| 1. |
- Akhtar, Reema, 1986-
(författare)
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What if your world is outside the oyster? : How highly educated and skilled first-generation immigrant entrepreneurs develop opportunities in knowledge-intensive sectors
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the previous decades, immigration has increased significantly from non-EU countries to Western countries including Sweden. Due to different backgrounds, immigrant´s economic integration is even more important for their financial support and the economic growth of the host country. Consequently, the rising unemployment rate poses a threat requiring multiple efforts to integrate immigrants into the labor market. One way immigrants tackle unemployment is by opting for entrepreneurship. However, most prior studies within the field of immigrant entrepreneurship focus mainly on disadvantaged immigrants who face high entry barriers and limit themselves to labor-intensive and low-productive traditional sectors that are not fast-growing nor boost economic growth. This disadvantaged view on immigrants is challenged, and subjected to reassessment, especially in the urban context, due to which I shift the focus to highly educated and skilled first-generation immigrant entrepreneurs from non-EU backgrounds. To understand what facilitates this group of immigrants, I use a consolidated view of opportunity creation and discovery namely opportunity development which is at the core of the entrepreneurship process. Furthermore, opportunities are considered to originate from a business idea making it indisputable that recognition and evaluation of a business idea are vital in their development. Hence I use IPA to analyze data from 30 interviews, cross-checked with secondary data collected through online sources, and contribute with a model, that provides empirical evidence and theoretical perspective within immigrant entrepreneurship literature on how weak and strong social ties, prior work experience, and education of highly educated and skilled first-generation immigrant entrepreneurs influence them to recognize and evaluate business ideas during opportunity development in knowledge-intensive sectors. Results show there was not a specific stage of opportunity development when either of the two social ties was more or less relevant, as knowledge flowed through both that helped bridge social distances. To persevere and overcome their foreign status, immigrants sought out weak social ties to get more acquainted with their host country. While they avoided involving some strong ties directly in business matters, however, they were equally important in providing emotional support and motivation. This resulted in increased self-efficacy in their capabilities and confidence in the feasibility, credibility, and legitimacy of their business ideas that helped overcome fears to make informed assessments, educated investments, and suitable adjustments. Furthermore, some weak ties turned into strong ties with time, such as ex-colleagues and clients who became lifelong friends, business partners, and advisors. Social ties also had a stronger impact when paired with the immigrant´s high human capital from pre-existing sources of specialized knowledge i.e., prior work experience and education as well as new knowledge gained through a systematic search with the help of social ties. Therefore, social ties are a source of new knowledge, while prior work and education are a source of social ties. A marginal number of immigrants felt frustrated with weak ties and as an alternative they relied on social networking websites, to connect with a wider global pool of potential business partners, clients, and skilled people.
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| 2. |
- Álvaro, J. Javier, et al.
(författare)
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Global Cambrian trilobite palaeobiogeography assessed using parsimony analysis of endemicity
- 2013
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Ingår i: Early Palaeozoic Biogeography and Palaeogeography. - 0435-4052. - 9781862393738 ; Memoir 38:38, s. 273-296
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Palaeobiogeographical data on Cambrian trilobites obtained during the twentieth century are combined in this paper to evaluate palaeoceanographic links through c. 30 myr, once these arthropods biomineralized. Worldwide major tectonostratigraphic units are characterized at series intervals of Cambrian time and datasets of trilobite genera (629 for Cambrian Series 2, 965 for Cambrian Series 3, and 866 for the Furongian Series) are analysed using parsimony analysis of endemicity. Special attention is given to the biogeographical observations made in microcontinents and exotic terranes. The same is done for platform-basinal transects of well-known continental margins. The parsimony analysis of endemicity analysis resulted in distinct palaeogeographical area groupings among the tectonostratigraphic units. With these groupings, several palaeobiogeographical units are distinguished, which do not necessarily fit the previously proposed biogeographical realms and provinces. Their development and spatial distributions are broadly controlled by Cambrian palaeoclimates, palaeogeographical conditions (e.g. carbonate productivity and anoxic conditions) and ocean current circulation.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Svante, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Combining industrial buyer and seller strategies for international supply and marketing management
- 2010
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Ingår i: European Business Review. - London : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 0955-534X .- 1758-7107. ; 22:1, s. 64-81
