| 1. |
- Al-Taie, Laith
(författare)
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Performance of landfills of hazardous waste with special respect to the function of clay liners
- 2012
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This licentiate thesis is based on four papers related to the performance of near-surface low-level (LLW) repositories (landfills) focusing on construction and performance of clay liners in the cappings. The first paper discusses the source of hazardous wastes, their location and their impact on public health. The paper also discusses the scientific basis of the selection of the isolation of such wastes taking in account also cost issues. The paper also shows rules and principles of composing and constructing isolation of such waste according to American and German regulations. The second paper deals with the criteria for locating plants for processing and disposal of hazardous waste in Iraq with special respect to environmental, geological and socio-economic factors. Referring to these criteria a potential disposal site in the Al-Jezira desert is assessed in the paper. The third paper describes the properties of two candidate Iraqi smectitic clays of potential value for isolating hazardous wastes. These clays have been and are still being examined in order to determine their performance and usability for waste isolation. The fourth paper, finally, discusses in detail the hydration-dehydration processes in clay liners in cappings of waste landfills in desertic climates. It also deals with construction issues.
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| 2. |
- Andreas, Lale, et al.
(författare)
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Chemical and hydraulic conditions in a landfill/deposit for wood-based ash
- 2004
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Ingår i: The 3rd Intercontinental Landfill Research Symposium November 29th - December 2nd, 2004 in Toya, Hokkaido Japan. - Hokkaido : Center for Applied Ethics and Philosophy, Hokkaido University. ; , s. 121-129
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 3. |
- Brundin, Herman, et al.
(författare)
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Långtidsegenskaper hos tätskikt innehållande bentonit
- 2001
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Bentonit är en starkt vattenupptagande och svällande naturlig lera med låg vattengenomsläpplighet. Huvudkomponenten är mineralet montmorillonit, som tillhör gruppen smektiter och som ger bentoniten dess unika egenskaper. Syftet med uppdraget är att söka identifiera vilka mekanismer och faktorer som kan vara begränsande för funktionen på kort och lång sikt hos tätskikt innehållande bentonitmattor samt blandningar av bentonit och andra material. I rapporten ges underlag för projektering, utformning och drift av deponier med tätskikt innehållande bentonit. Där redovisas också tre fallstudier från Högbytorp, Löt och Tveta.
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| 4. |
- Brännvall, Evelina, et al.
(författare)
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Ageing of ashes in a landfill top cover
- 2011
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Ingår i: SARDINIA 2011. - Cagliari : CISA Publisher, Italy.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is based on studies on the effects of accelerated ageing on refuse-derived-fuel (RDF) fly ashes, in experiments under controlled laboratory conditions, intended to derive models to predict the stability of RDF fly ashes used in a landfill liner and the mineralogi-cal changes that occur in them. A reduced factorial design was applied, followed by multivariate data analysis, to evaluate the effects of five factors — carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, temperature, relative air humidity (RH), time and the quality of added water — on mineral transformations within the ashes, and leaching behaviour. The pH values of these ash specimens ranged from 7.2 to 7.6, indicating advanced carbonation. Ageing decreased pH values from 12.4 to 7.2, conse-quently affecting the leaching behaviour of most chemicals measured in the leachates. Levels of Ba, Ca, Cl, Cr, Cu, Pb, K and Na decreased over the study period while those of Mg, Zn and SO4 increased. Clay minerals could not be detected neither in fresh nor in aged ashes. However, geo-chemical modelling indicated that such minerals may precipitate.
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| 5. |
- Brännvall, Evelina, et al.
(författare)
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Changes of fly ash properties during the ageing
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of environmental engineering. - 0733-9372 .- 1943-7870. ; 141:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aging of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) fly ashes was investigated in a long-term laboratory experiment. Aging affected the chemical stability of RDF fly ash in terms of leaching behavior, ANC, and mineralogical transformations. The design of experiment model evaluation showed that the use of RDF ashes in a top cover liner construction has the following advantages: most of the investigated hazardous elements like Pb, Cl, Cr, Cu, etc., will not be released from the ashes, and their buffer capacity will increase with time. However, aging has the disadvantage that leaching of Zn and SO 4 is likely to increase. The multivariate data analysis of the coefficients of variation did not reveal any systematic errors in the performance of the experiment. However, batch leaching test not always reflect the real situation in the landfill top cover environment.
