| 1. |
- Almeida, N. C., et al.
(författare)
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Proposal of a Hybrid LoRa Mesh / LoRaWAN Network
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728148922 ; , s. 702-707
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a recent interest in the deployment of Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs), such as LoRaWAN, to support Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Even though the main advantage of these LPWANs are the long rage communication, the challenge of providing seamless and shadow area coverage still remains. This paper presents a proposal of a hybrid LoRa Mesh/LoRaWAN network to cope with this challenge. In this proposal, a mesh network of LoRa nodes are connected to a Proxy node that works as a mesh coordinator and is also connected to the LoRaWAN network. The advantage of this topology is the improvement of the communication coverage in shadow areas where a regular LoRaWAN node cannot be reachable in cases of obstacles or topography. The development of the LoRa Mesh network as well as the routing mechanism are presented and verified with experimental results. Finally, the integration of the LoRa Mesh with the LoRaWAN networks is discussed and a proposal is presented. © 2020 IEEE.
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| 2. |
- Pasetti, M., et al.
(författare)
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On the Use of Synchronized LoRaWAN for the Coordination of Distributed Energy Resources in Smart Grids
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9788887237450
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The recent advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) are laying down the foundations of future energy systems. The growing availability of reliable and cost-effective ICT solutions are indeed offering the opportunity for the implementation of advanced monitoring and control functions over Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), thus fostering the transition towards decentralized and decarbonized energy systems. The integration of ICT in electrical equipment (such as power converters, metering devices, and protections) is essential for the monitoring and the coordinated control of heterogeneous energy resources, particularly in intermittent and distributed scenarios. Nevertheless, the implementation of such control approaches relies, in the end, on the availability of proper communication infrastructures. The adoption of wired infrastructures (such as field-bus, ethernet, or fiber optic systems) may however imply high installation costs, particularly for complex end-users' systems. To cope with this issue, in this study the use of a wireless network based on the LoRaWAntechnology is proposed to implement the monitoring and the coordinated control of dispersed DERs. A proper communication architecture is proposed and discussed in terms of the required coverage range and latency. Finally, a scalability analysis is also presented, which aims at evaluating the number of devices that can be supervised by a single LoRaWAngateway, by considering the expected data throughput, and the duty cycle limitations. © 2019 AEIT.
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| 3. |
- Alves, H. B. M., et al.
(författare)
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Introducing a survey methodology for assessing LoRaWAN coverage in Smart Campus scenarios
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728148922 ; , s. 708-712
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The LoRa is a Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology. It has been proposed as a viable wireless connection method for the implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT), thanks to its wide coverage, low complexity and low energy consumption. Several studies ave been carried out about real coverage performance. In this article, a new test methodology for the experimental evaluation of LoRaWAN coverage within a smart campus is presented. The new approach consists in the definition of devices, method and procedures. The architecture of the mobile node is outlined. The survey procedure is based on a mapping phase, necessary to highlight the LoRaWAN coverage in the test area. Finally, a use case is described in the article: it is not intended for evaluating a specific implementation, but for assessing the suitability of the proposed methodology. The use case results demonstrate the effectiveness of the survey methodology in a real smart campus. © 2020 IEEE.
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| 4. |
- Barile, G., et al.
(författare)
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Automatic Differential Capacitive Sensing by Means of Linear Interface
- 2020
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Ingår i: Lect. Notes Electr. Eng.. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030375577 ; , s. 131-135
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work we present the development of an integrated CMOS analog interface able to convert differential capacitive sensors variations into a DC voltage. The presented circuit is based on autobalancing bridge techniques improving its performances through the linearization of the input/output characteristic and the achievement of the full-range sensor variations capability. Comparison between theoretical and measured interface static behaviour results are reported. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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| 5. |
- Bonafini, F., et al.
