. Sodium fluorescein was used intravenously for decades for the examination of the vasculature of the ocular fundus (fluorescein angiography) and as eye drops for diagnosis of corneal erosions. The objective of this article is to systematically review the literature on fluorescein and conclude its safety in cutaneous research to support research planning and evaluations by ethics committees. Methods: A number of databases and the literature about safety and toxicity of fluorescein in animal and human studies were searched and analyzed. Results: Side effects or adverse events reported in the literature were related to intravenous bolus injection. Transient nausea and vomiting may occur. Other adverse events such as vasovagal reaction, cardiac or respiratory effects and anaphylaxes are extremely rare but may be fatal. Intradermal injection may cause mild itch or pain; systemic adverse event was reported. Epicutaneous labeling is associated with no reported problem. A typical local dose is several magnitudes of order smaller than a typical intravenous dose. Conclusion: Fluorescein has been used for many years in medicine for diagnostic purposes and is widely safe, albeit intravenous bolus injection may cause serious adverse reactions. In the literature, we could not trace reports of local or systemic side effects of topical sodium fluorescein except itch and pain on intradermal injection, however, dependent on the fluorescein preparation used. Local dermal application of fluorescein for in vivo study of skin may be considered widely safe.
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| 13. |
- Said, Lilian, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Epidermal calcium release (ECR) in vivo sampled with a simple washout chamber technique. Experimental studies in normal and barrier pertubated skin
- 2002
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Ingår i: Skin research and technology. - : Wiley. - 0909-752X .- 1600-0846. ; 8:4, s. 219-226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background/aims: Epidermis forms the protective barrier of the skin by its outermost layer, stratum corneum. The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidermal barrier in view of epidermal calcium release (ECR), phosphate release, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin surface pH. Calcium is mainly an intracellular ion. Calcium was sampled introducing a new and simple washout chamber technique for the study of epidermal release in vivo. Methods: Test sites on forearms of 13 healthy subjects were pre-treated with 24 h water occlusion, 24 h 2% sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) or tape stripped. Both untreated and pretreated test sites were exposed to a water washout chamber with 200╡ deionized water as a solvent. Water washout chambers were removed after two hours and calcium and phosphate in the water was analyzed. Transepidermal water loss and pH were measured before and after the trial. Results: pH increased after tape stripping and after exposure to SLS. Transepidermal water loss increased significantly at all test sites. Calcium was significantly released from SLS-treated sites but not from tape stripped sites. There was generally a correlation between ECR, phosphate release, TEWL and pH. In this study ECR is showed to be a barrier marker of high reproducibility. Conclusions: Epidermal calcium release or ECR is found useful as an indicator of skin barrier function. Calcium release and increase of pH appear mainly to illustrate direct and corrosive damage to epidermal cells and functions contrasting TEWL, in this experiment probably reflecting intercellular damage of fracturing as exemplified by mechanical damage resulting from surface stripping. This new distinction of skin barrier damage into cellular damage resulting from a corrosive chemical trauma and intercellular damage and fracturing resulting from a mechanical trauma is exemplified in SLS provocative testing and tape stripping, the former characterized by increased ECR. The washout chamber technique was deemed technically reliable and reproducible, and has a major potential in experimental dermatology and skin pharmacology for the study of in vivo epidermal release of a range of endogenous and exogenous substances.
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| 14. |
- Serup, Jörgen, 1946-
(författare)
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Hardware and measuring principles : The dermaflex A
- 2001
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Ingår i: Bioengineering of the Skin. - Linköping : CRC Press. - 0849375215 - 9780849375217 ; , s. 111-115
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since skin forms the interface between the human body and the environment, its mechanical properties are important in health and disease. Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Biomechanics gives a thorough introduction in the biological basis of skin biomechanics. It explains the non-invasive methods that allow measurement of the mechanical properties of the skin focusing on commercially available instruments. Written by internationally leading experts in the field of non-invasive measurement technology of the skin, this volume describes the anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, and pathology of skin biomechanics. It explains in detail how to measure skin mechanic properties and how to use these measurements in the development of drugs and cosmetics.