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| 6. |
- Brännvall, Evelina, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of industrial residue combinations on availability of elements
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 276, s. 171-181
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Industrial residues, such as fly ashes and biosolids, contain elements (e.g. N, P, K, S, Ca and Zn) that make them a viable alternative for synthetic fertilizers in forestry and agriculture. However, the use of these materials is often limited due to the presence of potentially toxic substances. It is therefore necessary to assess and, when warranted, modify the chemical and physical form of these and similar waste materials before any advantages are taken of their beneficial properties. Biofuel fly ash, municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash, biosolids, peat, peat residues and gypsum board waste were combined in various proportions, and this resulted in increased leaching of N, P, S, Cu and Mn, but decreased leaching of Ca, K, Mg, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn, Al, As and Pb. Chemical fractionation revealed that elements Ca, K, Mg, S and Mn were predominantly exchangeable, while the rest of the elements were less mobile. Cadmium was mostly exchangeable in MSWI fly ash, but less mobile in biofuel fly ash mixtures. Recycling of MSWI fly ash in the mixtures with fertilizers is considerably less attractive, due to the high levels of salts and exchangeable Cd.
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| 7. |
- Brännvall, Evelina, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of residue combinations on plant uptake of nutrients and potentially toxic elements
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 132, s. 287-295
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the plant pot experiment was to evaluate potential environmental impacts of combined industrial residues to be used as soil fertilisers by analysing i) element availability in fly ash and biosolids mixed with soil both individual and in combination, ii) changes in element phytoavailability in soil fertilised with these materials and iii) impact of the fertilisers on plant growth and element uptake.Plant pot experiments were carried out, using soil to which fresh residue mixtures had been added. The results showed that element availability did not correlate with plant growth in the fertilised soil with. The largest concentrations of K (3534mg/l), Mg (184mg/l), P (1.8mg/l), S (760mg/l), Cu (0.39mg/l) and Zn (0.58mg/l) in soil pore water were found in the soil mixture with biosolids and MSWI fly ashes; however plants did not grow at all in mixtures containing the latter, most likely due to the high concentration of chlorides (82g/kg in the leachate) in this ash. It is known that high salinity of soil can reduce germination by e.g. limiting water absorption by the seeds. The concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in grown plants were negligible in most of the soils and were below the instrument detection limit values.The proportions of biofuel fly ash and biosolids can be adjusted in order to balance the amount and availability of macronutrients, while the possible increase of potentially toxic elements in biomass is negligible seeing as the plant uptake of such elements was low. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
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| 8. |
- Brännvall, Evelina, et al.
(författare)
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Elements availability in soil fertilized with pelletized fly ash and biosolids
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 159, s. 27-36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of combined and pelletized industrial residues on availability and mobility of nutrients and potentially toxic elements in soil, plant growth and element uptake. Plant pot experiments were carried out using soil to which 2% of pelletized residue containing biosolids mixed with either municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MFA) or biofuel fly ash (BFA) was added. The tests showed that the plant growth did not correspond to the content of available nutrients in fertilised soil. MFA application to soil resulted in elevated concentrations of P (506 mg/kg), As (2.7 mg/kg), Cd (0.8 mg/kg) and Pb (12.1 mg/kg) in soil, lower plant uptake of Al (25 mg/kg) and Ba (51 mg/kg), but higher accumulation of As (4.3 mg/kg) and Cd (0.3 mg/kg) in plants compared to the unamended soil and soil amended with BFA. On average, the biomass of the plants grown in the soil containing MFA was larger than in other soils.Considering the use of industrial residue mixtures as soil amendments or fertilizers, the amount of added elements should not exceed those taken up by plants, by this preventing the increase of soil background concentrations.
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| 9. |
- Brännvall, Evelina, et al.
(författare)
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Factors influencing chemical and mineralogical changes in RDF fly ashes during aging
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of environmental engineering. - 0733-9372 .- 1943-7870. ; 140:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of aging should be considered for reliable long-term assessments of the environmental risks of the use of refuse-derived-fuel (RDF) fly ash as landfill top cover liner material. Mineral transformations that occur in RDF fly ash, and the effects of selected factors on these transformations, were studied on compacted fly ash specimens in an accelerated aging experiment using a reduced factorial design. Carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, relative air humidity, time, and the quality of added water were varied in six factor combinations. Acid neutralization capacity and leaching behavior were analyzed after four different periods of time. The results were evaluated with multivariate data analysis. A significant change in the acid neutralization capacity, a decrease in leaching of Ba, Ca, Cl − , Cr, Cu, Pb, K, and Na, and an increase in solubility of Mg, Si, Zn, and SO 2− 4 could be attributed to different aging conditions
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Dahlbom, Sixten, et al.
