| 1. |
- Ebersole, Charles R., et al.
(författare)
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Many Labs 5: Testing Pre-Data-Collection Peer Review as an Intervention to Increase Replicability
- 2020
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Ingår i: Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science. - : Sage. - 2515-2467 .- 2515-2459. ; 3:3, s. 309-331
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Replication studies in psychological science sometimes fail to reproduce prior findings. If these studies use methods that are unfaithful to the original study or ineffective in eliciting the phenomenon of interest, then a failure to replicate may be a failure of the protocol rather than a challenge to the original finding. Formal pre-data-collection peer review by experts may address shortcomings and increase replicability rates. We selected 10 replication studies from the Reproducibility Project: Psychology (RP:P; Open Science Collaboration, 2015) for which the original authors had expressed concerns about the replication designs before data collection; only one of these studies had yielded a statistically significant effect (p < .05). Commenters suggested that lack of adherence to expert review and low-powered tests were the reasons that most of these RP:P studies failed to replicate the original effects. We revised the replication protocols and received formal peer review prior to conducting new replication studies. We administered the RP:P and revised protocols in multiple laboratories (median number of laboratories per original study = 6.5, range = 3-9; median total sample = 1,279.5, range = 276-3,512) for high-powered tests of each original finding with both protocols. Overall, following the preregistered analysis plan, we found that the revised protocols produced effect sizes similar to those of the RP:P protocols (Delta r = .002 or .014, depending on analytic approach). The median effect size for the revised protocols (r = .05) was similar to that of the RP:P protocols (r = .04) and the original RP:P replications (r = .11), and smaller than that of the original studies (r = .37). Analysis of the cumulative evidence across the original studies and the corresponding three replication attempts provided very precise estimates of the 10 tested effects and indicated that their effect sizes (median r = .07, range = .00-.15) were 78% smaller, on average, than the original effect sizes (median r = .37, range = .19-.50).
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Gramlich, Yvette, 1993-, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of Biomass Burning on Arctic Aerosol Composition
- 2024
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Ingår i: ACS Earth and Space Chemistry. - 2472-3452. ; 8:5, s. 920-936
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emissions from biomass burning (BB) occurring at midlatitudes can reach the Arctic, where they influence the remote aerosol population. By using measurements of levoglucosan and black carbon, we identify seven BB events reaching Svalbard in 2020. We find that most of the BB events are significantly different to the rest of the year (nonevents) for most of the chemical and physical properties. Aerosol mass and number concentrations are enhanced by up to 1 order of magnitude during the BB events. During BB events, the submicrometer aerosol bulk composition changes from an organic- and sulfate-dominated regime to a clearly organic-dominated regime. This results in a significantly lower hygroscopicity parameter κ for BB aerosol (0.4 ± 0.2) compared to nonevents (0.5 ± 0.2), calculated from the nonrefractory aerosol composition. The organic fraction in the BB aerosol showed no significant difference for the O:C ratios (0.9 ± 0.3) compared to the year (0.9 ± 0.6). Accumulation mode particles were present during all BB events, while in the summer an additional Aitken mode was observed, indicating a mixture of the advected air mass with locally produced particles. BB tracers (vanillic, homovanillic, and hydroxybenzoic acid, nitrophenol, methylnitrophenol, and nitrocatechol) were significantly higher when air mass back trajectories passed over active fire regions in Eastern Europe, indicating agricultural and wildfires as sources. Our results suggest that the impact of BB on the Arctic aerosol depends on the season in which they occur, and agricultural and wildfires from Eastern Europe have the potential to disturb the background conditions the most.
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| 4. |
- Gramlich, Yvette, et al.