(författare)
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Cluster of IoT Sensors for Smart Cities : Impact of the Communication Infrastructure over Computational Performance
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781538677131
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Smart City (SC) paradigm is based on the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) into the urban asset, for the optimal management of the energies and resources. The Internet of Thing (IoT) technology seems the proper solution to achieve this target, thanks to its capability to abstract the object in the real world. The deployment of IoT devices at different level in urban infrastructures is causing the presence of thousands of intelligent devices, large part of them with unused computational capabilities. Such devices could be integrated in a cluster in order to share the unused resources with other devices with limited computational resources. The use of a cluster of IoT Sensors has several benefits, including, but not limited to: high availability, sharing of computational resources, reduced response time with the respect of centralized cloud computing solution. The main bottleneck of this approach is represented by the communication infrastructure, typically based on wireless connection and, thus with a limited available bandwidth. The aim of the work related to this paper is to analyze the impact the communication infrastructure has on computational performance of a cluster of IoT sensors. An experimental set-up for the characterization of the performance of a cluster of low-cost off-the-shelf devices has been described. The experimental validation highlighted as the network infrastructure is loaded only during the data transfer and the maximum network load, with a cluster of ten IoT nodes is approximately 2 Mb/s with the considered benchmark. © 2019 IEEE.
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| 6. |
- Bonafini, F., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating indoor and outdoor localization services for LoRaWAN in Smart City applications
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728104294 ; , s. 300-305
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nowadays, wireless technologies penetrate all aspects of our lives. 'Internet of Things' (IoT) and 'Location- Based Services' are the pillars of Smart City concept. The IoT smart objects surrounding us are an integral part of the Internet, thanks to their computational and communication capabilities. In such applications, location information can be exploited in all the layers of the stack, from the application level (e.g., to correctly interpret measurements from sensor nodes deployed on the field), down to the physical level (e.g., for sensing coverage). One of the most viable solutions for Smart City wireless connectivity seems to be the use of long-range, low-power and low-throughput low-power wide area networks (LPWANs). In this work, the authors devise the jointly use of LPWANs with widely-diffused and well-accepted localization techniques, as the Global Positioning Systems (GPS, outdoor) and real-time location systems (RTLS, indoor), for Smart Campus applications. In particular, a LoRaWAN node equipped with both GPS and Ultra Wide Bandbased UWB-RTLS has been developed and tested in real-world scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach; in particular, location errors are in the order of few tens of meters for GPS and in the order of few tens of centimeters for UWB. © 2019 IEEE.
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| 7. |
- Carvalho, D. F., et al.
(författare)
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Architecture for the interconnection of prototypical medical instrument via cloud services
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings. - 9781538634608
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Medical cyber-physical systems (MCPS) have been appeared as a possible approach for detecting and mitigating human errors. In this context, a MCPS in which medical and non-medical devices are connected could promptly detect potential risky or wrong procedures that deviate from standardized approaches. In this work, such a paradigm has been expanded to prototypical diagnostic devices. A distributed platform of such instruments is proposed in order to avoid misdiagnosis: diagnostic instrument send data to a message-oriented middleware, thus allowing technicians and doctors to remotely access test-related information for further processing and for creating an historical database. A Broker has been used for collecting data and distribute them to cloud database and to users. Two of the most diffused protocols, i.e., MQTT and AMQP, have been considered. An experimental setup has been developed to verify performance; time-related metrics confirm that the proposed approach has an end-to-end delay on few hundreds of milliseconds even for geographical scale networks. © 2019 IEEE.