(författare)
-
Minimering av vätgasrelaterade risker från avfallseldade CFB-pannor
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det finns driftparametrar som påverkar reaktiviteten på flygaskan från avfallseldade CFB-pannor. Det finns också goda skäl att tänka ett par varv extra kring säkerhetsfrågor i miljöer där dessa askor kommer i kontakt med, eller har kommit i kontakt med, vatten! Det är tidigare känt att askor från avfallseldade CFB-pannor kan bilda vätgas när de kommer i kontakt med vatten. Det övergripande syftet med projektet har varit att minska de vätgasrelaterade arbetsmiljöriskerna förknippade med dessa flygaskor samt att öka kunskapsnivån kring de vätgasrelaterade riskerna generellt. Projektet har undersökt vilka driftparametrar och mekanismer som kan påverka vätgasbildningen både sett till mängd och hastighet, undersökt mängden metalliskt aluminium i askor/beläggningar i pannan samt att genomfört en grovriskanalys för en tänkt logistikkedja med båt. Undersökningarna har fokuserats till P14 och P15 vid E.ON:s Händelöverk. Resultaten visade bland annat att det i litteraturen finns väldigt lite information direkt relaterad till frågeställningen i CFB-pannor. Istället får slutsatser och teorier byggas kring litteratur som hanterar närliggande frågeställningar i andra miljöer. De experimentella resultaten indikerar att det finns en skillnad i reaktivitet i flygaskan mellan de båda pannorna och att val av bäddmaterial är en driftparameter som tycks kunna påverka reaktiviteten. Vid inblandning av ilmenit i bäddmaterialet tycktes den maximala vätgasbildningen sjunka och/eller bli mer fördröjd i tiden. De övriga driftfall som studerades var: dellast, varierande tillsats av ammoniak i SNCR systemet samt lagring/åldring av aska i NID-filtret (rökgasreningen) när en del av filtret är ur drift. Det finns indikationer på att dessa driftfall också kan ha påverkan, men dataunderlaget är för litet för att med säkerhet fastslå något. Det tycks dock svårt att förutom med bäddmaterial påverka reaktiviteten med bibehållen funktion i driften i övrigt. Ask/beläggningsprover från olika delar av pannorna visade att halten metalliskt aluminium i ekonomiser är fullt jämförbar med de efter NID-filtret och därmed är det stor risk för vätgasbildning vid våt rengöring av dessa delar. God ventilation och utbildningsinsatser för att öka medvetenheten är viktiga rekommendationer för att minska/hantera risken. Slutsatserna från grovriskanalysen logistikkedjan lyfter faran med att generalisera vätgasbildningen från askorna eftersom den varierar så kraftigt. Det är också viktigt att ta hänsyn till att vätgasbildningen kan vara fördröjd och inte initieras förrän askan utsätts för mekanisk bearbetning. Den mekaniska bearbetningen utgör också en risk utifrån att den kan initiera gnistbildning. Denna gnistbildning kan i sin tur agera som tändkälla för bildad gas.
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| 12. |
- Godenhjelm, Sebastian, et al.
(författare)
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Projectification in the public sector – the case of the European Union
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Managing Projects in Business. - 1753-8378 .- 1753-8386. ; 8:2, s. 324-348
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to establish an understanding of what projectification means, how projectification is driven forward, as well as what the consequences of projectification are in an European Union (EU) context, and in the public sector in general.Design/methodology/approachThe research methods consist of a literature review as well as a meta-analysis of key EU policy documents related to the functioning of regional development and projects. The paper shows that structural developments brought forth by a projectification in a public sector context have significant consequences.FindingsWithout contextually sensitive interlinking mechanisms between temporary and permanent structures projects risk losing their flexible and innovative qualities, and may fragment the ability of permanent organisations for maintaining coordination and continuity. The findings suggests that the proximity of permanent organisations, the discretion of entrepreneurship, the political priority of the task, the inclusion of competencies and interests, and the quality of transfer mechanisms are essential variables in explaining the outcome of temporary organisations in a politico-administrative context.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper contributes to the literature on projects in a public sector context and suggests that comparative research on the drivers and consequences of public sector projectification in supranational as well as national contexts is needed.Practical implicationsThe increasing requirements for applied project management skills and methods as criteria for project selection in the public sector highlight the importance of a broader theoretical and practical understanding of projectification.Originality/valueThe paper adds a new dimension to the projectification debate by presenting a descriptive and conceptual discussion about the consequences of public sector projectification in an EU context. It complements an existing theory of the temporary organisation and takes the first steps towards a theory applicable to projectification in a public context.
