| 1. |
- Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, et al.
(author)
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Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.
- 2015
-
In: The Lancet. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 386:10010, s. 2287-2323
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution.METHODS: Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk-outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990-2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol.FINDINGS: All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8-58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1-43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5-89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa.INTERPRETATION: Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks.FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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| 2. |
- Lozano, Rafael, et al.
(author)
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Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
-
In: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 2091-2138
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030.
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| 3. |
- Murray, Christopher J. L., et al.
(author)
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Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
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In: The Lancet. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 1995-2051
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Feigin, Valery L., et al.
(author)
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Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
- 2019
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In: Lancet Neurology. - : Elsevier. - 1474-4422 .- 1474-4465. ; 18:5, s. 459-480
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders.Methods: We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach.Findings: Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·6–46·1]), migraine (16·3% [11·7–20·8]), Alzheimer's and other dementias (10·4% [9·0–12·1]), and meningitis (7·9% [6·6–10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05–1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5–90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8–35·1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8–17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable).Interpretation: Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies.Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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| 6. |
- Birney, Ewan, et al.
(author)
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Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project
- 2007
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In: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 447:7146, s. 799-816
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report the generation and analysis of functional data from multiple, diverse experiments performed on a targeted 1% of the human genome as part of the pilot phase of the ENCODE Project. These data have been further integrated and augmented by a number of evolutionary and computational analyses. Together, our results advance the collective knowledge about human genome function in several major areas. First, our studies provide convincing evidence that the genome is pervasively transcribed, such that the majority of its bases can be found in primary transcripts, including non-protein-coding transcripts, and those that extensively overlap one another. Second, systematic examination of transcriptional regulation has yielded new understanding about transcription start sites, including their relationship to specific regulatory sequences and features of chromatin accessibility and histone modification. Third, a more sophisticated view of chromatin structure has emerged, including its inter-relationship with DNA replication and transcriptional regulation. Finally, integration of these new sources of information, in particular with respect to mammalian evolution based on inter- and intra-species sequence comparisons, has yielded new mechanistic and evolutionary insights concerning the functional landscape of the human genome. Together, these studies are defining a path for pursuit of a more comprehensive characterization of human genome function.
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| 7. |
- Orsini, S., et al.
(author)
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Inner southern magnetosphere observation of Mercury via SERENA ion sensors in BepiColombo mission
- 2022
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In: Nature Communications. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2041-1723. ; 13:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Mercury’s southern inner magnetosphere is an unexplored region as it was not observed by earlier space missions. In October 2021, BepiColombo mission has passed through this region during its first Mercury flyby. Here, we describe the observations of SERENA ion sensors nearby and inside Mercury’s magnetosphere. An intermittent high-energy signal, possibly due to an interplanetary magnetic flux rope, has been observed downstream Mercury, together with low energy solar wind. Low energy ions, possibly due to satellite outgassing, were detected outside the magnetosphere. The dayside magnetopause and bow-shock crossing were much closer to the planet than expected, signature of a highly eroded magnetosphere. Different ion populations have been observed inside the magnetosphere, like low latitude boundary layer at magnetopause inbound and partial ring current at dawn close to the planet. These observations are important for understanding the weak magnetosphere behavior so close to the Sun, revealing details never reached before.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Ademuyiwa, Adesoji O., et al.
(author)
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Determinants of morbidity and mortality following emergency abdominal surgery in children in low-income and middle-income countries
- 2016
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In: BMJ Global Health. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2059-7908. ; 1:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Child health is a key priority on the global health agenda, yet the provision of essential and emergency surgery in children is patchy in resource-poor regions. This study was aimed to determine the mortality risk for emergency abdominal paediatric surgery in low-income countries globally.Methods: Multicentre, international, prospective, cohort study. Self-selected surgical units performing emergency abdominal surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive children aged <16 years during a 2-week period between July and December 2014. The United Nation's Human Development Index (HDI) was used to stratify countries. The main outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality, analysed by multilevel logistic regression.Results: This study included 1409 patients from 253 centres in 43 countries; 282 children were under 2 years of age. Among them, 265 (18.8%) were from low-HDI, 450 (31.9%) from middle-HDI and 694 (49.3%) from high-HDI countries. The most common operations performed were appendectomy, small bowel resection, pyloromyotomy and correction of intussusception. After adjustment for patient and hospital risk factors, child mortality at 30 days was significantly higher in low-HDI (adjusted OR 7.14 (95% CI 2.52 to 20.23), p<0.001) and middle-HDI (4.42 (1.44 to 13.56), p=0.009) countries compared with high-HDI countries, translating to 40 excess deaths per 1000 procedures performed.Conclusions: Adjusted mortality in children following emergency abdominal surgery may be as high as 7 times greater in low-HDI and middle-HDI countries compared with high-HDI countries. Effective provision of emergency essential surgery should be a key priority for global child health agendas.
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| 10. |
- Mennander, A., et al.
(author)
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The significance of bicuspid aortic valve after surgery for acute type A aortic dissection
- 2020
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In: Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-5223 .- 1097-685X. ; 159:3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: Decision-making concerning the extent of the repair of acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) includes functional and anatomical assessment of the aortic valve. We hypothesized that bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) does not impact outcome after surgery for ATAAD. We therefore evaluated the outcome after ATAAD surgery in relation to the presence of BAV, acute aortic regurgitation (AR), and surgical approach, using the Nordic Consortium for Acute Type A Aortic Dissection database. Methods: Eight participating Nordic centers collected data from 1122 patients undergoing ATAAD surgery during the years 2005 to 2014. Early complications, reoperations and survival were compared between patients with BAV and tricuspid aortic valves (TAV) before and after propensity score matching for sex, age, AR, organ malperfusion, hemodynamic instability, and site of the tear. Mean follow-up (range) for patients with TAV and BAV was 3.1 years (0-10.4 years) and 3.2 years (0-9.0 years), respectively. Results: Altogether, 65 (5.8%) of the patients had BAV. Root replacement was more frequently performed in the BAV as compared with the TAV group (60% vs 23%, P <.001). Survival, however, did not differ significantly between patients with BAV or TAV, either before (P =.230) or after propensity score-matching (P =.812). Even so, in cohort as a whole, patients presenting with AR had less favorable survival. Conclusions: Early and mid-term survival did not differ significantly between patients with BAV and TAV. © 2019 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery
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| 11. |
- Oudin Åström, Daniel, et al.