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| 8. |
- Crema, C., et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of a wearable system for automatic supervision of fitness exercises
- 2019
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Ingår i: Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0263-2241. ; 147
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is widely known that physical activity is an effective tool for preventing several diseases. However, unsupervised training may lead to poor execution quality, resulting in ineffective training, or even injuries in worst cases. Automatic tracking and quantification of exercise efforts by means of wearables could be a way to monitor the execution correctness. As a positive side effect, these devices help in motivating people, increasing the quantity of physical exercises of users and thus improving health conditions as well. Unfortunately, despite the availability of some commercial devices, their performance and effectiveness are not documented. This work proposes a new solution that exploits machine learning (ML) techniques (in particular Linear Discriminant Analysis, LDA) for analyzing data coming from wearable Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs). Efforts have been done in reducing the computational requirements, in order to be compatible with constraints in perspective of embedded implementation. The experimental campaign carried out to measure the performance showed an average accuracy, recall and precision on the order of 97%, 93% and 90%, respectively. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Depari, A., et al.
(författare)
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Lightweight Machine Learning-Based Approach for Supervision of Fitness Workout
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781538677131
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is widely known that physical activity helps preventing several diseases. However, unsupervised training often results in low exercise quality, ineffective training, and, in worst cases, injuries. Automatic tracking and quantification of exercises by means of wearable devices could be an effective mean for the monitoring of exercise correctness. As a consequence, such devices could help motivating people, thus improving the quantity of performed physical exercise, with positive effects on users' health conditions. However, despite the availability of several commercial devices, the performance and effectiveness are not well documented. This work proposes a new solution for fitness workout supervision exploiting machine learning techniques, in particular Linear Discriminant Analysis for analyzing data coming from wearable Inertial Measurement Units. Efforts have been done in order to reduce the computational requirements, thus assuring compatibility in perspective of embedded implementation. The experimental tests carried out to assess the proposed approach performance showed an accuracy in exercise detection over 93% and error in exercise counting less than 6%. © 2019 IEEE.
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| 11. |
- Fernandes Carvalho, D., et al.
(författare)
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A test methodology for evaluating architectural delays of LoRaWAN implementations
- 2019
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Ingår i: Pervasive and Mobile Computing. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 1574-1192 .- 1873-1589. ; 56:May, s. 1-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) have been proposed as viable wireless connection method for the implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT), thanks to their wide coverage, low complexity and low power consumption. In this scenario, LoRaWAN emerged as a de-facto leading technology, because of its openness and the current availability of many devices (like sensors and gateways). Several implementations of the LoRaWAN specifications have appeared in the market, each one showing support for different hardware, different software architectures, and different operating systems. Thus, the need of test procedures for comparing them is evident. In this paper, a test methodology for the experimental assessment of architectural delays of LoRaWAN implementations is presented. The new approach is composed of: a mapping phase, needed for highlighting the LoRaWAN blocks inside the implementation under test; followed by a measurement phase, in which the relevant timestamps are taken along the information path from LoRaWAN node to LoRaWAN customer application. The use and the effectiveness of the proposed methodology are shown by means of use cases that involve different LoRaWAN implementations and several hardware platforms. The experiments described in the paper are not intended to evaluate particular implementations but they are aimed to assess the suitability of the proposed methodology. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach can be used to compare the performance of entire LoRaWAN systems, helping the owner of the infrastructure and the user in making choices and optimizations. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
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| 12. |
- Fernandes Carvalho, D., et al.
(författare)
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On the evaluation of application level delays in public LoRaWAN networks
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728112732
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Internet of Things paradigm aims to connect a very large number of smart objects located all around the world for increasing the knowledge about the environment. Low-power wireless communications are compulsory to reduce the smart object invasiveness and ensure reasonable duration of autonomous node. For this reason, several Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technologies have been proposed in the recent past, because of their large range and low consumption. Most notably, the LoRaWAN solution emerged as the most accepted LPWAN and several research works appeared, discussing its advantages and limitations. However, very few, if any, discuss timing performance in a real scenario, considering not only the wireless frontend but also the wired backend. In this work, the authors implement a real use case based on a public LoRaWAN infrastructure and propose metrics to formally evaluate the delays at the application level (i.e. considering the whole infrastructure as a black box). The result is an average delay in the range 400-700 ms, and the proof that the delay is directly dependent on both the LoRaWAN backend and the connection speed of information endpoints. © 2019 IEEE.