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| 15. |
- Serup, Jörgen, 1946-, et al.
(författare)
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High-frequency ultrasound examination of skin : Introduction and guide
- 2006. - 2
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Ingår i: Handbook of non-invasive methods and the skin, second edition. - Boca Raton, Florida : Taylor & Francis. - 0849314372 - 9780849314377 ; , s. 473-491
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Firmly established as the leading international reference in this field, Non-Invasive Methods and the Skin broke new ground with its comprehensive coverage of methods used in both clinical and experimental dermatology. Completely revised and updated, containing more than twice as much information, the Second Edition continues the tradition. The authors' thorough research and clear organization make this book a baseline reference for those using noninvasive biophysical methods to study the skin. Arranged by physical modality and structured to provide educational and practical information, the second edition, like its predecessor, will prove to be of value to young researchers and senior scientists alike. The coverage of major evaluation and measurement methods share a consistent format, including scope, sources of error, application, and validity. This edition incorporates 69 revised chapters with more than 90 new chapters covering topics such as computer technique, imaging techniques, skin friction, barrier functions, and more.New chapters provide coverage of: computers, computer techniques, and image analysis imaging techniques, including clinical photography legal situations and guidelines behind instrumental use skin friction barrier functions important new techniques such as in vitro confocal microscopy, OCT, and Raman spectroscopy veterinary/animal research use of methods The truly interdisciplinary, international panel of contributors includes experts from the specialties of dermatology, bioengineering, pathology, manufacturing engineering, medical physics, pharmacology, microbiology, neurology, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, cardiovascular research, and pharmacy from academic institutions and hospitals in countries such as Denmark, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, Israel, Taiwan, and Singapore. The revision is extensive and covers a broad spectrum of methods while providing the same caliber of authoritative information that made the previous edition so popular. Application oriented, practical, and instructive, this Second Edition will meet the needs of the researchers today, and in years to come.
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| 16. |
- Serup, Jörgen, 1946-
(författare)
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How to choose and use non-invasive methods
- 2006. - 2
-
Ingår i: Handbook of non-invasive methods and the skin, second edition. - Boca Raton, Florida : Taylor & Francis. - 0849314372 - 9780849314377 ; , s. -1056
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Firmly established as the leading international reference in this field, Non-Invasive Methods and the Skin broke new ground with its comprehensive coverage of methods used in both clinical and experimental dermatology. Completely revised and updated, containing more than twice as much information, the Second Edition continues the tradition. The authors' thorough research and clear organization make this book a baseline reference for those using noninvasive biophysical methods to study the skin.Arranged by physical modality and structured to provide educational and practical information, the second edition, like its predecessor, will prove to be of value to young researchers and senior scientists alike. The coverage of major evaluation and measurement methods share a consistent format, including scope, sources of error, application, and validity. This edition incorporates 69 revised chapters with more than 90 new chapters covering topics such as computer technique, imaging techniques, skin friction, barrier functions, and more.New chapters provide coverage of:computers, computer techniques, and image analysisimaging techniques, including clinical photographylegal situations and guidelines behind instrumental useskin frictionbarrier functionsimportant new techniques such as in vitro confocal microscopy, OCT, and Raman spectroscopyveterinary/animal research use of methodsThe truly interdisciplinary, international panel of contributors includes experts from the specialties of dermatology, bioengineering, pathology, manufacturing engineering, medical physics, pharmacology, microbiology, neurology, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, cardiovascular research, and pharmacy from academic institutions and hospitals in countries such as Denmark, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, Israel, Taiwan, and Singapore. The revision is extensive and covers a broad spectrum of methods while providing the same caliber of authoritative information that made the previous edition so popular. Application oriented, practical, and instructive, this Second Edition will meet the needs of the researchers today, and in years to come.