(author)
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Temperature effects on incidence of surgery for acute type A aortic dissection in the Nordics
- 2022
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In: Global health action. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1654-9880 .- 1654-9880 .- 1654-9716. ; 15:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We aimed to investigate a hypothesised association between daily mean temperature and the risk of surgery for acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD). For the period of 1 January 2005 until 31 December 2019, we collected daily data on mean temperatures and date of 2995 operations for ATAAD at 10 Nordic cities included in the Nordic Consortium for Acute Type A Aortic Dissection (NORCAAD) collaboration. Using a two-stage time-series approach, we investigated the association between hot and cold temperatures relative to the optimal temperature and the rate of ATAAD repair in the selected cities. The relative risks (RRs) of cold temperatures (<=-5 degrees C) and hot temperatures (>= 21 degrees C) compared to optimal temperature were 1.47 (95% CI: 0.72-2.99) and 1.43 (95% CI: 0.67-3.08), respectively. In line with previous studies, we observed increased risk at cold and hot temperatures. However, the observed associations were not statistically significant, thus only providing weak evidence of an association.
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| 12. |
- Shahab, A., et al.
(author)
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Detection of Energy Bugs in Android Applications : A Systematic Literature Review
- 2021
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In: Proceedings - 2021 International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology, FIT 2021. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781665408301 ; , s. 7-12
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In recent years, smartphones have improved significantly because of their rich set of features, services and their memory capacity and processing speed. Consequently, complex applications (e.g., apps used for home automation, high performance games etc.) are being developed for users to provide on hand access to different functions of such apps. However, these apps are often energy-inefficient and can quickly drain the battery power of smartphones due to improper usage of resources. Such kind of energy inefficiencies in smartphone apps can be categorized into energy bugs and energy hotspots. When an app consumes more power due to some fault or failure even after closing or termination and prevents the smartphone from becoming idle, an energy bug occurs. Whereas, energy hotspot is caused due to abnormal usage of energy by an app during its execution. Execution of an app with an energy bug or energy hotspot can drastically shorten the lifetime of battery. Moreover, it also causes serious energy drain issues in smartphones due to which user experience is severely impacted. So, to cater the problem of energy inefficiencies, we have to identify the energy hotspots and bugs caused by such apps. In this paper, we report the findings of our systematic literature review to categorize and to structure the research findings that have been published in the area of energy consumption due to energy bugs in Android apps. Twenty-seven experimental studies are plotted. Besides, we have identified several challenges that need to be addressed in future. After going through the different studies, we found that existing approaches related to energy bugs either generate false positives or false negatives in addition to finding real energy bugs. We conclude that there is a need to utilize resources in a better way by making smartphone apps more energy-efficient and by implementing approaches that can automatically detect all possible energy bugs in Android apps.
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| 13. |
- Szabo, P.S., et al.
(author)
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Energetic neutral atom (ENA) emission characteristics at the moon and mercury from 3D regolith simulations of solar wind reflection
- 2023
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In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Planets. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 2169-9097 .- 2169-9100. ; 128:9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The reflection of solar wind protons as energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) from the lunar surface has regularly been used to study the plasma-surface interaction at the Moon. However, there still exists a fundamental lack of knowledge of the scattering process. ENA emission from the surface is expected to similarly occur at Mercury and will be studied by BepiColombo. Understanding this solar wind backscattering will allow studies of both Mercury's plasma environment as well as properties of the hermean surface itself. Here, we expand on previous simulation studies of the solar-wind-regolith interaction with 3D grains in SDTrimSP-3D to compare the predicted scattering energies and angles to ENA measurements from the Moon by the Chandrayaan-1 and IBEX missions. The simulations reproduce a backward emission toward the Sun, which can be connected to the geometry of the regolith grain stacking. In contrast, the ENA energy distribution and its Maxwellian shape is mostly connected to the solar wind velocity. Our simulations also correctly describe a lunar ENA albedo between 10% and 20% and support its decrease with solar wind velocity. We further expand our studies to illustrate how BepiColombo will be able to observe ENAs at Mercury using hybrid simulations of Mercury's magnetosphere as an input for the complex surface precipitation patterns. We demonstrate that the variable ion precipitation will directly influence ENA emission from the surface. The orbits of BepiColombo's Mercury Planetary Orbiter and Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter/Mio spacecraft are shown to be suitable to observe ENA emission patterns both on a local and a global scale.
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| 14. |
- Dhanaya, M. B., et al.
(author)
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Proton entry into the near-lunar plasma wake for magnetic field aligned flow
- 2013
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In: Geophysical Research Letters. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 0094-8276 .- 1944-8007. ; 40:2, s. 2913-2917
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report the first observation of protons in the near-lunar (100–200 km from the surface) and deeper (near anti-subsolar point) plasma wake when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and solar wind velocity (vsw) are parallel (aligned flow; angle between IMF and vsw≤10°). More than 98% of the observations during aligned flow condition showed the presence of protons in the wake. These observations are obtained by the Solar Wind Monitor sensor of the Sub-keV Atom Reflecting Analyser experiment on Chandrayaan-1. The observation cannot be explained by the conventional fluid models for aligned flow. Back tracing of the observed protons suggests that their source is the solar wind. The larger gyroradii of the wake protons compared to that of solar wind suggest that they were part of the tail of the solar wind velocity distribution function. Such protons could enter the wake due to their large gyroradii even when the flow is aligned to IMF. However, the wake boundary electric field may also play a role in the entry of the protons into the wake.
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| 15. |
- Fereidunian, A., et al.
