| 1. |
- Andrighetto, Giulia, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in social norms during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic across 43 countries
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : NATURE PORTFOLIO. - 2041-1723. ; 15:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The emergence of COVID-19 dramatically changed social behavior across societies and contexts. Here we study whether social norms also changed. Specifically, we study this question for cultural tightness (the degree to which societies generally have strong norms), specific social norms (e.g. stealing, hand washing), and norms about enforcement, using survey data from 30,431 respondents in 43 countries recorded before and in the early stages following the emergence of COVID-19. Using variation in disease intensity, we shed light on the mechanisms predicting changes in social norm measures. We find evidence that, after the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, hand washing norms increased while tightness and punishing frequency slightly decreased but observe no evidence for a robust change in most other norms. Thus, at least in the short term, our findings suggest that cultures are largely stable to pandemic threats except in those norms, hand washing in this case, that are perceived to be directly relevant to dealing with the collective threat. Tightness-looseness theory predicts that social norms strengthen following threat. Here the authors test this and find that, after the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, hand washing norms increased, but no evidence was observed for a robust change in most other norms.
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| 2. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, et al.
(författare)
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Editorial Decisions May Perpetuate Belief in Invalid Research Findings
- 2013
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 8:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social psychology and related disciplines are seeing a resurgence of interest in replication, as well as actual replication efforts. But prior work suggests that even a clear demonstration that a finding is invalid often fails to shake acceptance of the finding. This threatens the full impact of these replication efforts. Here we show that the actions of two key players journal editors and the authors of original (invalidated) research findings - are critical to the broader public's continued belief in an invalidated research conclusion. Across three experiments, we show that belief in an invalidated finding falls sharply when a critical failed replication is published in the same - versus different - journal as the original finding, and when the authors of the original finding acknowledge that the new findings invalidate their conclusions. We conclude by discussing policy implications of our key findings.
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| 3. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Emotional reactions to losing explain gender differences in entering a risky lottery
- 2010
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Ingår i: Judgment and Decision Making. - 1930-2975. ; 5:3, s. 159-163
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A gender difference in risk preferences, with women being more averse to risky choices, is a robust experimental finding. Speculating on the sources of this difference, Croson and Gneezy recently pointed to the tendency for women to experience emotions more strongly and suggested that feeling more strongly about negative outcomes would lead to greater risk-aversion. Here we test this hypothesis in an international survey with 424 respondents from India and 416 from US where we ask questions about a hypothetical lottery. In both countries we find that emotions about outcomes are stronger among women, and that this effect partially mediates gender difference in willingness to enter the lottery.
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| 4. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, et al.
(författare)
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Generosity Pays : Selfish People Have Fewer Children and Earn Less Money
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0022-3514 .- 1939-1315. ; 118:3, s. 532-544
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Does selfishness pay in the long term? Previous research has indicated that being prosocial (or otherish) rather than selfish has positive consequences for psychological well-being, physical health, and relationships. Here we instead examine the consequences for individuals' incomes and number of children, as these are the currencies that matter most in theories that emphasize the power of self-interest, namely economics and evolutionary thinking. Drawing on both cross-sectional (Studies 1 and 2) and panel data (Studies 3 and 4), we find that prosocial individuals tend to have more children and higher income than selfish individuals. An additional survey (Study 5) of lay beliefs about how self-interest impacts income and fertility suggests one reason selfish people may persist in their behavior even though it leads to poorer outcomes: people generally expect selfish individuals to have higher incomes. Our findings have implications for lay decisions about the allocation of scarce resources, as well as for economic and evolutionary theories of human behavior.
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| 5. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, et al.
(författare)
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Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Nature Research. - 2041-1723. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate. Little is known about peoples preferred responses to norm violations across countries. Here, in a study of 57 countries, the authors highlight cultural similarities and differences in peoples perception of the appropriateness of norm violations.
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| 6. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Perceptions of unfairness in allocations between multiple recipients
- 2011
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Ingår i: Cognitive Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0285 .- 1095-5623. ; 62:3, s. 225-244
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper introduces a new model to explain perceptions of unfairness in resource allocations between multiple recipients. The model yields several novel predictions, all confirmed in a series of new empirical tests. For instance, while much prior research focuses on the differences between the judge’s share and others’ shares, we argue that people also care about differences between others’ shares. In particular, the presence of a single loser increases perceptions of unfairness. We also study individual variation in sensitivity to the single-loser dimension. Most centrally, we offer empirical support for the existence – indeed the prevalence – of ostraphobics, individuals with an acute sensitivity to being “ostracized” as a sole loser. We show that ostraphobics perceive unfairness more strongly than other types, are higher in need to belong and fear of negative evaluation, and are more prone to a heretofore unrecognized type of preference reversal with respect to fairness.
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| 7. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, et al.