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| 13. |
- Ferrari, P., et al.
(författare)
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Performance evaluation of full-cloud and edge-cloud architectures for Industrial IoT anomaly detection based on deep learning
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728104294 ; , s. 420-425
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the most interesting application of data analysis to industry is the real-time detection of anomalies during production. Industrial IoT paradigm includes all the components to realize predictive systems, like the anomaly detection ones. In this case, the goal is to discover patterns, in a given dataset, that do not resemble the 'normal' behavior, to identify faults, malfunctions or the effects of bad maintenance. The use of complex neural networks to implement deep learning algorithm for anomaly detection is very common. The position of the deep learning algorithm is one of the main problem: this kind of algorithm requires both high computational power and data transfer bandwidth, rising serious questions on the system scalability. Data elaboration in the edge domain (i.e. close to the machine) usually reduce data transfer but requires to instantiate expensive physical assets. Cloud computing is usually cheaper but Cloud data transfer is expensive. In this paper a test methodology for the comparison of the two architectures for anomaly detection system is proposed. A real use case is described in order to demonstrate the feasibility. The experimental results show that, by means of the proposed methodology, edge and Cloud solutions implementing deep learning algorithms for industrial applications can be easily evaluated. In details, for the considered use case (with Siemens controller and Microsoft Azure platform) the tradeoff between scalability, communication delay, and bandwidth usage, has been studied. The results show that the full-cloud architecture can outperform the edge-cloud architecture when Cloud computation power is scaled. © 2019 IEEE.
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| 14. |
- Ferrari, P., et al.
(författare)
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Resilient time synchronization opportunistically exploiting UWB RTLS infrastructure
- 2022
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 0018-9456 .- 1557-9662. ; 71, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ultra Wide Band (UWB) based solutions for real time localization are starting to be widely diffused. They use two-way ranging scheme achieving indoor positioning accuracy well below ten centimeters. These wireless devices are based on counters with picosecond resolution, which could be used also for nodes time synchronization. This work aims to propose an opportunistic approach for transparently obtaining multiple accurate time synchronization from low-cost infrastructure of Real Time Location Systems (RTLS). After the description of the proposed approach, the idea is demonstrated using off-the-shelf Ultra Wide Band (UWB) modules from Decawave and their related software. Thanks to hardware timestamping support inside the core architecture, the realized wireless station is able to simultaneously lock and track several time references generated by the UWB module. The extensive experimental characterization evaluates both the uncertainty of the reference signal generated by the UWB receiver, and the time synchronization uncertainty of the whole host system running a Proportional Integrative (PI) control loop for locking the master reference clock. The time reference pulses are delivered by the UWB modules with a maximum jitter on the order of 40 ns, whereas the synchronization uncertainty is less than 10 ns. IEEE
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| 15. |
- Ferrari, P., et al.
(författare)
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Testing facility for the characterization of the integration of E-vehicles into smart grid in presence of renewable energy
- 2019
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. - Cham : Springer Verlag. - 9783030119720 ; , s. 19-25
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the last years, the increased environmental awareness is calling for the transition from vehicles powered by Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) toward Electric Vehicles (EVs). Nevertheless, the wide penetration of such technologies is limited by the impact EV Charging Stations (EVCSs) have on the distribution grid. The management of EVCSs could benefit from the use of the energy produced by Renewable Resources, appropriately coupled with storage system, through the infrastructures offered by Smart Grids (SGs). The validation of these architectures can be performed in simulation or emulation environments. Whilst such approaches are profitable for validating the sensitivity of different architectures to parameters changes, sometimes the use of over-simplified models could bring to unreliable results. For this reason, a testing facility for the characterization of the integration of EVCSs in SGs has been designed and deployed at the eLUX lab of the University of Brescia, Italy. The testing facility includes an EVCS (22 kW), an EV (Renault Zoe), a controllable photovoltaic (PV) field (10 kWp) and a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) (20 kWp, 23.5 kWh). The possibility to integrate a real-time emulator (OPAL-RT) for Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) emulation allows to easily expand the capabilities of the testing facility. © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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| 16. |
- Melo, P. F. S., et al.