(author)
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AAHES: A hybrid expert system realization of adaptive autonomy for Smart Grid
- 2010
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In: IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe, ISGT Europe 2010; Gothenburg; Sweden; 11 October 2010 through 13 October 2010. - 9781424485109 ; , s. Art. no. 5638929-
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Smart grid expectations objectify the need for optimizing power distribution systems greater than ever. Distribution Automation (DA) is an integral part of the SG solution; however, disregarding human factors in the DA systems can make it more problematic than beneficial. As a consequence, Human-Automation Interaction (HAI) theories can be employed to optimize the DA systems in a human-centered manner. Earlier we introduced a novel framework for the realization of Adaptive Autonomy (AA) concept in the power distribution network using expert systems. This research presents a hybrid expert system for the realization of AA, using both Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Logistic Regression (LR) models, referred to as AAHES, respectively. AAHES uses neural networks and logistic regression as an expert system inference engine. This system fuses LR and ANN models' outputs which will results in a progress, comparing to both individual models. The practical list of environmental conditions and superior experts' judgments are used as the expert systems database. Since training samples will affect the expert systems performance, the AAHES is implemented using six different training sets. Finally, the results are interpreted in order to find the best training set. As revealed by the results, the presented AAHES can effectively determine the proper level of automation for changing the performance shaping factors of the HAI systems in the smart grid environment.
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| 16. |
- Pan, E., et al.
(author)
-
Low rate of reoperations after acute type A aortic dissection repair from The Nordic Consortium Registry
- 2018
-
In: Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-5223 .- 1097-685X. ; 156:3, s. 939-948
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: To describe the relationship between the extent of primary aortic repair and the incidence of reoperations after surgery for type A aortic dissection. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 1159 patients treated for type A aortic dissection at eight Nordic low-to medium-sized cardiothoracic centers from 2005 to 2014. Data were gathered from patient records and national registries. Patients were separately divided into 3 groups according to the distal anastomoses technique (ascending aorta [n = 791], hemiarch [n = 247], and total arch [n = 66]), and into 2 groups for proximal repair (aortic root replacement [n = 285] and supracoronary repair [n = 832]). Freedom from reoperation was estimated with cumulative incidence survival and Fine-Gray competing risk regression model was used to identify independent risk factors for reoperation. Results: The median follow-up was 2.7 years (range, 0-10 years). Altogether 51 out of 911 patients underwent reoperation. Freedom from distal reoperation at 5 years was 96.9%, with no significant difference between the groups (P = .22). Freedom from proximal reoperation at 5 years was 97.8%, with no difference between the groups (P = .84). Neither DeBakey classification nor the extent of proximal or distal repair predicted freedom from a later reoperation. The only independent risk factor associated with a later proximal reoperation was a history of connective tissue disease. Conclusions: Type A aortic dissection repair in low-to medium-volume centers was associated with a low reoperation rate and satisfactory midterm survival. The extent of the primary repair had no significant influence on reoperation rate or midterm survival.
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| 17. |
- Rasca, A.P., et al.
(author)
-
A Double Disturbed Lunar Plasma Wake
- 2021
-
In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics. - : AGU. - 2169-9380 .- 2169-9402. ; 126:2
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Under nominal solar wind conditions, a tenuous wake forms downstream of the lunar nightside. However, the lunar plasma environment undergoes a transformation as the Moon passes through the Earth's magnetotail, with hot subsonic plasma causing the wake structure to disappear. We investigate the lunar wake response during a passing coronal mass ejection (CME) on March 8, 2012 while crossing the Earth's magnetotail using both a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model of the terrestrial magnetosphere and a three-dimensional hybrid plasma model of the lunar wake. The CME arrives at 1 AU around 10:30 UT and its impact is first detected inside the geomagnetic tail after 11:10 UT by the Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (THEMIS-ARTEMIS) satellites in lunar orbit. A global magnetospheric MHD simulation using Wind data for upstream conditions with the OpenGGCM model reveals the magnetosheath compression to the lunar position from 11:20–12:00 UT, accompanied by multiple flux rope or plasmoid-like features developing and propagating tailward. MHD results support plasma changes observed by the THEMIS-ARTEMIS satellites. Lunar-scale simulations using the Amitis hybrid code show a short and misaligned plasma wake during the Moon's brief entry into the magnetosheath at 11:20 UT, with plasma expansion into the void being aided by the higher plasma temperatures. Sharply accelerated flow speed and a compressed magnetic field lead to an enhanced electric field in the lunar wake capable of generating sudden changes to the nightside near-surface electric potential.
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| 18. |
- Szalay, J.R., et al.
(author)
-
Oxygen production from dissociation of Europa’s water-ice surface
- 2024
-
In: Nature Astronomy. - : Springer Nature. - 2397-3366. ; 8:5, s. 567-576
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Jupiter’s moon Europa has a predominantly water-ice surface that is modified by exposure to its space environment. Charged particles break molecular bonds in surface ice, thus dissociating the water to ultimately produce H2 and O2, which provides a potential oxygenation mechanism for Europa’s subsurface ocean. These species are understood to form Europa’s primary atmospheric constituents. Although remote observations provide important global constraints on Europa’s atmosphere, the molecular O2 abundance has been inferred from atomic O emissions. Europa’s atmospheric composition had never been directly sampled and model-derived oxygen production estimates ranged over several orders of magnitude. Here, we report direct observations of H2+ and O2+ pickup ions from the dissociation of Europa’s water-ice surface and confirm these species are primary atmospheric constituents. In contrast to expectations, we find the H2 neutral atmosphere is dominated by a non-thermal, escaping population. We find 12 ± 6 kg s−1 (2.2 ± 1.2 × 1026 s−1) O2 are produced within Europa’s surface, less than previously thought, with a narrower range to support habitability in Europa’s ocean. This process is found to be Europa’s dominant exogenic surface erosion mechanism over meteoroid bombardment.
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| 19. |
- Wurz, P., et al.