(författare)
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Political double standards in reliance on moral foundations
- 2019
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Ingår i: Judgment and Decision Making. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1930-2975. ; 14:4, s. 440-454
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prior research using the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ) has established that political ideology is associated with self-reported reliance on specific moral foundations in moral judgments of acts. MFQ items do not specify the agents involved in the acts, however. By specifying agents in MFQ items we revealed blatant political double standards. Conservatives thought that the same moral foundation was more relevant if victims were agents that they like (i.e., corporations and other conservatives) but less relevant when the same agents were perpetrators. Liberals showed the same pattern for agents that they like (i.e., news media and other liberals). A UK sample showed much weaker political double standards with respect to corporations and news media, consistent with feelings about corporations and news media being much less politicized in the UK than in the US. We discuss the implications for moral foundations theory.
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| 8. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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The available evidence suggests the percent measure should not be used to study inequality : Reply to Norton and Ariely
- 2013
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Ingår i: Judgment and Decision Making. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1930-2975. ; 8:3, s. 395-396
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this reply, we reiterate the main point of our 2012 paper, which was that the measure of inequality used by Norton and Ariely (2011) was too difficult for it to yield meaningful results. We describe additional evidence for this conclusion, and we also challenge the conclusion that political differences in perceived and desired inequality are small.
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| 9. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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The Power of Tolerance vs. Unselfishness as a Cultural Determinant of Cooperation
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : FRONTIERS MEDIA SA. - 1664-1078. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cooperation in collective action problems and resource dilemmas is often assumed to depend on the values of the individuals involved, such as their degree of unselfishness and tolerance. Societal differences in cooperation and cooperative norms may therefore result from cultural variation in emphasis on these personal values. Here we draw on several cross-national datasets to examine whether society-level emphasis on unselfishness and tolerance and respect for other people predict how societies vary in cooperation [in a continuous prisoner's dilemma (PD)] and in norms governing cooperation [in a common pool resource dilemma (CPR)]. The results suggest that high levels of cooperation and cooperative norms are promoted specifically by a cultural emphasis on tolerance.
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| 10. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, et al.
(författare)
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What do Americans know about inequality? It depends on how you ask them
- 2012
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Ingår i: Judgment and Decision Making. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1930-2975. ; 7:6, s. 741-745
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A recent survey of inequality (Norton and Ariely, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 9-12) asked respondents to indicate what percent of the nation's total wealth is-and should be-controlled by richer and poorer quintiles of the U.S. population. We show that such measures lead to powerful anchoring effects that account for the otherwise remarkable findings that respondents reported perceiving, and desiring, extremely low inequality in wealth. We show that the same anchoring effects occur in other domains, namely web page popularity and school teacher salaries. We introduce logically equivalent questions about average levels of inequality that lead to more accurate responses. Finally, when we made respondents aware of the logical connection between the two measures, the majority said that typical responses to the average measures, indicating higher levels of inequality, better reflected their actual perceptions and preferences than did typical responses to percent measures.
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| 11. |
- Simpson, Brent, et al.
(författare)
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A lay-statistician explanation of minority discrimination
- 2012
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Ingår i: Social Science Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0049-089X .- 1096-0317. ; 41:3, s. 637-645
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We outline a new explanation of discrimination against numerical minorities. In contrast to prior work that focuses on how the content of categories affects discrimination, our argument describes how the size of categories leads to discrimination. Specifically, we argue that, when comparing multiple categories, actors tend to view larger categories as more closely approximating an underlying population than smaller ones. As a result, a decision maker will tend to expect that members of a numerical majority are more likely to be what he/she is searching for, whether it is the best or worst candidate. We report the results of two studies designed to test these arguments. To demonstrate the generality of the proposed mechanism, Study 1 tested the argument in a non-social domain. Participants disproportionately favored the majority (vs. minority) category when searching for a single winning lottery ticket, and favored the minority category when the goal was to avoid a single losing ticket. Our second study supported an additional implication of the argument in a social domain: decision makers tended to rank highly qualified majority job candidates as better than equally qualified minority candidates, and relatively unqualified majority candidates as worse than equally unqualified minority candidates.
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| 12. |
- Simpson, Brent, et al.
(författare)
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The dynamics of contracts and generalized trustworthiness
- 2009
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Ingår i: Rationality and Society. - : SAGE Publications. - 1043-4631 .- 1461-7358. ; 21:1, s. 59-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Generalized trust, or trust in strangers, has been traced to a wide range of societal benefits. But generalized trust is not sustainable in the absence of widespread generalized trustworthiness, that is, the tendency for strangers to honor trust extended to them. While there has been much work on the origins and consequences of generalized trust, surprisingly little research has addressed the antecedents of generalized trustworthiness. We argue that generalized trustworthiness is negatively affected by prior exposure to a ubiquitous extrinsic motivator of trustworthy behavior, contracts. Specifically, drawing on classic social psychological research on the overjustification effect, we argue that actors previously constrained by contracts will attribute their own ‘trustworthy’ behavior in those interactions to the contract itself. According to overjustification arguments, this misattribution should lead to a decrease in intrinsic motivations to act trustworthily in interactions where the actor is not constrained by the contract. Results of a new experiment support this argument.