(författare)
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Open source control device for industry 4.0 based on RAMI 4.0
- 2021
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Ingår i: Electronics. - : MDPI AG. - 2079-9292. ; 10:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The technical innovation of the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0—I4.0) is based on the following respective conditions: horizontal and vertical integration of manufacturing systems, decentralization of computing resources and continuous digital engineering throughout the product life cycle. The reference architecture model for Industry 4.0 (RAMI 4.0) is a common model for systematizing, structuring and mapping the complex relationships and functionalities required in I4.0 applications. Despite its adoption in I4.0 projects, RAMI 4.0 is an abstract model, not an implementation guide, which hinders its current adoption and full deployment. As a result, many papers have recently studied the interactions required among the elements distributed along the three axes of RAMI 4.0 to develop a solution compatible with the model. This paper investigates RAMI 4.0 and describes our proposal for the development of an open‐source control device for I4.0 applications. The control device is one of the elements in the hierarchy‐level axis of RAMI 4.0. Its main contribution is the integration of open‐source solutions of hardware, software, communication and programming, covering the relationships among three layers of RAMI 4.0 (assets, integration and communication). The implementation of a proof of concept of the control device is discussed. Experiments in an I4.0 scenario were used to validate the operation of the control device and demonstrated its effectiveness and robustness without interruption, failure or communication problems during the experiments. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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| 17. |
- Pasetti, M., et al.
(författare)
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Impact of the Measurement Time Resolution on Energy Key Performance Indicators for Distributed Energy Resources : An Experimental Analysis
- 2021
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Ingår i: AMPS 2021 - 2021 11th IEEE International Workshop on Applied Measurements for Power Systems, Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728169231
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The growing presence of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) is heavily affecting the control and management of distribution grids. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) are increasingly adopted to mitigate the adverse impacts caused by the uncertainty of RES generators. Most of the existing works in the literature aims at using BESSs to maximize the self-consumption of energy provided by RES generators or focuses on the mitigation of voltage and/or frequency drift effects. More recently, some research works also studied the effects that BESSs have on the active power flows at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) of prosumers. All these studies are based on the definition of proper energy Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) based on heterogeneous information collected from several measurement devices deployed in the field. This also means that the results of such studies could be significantly affected by the quality of data, particularly concerning the time resolution of the measurements. To better highlight this concern, this paper proposes an analysis of the impact of the time resolution of measurements on the evaluation of the absolute power ramp reduction at the PCC of prosumers in presence of BESS installations. The analysis was performed on real data collected from the eLUX lab of the University of Brescia, Italy, by varying the time resolution from 5 s to 15 min. The results of the analysis demonstrated that the time resolution has a great impact on the evaluation of the considered KPI, by leading to completely different performance assessments. © 2021 IEEE.
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| 18. |
- Pasetti, M., et al.
(författare)
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On the use of class B LoRaWAN for the coordination of smart interface protection systems
- 2019
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Ingår i: AMPS 2019 Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728100753
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ongoing transition towards the distributed generation paradigm is significantly affecting the way modern Distribution Networks (DNs) must be designed and operated. New functions are being introduced year over year, by following the increasing complexity of grid codes. As a consequence, the adoption of smart protection systems is becoming a key-enabling solution for the application of advanced control and protection mechanisms, such as those implemented by Interface Protection Systems (IPSs). In this case, particularly when complex legacy systems are considered, the replacement of existing devices with intelligent units is indeed often not sufficient, and proper communication infrastructures must be deployed to meet the required coordination capabilities, thus increasing the overall costs. To overcome this drawback, in this study the use of a wireless network based on the LoRaWAN technology is proposed to implement the coordination of IPSs. Based on the real use-case of the Engineering campus of the University of Brescia, the coordination of independent low voltage generators connected to the same medium voltage point of common coupling with the main grid is examined in terms of the required coverage range and communication latency. Finally, the scalability of the proposed solution is discussed by referring to the estimated data throughput, and by considering the LoRaWAN duty cycle limitations. © 2019 IEEE.