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to review international industrial purchasing and marketing literature with a focus on portfolio models, to develop portfolio models for buyers' and sellers' international strategies, and to combine the models so that both the buyer and seller perspectives are dealt with simultaneously. Design/methodology/approach: Literature on international industrial purchasing and marketing is discussed. Dimensions that are important for the buyers' and sellers' strategies are identified. Portfolio models for buyers and sellers are developed and the two perspectives are matched together. Findings: The paper contributes a specification of features that are important for industrial buyers' and sellers' international purchasing and marketing strategies. These dimensions are used to develop a model of supplier relationship management and a marketing management model for supplier strategies. The consequences for the firm's international activities are discussed. A model combining industrial buyers' and sellers' international supply and marketing management strategies is developed. Research limitations/implications: This paper provides a deeper understanding of international exchange processes by combining literature on international industrial purchasing and international marketing. Situations are identified where different areas of theory are applicable. The paper also contributes to the discussion on what should be the conceptual domain of international business. Here, it is argued that international exchange is the product of joint decisions made by two or more actors based in different countries. Earlier academic literature reveals a striking imbalance: while one side of the coin - the exporter side - has been extensively studied, the importer side has largely been neglected. In this paper, it is tried to present a balanced view of both sides. Practical implications: This paper introduces portfolio management models that can be used for both industrial purchasing and marketing management. The paper stresses the importance of finding a fit between the marketing and purchasing strategies within a relationship. If both parties have positioned the relationship in a similar way, there are much greater possibilities for the relationship to create value for both parties. Originality/value: The paper combines international industrial purchasing and international marketing perspectives as few studies have done before. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Svante, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Different types of International New Ventures Based on Different Commercialization Processes in a Business-to-Business Context
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- An emerging topic in the field of International Entrepreneurship (IE) is currently focused on international new ventures (INVs) and/or born-globals (Oviatt and McDougall, 1997; Madsen and Servais, 1997; Knight and Cavusgil, 1996) which are, by theoretic definition, start-ups that become international at inception or very shortly thereafter. More concretely, INVs have been previously defined as “a business organization that, from inception, seeks to derive significant competitive advantage from the use of resources and the sale of outputs in multiple countries” (Oviatt and McDougall, 1994: 49; McDougall et al., 1994:470). Quite similarly, Knight and Cavusgil (1996:11) conceptualise the born-global firm as ““small, [usually] technology-oriented companies that operate in international markets from the earliest days of their establishment”.Even if the born global research has grown rapidly during the last decades, most studies have focused on entrepreneurs, resources and networks and only a few researchers are observant about the context in which the born global firms are established and thrives. Literature reviews in international entrepreneurship has shown that most research in this area is based on business to business firms (Jones et al, 2012). However, we have not found any studies which go deeper in the different customer-supplier relationships that exist in a B2B context.Adaptation on B2B markets is important to make a relationship more productive, according to Hagberg-Anderson (2006). There are structural factors, in the relationship between sellers and buyers which make different internationalization strategies more likely to succeed (Andersson, 2000).In this article we thoroughly discuss and review scientific articles that highlights the variation, differentiation and typology of international new venture. We complement this review with literature dealing with buyer-seller relationship in a B2B context. Based on these two strands on literature we develop a framework of different types of international new ventures in a business to business context. The framework gives theoretical contributions to the area of international entrepreneurship research but also managerial implication, showing how different types of relationships with customers make different internationalization strategies more or less likely to succeed.
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| 6. |
- Bhatti, Waheed Akbar, et al.
(författare)
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Relationship learning : A conduit for internationalization
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Business Review. - : Elsevier. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 29:3, s. 1-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Internationalization opportunities can emerge through inter-organizational sharing, yet research on why and how organizations learn through relationship interactions is underdeveloped. We explore how learning in supplier-customer relationships contributes to organizational offerings through the knowledge development process. We identify relationship learning as an organizational dynamic capability by thematic analysis of qualitative longitudinal data from large as well as small and medium-sized organizations. Our case study of organizations demonstrates that nurturing personal relationships and paying attention to customer communication is core in knowledge sharing. Customer input is valuable in solution offerings, strengthening mutual work, and growth in internationalization within an existing relationship or in new ones. The results endorse that the knowledge development processes and commitments transpire at both ends of the relationship. The findings provide practical managerial implications for ensuring the development of open and transparent communication conduits in relationships. The process of providing a solution that addresses customers' needs must begin with understanding their work, issues, and the intended jobs they will perform.
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| 7. |
- Bixby, H., et al.
(författare)
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Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 569:7755, s. 260-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Chetty, Sylvie K., et al.