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| 13. |
- Simpson, Brent W., et al.
(författare)
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Acinetobacter baumannii Can Survive with an Outer Membrane Lacking Lipooligosaccharide Due to Structural Support from Elongasome Peptidoglycan Synthesis
- 2021
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Ingår i: mBio. - : American Society for Microbiology. - 2161-2129 .- 2150-7511. ; 12:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gram-negative bacteria resist external stresses due to cell envelope rigidity, which is provided by two membranes and a peptidoglycan layer. The outer membrane (OM) surface contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS; contains O-antigen) or lipooligosaccharide (LOS). LPS/LOS are essential in most Gram-negative bacteria and may contribute to cellular rigidity. Acinetobacter baumannii is a useful tool for testing these hypotheses as it can survive without LOS. Previously, our group found that strains with naturally high levels of penicillin binding protein 1A (PBP1A) could not become LOS deficient unless the gene encoding it was deleted, highlighting the relevance of peptidoglycan biosynthesis and suggesting that high PBP1A levels were toxic during LOS deficiency. Transposon sequencing and follow-up analysis found that axial peptidoglycan synthesis by the elongasome and a peptidoglycan recycling enzyme, ElsL, were vital in LOS-deficient cells. The toxicity of high PBP1A levels during LOS deficiency was clarified to be due to a negative impact on elongasome function. Our data suggest that during LOS deficiency, the strength of the peptidoglycan specifically imparted by elongasome synthesis becomes essential, supporting that the OM and peptidoglycan contribute to cell rigidity. IMPORTANCE Gram-negative bacteria have a multilayered cell envelope with a layer of cross-linked polymers (peptidoglycan) sandwiched between two membranes. Peptidoglycan was long thought to exclusively provide rigidity to the cell providing mechanical strength. Recently, the most outer membrane of the cell was also proposed to contribute to rigidity due to properties of a unique molecule called lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS is located on the cell surface in the outer membrane and is typically required for growth. By using Acinetobacter baumannii, a Gram-negative bacterium that can grow without LPS, we found that key features of the peptidoglycan structure also become essential. This finding supports that both the outer membrane and peptidoglycan contribute to cell rigidity.
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| 14. |
- Simpson, Brent W., et al.
(författare)
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Escherichia coli CadB is capable of promiscuously transporting muropeptides and contributing to peptidoglycan recycling
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Bacteriology. - : American Society for Microbiology. - 0021-9193 .- 1098-5530. ; 206:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The bacterial peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall is remodeled during growth and division, releasing fragments called muropeptides. Muropeptides can be internalized and reused in a process called PG recycling. Escherichia coli is highly devoted to recycling muropeptides and is known to have at least two transporters, AmpG and OppBCDF, that import them into the cytoplasm. While studying mutants lacking AmpG, we unintentionally isolated mutations that led to the altered expression of a third transporter, CadB. CadB is normally upregulated under acidic pH conditions and is an antiporter for lysine and cadaverine. Here, we explored if CadB was altering PG recycling to assist in the absence of AmpG. Surprisingly, CadB overexpression was able to restore PG recycling when both AmpG and OppBCDF were absent. CadB was found to import freed PG peptides, a subpopulation of muropeptides, through a promiscuous activity. Altogether, our data support that CadB is a third transporter capable of contributing to PG recycling.
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| 15. |
- Simpson, Brent W., et al.
(författare)
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Escherichia coli utilizes multiple peptidoglycan recycling permeases with distinct strategies of recycling
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 120:44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bacteria produce a structural layer of peptidoglycan (PG) that enforces cell shape, resists turgor pressure, and protects the cell. As bacteria grow and divide, the existing layer of PG is remodeled and PG fragments are released. Enterics such as Escherichia coli go to great lengths to internalize and reutilize PG fragments. E. coli is estimated to break down one-third of its cell wall, yet only loses ~0 to 5% of meso-diaminopimelic acid, a PG-specific amino acid, per generation. Two transporters were identified early on to possibly be the primary permease that facilitates PG fragment recycling, i) AmpG and ii) the Opp ATP binding cassette transporter in conjunction with a PG-specific periplasmic binding protein, MppA. The contribution of each transporter to PG recycling has been debated. Here, we have found that AmpG and MppA/Opp are differentially regulated by carbon source and growth phase. In addition, MppA/Opp is uniquely capable of high-affinity scavenging of muropeptides from growth media, demonstrating that AmpG and MppA/Opp allow for different strategies of recycling PG fragments. Altogether, this work clarifies environmental contexts under which E. coli utilizes distinct permeases for PG recycling and explores how scavenging by MppA/Opp could be beneficial in mixed communities.
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