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| 19. |
- Rinaldi, S., et al.
(författare)
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A Testing Framework for the Monitoring and Performance Analysis of Distributed Energy Systems
- 2019
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 0018-9456 .- 1557-9662. ; 68:10, s. 3831-3840
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The increasing presence of intermittent distributed generation (DG) based on renewable energy sources (RESs) is heavily affecting the operation and management of modern distribution grids. Even though the use of distributed energy storage systems (DESSs) and the integration of advanced demand response (DR) programs are expected to mitigate this problem, security, safety, economic, and technical reasons are limiting the tests of these mechanisms in working systems. The test in simulation and emulation environments has proved to be an effective solution for the development of advanced control and protection schema, but their use for the simulation of the typically unpredictable behavior of end-users seems at least questionable. This paper proposes a testing framework for the analysis of experimental control strategies of distributed energy systems. The framework, based on a service-oriented architecture, can be easily interconnected to different systems, including renewable generators and storage systems. This framework can be used to analyze the performance of real energy systems, working in near-To-real conditions. The framework has been used for a pilot test on a subset of the facilities of the eLUX laboratory of the University of Brescia. The proposed framework allows analyzing the energy performance of this system by means of proper key performance indicators (KPIs). The efficiency analysis of a battery energy storage system (BESS) is presented, by proposing KPIs to evaluate the effect of different control strategies. Further KPIs are also used to evaluate the effectiveness of the BESS for improving the energy self-consumption of a photovoltaic system. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
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| 20. |
- Rinaldi, S., et al.
(författare)
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An evaluation of low-cost self-localization service exploiting angle of arrival for industrial cyber-physical systems
- 2021
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Ingår i: IEEE AFRICON Conference. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781665419840
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the last years, the industrial automation field was radically revolutionized by Industry 4.0 paradigm. The possibility to interconnect industrial machinery to the cyber world through Cyber Physical System (CPS) enables innovative services, but open new challenges on communication and data management sides. In fact, it is important to identify not only which CPS generated an information, but also where it is located on the production plant, since the configuration of the automation could dynamically change in function of the product being produced. In our research work, a low-cost (and low power) approach for the estimation of the relative position of CPS in industrial plant has been investigated. The proposed solution exploits the Direction Finding service introduced by Bluetooth 5.0. The Angle of Arrival (AoA) method in connection-less mode is used to estimate the angle between a tag and the receiving anchors. In this way, the computational power (and, the relative power consumption) of the tag is limited. The preliminary characterization of this solution shows as the maximum error angle is about 5° at a distance of 4 m between anchor and tag. This result is promising, although the application of the BLE Direction Finding service requires a careful design of the array of antennas and of its radiation pattern to allow a proper localization in the three-dimensional space. © 2021 IEEE.
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| 21. |
- Rinaldi, S., et al.
(författare)
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An experimental characterization of time of arrival accuracy for time synchronization of medium voltage smart grid solutions
- 2019
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Ingår i: AMPS 2019 Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728100753
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The time synchronization of smart grid devices is a critical feature for the successful application of advanced grid monitoring and control techniques. Synchronization mechanisms based on the accurate estimation of the Time of Arrival (ToA) of network messages-sent over power line cables-are a promising solution to achieve synchronization tasks over distribution lines. In this paper, a chirp-based synchronization technique over the Medium Voltage (MV) grid has been proposed and characterized. Such approach has the benefit of not requiring the installation of a dedicated infrastructure, thanks to the exploitation of power distribution lines for the transmission of time synchronization data. The effectiveness of the approach has been experimentally evaluated on a simplified MV line available in a testing laboratory. Although, the tested chirp has a limited frequency bandwidth (80 kHz), the maximum variation of the ToA estimation is on the order of 3.5 μs, which fulfills the requirements of most smart grid applications. © 2019 IEEE.