(författare)
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In-situ molecular characterization of Arctic cloud residuals using FIGAERO-CIMS behind a ground-based counterflow virtual impactor
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The role organic aerosols play in Arctic cloud formation is still poorly understood. In this study we address this issue by in-situ observations of cloud residuals at the Zeppelin Observatory in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (approx. 480 m a. s. l.) The measurements were part of the one-year long Ny-Ålesund Aerosol and Cloud Experiment 2019-2020 (NASCENT). We deployed a Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols coupled to a Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (FIGAERO-CIMS) behind a ground-based counterflow virtual impactor (GCVI) to obtain the chemical composition of cloud residuals at molecular level. Between December 2019 and December 2020, we observed in total 14 cloud events. The compositions of the cloud residuals show a clear signal of methanesulfonic acid in spring, summer and autumn, but not in the winter, suggesting a marine contribution to the aerosol population activating into cloud droplets. In addition, we observe organic compounds in the cloud residuals throughout the entire year, with elevated fractions in summer. The biomass burning tracer levoglucosan was found in the cloud residuals as well, with highest contributions to the cloud residual mass at the end of summer (end of June until mid-September). Inorganic compounds (sulfuric acid and nitric acid) were also detected in the cloud residuals. Sulfuric acid concentrations were especially elevated in two of the cloud residuals (May 21 and September 12, 2020), but followed the overall pattern of the levels of MSA in the cloud residuals during the rest of the year. Overall, the results show the contribution of a marine contribution to the aerosol population able to form clouds in the Arctic environment during the summer months.
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| 5. |
- Gramlich, Yvette, 1993-, et al.
(författare)
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Revealing the chemical characteristics of Arctic low-level cloud residuals – in situ observations from a mountain site
- 2023
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 23:12, s. 6813-6834
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The role aerosol chemical composition plays in Arctic low-level cloud formation is still poorly understood. In this study we address this issue by combining in situ observations of the chemical characteristics of cloud residuals (dried liquid cloud droplets or ice crystals) and aerosol particles from the Zeppelin Observatory in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (approx. 480 m a.s.l.). These measurements were part of the 1-year-long Ny-Ålesund Aerosol and Cloud Experiment 2019–2020 (NASCENT). To obtain the chemical composition of cloud residuals at molecular level, we deployed a Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols coupled to a Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (FIGAERO-CIMS) with iodide as the reagent ion behind a ground-based counterflow virtual impactor (GCVI). The station was enshrouded in clouds roughly 15 % of the time during NASCENT, out of which we analyzed 14 cloud events between December 2019 and December 2020. During the entire year, the composition of the cloud residuals shows contributions from oxygenated organic compounds, including organonitrates, and traces of the biomass burning tracer levoglucosan. In summer, methanesulfonic acid (MSA), an oxidation product of dimethyl sulfide (DMS), shows large contributions to the sampled mass, indicating marine natural sources of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice nucleating particle (INP) mass during the sunlit part of the year. In addition, we also find contributions of the inorganic acids nitric acid and sulfuric acid, with outstanding high absolute signals of sulfuric acid in one cloud residual sample in spring and one in late summer (21 May and 12 September 2020), probably caused by high anthropogenic sulfur emissions near the Barents Sea and Kara Sea. During one particular cloud event, on 18 May 2020, the air mass origin did not change before, during, or after the cloud. We therefore chose it as a case study to investigate cloud impact on aerosol physicochemical properties. We show that the overall chemical composition of the organic aerosol particles was similar before, during, and after the cloud, indicating that the particles had already undergone one or several cycles of cloud processing before being measured as residuals at the Zeppelin Observatory and/or that, on the timescales of the observed cloud event, cloud processing of the organic fraction can be neglected. Meanwhile, there were on average fewer particles but relatively more in the accumulation mode after the cloud. Comparing the signals of sulfur-containing compounds of cloud residuals with aerosols during cloud-free conditions, we find that sulfuric acid had a higher relative contribution to the cloud residuals than to aerosols during cloud-free conditions, but we did not observe an increase in particulate MSA due to the cloud. Overall, the chemical composition, especially of the organic fraction of the Arctic cloud residuals, reflected the overall composition of the general aerosol population well. Our results thus suggest that most aerosols can serve as seeds for low-level clouds in the Arctic.
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| 6. |
- Kommula, S. M., et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Long-Range Transported Fire Aerosols on Cloud Condensation Nuclei Concentrations and Cloud Properties at High Latitudes
- 2024
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - 0094-8276 .- 1944-8007. ; 51:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Active vegetation fires in south-eastern (SE) Europe resulted in a notable increase in the number concentration of aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) particles at two high latitude locations—the SMEAR IV station in Kuopio, Finland, and the Zeppelin Observatory in Svalbard, high Arctic. During the fire episode aerosol hygroscopicity κ slightly increased at SMEAR IV and at the Zeppelin Observatory κ decreased. Despite increased κ in high CCN conditions at SMEAR IV, the aerosol activation diameter increased due to the decreased supersaturation with an increase in aerosol loading. In addition, at SMEAR IV during the fire episode, in situ measured cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) increased by a factor of ∼7 as compared to non-fire periods which was in good agreement with the satellite observations (MODIS, Terra). Results from this study show the importance of SE European fires for cloud properties and radiative forcing in high latitudes.