(author)
-
Particles and Photons as Drivers for Particle Release from the Surfaces of the Moon and Mercury
- 2022
-
In: Space Science Reviews. - : Springer. - 0038-6308 .- 1572-9672. ; 218:3
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Moon and Mercury are airless bodies, thus they are directly exposed to the ambient plasma (ions and electrons), to photons mostly from the Sun from infrared range all the way to X-rays, and to meteoroid fluxes. Direct exposure to these exogenic sources has important consequences for the formation and evolution of planetary surfaces, including altering their chemical makeup and optical properties, and generating neutral gas exosphere. The formation of a thin atmosphere, more specifically a surface bound exosphere, the relevant physical processes for the particle release, particle loss, and the drivers behind these processes are discussed in this review.
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| 20. |
- Bjursten, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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Infective endocarditis after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a nationwide study
- 2019
-
In: European Heart Journal. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0195-668X .- 1522-9645. ; 40:39, s. 3263-3269
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aims Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), now a common procedure to treat high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis, has rapidly been expanding into younger and lower-risk populations, creating a need to better understand long-term outcome after TAVI. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the incidence, risk factors for, clinical presentation of, and outcome after prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) in patients treated with TAVI in a nationwide study. Methods and results Three registries were used: a national TAVI registry, a national diagnosis registry, and a national infective endocarditis registry. Combining these registries made it possible to perform a nationwide, all-comers study with independent and validated reporting of PVE in 4336 patients between 2008 and mid-2018. The risk for PVE after TAVI was 1.4% (95% confidence interval 1.0–1.8%) the first year and 0.8% (0.6–1.1%) per year thereafter. One-year survival after PVE diagnosis was 58% (49–68%), and 5-year survival was 29% (17–41%). Body surface area, estimated glomerular filtration rate <30mL/min/1.73 m2, critical pre-operative state, mean pre-procedural valve gradient, amount of contrast dye used, transapical access, and atrial fibrillation were identified as independent risk factors for PVE. Staphylococcus aureus was more common in early (<1year) PVE. Infection with S. aureus, root abscess, late PVE, and non-community acquisition was associated with higher 6-month mortality. Conclusion The incidence of PVE was similar to that of surgical bioprostheses. Compromised renal function was a strong risk factor for developing PVE. In the context of PVE, TAVI seems to be a safe option for patients.
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| 21. |
- Chemtob, Raphaelle A., et al.
(author)
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Limited Distal Repair Results in Low Rates of Distal Events Following Surgery for Acute Type A Aortic Dissection
- 2023
-
In: Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. - : Elsevier BV. - 1043-0679. ; 35:1, s. 7-15
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To investigate mortality and reoperation rates following limited distal repair after acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) at a single medium volume institution. We analyzed all patients that underwent limited distal repair (ascending aortic or hemiarch replacement) following ATAAD between January 1998 and April 2020 at our institution. During the study period, 489 patients underwent ATAAD surgery, of which 457 (94%) underwent limited distal repair with a 30-day mortality of 12.9%. Among 30-day survivors, late follow-up was 97.7% complete with a mean follow-up of 6.0 ± 5.5 years. In all, 50 patients (11%) required a reoperation during the study period at a mean of 3.4 ± 3.4 years after initial repair, with a 30-day mortality of 12%. An aortic reoperation was required in 4.1 (2.0–6.1)%, 10.3 (7.1–13.6)%, 15.1 (10.9–19.4)%, and 18.0 (13.0–22.9)% of patients at 1, 5, 10, and 15 years. A distal reoperation was required in 3.0 (1.2–4.7)%, 8.0 (5.1–10.9)%, 10.3 (6.8–13.8)%, and 12.4 (8.2–16.5)% of patients and 4.4 (2.3–6.4)%, 10.4 (7.1–13.7)%, 13.9 (9.8–18.0)%, and 16.9 (12.0–21.9)% of patents had a distal event at 1, 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. Limited distal repair with an ascending aortic or hemiarch replacement was associated with acceptable survival and rates of reoperations and distal events. Limited distal repair is a safe and feasible standard approach to ATAAD surgery at a medium-volume center.
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| 22. |
- Chemtob, Raphaelle A., et al.
(author)
-
Stroke in acute type A aortic dissection : the Nordic Consortium for Acute Type A Aortic Dissection (NORCAAD)
- 2020
-
In: European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1010-7940 .- 1873-734X. ; 58:5, s. 1027-1034
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: Stroke is a serious complication in patients with acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD). Previous studies investigating stroke in ATAAD patients have been limited by small cohorts and have shown diverging results. We sought to identify risk factors for stroke and to evaluate the effect of stroke on outcomes in surgical ATAAD patients. METHODS: The Nordic Consortium for Acute Type A Aortic Dissection database included patients operated for ATAAD at 8 Scandinavian Hospitals between 2005 and 2014. RESULTS: Stroke occurred in 177 (15.7%) out of 1128 patients. Patients with stroke presented more frequently with cerebral malperfusion (20.6% vs 6.3%, P < 0.001), syncope (30.6% vs 17.6%, P < 0.001), cardiogenic shock (33.1% vs 20.7%, P < 0.001) and pericardial tamponade (25.9% vs 14.7%, P < 0.001) and more often underwent total aortic arch replacement (10.7% vs 4.7%, P = 0.016), compared to patients without stroke. In the 86 patients presenting with cerebral malperfusion, 38.4% developed stroke. Thirty-day and 5-year mortality in patients with and without stroke were 27.1% vs 13.6% and 42.9% vs 25.6%, respectively. Stroke was an independent predictor of early- [odds ratio 2.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34-3.05; P < 0.001] and midterm mortality (hazard ratio 1.68, 95% CI 1.27-2.23; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Stroke in ATAAD patients is associated with increased early- and midterm mortality. Preoperative cerebral malperfusion and impaired haemodynamics, as well as total aortic arch replacement, were more frequent among patients who developed stroke. Importantly, a large proportion of patients presenting with cerebral malperfusion did not develop a permanent stroke, indicating that signs of cerebral malperfusion should not be considered a contraindication for surgery.
