| 1. |
- Micah, Angela E., et al.
(författare)
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Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19 : a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050
- 2021
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 398:10308, s. 1317-1343
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached $8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total, $40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this, $13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and $1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4%) of the funds focused on country-level coordination and $2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7%) of COVID-19 development assistance for health went to Latin America, despite this region reporting 34.3% of total recorded COVID-19 deaths in low-income or middle-income countries in 2020. Spending on health is expected to rise to $1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 2. |
- Hanan, Abdul, et al.
(författare)
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PdO@CoSe2 composites: efficient electrocatalysts for water oxidation in alkaline media
- 2022
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Ingår i: RSC Advances. - : ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY. - 2046-2069. ; 13:1, s. 743-755
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we have prepared cobalt selenide (CoSe2) due to its useful aspects from a catalysis point of view such as abundant active sites from Se edges, and significant stability in alkaline conditions. CoSe2, however, has yet to prove its functionality, so we doped palladium oxide (PdO) onto CoSe2 nanostructures using ultraviolet (UV) light, resulting in an efficient and stable water oxidation composite. The crystal arrays, morphology, and chemical composition of the surface were studied using a variety of characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It was also demonstrated that the composite systems were heterogeneous in their morphology, undergoing a shift in their diffraction patterns, suffering from a variety of metal oxidation states and surface defects. The water oxidation was verified by a low overpotential of 260 mV at a current density of 20 mA cm(-2) with a Tafel Slope value of 57 mV dec(-1). The presence of multi metal oxidation states, rich surface edges of Se and favorable charge transport played a leading role towards water oxidation with a low energy demand. Furthermore, 48 h of durability is associated with the composite system. With the use of PdO and CoSe2, new, low efficiency, simple electrocatalysts for water catalysis have been developed, enabling the development of practical energy conversion and storage systems. This is an excellent alternative approach for fostering growth in the field.
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| 3. |
- Mugheri, Abdul Qayoom, et al.
(författare)
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Efficient tri-metallic oxides NiCo2O4/CuO for the oxygen evolution reaction
- 2019
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Ingår i: RSC ADVANCES. - : ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY. - 2046-2069. ; 9:72, s. 42387-42394
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, a simple approach was used to produce nonprecious, earth abundant, stable and environmentally friendly NiCo2O4/CuO composites for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media. The nanocomposites were prepared by a low temperature aqueous chemical growth method. The morphology of the nanostructures was changed from nanowires to porous structures with the addition of CuO. The NiCo2O4/CuO composite was loaded onto a glassy carbon electrode by the drop casting method. The addition of CuO into NiCo2O4 led to reduction in the onset potential of the OER. Among the composites, 0.5 grams of CuO anchored with NiCo2O4 (sample 2) demonstrated a low onset potential of 1.46 V vs. a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). A current density of 10 mA cm(-2) was achieved at an over-potential of 230 mV and sample 2 was found to be durable for 35 hours in alkaline media. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) indicated a small charge transfer resistance of 77.46 ohms for sample 2, which further strengthened the OER polarization curves and indicates the favorable OER kinetics. All of the obtained results could encourage the application of sample 2 in water splitting batteries and other energy related applications.
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| 4. |
- Alshgari, Razan A., et al.
(författare)
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Manipulation of CuO morphology for efficient potentiometric detection of urea via slow nucleation/growth kinetics exerted by mixed solvents
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of materials science. Materials in electronics. - : SPRINGER. - 0957-4522 .- 1573-482X. ; 33, s. 25250-25262
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Controlling the reaction kinetics during the nucleation/growth of cupric oxide (CuO) nanostructures is very critical in order to achieve a specific and well-defined morphology. For this purpose, we have slowed down the reaction speed using a mixed solvent concept and successfully obtained a chain-like morphology of CuO nanostructures using hydrothermal method. The CuO chain-like morphology was synthesized using a 1:1 (v/v) ratio of ethylene glycol and water. The morphology and crystalline features of CuO were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and powder X-ray diffraction techniques. The high resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed 5 nm crystallite size for the CuO material prepared in the mixed solvents. The obtained results have shown that the prepared CuO chains had a monocline phase, containing only Cu and O as main elements as confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy. This unique morphology obtained from mixed solvent process has provided a better surface for the loading of urease enzyme, thus it enabled the development of sensitive and selective urea biosensor in phosphate buffer solution of pH 7.4. The physical adsorption method was used to immobilize urease enzyme onto the nano surface of CuO. The fabricated biosensor based on urease/CuO chains has shown a dynamic linear range from 0.0005 to15 mM with a low limit of detection 0.0001 mM. Additionally, a fast response time aroudn1s, h high selectivity, stability, repeatability, storage time, and reproducibility were observed. The effect of pH and temperature on the potentiometric signal of the developed biosensor was also examined. Importantly, the practical aspects of the fabricated urea biosensor were probed and the obtained percent recovery results revealed an outstanding performance. The strategy of using mixed solvent with equal volume ratio would be useful for the preparation of other metal oxides with improved catalytic properties for a wide range of clinical, biomedical and other related applications.