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| 7. |
- Pasquier, J. T., et al.
(författare)
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The Ny-Ålesund Aerosol Cloud Experiment (NASCENT) : Overview and First Results
- 2022
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Ingår i: Bulletin of The American Meteorological Society - (BAMS). - 0003-0007 .- 1520-0477. ; 103:11, s. e2533-E2558
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Arctic is warming at more than twice the rate of the global average. This warming is influenced by clouds, which modulate the solar and terrestrial radiative fluxes and, thus, determine the surface energy budget. However, the interactions among clouds, aerosols, and radiative fluxes in the Arctic are still poorly understood. To address these uncertainties, the Ny-Ålesund Aerosol Cloud Experiment (NASCENT) study was conducted from September 2019 to August 2020 in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. The campaign’s primary goal was to elucidate the life cycle of aerosols in the Arctic and to determine how they modulate cloud properties throughout the year. In situ and remote sensing observations were taken on the ground at sea level, at a mountaintop station, and with a tethered balloon system. An overview of the meteorological and the main aerosol seasonality encountered during the NASCENT year is introduced, followed by a presentation of first scientific highlights. In particular, we present new findings on aerosol physicochemical and molecular properties. Further, the role of cloud droplet activation and ice crystal nucleation in the formation and persistence of mixed-phase clouds, and the occurrence of secondary ice processes, are discussed and compared to the representation of cloud processes within the regional Weather Research and Forecasting Model. The paper concludes with research questions that are to be addressed in upcoming NASCENT publications.
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| 8. |
- Porter, Grace C.E., et al.
(författare)
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Highly Active Ice-Nucleating Particles at the Summer North Pole
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. - 2169-8996 .- 2169-897X. ; 127:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The amount of ice versus supercooled water in clouds is important for their radiative properties and role in climate feedbacks. Hence, knowledge of the concentration of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) is needed. Generally, the concentrations of INPs are found to be very low in remote marine locations allowing cloud water to persist in a supercooled state. We had expected the concentrations of INPs at the North Pole to be very low given the distance from open ocean and terrestrial sources coupled with effective wet scavenging processes. Here we show that during summer 2018 (August and September) high concentrations of biological INPs (active at >−20°C) were sporadically present at the North Pole. In fact, INP concentrations were sometimes as high as those recorded at mid-latitude locations strongly impacted by highly active biological INPs, in strong contrast to the Southern Ocean. Furthermore, using a balloon borne sampler we demonstrated that INP concentrations were often different at the surface versus higher in the boundary layer where clouds form. Back trajectory analysis suggests strong sources of INPs near the Russian coast, possibly associated with wind-driven sea spray production, whereas the pack ice, open leads, and the marginal ice zone were not sources of highly active INPs. These findings suggest that primary ice production, and therefore Arctic climate, is sensitive to transport from locations such as the Russian coast that are already experiencing marked climate change.
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| 9. |
- Siegel, Karolina, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Arctic observations of hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF) – seasonal behavior and relationship to other oxidation products of dimethyl sulfide at the Zeppelin Observatory, Svalbard
- 2023
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 23:13, s. 7569-7587
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a gas produced by phytoplankton, is the largest source of atmospheric sulfur over marine areas. DMS undergoes oxidation in the atmosphere to form a range of oxidation products, out of which sulfuric acid (SA) is well known for participating in the formation and growth of atmospheric aerosol particles, and the same is also presumed for methanesulfonic acid (MSA). Recently, a new oxidation product of DMS, hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF), was discovered and later also measured in the atmosphere. Little is still known about the fate of this compound and its potential to partition into the particle phase. In this study, we present a full year (2020) of concurrent gas- and particle-phase observations of HPMTF, MSA, SA and other DMS oxidation products at the Zeppelin Observatory (Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard) located in the Arctic. This is the first time HPMTF has been measured in Svalbard and attempted to be observed in atmospheric particles. The results show that gas-phase HPMTF concentrations largely follow the same pattern as MSA during the sunlit months (April–September), indicating production of HPMTF around Svalbard. However, HPMTF was not observed in significant amounts in the particle phase, despite high gas-phase levels. Particulate MSA and SA were observed during the sunlit months, although the highest median levels of particulate SA were measured in February, coinciding with the highest gaseous SA levels with assumed anthropogenic origin. We further show that gas- and particle-phase MSA and SA are coupled in May–July, whereas HPMTF lies outside of this correlation due to the low particulate concentrations. These results provide more information about the relationship between HPMTF and other DMS oxidation products, in a part of the world where these have not been explored yet, and about HPMTF's ability to contribute to particle growth and cloud formation.