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| 23. |
- Chemtob, Raphaelle A, et al.
(author)
-
Stroke in acute type A aortic dissection: the Nordic Consortium for Acute Type A Aortic Dissection (NORCAAD).
- 2020
-
In: European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery. - 1873-734X. ; 58:5, s. 1027-1034
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Stroke is a serious complication in patients with acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD). Previous studies investigating stroke in ATAAD patients have been limited by small cohorts and have shown diverging results. We sought to identify risk factors for stroke and to evaluate the effect of stroke on outcomes in surgical ATAAD patients.The Nordic Consortium for Acute Type A Aortic Dissection database included patients operated for ATAAD at 8 Scandinavian Hospitals between 2005 and 2014.Stroke occurred in 177 (15.7%) out of 1128 patients. Patients with stroke presented more frequently with cerebral malperfusion (20.6% vs 6.3%, P<0.001), syncope (30.6% vs 17.6%, P<0.001), cardiogenic shock (33.1% vs 20.7%, P<0.001) and pericardial tamponade (25.9% vs 14.7%, P<0.001) and more often underwent total aortic arch replacement (10.7% vs 4.7%, P=0.016), compared to patients without stroke. In the 86 patients presenting with cerebral malperfusion, 38.4% developed stroke. Thirty-day and 5-year mortality in patients with and without stroke were 27.1% vs 13.6% and 42.9% vs 25.6%, respectively. Stroke was an independent predictor of early- [odds ratio 2.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34-3.05; P<0.001] and midterm mortality (hazard ratio 1.68, 95% CI 1.27-2.23; P<0.001).Stroke in ATAAD patients is associated with increased early- and midterm mortality. Preoperative cerebral malperfusion and impaired haemodynamics, as well as total aortic arch replacement, were more frequent among patients who developed stroke. Importantly, a large proportion of patients presenting with cerebral malperfusion did not develop a permanent stroke, indicating that signs of cerebral malperfusion should not be considered a contraindication for surgery.
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| 24. |
- Fatemi, Shahab, et al.
(author)
-
Hybrid Simulations of Solar Wind Proton Precipitation to the Surface of Mercury
- 2020
-
In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 2169-9380 .- 2169-9402. ; 125:4
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We examine the effects of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation and solar wind dynamic pressure on the solar wind proton precipitation to the surface of Mercury using a hybrid-kinetic model. We use our model to explain observations of Mercury's neutral sodium exosphere and compare our results with MESSENGER observations. For the typical solar wind dynamic pressure at Mercury our model shows a high proton flux precipitates through the magnetospheric cusps to the high latitudes on both hemispheres on the dayside, centered near the noon meridian with ∼11° latitudinal extent in the north and ∼21° latitudinal extent in the south, which is consistent with MESSENGER observations. We show that this two-peak pattern is controlled by the radial component (Bx) of the IMF and not the Bz. Our model suggests that the southward IMF and its associated magnetic reconnection do not play a major role in controlling plasma precipitation to the surface of Mercury through the cusps. We found that the total precipitation rate through both of the cusps remain constant and independent of the IMF orientation. We also show that the solar wind proton incidence rate to the entire surface of Mercury is higher when the IMF has a northward component and nearly half of the incidence flux impacts the low latitudes on the nightside. During extreme solar events (e.g., coronal mass ejections), our model suggests that over 70 nPa solar wind dynamic pressure is required for the entire surface of Mercury to be exposed to the solar wind plasma.
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| 25. |
- Fatemi, Shahab, et al.
(author)
-
Ion Dynamics at the Magnetopause of Ganymede
- 2022
-
In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2169-9380 .- 2169-9402. ; 127:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We study the dynamics of the thermal O+ and H+ ions at Ganymede's magnetopause when Ganymede is inside and outside of the Jovian plasma sheet using a three-dimensional hybrid model of plasma (kinetic ions, fluid electrons). We present the global structure of the electric fields and power density (E ⋅ J) in the magnetosphere of Ganymede and show that the power density at the magnetopause is mainly positive and on average is +0.95 and +0.75 nW/m3 when Ganymede is inside and outside the Jovian plasma sheet, respectively, but locally it reaches over +20 nW/m3. Our kinetic simulations show that ion velocity distributions at the vicinity of the upstream magnetopause of Ganymede are highly non-Maxwellian. We investigate the energization of the ions interacting with the magnetopause and find that the energy of those particles on average increases by a factor of 8 and 30 for the O+ and H+ ions, respectively. The energy of these ions is mostly within 1–100 keV for both species after interaction with the magnetopause, but a few percentages reach to 0.1–1 MeV. Our kinetic simulations show that a small fraction ((Formula presented.) 25%) of the corotating Jovian plasma reach the magnetopause, but among those >50% cross the high-power density regions at the magnetopause and gain energy. Finally, we compare our simulation results with Galileo observations of Ganymede's magnetopause crossings (i.e., G8 and G28 flybys). There is an excellent agreement between our simulations and observations, particularly our simulations fully capture the size and structure of the magnetosphere.
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| 26. |
- Fransson, Jens H. M., et al.
(author)
-
Transition to turbulence delay using miniature vortex generators – AFRODITE –
- 2014
-
In: Springer Proceedings in Physics. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319018591 ; , s. 71-74
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A laminar boundary layer has a relatively low skin-friction drag coefficient (cf) with respect to a turbulent one, and for increasing Reynolds number the difference in cf rapidly increases, and the difference can easily amount to an order of magnitude in many industrial applications. This explains why there is a tremendous interest in being able to delay transition to turbulence, particularly by means of a passive mechanism, which has the advantage of accomplishing the control without adding any extra energy into the system. Moreover, a passive, control does not have to rely on typically complicated sensitive electronics in sensor-actuator systems. Within the AFRODITE project [3] we now present the first experimental results where we are able to show that miniature vortex generators (MVGs) are really coveted devices in obtaining transition delay.