(författare)
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Contextualising case studies in entrepreneurship : A tandem approach to conducting a longitudinal cross-country case study
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Small Business Journal. - : SAGE Publications. - 0266-2426 .- 1741-2870. ; 32:7, s. 818-829
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using predictive and effectuation logics as a framework, this research note explains how case study research was conducted to demonstrate rigour and relevance. The study involves a longitudinal cross-country case study on small and medium-sized firm growth and networks undertaken by research teams in three countries (Finland, Denmark and New Zealand) involving 33 firms. This research note outlines the implications of this research and provides valuable guidance and reflections upon opportunities for future research regarding the conduct of contextual studies in entrepreneurship without compromising validity and reliability.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Elo, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Migration perspective on entrepreneurship
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Palgrave Handbook of Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Entrepreneurship. - Cham : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9783319916118 - 9783319916101 ; , s. 355-386
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Migration- a form of globalization- influences new venture creation, internationalization and overall economic landscape. These global flows of people shift human capital, entrepreneurial ideas and activities across places, but little is known on the interconnectedness of migratory and entrepreneurial dynamics. Theoretical lenses, such as migration theories, epidemic dynamics, gravity laws and bandwagon effects, among other explanatory models, have not really diffused into explaining entrepreneurship. This chapter broadens the view and addresses migration dynamics implanting entrepreneurs into new contexts and between contexts, and discusses the types of entrepreneurs and businesses “in dispersion”. The chapter advances the understanding of the intertwined nature of these two dynamics and contributes to the analytical clarity of the terminology employing the idea of topology.
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| 13. |
- Elo, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Who is doing "transnational diaspora entrepreneurship"? : Understanding formal identity and status
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of world business (Print). - : Elsevier. - 1090-9516 .- 1878-5573. ; 57:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addresses transnational diaspora entrepreneurship (TDE), its superdiversity and respective formal identity and status. As migration increases, formal identity becomes a panacea for migrants' economic participation and global entrepreneurial policies. Our review of TDE literature identified a lack of specification of TDE types and criteria. We develop a taxonomy and discuss TDE problems addressing formal identity, generation, mixed-origin, multi-location, diversity of migratory patterns and cross-border entrepreneurial business activities. Since policymaking employs formal status for impeding or facilitating cross-border venturing, it is crucial to reduce the ambiguity of terms and categories and facilitate more nuanced and accurate theorizing and policymaking.
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| 14. |
- Emontspool, Julie, et al.
(författare)
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Cross-border entrepreneurship in a global world : a critical reconceptualisation
- 2017
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Ingår i: European Journal of International Management. - : InderScience Publishers. - 1751-6757 .- 1751-6765. ; 11:3, s. 262-279
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article shows that international entrepreneurship and immigrant entrepreneurship increasingly intersect in a global world. Both research streams address cross-border entrepreneurial activity in parallel to each other. International entrepreneurship focuses on outgoing entrepreneurial activity, while immigrant entrepreneurship mainly considers incoming entrepreneurial activity. The article critically discusses such a dichotomy, highlighting how differentiating immigrant entrepreneurs and international entrepreneurs perpetuates orientalist assumptions about cross-border business activity. Focusing on entrepreneurship as a behaviour, the article proposes an alternative perspective to cross-border entrepreneurship, discussing cross-border opportunity identification and exploitation between an entrepreneur’s country of residence and a foreign country. This perspective provides a number of avenues for further research open for scholars in the field of entrepreneurship to investigate either alone or in collaboration with other disciplines.
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| 15. |
- Emontspool, Julie, et al.
(författare)
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Learning in various types of new ventures : the role of “incoming” entrepreneurs
- 2019
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Ingår i: Diaspora Networks in International Business. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319910949 - 9783319910956 ; , s. 41-54
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter investigates different learning process in some specific types of international new ventures according to the founder’s previous experience and background, especially those of foreign outset (migrant, transnational) compared to domestic entrepreneurs. After a brief review of existing literature about entrepreneurial learning in the international context, this chapter proposes a framework where differences between the entrepreneurs’ and firms background and international experience shed further light on entrepreneurial learning. By identifying different types of founders with various backgrounds, the chapter thus offers the possibility for future research on the need for learning and the learning styles according to the different categories of new ventures. © 2019, Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature.
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| 16. |
- Ghannad, Navid, 1975-
(författare)
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The role of the entrepreneur in the international new venture – opening the black box
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Despite significant research output in recent decades on international new ventures (INVs),little attention has been paid to understanding the processes and conditions under whichthe entrepreneur identifies and exploits an opportunity and subsequently creates valuewithin the firm. As a result, the dynamics involved in the role of the entrepreneur during theestablishment and internationalization of INVs remain in a black box. In order to understandthe context, interaction among players and other dynamics involved before, during, and afterthe establishment of the INV’s creation and development, a different approach is needed. Theaim of this dissertation is to describe and understand the role of entrepreneurs in the processof establishment and internationalization of international new ventures.Three longitudinal case studies were conducted between 1999 and 2008 with a total of 108interviews using snowball sampling. In addition, comprehensive secondary data have beencollected to enrich the empirical cases with thick descriptions, and to enhance content validityas well as the reliability of the research.This study offers a more nuanced picture of how entrepreneurs’ characteristics influencethe international development of their firms. For example, it appears that it was neitherthe previous foreign experience, the education, nor the previously developed internationalnetwork (as suggested by previous literature) that can be credited for the rapid and vastinternationalization of the case firms. Instead, it is suggested that an entrepreneur’schildhood and prior life story directly influences their behaviour in the INV. We proposethat different types of entrepreneurs are important factors to understanding firms’ differentinternationalization patterns. Depending on the backgrounds of the entrepreneurs, theydeveloped preferences, skills, and especially desires that would come to affect the totalbehaviour of their future organizations. This study also develops the notion of psychicdistance into three separate spaces - the physical, the mental and the social space. Forexample, the context and experience during childhood creates the foundations for theentrepreneurs’ mental and social space, which can separately, but also in relation toeach other, offer a more accurate and deeper understanding of the actions taken by theentrepreneurs in the INV. Furthermore, this study has shown that the role and characteristicsof the entrepreneur do change over time, which also determines the individual’s sensitivity toopportunities and the international behaviour of the company.
