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| 2. |
- DeFalco, Randle C., et al.
(författare)
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The Fluctuating Visibility of Everyday Violence in Khmer Rouge Era Cambodia
- 2022
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Ingår i: Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1556-5068. ; 31:2, s. 217-243
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This Article explores how the atrocities committed in Cambodia during the Khmer Rouge period (1975–1979) have been narrated over time and how, through such narration, slow and attritive everyday forms of atrocity violence have been alternately rendered visible or invisible. It does so by looking at how Khmer Rouge–era atrocities have been framed, while focusing on identifying what forms of violence and killing have been branded, legally and socially, as “atrocity crimes,” and what forms of violence have been obscured, backgrounded, or otherwise deemphasized. In doing so, this Article assesses the relationship between international, national, and local understandings of this complex history, expressing concern that dominant narratives developed by national and international elites may be influencing or even displacing localized notions of violence, atrocity, and justice. This Article concludes by calling for efforts to actively foreground everyday as well as spectacular manifestations of atrocity violence and experiences thereof.
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| 4. |
- Sirik, Savina
(författare)
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Everyday Experience of Genocide Survivors in Landscapes of Violence
- 2016
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This research examines the experiences of survivors who live in an unmarked site of mass violence in Cambodia, i.e., the former Khmer Rouge prison site of Chamkar Siv in Kandal Province, during and after the Democratic Kampuchea regime (1975-79). Based on oral history interviews with survivors, this paper constructs narratives of survivors’ experiences in the landscapes of violence. The findings from this study are twofold. First, individual narratives are important in providing a more complete understanding of the production of violence and acts of commemoration at the local level, despite the fact that memories of past violence have been politicized and constructed to fit within the present dominant narrative. Second, although there are variations among individual experiences, survivors’ narratives are constructed in a way that corresponds to the larger historical narratives.
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| 5. |
- Sirik, Savina
(författare)
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Memory construction of former Khmer Rouge cadres: resistance to dominant discourses of genocide in Cambodia
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Political Power. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2158-379X .- 2158-3803. ; 13:2, s. 233-251
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the context of post-genocide Cambodia, this article explores resistance as the product of knowledge derived from the entanglement of official and personal memories of the Khmer Rouge (KR) period. By examining two public exhibitions produced by the Documentation Center of Cambodia (DC-Cam), namely, Forced Transfers: The Second Evacuation of the Khmer Rouge Regime and Life Experiences of Former Khmer Rouge Cadres, the article argues that narratives of the KR period as portrayed by the exhibits have the potential to destabilize official narratives by disrupting the homogeneity of dominant narratives and challenging reductive dichotomies of victim and perpetrator.
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| 8. |
- Sirik, Savina
(författare)
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Negotiating Memories : Survivor Narratives of Victimhood in Post-Conflict Cambodia
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis seeks to deepen our understanding of the complexity of victimhood as constructed in narratives. To this end, it explores how people who have been socially and politically ascribed as perpetrators construct and negotiate victimhood through narratives after a period of war and mass atrocity and how they are represented in narratives and practices of memorialization. Based on fieldwork conducted at various sites in Cambodia, this thesis examines former Khmer Rouge (KR) memories and their claims of victimhood and analyzes how images of victims are represented in narratives and practices of memorialization in post-conflict Cambodia. The thesis contributes theoretically and empirically to knowledge in the body of literature on victimhood and memorialization, as well as the Cambodian scholarship on survivor narratives. Firstly, the thesis contributes theoretically to research on victimhood and temporality in transitional justice by illuminating how multiple temporalities and time collapse may be employed to better encapsulate the continuity of violence and suffering and the co-existence of these experiences in the past, present, and future. Secondly, the thesis offers insight into the various ways in which people construct victimhood. Rather than focusing on resisting the image of the ideal victim or maintaining discourses that might have victimized them, the study finds that people draw on the attributions of the ideal victim, among other things, to construct victimhood, and negotiate their KR identity and the perpetrator label. Thirdly, the study provides insights into the ambivalence of representing the identities of people who were simultaneously victimized and participated in atrocities. While efforts to include individual narratives of former KR in the memorials and exhibitions are evidenced, the representation of their experiences and identities remains limited to the image of the ideal victim. This practice has resulted in an obfuscation of the complex and diverse nature of the experiences of former Khmer Rouge during the DK regime, including their roles supporting the regime, as well as their victimization, heroism, and survival. Finally, the study also adds new empirical insights to the literature of post-genocide Cambodia by providing detailed and rich narratives of former KR survivors concerning their claims of victimhood, as well as exploring representations of victims in multiple sites of memorialization.
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| 9. |
- Sirik, Savina, Postdoctoral Researcher, et al.
(författare)
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Violence and Memorialization in Cambodia
- 2016
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Ingår i: The Handbook of Contemporary Cambodia. - : Routledge. - 9780367581473 ; , s. 368-377
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 10. |
- Tyner, James A., et al.