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| 27. |
- Hansson, Emma C., 1985, et al.
(author)
-
Preoperative dual antiplatelet therapy increases bleeding and transfusions but not mortality in acute aortic dissection type A repair.
- 2019
-
In: European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1873-734X .- 1010-7940. ; 56:1, s. 182-188
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Acute aortic dissection type A is a life-threatening condition, warranting immediate surgery. Presentation with sudden chest pain confers a risk of misdiagnosis as acute coronary syndrome resulting in subsequent potent antiplatelet treatment. We investigated the impact of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) on bleeding and mortality using the Nordic Consortium for Acute Type A Aortic Dissection (NORCAAD) database.The NORCAAD database is a retrospective multicentre database where 119 of 1141 patients (10.4%) had DAPT with ASA+clopidogrel (n=108) or ASA+ticagrelor (n=11) before surgery. The incidence of major bleeding and 30-day mortality was compared between DAPT and non-DAPT patients with logistic regression models before and after propensity score matching.Before matching, 51.3% of DAPT patients had major bleeding when compared to 37.7% of non-DAPT patients (P=0.0049). DAPT patients received more transfusions of red blood cells [median 8U (Q1-Q3 4-15) vs 5.5U (2-11), P<0.0001] and platelets [4U (2-8) vs 2U (1-4), P=0.0001]. Crude 30-day mortality was 19.3% vs 17.0% (P=0.60). After matching, major bleeding remained significantly more common in DAPT patients, 51.3% vs 39.3% [odds ratio (OR) 1.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-2.51; P=0.028], but mortality did not significantly differ (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.51-1.50; P=0.63). Major bleeding was associated with increased 30-day mortality (adjusted OR 2.44, 95% CI 1.72-3.46; P<0.0001).DAPT prior to acute aortic dissection repair was associated with increased bleeding and transfusions but not with mortality. Major bleeding per se was associated with a significantly increased mortality. Correct diagnosis is important to avoid DAPT and thereby reduce bleeding risk, but ongoing DAPT should not delay surgery.
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| 28. |
- Hillmer, AM, et al.
(author)
-
Comprehensive long-span paired-end-tag mapping reveals characteristic patterns of structural variations in epithelial cancer genomes
- 2011
-
In: Genome research. - : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. - 1549-5469 .- 1088-9051. ; 21:5, s. 665-675
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Somatic genome rearrangements are thought to play important roles in cancer development. We optimized a long-span paired-end-tag (PET) sequencing approach using 10-Kb genomic DNA inserts to study human genome structural variations (SVs). The use of a 10-Kb insert size allows the identification of breakpoints within repetitive or homology-containing regions of a few kilobases in size and results in a higher physical coverage compared with small insert libraries with the same sequencing effort. We have applied this approach to comprehensively characterize the SVs of 15 cancer and two noncancer genomes and used a filtering approach to strongly enrich for somatic SVs in the cancer genomes. Our analyses revealed that most inversions, deletions, and insertions are germ-line SVs, whereas tandem duplications, unpaired inversions, interchromosomal translocations, and complex rearrangements are over-represented among somatic rearrangements in cancer genomes. We demonstrate that the quantitative and connective nature of DNA–PET data is precise in delineating the genealogy of complex rearrangement events, we observe signatures that are compatible with breakage-fusion-bridge cycles, and we discover that large duplications are among the initial rearrangements that trigger genome instability for extensive amplification in epithelial cancers.
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| 29. |
- Inaki, K, et al.
(author)
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Transcriptional consequences of genomic structural aberrations in breast cancer
- 2011
-
In: Genome research. - : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. - 1549-5469 .- 1088-9051. ; 21:5, s. 676-687
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Using a long-span, paired-end deep sequencing strategy, we have comprehensively identified cancer genome rearrangements in eight breast cancer genomes. Herein, we show that 40%–54% of these structural genomic rearrangements result in different forms of fusion transcripts and that 44% are potentially translated. We find that single segmental tandem duplication spanning several genes is a major source of the fusion gene transcripts in both cell lines and primary tumors involving adjacent genes placed in the reverse-order position by the duplication event. Certain other structural mutations, however, tend to attenuate gene expression. From these candidate gene fusions, we have found a fusion transcript (RPS6KB1–VMP1) recurrently expressed in ∼30% of breast cancers associated with potential clinical consequences. This gene fusion is caused by tandem duplication on 17q23 and appears to be an indicator of local genomic instability altering the expression of oncogenic components such as MIR21 and RPS6KB1.
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| 30. |
- Mokarizadeh, Shahab, et al.
(author)
-
Information diffusion in web services networks
- 2012
-
In: Web Services (ICWS), 2012 IEEE 19th International Conference on. - : IEEE. - 9780769547527 ; , s. 488-495
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Information diffusion has been studied between and within biosphere, microblogs, social networks, citation networks and other domains, where the network structure is present. These studies have turned to be useful for acquiring intrinsic knowledge for strategic decision making in related areas, for example, planning online campaigns in case of microblogs and blogosphere. In the context of data-centric Web services, information exchange patterns will reveal practical heuristics for efficient Web services selection and composition. For example, by possible knowledge that there is information flow between Web services of Financial Analysis Services and Enterprise Resource Planning Services, as outlined by our experimental results, the potential applications, which interact with Financial Analysis services, can be adjusted to take advantage of Enterprise Resource Planning services as well. In this paper we present a method for analyzing information diffusion between categories of data-centric Web services. The method operates on a Web services network constructed by linking interface descriptions of categorized Web services. The proposed method is evaluated on a case study of global Web services. The results indicate high potential of the proposed model in understanding interactions between categories of Web services.
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| 31. |
- Pontoni, Angèle, et al.