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| 17. |
- Hannibal, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Opportunity recognition and international new venture creation in University spin-offs : Cases from Denmark and Ireland
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of International Entrepreneurship. - New York : Springer. - 1570-7385 .- 1573-7349. ; 14:3, s. 345-372
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extant research suggests that the founder’s activities and interactions are considered pivotal in driving the opportunity recognition process leading to international new venture emergence. This paper aims to explore the opportunity recognition process and international new venture emergence in the context of university high-technology spin-offs that are internationally market driven from inception. University spin-offs (USOs) are defined as ‘new firms created to exploit commercially some knowledge, technology or research results developed within a university’ (Pirnay et al., Small Bus Econ 21:355–369, 2003). To address this inquiry, this study imports theory from the entrepreneurship literature on organizational emergence, opportunity recognition, effectuation and the principle of individual self-efficacy. Drawing on empirical case data from four case USOs from Denmark and Ireland, this paper finds that the inventor-founders are typically engaged in opportunity recognition processes that are characterized as creative, driven by scientific innovations. It is indicated that the process of USO emergence and continuous development involves activities and interactions similar to typical international new ventures. The scientific knowledge that created opportunities for the emergence of INV-USOs across our cases endorses the view that innovation and internationalization are strongly correlated. Insights are provided on inventor-founders’ entrepreneurial intention demonstrated through activities and interactions in the on-going processes of creating the USO. Findings further highlight that self-efficacy of the inventor-founder(s) and access to specific resources (means at hand) are salient determinants for international new ventures to materialize. The study concludes with a proposed conceptual framework for further research on the creation of INV-university spin-offs. Conclusions and implications are drawn at the end of the article.
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| 18. |
- Harper, David A.T., et al.
(författare)
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The Furongian (late Cambrian) Biodiversity Gap : Real or apparent?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Palaeoworld. - Amsterdam : Elsevier BV. - 1871-174X .- 1875-5887. ; 28:1-2, s. 4-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two major, extended diversifications punctuated the evolution of marine life during the Early Palaeozoic. The interregnum, however, between the Cambrian Explosion and the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event, is exemplified by the Furongian Gap when there was a marked drop in biodiversity. It is unclear whether the gap is apparent, due to sampling failure or lack of rock, or real — associated with unique and fluctuating environments, a distinctive palaeogeography and extreme climates during the late Cambrian. Indications suggest that there has been little attention paid to this interval compared with those below and above, while some of the classical areas for Cambrian research, such as Bohemia, have poor coverage through the Furongian. Moreover, based on information available in databases and the literature, together with the ghost ranges of many higher taxa through the Furongian, data suggest that biodiversity in this stage has been significantly underestimated. Emphasis, to date, has been placed on widespread, deeper-water dark shale facies of the interval, with generally low diversity faunas, whereas shallow-water communities have often been neglected.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Laurell, Hélène
(författare)
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The role of industry context for new venture internationalization : Evidence from the medical technology sector
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The medical technology sector consists of numerous small niche markets. Approximately 95% are small and medium sized enterprises, many of which are start-ups that develop technological breakthroughs for the healthcare sector. The competition in this sector is highly global. In addition, firms that originate from countries with small home markets, like Sweden, are therefore often pushed to an early internationalization process while commercializing their product innovations. Although the potential demand for the medical technology innovation is global, institutions such as the regulation and financing of the healthcare sector are nation specific. Little is known about how the combination of specific industry context factors influence the internationalisation process in itself and its subsequent outcomes. The overall research purpose in this thesis is therefore to explore how and why the medical technology context influences new venture internationalization. I use a qualitative research method with two in-depth case studies from the medical technology sector to answer my purpose. My thesis contributes to the international entrepreneurship field in several ways. The overall contribution is to illustrate how our understanding of the internationalization process changes when we study a specific empirical context given certain particularities and distinctive factors. The most distinctive factor is that the medical technology sector is embedded in different socio-political systems across nations where the healthcare sector is a concern of each nation’s internal affairs. This means that each country and even regions within a country has its own distinctive regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive healthcare dimensions that affect both sales patterns and internationalization process. Operating in such abusiness-to-institution context leads to a complex sales process as well as a slow and focused internationalization process. The combination of industry particularities also affects the types of capabilities and networks that are critical during an international new venture’s early development. The results also show that various types of networks are needed besides business and social ones, such as scientific, institutional and opinion creating networks. In addition, the need for more specific financial, scientific and regulative capabilities is paramount to complement the technological, marketing and entrepreneurial capabilities.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Madsen, Tage Koed, et al.