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| 5. |
- Bhatti, Muhammad Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Efficient photo catalysts based on silver doped ZnO nanorods for the photo degradation of methyl orange
- 2019
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Ingår i: Ceramics International. - Oxford : Elsevier. - 0272-8842 .- 1873-3956. ; 45:17, Part B, s. 23289-23297
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, the doped ZnO nanorods with silver (Ag) as photosensitive material are prepared by the solvothermal method. The structural and optical characterization is carried out by the scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy and UV–visible spectroscopy. The use of Ag as dopant did not alter the morphology of ZnO except sample 4 which has flower like morphology. The Ag, Zn and O are the main constituent of doped materials. The XRD revealed a hexagonal phase for ZnO and cubic phase for silver and confirmed the successful doping of Ag. The photocatalytic activity of Ag doped ZnO nanorods was investigated for the photo degradation of methyl orange. The photocatalytic measurements show that 88% degradation of methyl orange by the sample 4 within the 2 h of UV light treatment (365 nm) is significant advancement in the photocatalyst and provide the inexpensive and promising materials for the photochemical applications. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l.
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| 6. |
- Bhatti, Muhammad Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Low Temperature Aqueous Chemical Growth Method for the Doping of W into ZnO Nanostructures and Their Photocatalytic Role in the Degradration of Methylene Blue
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of cluster science. - : SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS. - 1040-7278 .- 1572-8862. ; 33:4, s. 1445-1456
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this research work, we have produced tungsten (W) doped ZnO nanostructures via low-temperature aqueous chemical growth method. The morphology, crystal arrays and composition was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-rays (EDX) respectively. The SEM results indicate the nanowire morphology before and after the doping of W into ZnO and XRD study has shown the hexagonal crystallography of W doped ZnO samples. The EDX study has confirmed the successful doping of W into ZnO crystal lattices. The photodegradation performance of methylene blue was evaluated with W doped ZnO samples and pristine ZnO in aqueous solution. The measured degradation efficiencies for the different W doped ZnO samples were 5 wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt% and 20 wt% at pH 5 are 87.8%, 92.3%, 92.8% and 96.9%), at pH 9 (72.1%, 90.7%, 92.1%, and 96.4%) and at pH 11 (80%, 85%, 87% and 89%) for the time interval of 90 min respectively. The pH of dye solution has significant effect on the degradation efficiency. These findings show that the W doped ZnO samples have superior degradation efficiency of 96.6% in a very short interval of time. The swift degradation kinetics for the W doped ZnO samples is attributed to the reduction in the energy band gap, decrease in particle size, enhanced surface area, decrease in the recombination rate and foster charge separation process. The obtained results are exciting and providing efficient earth-abundant photocatalysts for the energy and environmental purposes.Kindly confirm the Given names and Family names for all the authors.They are correct.
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| 7. |
- Bhatti, Muhammad Ali, et al.
(författare)
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TiO2/ZnO Nanocomposite Material for Efficient Degradation of Methylene Blue
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. - : AMER SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS. - 1533-4880 .- 1533-4899. ; 21:4, s. 2511-2519
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this research work, we have produced a composite material consisting titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures via precipitation method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study has shown the mixture of nanostructures consisting nanorods and nano flower. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) study has confirmed the presence of Ti, Zn and O as main elements in the composite. X-ray diffraction (XID) study has revealed that the successful presence of TiO2 and ZnO in the composite. The composite material exhibits small optical energy band gap which led to reduction of the charge recombination rate of electron-hole pairs. The band gap for the composite TiO2/ZnO samples namely 1, 2, 3 and 4 is 3.18, 3.00, 2.97 and 2.83 eV respectively. Small optical bandgap gives less relaxation time for the recombination of electron and hole pairs, thus favorable photodegradation is found. The degradation efficiency for the TiO2/ZnO samples for methylene blue in order of 55.03%, 75.7%, 85.14% and 90.08% is found for the samples 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The proposed study of titanium dioxide addition into ZnO is facile and inexpensive for the development of efficient photocatalysts. This can be capitalized at large scale for the energy and environmental applications.
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| 8. |
- Khokhar, Shams Parveen, et al.