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| 17. |
- Serup, Jörgen, 1946-
(författare)
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Mechanical properties of human skin : Elasticity parameters and their relevance
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Bioengineering of the skin. Skin biomechanics. - : Linköpings universitet. - 9781439812723 - 0849375215 ; , s. 41-47
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since skin forms the interface between the human body and the environment, its mechanical properties are important in health and disease. Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Biomechanics gives a thorough introduction in the biological basis of skin biomechanics. It explains the non-invasive methods that allow measurement of the mechanical properties of the skin focusing on commercially available instruments. Written by internationally leading experts in the field of non-invasive measurement technology of the skin, this volume describes the anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, and pathology of skin biomechanics. It explains in detail how to measure skin mechanic properties and how to use these measurements in the development of drugs and cosmetics.
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| 18. |
- Serup, Jörgen, 1946-, et al.
(författare)
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To follow or not to follow dermatological treatment : A review of the literature
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0001-5555 .- 1651-2057. ; 86:3, s. 193-197
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Creams, ointments and solutions applied to the skin surface by patients as part of a daily routine might be expected to provide a more variable dosage than do standard tablets. However, adherence to treatment in dermatology has been little studied. This article reviews recent publications in the field. These are dominated by questionnaire-based studies, which tend to over-estimate adherence. Reduced adherence to dermatological treatment is noted in 34-45% of patients. It is likely that the percentage of patients who practice truly optimal treatment in their daily life is even lower considering the variable practice of self-treatment. Self-reported psychiatric morbidity contributes to poor adherence to dermatological treatment, while a well-functioning doctor-patient interaction is a major determinant of good adherence, as is patient satisfaction. In conclusion, adherence to dermatological treatment is unsatisfactory and there is a need for intervention and change in clinical routines. The therapeutic and economic benefits may be considerable. The immediate challenge is to stimulate a change in patient behaviour and improve self-treatment at home. © 2006 Acta Dermato-Venereologica.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Suihko, Christian, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy for in vivo imaging of epidermal reactions to two experimental irritants
- 2008
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Ingår i: Skin research and technology. - : Wiley. - 0909-752X .- 1600-0846. ; 14:4, s. 498-503
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Fibre-optic fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a novel non-invasive technique for in vivo imaging of skin. The cellular structure of the epidermis can be studied. A fluorophore, e.g. fluorescein sodium, is introduced by an intradermal injection or applied to the skin surface before scanning. Images are horizontal optical sections parallel to the skin surface. Fluorescence CLSM has hitherto not been applied to experimental contact dermatitis. Objective: The aim was to study the applicability of fluorescence CLSM for in situ imaging of irritant contact dermatitis reactions caused by established model irritants, e.g. sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and pelargonic acid (PA). Methods: Twelve healthy individuals volunteered. The flexor aspect of the right and the left forearm was exposed to SLS in water and PA in isopropanol and occluded under Finn Chambers for 24h. The reactions were rated clinically and, following epicutaneous and intra-dermal application of fluorescein sodium, studied by fluorescence CLSM, magnification ×1000. Results: Both irritants disturbed the epidermal intercellular borders, which became blurred, thickened and variably altered. This was interpreted as being a result of chemical damage to cellular membranes. Cell borders might show a double contour as a result of inter-cellular oedema. PA might increase the size of individual keratinocytes interpreted as a result of intra-cellular disturbance with oedema. SLS-exposed sites showed clusters of keratinocytes with visible nuclei in the outer layers of the epidermis, e.g. a parakeratotic shift supposed to be due to increased cell proliferation elicited by SLS. The isopropanol vehicle and PA did not interfere with the CLSM imaging technique or the experimental procedures. SLS, being a detergent, however, modified the physico-chemical properties of the skin surface and both disturbed epicutaneous labelling with the flurophore and immersion oil coupling between the skin surface and the optical system. Thus, SLS was technically more difficult to study by CLSM than PA. Conclusions: This preliminary study demonstrated the applicability of fluorescence CLSM for a detailed study of experimental skin irritants in vivo. Essential findings were disturbed and widened cell borders, swelling of keratinocytes by PA and induction of a parakeratotic shift by SLS with clusters of keratinocytes holding nuclei in the epidermis. Fluorescence CLSM offers a unique opportunity to study the inter- and intracellular water compartments directly in the epidermis in situ and an opportunity to visualize cell proliferation manifested as parakeratosis. Fibre-optic fluorescence CLSM of irritant reactions is, however, technically more complicated than reflectance CLSM and may not be applicable to any irritant. SLS applied epicutaneously interacted with the skin surface and coupling to the microscope and was thus found to be more difficult to study technically than PA. PA dissolved in isopropanol is for technical reasons, and with SLS as alternative, considered the preferred model irritant. © Journal compilation © 2008 Blackwell Munksgaard.