(författare)
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Små, globalt orienterede virksomheders internationalisering og kompetencer
- 1999
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Ingår i: Ledelse & Erhvervsøkonomi. - : Djöf / Jurist- og Ökonomforbundet. - 0902-3704. ; 63:4, s. 251-266
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- De seneste år er forskere i stadigt flere lande stødt på virksomheder, der er født internationale.Det står i kontrast til det, man traditionelt har iagttaget, nemlig at virksomheder starter med at opbygge en base på hjemmemarkedet, og først derefter langsomt bevæger sig ud på eksportmarkederne. Der har først været tale omde nærmeste markeder geografisk set, og dernæst længere og længere ud. Denne langsomme udvikling har også voeret kendetegnende for udviklingen med hensyn til produkter og med hensyn til måden man kontaktede de internationale markeder på: Først gennem mellemhandlere, senere direkte kontakt og til sidst produktion i udlandet.Den traditionelle langsomme og gradvise internationalisering via nærmarkederne er nu ofte afløst af en situation, hvor virksomheden på et meget internationalt marked så at sige fødes med et mere eller mindre globalt sigte. Denne type virksomheder, der i udgangssituationen er helt små og ofte forbliver relativt små, kaldes ofte for Born Globals, og de har været i fokus i en større undersøgelse ved Institut for Afsoetningsøkonomi, Syddansk Universitet/Odense Universitet. Tidligere artikler i Ledelse & Erhvervsøkonomi (Hansen et al, 1989; Madsen og Strandskov, 1994; Sylvest og Lindholm, 1997) har beskrevet internationaliseringsmønstre i forskellige typer af virksomheder. Denne artikel givermed baggrund i en omfattende empirisk forskningen karakteristik af Born Globals og diskutererimplikationerne for sådanne mindre virksomhedersledelse, organisation og kompetenceudvikling.
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| 27. |
- Madsen, Tage Koed, et al.
(författare)
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The internationalization of Born Globals : an evolutionary process?
- 1997
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Ingår i: International Business Review. - : Elsevier. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 6:6, s. 561-583
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recently, the phenomenon of Born Globals has been highlighted in many articles concerning the internationalization processes of firms. Such firms adopt an international or even global approach right from their birth or very shortly thereafter. Some authors consider this phenomenon as being in strong opposition to the traditional models of internationalization. This is, of course, true if one considers the manifestations of these models, namely the so-called stages model, according to which the firm should internationalize like “rings in the water”, i.e. in a slow and gradual manner with respect to geographical markets, market entry mode and product policy. This article contributes to the field in three ways: it summarizes the empirical evidence reported about Born Globals; it interprets the phenomenon at a deeper theoretical level and offers a new conceptionalization of the research issue; and it generates propositions about the antecendents of as well as the necessary and sufficient conditions for the rise of the phenomenon. In doing so, the conclusion is that Born Globals grow in a way which may be in accordance with evolutionary thinking.
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| 28. |
- Mainela, Tuija, et al.
(författare)
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Hybrid ways of organizing opportunities in international entrepreneurship
- 2015
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Ingår i: Handbook on International Alliance and Network Research. - : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781783475483 - 9781783475476 ; , s. 65-86
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Twenty years ago Oviatt and McDougall suggested an international new venture (INV) to be a specific type of organization that is international from or near inception. The international entrepreneurship (IE) field has been widened to cover studies of entrepreneurial behavior on opportunities in other types of organizations, such as multinational corporations, micro-multinationals and re-internationalizing SMEs. The widening scope of organizational structures under study in the IE field, together with emergence of a variety of new ways of governing economic activities in present day business, opens up a question of the possible ways of organizing the opportunities in IE. In this study we aim to advance IE research that examines international entrepreneurial behaviors focused on international opportunities within various organizational settings and to question the taken-for-granted assumptions of organizing IE. The research question of this study is, how does the research in IE field uncover the varying forms of organizing international opportunities? In the search for an answer to this question, we review the forms of organizing in a set of IE articles published between 1989 and 2012. We find that, although IE research has extended its scope to cover a wider variety of firms and their sub-units, it is still limited in its acknowledgement and understanding of the more flexible organizing forms, such as network organization and various types of virtual and latent ways of organizing economic activities. Building on these observations, we articulate future research directions for study of the hybrid ways of organizing international opportunities in current global markets.
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| 29. |
- Mainela, Tuija, et al.