(författare)
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An Efficient Nickel Sulfide@NiO Nanocomposite Catalyst with High Density of Active Sites for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. - : AMER SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS. - 1533-4880 .- 1533-4899. ; 21:4, s. 2520-2528
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts based on the earth-abundant materials are highly vital to design practical and environmentally friendly water splitting devices. In this study, we present an optimized strategy for the development of active catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction HER. The composite catalysts are prepared with the nanosurface of NiO for the deposition of NiS by hydrothermal method. In alkaline electrolyte, the NIS/NiO nanocomposite has shown excellent catalytic HER properties at the low onset potential and small Tafel slope of 72 mV dec(-1). A current density of 10 mA/cm(2) is achieved by the nanocomposite obtained with 0.4 gram of NiO as nanosurface for the deposition of NiS (sample 4) at the cost of 429 mV versus RHE. The sample 4 carries more active sites that allow it to act as excellent HER catalyst. Based on this study, we conclude that increasing the nickel oxide content into composite sample facilitates the HER process. Additionally, a long term HER stability for 10 hours and good durability is also demonstrated by the sample 4. Our findings reveal that the optimization of nickel oxide content in the preparation of catalyst leads to the excellent HER activity for the design of practical water splitting devices and other related applications.
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| 9. |
- Mangrio, Sanjha, et al.
(författare)
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Advanced Urea Precursors Driven NiCo2O4 Nanostructures Based Non-Enzymatic Urea Sensor for Milk and Urine Real Sample Applications
- 2023
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Ingår i: Biosensors. - : MDPI. - 2079-6374. ; 13:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The electrochemical performance of NiCo2O4 with urea precursors was evaluated in order to develop a non-enzymatic urea sensor. In this study, NiCo2O4 nanostructures were synthesized hydrothermally at different concentrations of urea and characterized using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Nanostructures of NiCo2O4 exhibit a nanorod-like morphology and a cubic phase crystal structure. Urea can be detected with high sensitivity through NiCo2O4 nanostructures driven by urea precursors under alkaline conditions. A low limit of detection of 0.05 and an analytical range of 0.1 mM to 10 mM urea are provided. The concentration of 006 mM was determined by cyclic voltammetry. Chronoamperometry was used to determine the linear range in the range of 0.1 mM to 8 mM. Several analytical parameters were assessed, including selectivity, stability, and repeatability. NiCo2O4 nanostructures can also be used to detect urea in various biological samples in a practical manner.
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| 10. |
- Shah, Aqeel Ahmed, et al.
(författare)
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Facile synthesis of copper doped ZnO nanorods for the efficient photo degradation of methylene blue and methyl orange
- 2020
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Ingår i: Ceramics International. - Oxford : Elsevier. - 0272-8842 .- 1873-3956. ; 46:8, part A, s. 9997-10005
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods are doped with copper by low temperature aqueous chemical growth method using different concentrations of copper 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg and 20 mg and labeled as sample 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The morphology and phase purity of nanostructures was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction techniques. The optical characterization was carried out through UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The band gap of coper doped ZnO has brought reduction at 250–600 nm and it indicates the fewer time for the recombination of electron and hole pairs, thus enhanced photo degradation efficiency is found. ZnO exhibits nanorods like shape even after the doping of copper. The photo degradation efficiency for the two chronic dyes such as methyl orange MO and methylene blue MB was found to be 57.5% and 60% respectively for a time of 180 mints. This study suggests that the copper impurity in ZnO can tailor its photocatalytic activity at considerable rate. The proposed photo catalysts are promising and can be used for the waste water treatment and other environmental applications. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l.
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| 11. |
- Shah, Aqeel Ahmed, et al.
(författare)
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Tin as an Effective Doping Agent into ZnO for the Improved Photodegradation of Rhodamine B
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. - : AMER SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS. - 1533-4880 .- 1533-4899. ; 21:4, s. 2529-2537
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have fabricated ZnO nano rods by hydrothermal method and successively doped them with tin (Sn) using different concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg of tin chloride. XRD of the fabricated structures showed that ZnO possess hexagonal wurtzite phase. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to explore the morphology and it shows nanorod like morphology for all samples and no considerable change in the structural features were found. The dimension of nanorod is 200 to 300 nm. The doped materials were then investigated for their photo catalytic degradation of environmental pollutant Rhodamine B. The performance of doped ZnO is compared with the pristine ZnO. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to explore the morphology and it shows nanorod like morphology for all samples and no considerable change in the structural features were found. The dimension of nanorod is 200 to 300 nm. XRD of the fabricated structures showed that ZnO possess hexagonal wurtzite phase. Photo catalytic activity of rhodamine B was investigated under UV light and a maximum degradation efficiency of 85% was obtained. The optical property reveals the reduction in band gap of upto 17.14% for 100 mg Sn doped ZnO. The degradation is followed by the pseudo order kinetics. The produced results are unique in terms of facile synthesis of Sn doped ZnO and excellent photo degradation efficiency, therefore these materials can be used for other environmental applications.
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