(författare)
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Nature, Poetry, and Public Pedagogy: The Poetic Geographies of the Khmer Rouge
- 2015
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Ingår i: Annals of the Association of American Geographers. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0004-5608 .- 1467-8306. ; 105:6, s. 1285-1299
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Between 1975 and 1979, more than 2 million men, women, and children died in what has become known as the Cambodian genocide. In just under four years, approximately one-quarter of the country's prewar population succumbed to arbitrary murder, torture, detention, starvation, and disease. Amidst these acts of destruction, however, the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK; the Khmer Rouge) advanced various pedagogical practices, including the promotion of poetry. Superficially, poems produced by the Khmer Rouge are literary forms of propaganda. Such a conclusion is incomplete. Through a reading of Khmer Rouge–era poetry, this article contributes to two themes in geography: fictive and public pedagogy. We argue that the Khmer Rouge used poetry as a form of public pedagogy. More specifically, Khmer Rouge–era poetry presented nature as the fulcrum on which society was to be transformed. The cultivation of a proper political consciousness required the nurturing of a community identity of what Democratic Kampuchea was to become. This argument is developed in five sections. First, we provide a brief overview of literary geographies. We then consider the transformative power of public education. Third, we provide an overview of educational policies under the Khmer Rouge. This is followed by a discussion of nature as conceived by the CPK. Our main empirical analysis of Khmer Rouge poetry is presented in the fifth section. Finally, we conclude with a consideration of the politics of creative interventions as a form of public pedagogy.
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| 11. |
- Tyner, James A, et al.
(författare)
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Phnom Penh during the Cambodian Genocide: A Case of Selective Urbicide
- 2014
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Ingår i: Environment and planning A. - : SAGE Publications. - 0308-518X .- 1472-3409. ; 46:8, s. 1873-1891
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phnom Penh, as it existed during the Cambodian genocide (1975–79), has been held up as a textbook example of urbicide. However, this representation is not entirely accurate, for Phnom Penh remained a vital city during this period. While the depopulation of Phnom Penh during the Cambodian genocide has received considerable analytic attention, decidedly less research has focused on the city as a ‘command-and-control’ node in an integrated space economy. Far from being a ‘city with no people’, Phnom Penh served as a functioning city and was the catalytic center-point of Khmer Rouge policy and practice. In this paper, we begin the task of mapping Phnom Penh as it existed during the years 1975–79. Specifically, we identify and map the location of four broad types of economic institutions: administrative, production, distributive, and ancillary. In so doing, we argue that such a geographically informed analysis of Phnom Penh is necessary for it provides the spatial foundation for an understanding of Khmer Rouge practice.
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| 12. |
- Tyner, James, et al.
(författare)
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Landscape Photography, Geographic Education, and Nation‐Building In Democratic Kampuchea, 1975–1979
- 2015
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Ingår i: Geographical Review. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0016-7428 .- 1931-0846. ; 105:4, s. 566-580
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- On April 17, 1975, Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia, fell to the armed forces of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK). Cambodia, however, was not primed for revolution. This is significant in that it contributed to specific postconflict policies and programs initiated by the CPK, including the promotion of geographic education and the use of propaganda photographs. In this article, we examine six photographs produced during the Khmer Rouge era. Our main thesis is that when viewing these photographs, we are witnessing the photographic production of a nationalist landscape. As geographers have argued, photographs are inauthentic from the standpoint of “truthful” representations. However, the photographs produced by the CPK are authentic simulacra in their “truthful” representation of how the CPK envisioned both the revolution and subsequent administration of Democratic Kampuchea. In so doing, our research is positioned within a longer tradition of cultural-political geography that has examined the use of landscape photographs as political instruments used in nation-building.
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| 13. |
- Tyner, James, et al.
(författare)
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Violence and the Dialectics of Landscape: Memorialization in Cambodia
- 2014
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Ingår i: Geographical Review. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0016-7428 .- 1931-0846. ; 104:3, s. 277-293
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Between 1975 and 1979, approximately two million people were killed in the Cambodian genocide. To date, considerable research has examined the legacies of this period of Cambodia’s history, as well as the geographies of memorialization associated with genocidal violence. In this paper, we both critique and expand current understandings. We do so, first, through a destabilization of the periodization of Cambodia’s violent past and, second, through a re-theorization of violence itself. Specifically, were situate the Cambodian genocide as part of a more systemic effort of post-conflict reconstruction. We argue that from the perspective of the Khmer Rouge, those policies and practices imposed post-1975 were forwarded in the context of state-building following five years of civil war (1970–1975). Consequently, a view of genocide as post-conflict reconstruction calls into question standard understandings of the genocide and especially the post-1979 memorialization of genocide. To accomplish our goals, we introduce a dialectical understanding of both potential and realized violence and potential and realized memorialized landscapes.
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