(författare)
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The Concept of International Opportunity in International Entrepreneurship : A Review and a Research Agenda
- 2014
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Ingår i: International journal of management reviews (Print). - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1460-8545 .- 1468-2370. ; 16:1, s. 105-129
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent research in the field of international entrepreneurship (IE) has emphasized the concept of international opportunity. The entrepreneurial behaviors focused on international opportunities have been found to be critical in IE. International opportunities, however, are often depicted in rather abstract and unspecified ways, and the research suffers from narrow theoretical discussion in relation to the concept of opportunity. To address these issues, the authors draw from entrepreneurship research and present alternative conceptualizations of opportunities as a basis for more in-depth study of international opportunities in IE. To further articulate a future research agenda, the authors review the state of knowledge on opportunities in the IE field by content-analyzing articles published between 1989 and 2012. All the analyzed articles incorporate the concept of opportunity into their studies. It is found that, although the IE research has investigated many relevant elements, it is rather limited in the articulation of the conceptual features of international opportunities and opportunity-focused behaviors. Building on these observations, the authors propose a definition of international opportunity and research questions and strategies to advance IE research on international opportunities.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Owusu, Richard A., 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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The internationalization of project-business firms : an opportunities, learning, and networks perspective
- 2019
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Ingår i: 15th Vaasa Conference on International Business, August 19-21, 2019. ; , s. 43-43
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- International Business (IB) literature often highlights a firm’s domestic market as either a “learning place”, the starting station of the internationalization process - as in the Uppsala process model (Johanson and Vahlne, 1977) or a place where ownership advantages are developed before going abroad (Buckley and Casson, 1976). Though stressing the learning aspect inherent in the process, the point of identifying opportunities are somewhat missed out. More recent research by, e.g., Dana et al., (2009) has emphasized the presence of strategic intent and combined it with opportunity-seeking behavior by managers as being the primary motives to enter international markets. However, research on why and how organizations learn to identify/create opportunities and establish relationships in overseas markets is somewhat underdeveloped. In this article, we focus on the opportunities, learning, and network aspects of internationalization and critically review the internationalization process literature in order to establish a framework for future studies on learning and opportunity recognition in project businesses. Traditionally, internationalization research has focused on manufacturing industries, high-tech industries, service industries, but to a lesser extent the project business industry (Owusu, Sandhu and Kock, 2007). By focusing on the learning and opportunity aspects in internationalization, we establish a framework in which internationalization can be studied in project business firms.
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| 32. |
- Quagrainie, Fanny Adams, et al.
(författare)
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Founders' identity and international business opportunity recognition : A study of Ghanaian Women's international micro businesses
- 2023
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Ingår i: Prsented at the 49th Conference of the European International Business Academy: "The Changing Global Power Balance: Challenges for European Firms", Lisbon, Portugal, December 15-17, 2023.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Micro-women entrepreneurs' (MWEs) engagement in international business has become necessary for developing countries trying to find alternative ways of growing their economies. This article aims to study the entrepreneurial identity and international business opportunity recognition (IBOR) of women-owned Ghanaian small businesses. A qualitative research method was used to collect data from 22 MWEs. The study found an autonomous entrepreneurial identity in addition to know-how transition and solution-seeker entrepreneurs recommended by Owalla and Holmquist (2017). Regarding BOR activities, two new activities vital for entrepreneurial success but not associated with BOR - observing changing trends in their environment and talking to customers about their needs were cited. This study provides meaningful insights into entrepreneurial identities and IBOR of MWEs. The theoretical contribution is in the proposal of a new entrepreneurial identity – autonomous entrepreneurial identity and incorporation of observing changing trends in their environment and talking to customers about their needs into the Kuckertz et al. (2017) model of the dimension of opportunity recognition activities. The paper identified new entrepreneurial identity and IBOR activity relevant to the micro women entrepreneurship literature by studying MWE's micro women.
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| 33. |
- Rana, Mohammad B., et al.
(författare)
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Supplier internationalization in the global apparel value chain from Bangladesh to Ethiopia : the buyer’s business model, institutions and entrepreneurial capability
- 2021
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Ingår i: Upgrading the global garment industry. - : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781789907643 - 9781789907650 ; , s. 13-45
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Current research highlights the internationalization of firms in downstream value chains, such as marketing and sales; however, studies have overlooked supplier internationalization into up-stream value chains. Drawing on internationalization and GVC perspectives, we examine the critical case of DBL Apparel Company from Bangladesh, which supplies many global brands, including Sweden’s H & M, and has internationalized into Ethiopia. As the company appears to be the first Bangladeshi garment firm to have internationalized, we conduct an in-depth examination over a three-year period of the process and the antecedents affecting the firm’s overseas expansion. We explore how the buyer’s business model, institutional features, and the supplier’s entrepreneurial capability influence DBL’s internationalization. In particular, our study demonstrates how the buyer’s market-driving approach, value creation, delivery, and proposition shape how the buyer shows commitment to the supplier’s internationalization. At the same time, the supplier’s entrepreneurial capability, consisting of visionary leadership, commitment, learning intent, absorptive capacity, and dynamic management skills contribute to its decision to internationalize. Our analysis reveals that a supplier firm does not move toward internationalization based on one-sided commitment only; instead, it is the ‘shared commitment’ of both buyer and supplier in the GVC that contributes to the supplier’s decision to internationalize. We also demonstrate the influence of institutional characteristics in both home and host countries, particularly the role of government and the logics of doing business that facilitate the internationalization decision and process. Our study contributes to internationalization business and GVC literatures.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Rasmussen, Erik Stavnsager, et al.