(author)
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Simulations of Energetic Neutral Atom Sputtering From Ganymede in Preparation for the JUICE Mission
- 2022
-
In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2169-9380 .- 2169-9402. ; 127:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Jovian magnetospheric plasma irradiates the surface of Ganymede and is postulated to be the primary agent that changes the surface brightness of Ganymede, leading to asymmetries between polar and equatorial regions as well as between the trailing and leading hemispheres. As impinging ions sputter surface constituents as neutrals, ion precipitation patterns can be remotely imaged using the Energetic Neutral Atoms (ENA) measurement technique. Here we calculate the expected sputtered ENA flux from the surface of Ganymede to help interpret future observations by ENA instruments, particularly the Jovian Neutrals Analyzer (JNA) onboard the JUpiter ICy moon Explorer (JUICE) spacecraft. We use sputtering models developed based on laboratory experiments to calculate sputtered fluxes of H2O, O2, and H2. The input ion population used in this study is the result of test particle simulations using electric and magnetic fields from a hybrid simulation of Ganymede's environment. This population includes a thermal component (H+ and O+ from 10 eV to 10 keV) and an energetic component (H+, O++, and S+++ from 10 keV to 10 MeV). We find a global ENA sputtering rate from Ganymede of 1.42 × 1027 s−1, with contributions from H2, O2, and H2O of 34%, 17%, and 49% respectively. We also calculate the energy distribution of sputtered Energetic Neutral Atoms (ENAs), give an estimate of a typical JNA count rate at Ganymede, and investigate latitudinal variations of sputtered fluxes along a simulated orbit track of the JUICE spacecraft. Our results demonstrate the capability of the JNA sensor to remotely map ion precipitation at Ganymede.
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| 32. |
- Poppe, A.R., et al.
(author)
-
ARTEMIS observations of extreme diamagnetic fields in the lunar wake
- 2014
-
In: Geophysical Research Letters. - 0094-8276 .- 1944-8007. ; 41:11, s. 3766-3773
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present two Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun ( ARTEMIS) observations of diamagnetic fields in the lunar wake at strengths exceeding twice the ambient magnetic field during high plasma beta conditions. The first observation was 350 km from the lunar surface while the Moon was located in the terrestrial magnetosheath with elevated particle temperatures. The second observation was in the solar wind ranging from 500 to 2000 km downstream, with a relatively low magnetic field strength of approximately 1.6 nT. In both cases, the plasma beta exceeded 10. We discuss the observations and compare the data to hybrid plasma simulations in order to validate the model under such extreme conditions and to elucidate the global structure of the lunar wake during these observations. The extreme nature of the diamagnetic field in the lunar wake provides an important end-member test case for theoretical and modeling studies of the various plasma processes operating in the lunar wake.
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| 33. |
- Poppe, A.R., et al.
(author)
-
Fractionation of solar wind minor ion precipitation by the lunar paleomagnetosphere
- 2021
-
In: Planetary Science Journal. - : Institute of Physics (IOP). - 2632-3338. ; 2:2
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The analysis of solar wind material implanted within lunar soil has provided significant insight into the makeup and evolutionary history of the solar wind and, by extension, the Sun and protosolar nebula. These analyses often rely on the tacit assumption that the Moon has served as an unbiased recorder of solar wind composition over its 4.5 billion yr lifetime. Recent work, however, has shown that for a majority of its lifetime, the Moon has possessed a dynamo that generates a global magnetic field with surface field strengths of at least 5 μT. In turn, the presence of such a field has been shown to significantly alter the lunar–solar wind interaction via the formation of a lunar “paleomagnetosphere.” This paleomagnetosphere has implications for the flux of solar wind minor ions to the lunar surface and their subsequent implantation in lunar soil grains. Here we use a three-dimensional hybrid plasma model to investigate the effects of the lunar paleomagnetosphere on the dynamics and precipitation of solar wind minor ions to the lunar surface. The model results show that the lunar paleomagnetosphere can suppress minor ion fluxes to the lunar surface by more than an order of magnitude and strongly fractionates the precipitating solar wind in a complex, nonlinear fashion with respect to both the minor ion charge-to-mass ratio and the surface paleomagnetic field strength. We discuss the implications of these results with respect to both the analysis of trapped material in lunar grains and the semiquantitative 40Ar/36Ar antiquity indicator for lunar soils.
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| 34. |
- Poppe, A.R., et al.
(author)
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Hybrid plasma simulations of the solar wind interaction with an anthropogenic lunar exosphere
- 2024
-
In: Advances in Space Research. - : Elsevier. - 0273-1177 .- 1879-1948.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the coming decades, exploration of the lunar surface is likely to increase as multiple nations execute ambitious lunar exploration programs. Among several environmental effects of such activities, increasing traffic near and on the lunar surface will result in the injection of anthropogenic neutral gases into the lunar exosphere. The subsequent ionization of such anthropogenic neutrals in the lunar environment may contribute to and ultimately exceed the generation of ‘native’ lunar pickup ions, thereby altering the fundamental space plasma interaction with the Moon. To better understand these possible effects, we conducted plasma simulations of the solar wind interaction with the Moon in the presence of increasing ion production rates from an anthropogenic lunar exosphere. At ionization levels between 0.1 and 10 times the native lunar exospheric ion production rate, little to no changes to the solar wind interaction to the Moon are present; however, ionization levels of 100 and 1000 times the native rate result in significant mass loading of the solar wind and disruption of the present-day structure of the Moon's plasma environment. Comparing to the planned Artemis landings, which are likely to contribute only an additional ∼10% of the native lunar exospheric ion production rate, we conclude that the Artemis program will have little effect on the Moon's plasma environment. However, more frequent landings and/or continual outgassing from human settlements on the Moon in the more distant future are likely to fundamentally alter the lunar plasma environment.
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| 35. |
- Poppe, A.R., et al.