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| 22. |
- Rinaldi, S., et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of communication requirements for enabling the coordinate charge of sustainable multimodal electric vehicle supply equipment
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Communications and Mechatronics Engineering, ICECCME 2021. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781665412629
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The climate changes are progressively influencing the energetic policies in every field. The mobility sector is also under a deep transformation: the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles are progressively replaced by Electric Vehicles (EVs). In the case of the Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), the traditional engine coexists with the electric one, reducing the overall environmental impact of the vehicles. Currently, only a limited number of EVs are fully electric, the so called Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), but their impact on the distribution grid is increasing day by day. BEVs require the availability of Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) to recharge on-board battery. Each of the charging point of a EVSE could typically feed up 22 kW active power (or more in the case of mode 4, according to IEC 61851-1 standard), more than the consumption of three private houses, for approximately a couple of hours (the modern BEVs are equipped generally with a 50 kWh on-board battery to guarantee a useful range). Thus, the installation of EVSEs represents a critical task for Distribution System Operators (DSOs): adequate power supply lines should be identified to be able to install an EVSE. The target of the MoSoRe project is to design a multimodal EVSE able to exploit the energy provided by renewable generators in order to improve sustainability of EV charging and to minimize its impact on the power grid. In that case, a proper charging of the EVs requires the EVSE to work in coordinate mode: a strong interaction between the DSO, the EVSE and the customer is needed. The target of the proposed research work is to investigate the is to analyze the communication requirements of the EVSE in order to support coordinate charge of multimodal EVSE. The behavior of the proposed multimodal EVSE has been modeled in simulation environment, demonstrating the validity of the proposed approach to reduce the impact of EVs on the distribution grid in case of a coordinate charge is implemented. © 2021 IEEE.
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| 23. |
- Rinaldi, S., et al.
(författare)
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Are cloud services aware of time? : an experimental analysis oriented to industry 4.0
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 9781538676066
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the last years, the industrial automation has experienced a deep transformation known as Industry4.0, and it is driven by Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. The IoT-based automation is based on well-defined data models, which make easy the interaction among devices. Generally, the data generated by IoT sensors are elaborated to obtain value added services (such as predictive maintenance), exploiting cloud services and remote servers. An accurate timestamp of the data generated by sensors is required to maintain an adequate level of such services: an 'easy' task in the case of a new deployment, but a nightmare when existing plants or machinery are retrofitted. In this case, the data are timestamped at cloud level, using the remote time. In such situations, a knowledge of the sense of time of cloud services is fundamental to guarantee the quality of data elaboration. The target of the research is an experimental characterization and a comparison of time awareness of different commercial cloud service providers (i.e. Amazon AWS, Google Cloud and Microsoft Azure). The characterization highlights as, generally, the performance provided by different platform is comparable each other. The time offset of NTP (Network Time Protocol) clients running on different Virtual Machines (VMs) has an uncertainty ranging from 0.05 ms up to 0.6 ms depending by the client configuration. Such results demonstrate that extreme care must be taken when using the time of remote VMs. © 2019 IEEE.
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| 24. |
- Rinaldi, S., et al.