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| 21. |
- Suihko, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Fluorescence fibre-optic confocal microscopy of skin in vivo : Microscope and fluorophores
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Skin research and technology. - 0909-752X .- 1600-0846. ; 11:4, s. 254-267
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background/aims: Fibre-optic confocal imaging in vivo is a new approach in the assessment of human skin. The objective is to describe a novel instrument and its operation and use in combination with fluorophores. Methods: The Stratum® is a fibre-optic fluorescence confocal microscope especially developed for the study of skin and mucous membranes. The system is flexible and any body site can be studied with a hand-held scanner. The light source is a 488 nm argon ion laser. Horizontal (en face) images of the epidermis and outer dermis are produced with cellular resolution. Magnification is approximately 1000x. Fluorescein sodium is routinely used as fluorophore (intradermal injection or application to the skin surface). This fluorophore is safe for human use in vivo, but other substances (rhodamine B, Acridine Orange, green fluorescent protein, curcumin) have also been studied. Results: The instrument produces sharp images of epidermal cell layers from the epidermal surface to the sub-papillary dermis, with sub-cellular resolution. The scanner is flexible in use. The technique of intradermal fluorophore injection requires some skill. Conclusions: We consider this fibre-optic instrument a potentially important tool in skin research for non-invasive optical biopsy of primarily the epidermis. Present use is focussed on research applications, where the fluorophore distribution in the skin may illustrate morphological changes in the epidermis. © Blackwell Munksgaard, 2005.
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| 22. |
- Thomsen, JS, et al.
(författare)
-
Experimental itch in sodium lauryl sulphate-inflamed and normal skin in humans : A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of histamine and other inducers of itch
- 2002
-
Ingår i: British Journal of Dermatology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0007-0963 .- 1365-2133. ; 146:5, s. 792-800
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Investigations of pruritogenic substances in humans have involved intradermal injections in normal skin, itching of inflamed skin has been little studied. Objectives: To develop an itch model with provocation of itch in experimentally inflamed skin as well as in normal skin, using subjects as self-controls. Methods: In 32 non-atopic volunteers aged 21-30 years, the skin of five selected test sites on one volar forearm was pretreated for 24 h with large Finn chambers containing 1% sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) used as a standard contact irritant to induce inflammation. Twenty microlitres of different pruritogenic substances [histamine, substance P, neurokinin A, neurokinin B, trypsin, platelet-activating factor (PAF) and serotonin] and saline as control were injected intradermally into the inflamed test sites and in corresponding non-treated sites on the opposite forearm. The test individuals scored itch intensity on a visual analogue scale for 20 min, and weal area was then measured. Results: Histamine and substance P induced itch in both normal and inflamed skin compared with a saline reference. Neurokinin A, trypsin, PAF and serotonin only elicited itch in normal skin, and neurokinin B neither elicited itch in normal skin nor in inflamed skin. Itch was induced in normal and SLS-inflamed skin to a similar magnitude. However, weal area after histamine was significantly (P<0.001) larger in inflamed skin when compared with normal skin. Conclusions: Histamine and substance P elicited itch to the same degree in normal skin and inflamed skin pretreated with SLS despite a stronger weal response in inflamed skin. Mediators present in inflamed skin did not potentiate itch, a c-fibre-mediated neuronal response. The weal reaction is based on enhanced vascular permeability (protein extravasation). A greater skin perfusion in inflamed skin may therefore have increased the weal size. We propose an experimental model in humans for testing of itch involving both normal and inflamed skin. The model has the potential for use in evaluating new topical and systemic treatments of itch.