(författare)
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Born Globals : connectors between various industrial districts
- 1999
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Ingår i: Proceedings of RENT XIII (Research in Entrepreneurship and Small Business), November 25-26, 1999, Middlesex University, London, UK, 1999.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 36. |
- Rasmussen, Erik Stavnsager, et al.
(författare)
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On the foundation and early development of domestic and international new ventures
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Management and Governance. - : Springer. - 1385-3457 .- 1572-963X. ; 16:4, s. 543-556
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The founding and early development of Domestic New Ventures andInternational New Ventures is examined based upon a large scale survey of Danishmanufacturing firms. The firms are classified into five different categories andcompared with regard to their foundation and development within the first 3 years.The article contributes with a demonstration of differences between these categoriesof firms with regard to the number and mindset of founders, the growth of the firm,and the networks of firm.
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| 37. |
- Rasmussen, Erik Stavnsager, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of internationalisation on small firms’ choice of location and propensity for relocation
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1462-6004 .- 1758-7840. ; 18:3, s. 457-474
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The primary focus of this paper is to examine the international (import and export) activities of the firm and the impact on the firms’ criteria for choice of location and the propensity for relocation.Design/methodology/approach – A web survey was carried out among small and medium-sized Danish firms. Data used in the present study are based on responses from 622 firms. The analysis is conducted in two sub-sections. The first section focuses on how export/import intensity is related to the location motives of the firm and the propensity to relocate the firm to another national location or abroad. Pearson’s correlation with corresponding test of significance is used to explore the possible relationships between the international engagement and the firm’s criteria for choice of location. In the second section the responding firms are classified into one of four categories, as suggested in a local/global typology. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is conducted in order to assess whether the reexist any significant differences between the four types of firms with regard to the location motives and relocation propensity for the firms.Findings – The study shows that the international engagement of the firm influences the need for better location with regard to infrastructure (especially airport and highways) and to a lesser degree other types of infrastructure (railways and harbours). Interestingly, firms put less emphasis on the direct economic factors (infrastructure) compared with access to customers/suppliers, local network and, above all, access to research institutions. The study shows that international firms put significantly more emphasis on the relationship with research institutions than more local firms. The study also indicates that a higher international engagement increases the firm’s intention to relocate abroad, which could be one of the unwanted sides of firms’ internationalisation.Originality/value – Guided by insights from location and relocation theory and international entrepreneurship theory, the connection between firms’ export and import engagement and the reasons for location and propensity for relocation are explored. The paper also suggests an internationalisation typology of firms that can be used in future research on the internationalisation of the firm.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Servais, Per, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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Buyer-Seller relationships in a period of recession : The role of satisfaction in repeat patronage and the propensity to initiate price negotiation
- 2012
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Ingår i: Innovative Marketing. - : Business Perspectives. - 1814-2427. ; 8:4, s. 18-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines buyer-supplier relationships in a period of economic recession. More specifically, the articleinvestigates the role of buyer-supplier cooperation, conflict and trust in customer satisfaction by using data collected ina period of recession. Furthermore, the article explores the influence of satisfaction on repeat patronage and customers’propensity to initiate price negotiation. The authors propose and test a model of the buyer-supplier relationship.Quantitative data gathered from 300 Danish firms are used to analyze the hypothesized relationships via structuralequation modeling. A cross-sectional design was used. Future research might use a longitudinal design to exploredevelopments in buyer-supplier relationships. The data regarding the buyer-supplier relationship were collected from asingle informant. The results support several of the stated hypotheses. Buyer-supplier cooperation enhances customersatisfaction, partly by reducing conflict and building trust. Furthermore, satisfied customers are inclined toward repeatpatronage and are less likely to launch price negotiations when facing a financial crisis. For industrial suppliers, thisstudy clearly indicates that cooperation, through its positive relationship with trust and its ability to reduce conflict, hasa positive impact on satisfaction, which in turn increases repeat patronage and reduces the tendency of customerstoward price negotiation. Future studies might include more informants from the customer firm and/or from thesupplier firm to improve the validity of the measures and better assess the reliability of the results.