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| 10. |
- Siegel, Karolina
(författare)
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Chemical composition of summertime High Arctic aerosols
- 2020
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis presents new insights into the chemical composition of semi-volatile compounds in aerosol samples collected in the central Arctic Ocean close to the North Pole in September 2018. The central Arctic Ocean is an inaccessible location due to the lack of land areas along with heavy pack ice conditions. Therefore, large knowledge gaps remain to understand the Arctic climate system, and in particular the role of aerosol particles in its pristine atmosphere.The chemical composition of the aerosol samples was analysed on a molecular level using High Resolution Time-of-Flight Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry coupled to a Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols (FIGAERO-HRToF-CIMS). The analysis revealed a significant signal from compounds that are likely from marine sources. One important precursor for marine aerosols is dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a gas released by phytoplankton and ice algae in the Arctic Ocean. DMS oxidises in the atmosphere to produce oxidation products that can contribute to aerosol growth. Analysis of air mass origin with backward trajectories showed that the highest ambient DMS concentrations originated from marine areas around the pack ice. However, no correlation could be shown within the pack ice between ambient DMS and its oxidation product methanesulfonic acid (MSA) in the particle phase.As FIGAERO-HRToF-CIMS is commonly used in areas with higher particle concentrations and has never been used in the central Arctic before, this thesis further demonstrates its suitability for measurements of aerosol chemical composition in this remote region.
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| 11. |
- Siegel, Karolina, 1990-
(författare)
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Chemical perspectives on aerosol-cloud interactions in the High Arctic
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Atmospheric aerosol particles have important yet highly uncertain impacts on the Earth’s climate, with the largest uncertainties residing in the interactions between aerosols and clouds. The extent to which aerosols act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) depends on the chemical composition and size of the particles. To make correct predictions of cloud formation and the associated climate forcing, more knowledge on the physicochemical properties of aerosols is needed.This thesis investigates the chemical composition and CCN activity of aerosols in the High Arctic using a Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer with a Filter Inlet for Gases and Aerosols (FIGAERO-CIMS). The Arctic is the region on Earth with the current largest increase of mean surface temperature due to global warming and with big knowledge gaps in terms of aerosol-cloud-climate interactions.The first two articles focus on the region within the pack ice and marginal ice zone (MIZ) during Arctic late summer. They introduce new insights into the molecular composition of organic submicron (diameter<1 μm) aerosols and the associated hygroscopicity. The composition is shown to include a wide range of carbon and oxygen numbers, with a clear contribution from dimethyl sulfide (DMS) oxidation products. Together with observations of the inorganic aerosol fraction and CCN, the aerosol is shown to be highly hygroscopic, and the activation diameter and CCN number concentration to be possible to predict using κ-Köhler theory.The last two articles present results from a year-long study in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. The third article addresses the seasonality of DMS oxidation products, with a focus on the newly discovered compound hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF). The analysis shows that gas-phase HPMTF follows the same development pattern in summer as the well-known oxidation product methylsulfonic acid (MSA), indicating a local source of DMS. HPMTF was however not found in significant amounts in the particle phase in either season. In the fourth article, the chemical composition of cloud residuals (particles remaining after drying of cloud droplets) was shown to be clearly influenced by DMS oxidation products (MSA and sulfuric acid) in summer. The importance of MSA and sulfuric acid for Arctic low-level cloud formation has previously been presumed, but not confirmed by in-situ observations.
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| 12. |
- Siegel, Karolina, et al.