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| 23. |
- Thomsen, JS, et al.
(författare)
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Suppression of spontaneous scratching in hairless rats by sedatives but not by antipruritics
- 2002
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Ingår i: Skin pharmacology and applied skin physiology. - : S. Karger AG. - 1422-2868 .- 1422-2906. ; 15:4, s. 218-224
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experimental scratching in animals has hitherto been provoked by substances injected into the skin or central nervous system. We aimed to investigate if spontaneous scratching in the rat can be reduced by sedatives and antipruritics, and to assess if spontaneous scratching is elicited from the skin or the central nervous system. It may also be a complex behaviour related to the rat species, different from clinical itch. Eight male hairless rats were studied for 6 weeks. The animals were recorded on videotape in the middle of the day and at night, and the scratching activity was counted. The following substances were tested sequentially: midazolam, mepyramine, a eutectic mixture of lignocaine and prilocaine (EMLA«), betamethasone dipropionate and a vehicle. On days 1-3 of each sequence, the test material was applied to a 42-cm2 area on the rostral part of the back. Subsequent treatment of the whole body was made on day 4. Midazolam was injected intraperitoneally from day 1 to day 4. After 4 days of treatment, there was a washout phase of 3 days until the next sequence. We found a positive correlation between minutes awake and number of scratch episodes. Spontaneous scratching was lower after mepyramine on day 4 (p = 0.046) and after midazolam injections on days 1-3 (p = 0.009) and day 4 (p = 0.003). The local anaesthetic, EMLA, did not significantly influence spontaneous scratching. In conclusion, only the drugs with sedative properties suppressed spontaneous scratching, which is probably a cerebral phenomenon or otherwise explained general behaviour, rather than a reaction to skin stimuli. Thus, for testing of topically applied antipruritics, spontaneous scratching cannot be used as an animal model. Furthermore, evaluation of provocative scratching should eliminate/exclude spontaneous scratching.
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| 24. |
- Thomsen, JS, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of topically applied salicylic compounds on serotonin-induced scratching behaviour in hairless rats
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Experimental dermatology. - : Wiley. - 0906-6705 .- 1600-0625. ; 11:4, s. 370-375
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a strong need for antipruritic substances for treating itch in clinical dermatology. In one recent human study, topically applied acetylsalicylic acid has been described to rapidly decrease histamine-induced itch. We have established a model for periferally elicited pruritus by injecting serotonin into the rostral back area (neck) in rats. Using this model, we aimed to investigate the antipruritic potential of four different salicylic compounds, which all possess different skin penetration characteristics. Eighteen rats were studied for 6 weeks. Prior to serotonin injections (2mg/ml, 50 ╡l), 10 ╡l of test substances was applied to a circular area 18 mm in diameter. The four substances were salicylic acid, butyl salicylate, diethylamine salicylate and salicylamide, all solubilized in dimethyl isosorbide to a concentration of 5% w/w. Diethylamine salicylate and salicylamide were previously shown to be slowly absorbed through rat skin in contrast to salicylic acid and butyl salicylate. After serotonin injections, scratching was monitored by video recording for 1.5h. Compared with the vehicle, a lower number of scratch sequences were seen when diethylamine salicylate (P< 0.001) and salicylamide (P = 0.005) had been applied. The numbers of scratch sequences were lower with diethylamine salicylate and salicylamide than with the vehicle throughout the 1.5-h study period. We conclude that topical application of diethylamine salicylate and salicylamide could suppress serotonin-induced scratching in rats. The antipruritic effect seems to be related to the slow drug release of the two substances. The results may be clinically relevant as serotonin induces itch in humans.
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