(author)
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The lunar 40Ar/36Ar antiquity indicator in the presence of a lunar paleomagnetosphere
- 2024
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In: Icarus. - : Elsevier. - 0019-1035 .- 1090-2643. ; 415
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The ratio of 40Ar/36Ar trapped within lunar grains, commonly known as the lunar antiquity indicator, is an important semi-empirical method for dating the time at which lunar samples were exposed to the solar wind. The behavior of the antiquity indicator is governed by the relative implantation fluxes of solar wind-derived 36Ar ions and indigenously sourced lunar exospheric 40Ar ions. Previous explanations for the behavior of the antiquity indicator have assumed constancy in both the solar wind ion precipitation and exospheric ion recycling fluxes; however, the presence of a lunar paleomagnetosphere likely invalidates these assumptions. Furthermore, most astrophysical models of stellar evolution suggest that the solar wind flux should have been significantly higher in the past, which would also affect the behavior of the antiquity indicator. Here, we use numerical simulations to explore the behavior of solar wind 36Ar ions and lunar exospheric 40Ar ions in the presence of lunar paleomagnetic fields of varying strengths. We find that paleomagnetic fields suppress the solar wind 36Ar flux by up to an order-of-magnitude while slightly enhancing the recycling flux of lunar exospheric 40Ar ions. We also find that at an epoch of ∼2 Gya, the suppression of solar wind 36Ar access to the lunar surface by a lunar paleomagnetosphere is−somewhat fortuitously−nearly equally balanced by the expected increase in the upstream solar wind flux. These counterbalancing effects suggest that the lunar paleomagnetosphere played a critical role in preserving the correlation between the antiquity indicator and the radioactive decay profile of indigenous lunar 40K. Thus, a key implication of these findings is that the accuracy of the 40Ar/36Ar indicator for any lunar sample may be strongly influenced by the poorly constrained history of the lunar magnetic field.
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| 36. |
- Poppe, A. R., et al.
(author)
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The solar wind interaction with (1) ceres : The role of interior conductivity
- 2023
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In: The Planetary Science Journal. - : Institute of Physics (IOP). - 2632-3338. ; 4:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As a potential "ocean world," (1) Ceres' interior may possess relatively high electrical conductivities on the order of 10(-4)-10(0) S m(-1), suggesting that the solar wind interaction with Ceres may differ from other highly resistive objects such as the Moon. Here, we use a hybrid plasma model to quantify the solar wind interaction with Ceres over a range of scenarios for Ceres' internal conductivity structure and the upstream solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions. Internal models for Ceres include one-, two-, and three-layer conductivity structures that variously include a crust, mantle, and/or subsurface ocean, while modeled solar wind conditions include a nominal case, a high IMF case, and an "extreme" space weather case. To first order, Ceres' interaction with the solar wind is governed by the draping and enhancement of the IMF over its interior, whether from a moderate-conductivity mantle or a high-conductivity ocean. In turn, IMF draping induces compressional wings in the solar wind density and deceleration in the solar wind speed outside of Ceres. Together, all three effects are readily observable by a hypothetical orbital or landed mission with standard plasma and magnetic field instrumentation. Finally, we also consider the possible effects of unipolar induction within Ceres, which has been previously suggested as a mechanism for conducting bodies in the solar wind. Our model results show that the efficacy of unipolar induction is highly suppressed by the slow magnetic field-line diffusion through Ceres' interior and, thus, is not a significant contributor to Ceres' overall interaction with the solar wind.
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| 37. |
- Samani, Forough Shahab, et al.
(author)
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Demonstration : Predicting distributions of service metrics
- 2019
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In: 2019 IFIP/IEEE Symposium on Integrated Network and Service Management, IM 2019. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9783903176157 ; , s. 745-746
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The ability to predict conditional distributions of service metrics is key to understanding end-to-end service behavior. From conditional distributions, other metrics can be derived, such as expected values and quantiles, which are essential for assessing SLA conformance. Our demonstrator predicts conditional distributions and derived metrics estimation in realtime, using infrastructure measurements. The distributions are modeled as Gaussian mixtures whose parameters are estimated using a mixture density network. The predictions are produced for a Video-on-Demand service that runs on a testbed at KTH.
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| 38. |
- Shi, Z., et al.
(author)
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An Eastward Current Encircling Mercury
- 2022
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In: Geophysical Research Letters. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 0094-8276 .- 1944-8007. ; 49:10
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Mercury has a terrestrial-like magnetosphere which is usually taken as a scaled-down-version of Earth's magnetosphere with a similar current system. We examine Mercury's magnetospheric current system based on a survey of Mercury's magnetic field measured by the Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging spacecraft as well as computer simulations. We show that there is no significant Earth-like ring current flowing westward around Mercury, instead, we find, for the first time, an eastward current (EC) encircling the planet near the night-side magnetic equator with an altitude of ∼500–1,000 km. The EC is closed with the dayside magnetopause current and could be driven by the gradient of plasma pressure as a diamagnetic current. Thus, Mercury's magnetosphere is not a scaled-down Earth magnetosphere, but a unique natural space plasma laboratory. Our findings offer fresh insights to analyze data from the BepiColombo mission, which is expected to orbit Mercury in 2025.
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| 39. |
- Zhou, X.-Z., et al.
(author)
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Lunar dayside current in the terrestrial lobe: ARTEMIS observations
- 2014
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In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2169-9380 .- 2169-9402. ; 119:5, s. 3381-3391
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) dual-probe observations of two events in the terrestrial magnetotail lobe, both characterized by upward moving heavy ions of lunar origin at one of the probes that is magnetically connected with the dayside lunar surface. By treating magnetic measurements at the other probe as the unperturbed lobe fields, we obtain background-subtracted magnetic perturbations (most significantly in Bz) when the first probe moved in the dawn-dusk direction across flux tubes magnetically connected to the Moon. These magnetic perturbations indicate the presence of field-aligned current above the lunar surface. By examining possible carriers of field-aligned current, we find that lunar heavy ions and accompanying electrons both contribute considerably to the current. Observations of the field-aligned current also suggest that the charging process at the dayside lunar surface and the associated lobe plasma environment, which have traditionally been viewed as a one-dimensional current balance problem, are actually more complicated. These observations give the first insights into how heavy ions affect the lunar dayside environment in terms of multispecies plasma dynamics.
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