(författare)
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Impact of data model on performance of time series database for internet of things applications
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings. - 9781538634608
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm is gaining interest in several application fields, from medical devices to smart building and industrial automation. Such a success is due to the flexibility and interoperability between different application domains: the possibility to vertically share data among applications is the winning point of this technology. IoT sensors installed on the field generate a large amount of data, which have to be stored somewhere for subsequent analysis. Database technologies are experiencing a deep transformation to be able to handle these data streams. The recent trend is a transition from relational to non-relational databases. Among the latter, the Time Series Databases (TSDBs) seem to be the solution for storing large amount of time series data generated by IoT applications. Although these solutions are optimized to handle thousands of parallel data streams from IoT sensors, the performance of data extraction could not be compatible with some applications. The target of the paper is to investigate the impact that different metadata could have over the data extraction performance in TSDBs. A dedicated testing procedure has been configured for evaluating InfluxDB, one of the most effective and widespread TSDBs. The performance analysis, carried out on a specific use case, demonstrated that the database write and read performance can be significantly affected by the used data model, with queries executed on the same data requiring times from hundreds of ms to seconds in the worst cases. © 2019 IEEE.
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| 25. |
- Rinaldi, S., et al.
(författare)
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Software-based time synchronization for integrating power hardware in the loop emulation in IEEE1588 power profile testbed
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 9781538676066
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Modern power systems are becoming more and more complex, in order to handle the growing spread of Renewables and of Electric Vehicle charging stations. The control capability relies on the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), including accurate time distribution mechanisms, such as the IEEE 1588 protocol, to the existing distribution grid infrastructure. The validation of such complex systems can hardly be performed in real environments, for both technical and economic reasons. Power Hardware in the Loop (PHIL) emulation systems have already been demonstrated to be effective for this scope. The design of a testbed for the validation of IEEE 1588 power profile based on PHIL solutions requires the capability to synchronize the time bases of the elements forming the testbed. Commercial PHIL systems often offer proprietary synchronization solutions, but these approaches cannot be applied in the general case. In this paper, a software-based solution, able to time synchronize PHIL with IEEE 1588 devices, has been investigated. Such a solution has the advantage that it does not require dedicated hardware, thus it can be applied to different PHIL systems. The experimental characterization highlights that, using such approach, it is possible to reach a time synchronization with an expanded uncertainty (k=3) of 0.75 μs, more than enough to correctly emulate events on the power grid. © 2019 IEEE.
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| 26. |
- Signoretti, G., et al.
(författare)
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A dependability evaluation for OBD-II Edge Devices : An Internet of Intelligent Vehicles perspective
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728166223
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the last decade, the growth of the automotive market with the help of technologies has stood out. Along with this growing recognition, the so-called Internet of Intelligent Vehicles (IoIV) emerges as an evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) applied to the automotive sector. In this way, IoIV requires communication interfaces in order to exchange sensor data from vehicles to cloud platforms. A new fashion and recent way to implement this requirement have been attended from the adoption of OBD-II Edge devices, which extended traditional features of legacy on-board diagnostics devices. The objective of this work is to perform a dependability evaluation on existing communication interfaces in OBD-II Edge devices. For this, experiments were carried out using two vehicles in urban areas of the city of Natal, Brazil. As a result, it has been identified that the communication protocols available in the OBD-II dongles analyzed need some redundancy to increase dependability. Besides, a redundant communication solution is proposed in order to attain the observed dependability requirements. © 2019 IEEE.
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| 27. |
- Sisinni, E., et al.
(författare)
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Simple interference detection and classification for industrial Wireless Sensor Networks
- 2015
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Ingår i: Conference Record - IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference. - Pisa, Italy : IEEE. - 9781479961139 ; , s. 2106-2110
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are increasingly deployed in office blocks, residential areas and also industrial locations, thanks to advantages in terms of flexibility and scalability. Nowadays available wireless fieldbuses are widely adopted for process monitoring and offer performance comparable with the wired counterparts, despite they still are more sensitive to interference from external sources. This work investigates the main sources of interference in the 2.4 GHz ISMband and evaluates the adoption of a simple algorithm to identify the interference. The proposed technique, called LPED, is based on bit error nature and forward error correction. The required computational effort is compatible with resources normally available in WSN nodes, as experimentally verified. In addition, performance in presence of IEEE802.11 and iWLAN is also verified; classification is correct in about 90% of cases.
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