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Servais, Per, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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International new ventures in the wake of global factories : A network approach to opportunity exploration and exploitation
- 2022
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Ingår i: 8th Reading IB Conference. ; , s. 27-27
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The outset for this article is international new ventures that already are or are to be entangled in the globalfactories. This article departs in the orchestration and management of the global factories (Buckley, 2009).It highlights the impact of the network on the perception of opportunities (Mainela et al 2014). The articleargues that global factories tunnel the opportunity recognition/pathway of the participating international newventures as they can be perceived as opportunity-seeking/creating entrepreneurs in global industrial valuenets (Möller & Rajala, 2007). More concretely, Buckley (2009) emphasizes the role of branding of and inglobal factories. We elaborate this viewpoint by expanding the opportunity of born global firms to cobrandwith the central MNC in the global factory or other global factory value net partners. Finally, we developstrategies for the new venture to pursue further co-development with global factories. We base this on the“hangar ship” strategy developed by Vapola et al. (2008). Altogether, the relations with global factories haveconsequences for the learning in the international new ventures (Magnani & Zucchella 2021) and theconceptualization and development of business models in different kinds of international new ventures.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Servais, Per, 1958-
(författare)
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Virtual Teams and Internationalisation of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
- 2023. - 1
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Ingår i: Virtual Teams Across National Borders. - New York : Routledge. - 9781003398745 - 9781032496016 ; , s. 83-96
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Virtual teams can be traced back to the 1990s with the debauched development of communication technologies as well as the fast extension of the internet. Virtual teams possess unique features allowing them to combine cultural multiplicity, specific tasks, physical remoteness of team members, continuous distant communication, critical interdependence of tasks, leadership, cohesion, empowerment, confidence, virtuality, special trust creation and trust building. For a successful functioning of present-day organisations, they need to employ geographically dispersed labour force. Creating virtual teams functioning across national borders, organisations secure the most competent talent available world-wide. Employing the best available know-how, virtual teams apply the knowledge of experts from various cultures having diverse capabilities as well as varied perceptions on dealing with multiple organisational challenges from strategic perspectives. Compositions of virtual teams operating across national borders alter depending on types of industry, organisation, and organisational unit. International virtual teams functioning across national borders perform from practically everywhere all over the world if there is a secure and constant internet connection.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Vedel, Mette, et al.
(författare)
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On the Value of Different Entry Modes by SMEs in Foreign Markets
- 2017
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Ingår i: More Than Just One Middleman. - Cham : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9783319393681 - 9783319393698 ; , s. 151-170
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In international business literature several researchers have applied the microeconomic concepts scope and scale economy in the context of foreign market servicing modes. Researchers discussing the optimal timing of Foreign Direct Investments have shown that in terms of total costs, it is favorable first to export to the foreign market via a local sales agency or a distributor due to scope economies and later on to switch to a production subsidiary due to scale economies. Export channel volume is therefore conceptualized as one of the determinants of entry mode choice. This chapter focuses differently by taking a network approach to internationalization. Setting of from the triadic entry nodes concept we highlight the value offered to small firms in the internationalization process by intermediaries operating as network informants, integrators and coordinators. Moreover, we challenge the viewpoint that foreign market entry is a mona dic relationship between one producer and one foreign party.
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| 47. |
- Vedel, Mette, et al.
(författare)
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The role of entry nodes in industrial firms’ internationalization : the significance of network structures for value innovation
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of business & industrial marketing. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 0885-8624 .- 2052-1189. ; 34:6, s. 1236-1247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: The paper explores the links between network structures and internationalization, conceptualized as a process of value innovation. The exploration sets off from the concept of an entry node, i.e. whether network entrance is facilitated by a direct dyadic or an indirect triadic relationship.Design/methodology/approach: The paper is mainly conceptual, but also presents an empirical cross-border actor constellation which highlights the implications of the study.Findings: Bi-directionality implies that value innovation is contingent on the fit between the actors involved in the entry node, not on the fulfilment of the needs of a focal actor. Further, the attractiveness of an entry node depends on network structures, the network positions of the actors in the entry node, the desired outcomes of entry (immersion or reach), and the actual behavior of the actors. The dynamics of transitivity can influence triadic entry nodes. However, transitivity operates differently in business networks than in social networks constituted by inter-personal ties. Therefore, closure of open triadic entry nodes is neither an automatic outcome of strong ties, nor a normatively better outcome.Research limitations/implications: The theorizing offered by this paper must be further explored in different empirical contexts to assess its practical adequacy. Still, the presented empirical case indicates that the expected attractiveness of entry nodes is closely linked to (in)transitivity.Originality/value: The paper supports the relevance of expanding from a dyadic to a network perspective in order to capture the dynamics of value innovation in an international setting.
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