(författare)
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Insights into the molecular composition of semi-volatile aerosols in the summertime central Arctic Ocean using FIGAERO-CIMS
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Science. - 2634-3606. ; 1:4, s. 161-175
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The remote central Arctic during summertime has a pristine atmosphere with very low aerosol particle concentrations. As the region becomes increasingly ice-free during summer, enhanced ocean-atmosphere fluxes of aerosol particles and precursor gases may therefore have impacts on the climate. However, large knowledge gaps remain regarding the sources and physicochemical properties of aerosols in this region. Here, we present insights into the molecular composition of semi-volatile aerosol components collected in September 2018 during the MOCCHA (Microbiology-Ocean-Cloud-Coupling in the High Arctic) campaign as part of the Arctic Ocean 2018 expedition with the Swedish Icebreaker Oden. Analysis was performed offline in the laboratory using an iodide High Resolution Time-of-Flight Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer with a Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols (FIGAERO-HRToF-CIMS). Our analysis revealed significant signal from organic and sulfur-containing compounds, indicative of marine aerosol sources, with a wide range of carbon numbers and O : C ratios. Several of the sulfur-containing compounds are oxidation products of dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a gas released by phytoplankton and ice algae. Comparison of the time series of particulate and gas-phase DMS oxidation products did not reveal a significant correlation, indicative of the different lifetimes of precursor and oxidation products in the different phases. This is the first time the FIGAERO-HRToF-CIMS was used to investigate the composition of aerosols in the central Arctic. The detailed information on the molecular composition of Arctic aerosols presented here can be used for the assessment of aerosol solubility and volatility, which is relevant for understanding aerosol-cloud interactions.
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| 13. |
- Siegel, Karolina, et al.
(författare)
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Measurement report: Year-long observation of Hydroperoxymethyl Thioformate (HPMTF) at the Zeppelin Observatory, Svalbard – seasonal behaviour and relationship to other oxidation products from dimethyl sulfide
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a gas produced by phytoplankton blooms, is the largest source of atmospheric sulfur over marine areas. DMS undergoes photochemical oxidation in the atmosphere to form a range of oxidation products, out of which methanesulfonic acid (MSA, CH3SO3H) and sulfuric acid (SA, H2SO4) are well-known for participating in the formation and growth of atmospheric aerosol particles, which has implications for cloud formation over oceanic and coastal regions. Recently, a new oxidation product of DMS, hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF, C2H3OSO2H) was discovered and later also measured in the atmosphere. Little is still known about the fate of this compound in the atmosphere and its potential to partition to the particle phase. In this study, we present a full year of concurrent gas- and particle phase observations of HPMTF, MSA, SA and other DMS oxidation products at the Zeppelin Observatory, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. This is the first time HPMTF has been measured in Svalbard and has been attempted to be observed in the particle phase in the real atmosphere. The results show that HPMTF production largely follows the same pattern as MSA during the sunlit months (April-September), indicating that they are formed via the same oxidation pathway. HPMTF was however not observed in significant amounts in the particle phase, despite high gas-phase levels. Particulate MSA and SA were observed during the sunlit months, although the highest median levels of particulate SA were measured in February, coinciding with the highest gaseous SA levels. We further show that gas- and particle phase MSA and SA are linked in May-September, whereas HPMTF lies outside of this correlation. These results provide more information about the relationship between HPMTF and other DMS oxidation products in a new part of the world, and about HPMTF’s ability to contribute to particle growth and cloud formation.
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| 14. |
- Siegel, Karolina, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Using Novel Molecular-Level Chemical Composition Observations of High Arctic Organic Aerosol for Predictions of Cloud Condensation Nuclei
- 2022
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 56:19, s. 13888-13899
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Predictions of cloud droplet activation in the late summertime (September) central Arctic Ocean are made using κ-Kohler theory with novel observations of the aerosol chemical composition from a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer with a filter inlet for gases and aerosols (FIGAERO-CIMS) and an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), deployed during the Arctic Ocean 2018 expedition onboard the Swedish icebreaker Oden. We find that the hygroscopicity parameter κ of the total aerosol is 0.39 ± 0.19 (mean ± std). The predicted activation diameter of ∼25 to 130 nm particles is overestimated by 5%, leading to an underestimation of the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration by 4-8%. From this, we conclude that the aerosol in the High Arctic late summer is acidic and therefore highly cloud active, with a substantial CCN contribution from Aitken mode particles. Variability in the predicted activation diameter is addressed mainly as a result of uncertainties in the aerosol size distribution measurements. The organic κ was on average 0.13, close to the commonly assumed κ of 0.1, and therefore did not significantly influence the predictions. These conclusions are supported by laboratory experiments of the activation potential of seven organic compounds selected as representative of the measured aerosol.
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