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- Lind, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
- 2021
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Ingår i: eLife. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.
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| 4. |
- Taddei, C, et al.
(författare)
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Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 582:7810, s. 73-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.
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| 10. |
- Shahnawaz, Mohammad, et al.
(författare)
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Discriminating alpha-synuclein strains in Parkinsons disease and multiple system atrophy
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 578:7794, s. 273-277
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Synucleinopathies are neurodegenerative diseases that are associated with the misfolding and aggregation of alpha-synuclein, including Parkinsons disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy(1). Clinically, it is challenging to differentiate Parkinsons disease and multiple system atrophy, especially at the early stages of disease(2). Aggregates of alpha-synuclein in distinct synucleinopathies have been proposed to represent different conformational strains of alpha-synuclein that can self-propagate and spread from cell to cell(3-6). Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) is a technique that has previously been used to detect alpha-synuclein aggregates in samples of cerebrospinal fluid with high sensitivity and specificity(7,8). Here we show that the alpha-synuclein-PMCA assay can discriminate between samples of cerebrospinal fluid from patients diagnosed with Parkinsons disease and samples from patients with multiple system atrophy, with an overall sensitivity of 95.4%. We used a combination of biochemical, biophysical and biological methods to analyse the product of alpha-synuclein-PMCA, and found that the characteristics of the alpha-synuclein aggregates in the cerebrospinal fluid could be used to readily distinguish between Parkinsons disease and multiple system atrophy. We also found that the properties of aggregates that were amplified from the cerebrospinal fluid were similar to those of aggregates that were amplified from the brain. These findings suggest that alpha-synuclein aggregates that are associated with Parkinsons disease and multiple system atrophy correspond to different conformational strains of alpha-synuclein, which can be amplified and detected by alpha-synuclein-PMCA. Our results may help to improve our understanding of the mechanism of alpha-synuclein misfolding and the structures of the aggregates that are implicated in different synucleinopathies, and may also enable the development of a biochemical assay to discriminate between Parkinsons disease and multiple system atrophy. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) technology can discriminate between patients with Parkinsons disease and patients with multiple system atrophy on the basis of the characteristics of the alpha-synuclein aggregates in the cerebrospinal fluid.
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| 11. |
- Shirani, A, et al.
(författare)
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Multiple sclerosis in older adults: the clinical profile and impact of interferon Beta treatment
- 2015
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Ingår i: BioMed research international. - : Hindawi Limited. - 2314-6141 .- 2314-6133. ; 2015, s. 451912-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. We examined (1) patient characteristics and disease-modifying drug (DMD) exposure in late-onset (LOMS, ≥50 years at symptom onset) versus adult-onset (AOMS, 18–<50 years) MS and (2) the association between interferon-beta (IFNβ) and disability progression in older relapsing-onset MS adults (≥50 years).Methods. This retrospective study (1980–2004, British Columbia, Canada) included 358 LOMS and 5627 AOMS patients. IFNβ-treated relapsing-onset MS patients aged ≥50 (regardless of onset age, 90) were compared with 171 contemporary and 106 historical controls. Times to EDSS 6 from onset and from IFNβeligibility were examined using survival analyses.Results. LOMS patients (6%) were more likely to be male, with motor onset and a primary-progressive course, and exhibit faster progression and were less likely to take DMDs. Nonetheless, 57% were relapsing-onset, of which 31% were prescribed DMDs, most commonly IFNβ. Among older relapsing-onset MS adults, no significant association between IFNβexposure and disability progression was found when either the contemporary (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.18–1.22) or historical controls (HR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.20–1.42) were considered.Conclusion. LOMS differed clinically from AOMS. One-third of older relapsing-onset MS patients were prescribed a DMD. IFNβexposure was not significantly associated with reduced disability in older MS patients.
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| 12. |
- Sjögren, M., et al.
(författare)
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Antifouling activity of synthesized peptide analogs of the sponge metabolite barettin
- 2006
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Ingår i: Peptides. - : Elsevier BV. - 0196-9781 .- 1873-5169. ; 27:9, s. 2058-2064
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Barettin (cyclo [(6-bromo-8-en-tryptophan) arginine]), a diketopiperazine isolated from the marine sponge Geodia barretti, is a potent inhibitor of barnacle larvae settlement with an EC50-value of 0.9 mu M. In the present study, 14 analogs of barettin and its structural congener dipodazine were synthezised and tested for their ability to inhibit larval settlement. Two of the analogs have an intact barettin skeleton. The remaining analogs have a dipodazine skeleton (a diketopiperazine where arginine is replaced with glycine). Six of the tested synthetic analogs displayed significant settlement inhibition with the most potent inhibitor being benzo[g]dipodazine, which displayed even stronger activity than barettin (EC50-value 0.034 mu M). The effect of benzo[g]dipodazine was also shown to be readily reversible, when cyprids were transferred to filtered seawater (FSW). (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 13. |
- Wahlström, Niklas, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Cellulose from the green macroalgae Ulva lactuca: isolation, characterization, optotracing, and production of cellulose nanofibrils
- 2020
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Ingår i: Cellulose. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0969-0239 .- 1572-882X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report (1) successful extraction and characterization of cellulose from northern hemisphere green macroalgae Ulva lactuca (Ulva fenestrata) collected along the Swedish west coast and cultivated indoors under controlled conditions, followed by (2) its utilization in the production of lignin-free cellulose nanofibrils (CNF). Cellulose was extracted by sequential treatment with ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hydroxide, and hydrochloric acid, yielding a cellulose-rich insoluble fraction. The extracted cellulose was disintegrated into CNF using a mechanical homogenization process without any further enzymatic pre-treatments. In addition, regenerated cellulose was prepared. XRD characterization of the CNF showed characteristic peaks for the cellulose I allomorph and confirmed that the nanofibrils were semicrystalline with a crystallinity index of 48%. Regenerated cellulose was mostly amorphous with an XRD pattern indicating the presence of the cellulose II allomorph. The cellulose fractions were essentially free from inorganic substances and thermally stable up to around 260 degrees C. Structural mapping with CP-MAS C-13-NMR sustains the cellulose content of CNF and regenerated cellulose, respectively, yet ion chromatography identified the presence of 10-15% xylose in the fractions. Optotracing was used as a novel and non-disruptive tool to selectively assess the polysaccharide composition of the cellulose fractions and produced CNF aiming to shed light on this hitherto non-resolved origin of xylose in Ulva cell wall matter. Fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of a panel of 4 oligothiophenes identified and verified the presence of cellulose and sustain the conclusion that the isolated fractions consist of cellulose intertwined with a small amount of a xylose-containing glucan copolymer. [GRAPHICS] .
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