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| 13. |
- Hernlund, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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The phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 is effective in inhibiting regrowth of tumour cells after cytotoxic therapy
- 2012
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Ingår i: European Journal of Cancer. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-8049 .- 1879-0852. ; 48:3, s. 396-406
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE:Regrowth of tumour cells between cycles of chemotherapy is a significant clinical problem. Treatment strategies where antiproliferative agents are used to inhibit tumour regrowth between chemotherapy cycles are attractive, but such strategies are difficult to test using conventional monolayer culture systems.METHODS:We used the in vitro tumour spheroid model to study regrowth of 3-D colon carcinoma tissue after cytotoxic therapy. Colon carcinoma cells with wild-type or mutant phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit (PI3KCA) or KRAS alleles were allowed to form multicellular spheroids and the effects of different pharmacological compounds were studied after sectioning and staining for relevant markers of cell proliferation and apoptosis.RESULTS:Studies using colon cancer cells with gene disruptions suggested that the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway was essential for proliferation in 3-D culture. The dual PI3K-mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235, currently in clinical trials, was found to inhibit phosphorylation of the mTOR target 4EBP1 in 3-D cultured cells. The ability of NVP-BEZ235 to inhibit tumour cell proliferation and to induce apoptosis was markedly more pronounced in 3-D cultures compared to monolayer cultures. It was subsequently found that NVP-BEZ235 was effective in inhibiting regrowth of 3-D cultured cells after treatment with two cytotoxic inhibitors of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), methyl-13-hydroxy-15-oxokaurenoate (MHOK) and bortezomib (Velcade®).CONCLUSIONS:The dual PI3K-mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 was found to reduce cell proliferation and to induce apoptosis in 3-D cultured colon carcinoma cells, NVP-BEZ235 is a promising candidate for use in sequential treatment modalities together with cytotoxic drugs to reduce the cell mass of solid tumours.
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| 14. |
- Karlsson, Henning, et al.
(författare)
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Mechanistic characterization of a copper containing thiosemicarbazone with potent antitumor activity
- 2017
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Ingår i: Oncotarget. - : Impact Journals, LLC. - 1949-2553. ; 8:18, s. 30217-30234
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The thiosemicarbazone CD 02750 (VLX50) was recently reported as a hit compound in a phenotype-based drug screen in primary cultures of patient tumor cells. We synthesized a copper complex of VLX50, denoted VLX60, and characterized its antitumor and mechanistic properties. Materials and Methods: The cytotoxic effects and mechanistic properties of VLX60 were investigated in monolayer cultures of multiple human cell lines, in tumor cells from patients, in a 3-D spheroid cell culture system and in vivo and were compared with those of VLX50. Results: VLX60 showed ?3-fold higher cytotoxic activity than VLX50 in 2-D cultures and, in contrast to VLX50, retained its activity in the presence of additional iron. VLX60 was effective against non-proliferative spheroids and against tumor xenografts in vivo in a murine model. In contrast to VLX50, gene expression analysis demonstrated that genes associated with oxidative stress were considerably enriched in cells exposed to VLX60 as was induction of reactive oxygen. VLX60 compromised the ubiquitin-proteasome system and was more active in BRAF mutated versus BRAF wild-type colon cancer cells. Conclusions: The cytotoxic effects of the copper thiosemicarbazone VLX60 differ from those of VLX50 and shows interesting features as a potential antitumor drug, notably against BRAF mutated colorectal cancer.
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| 15. |
- Kashif, Muhammad, et al.
(författare)
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A Pragmatic Definition of Therapeutic Synergy Suitable for Clinically Relevant In Vitro Multicompound Analyses
- 2014
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Ingår i: Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. - 1535-7163 .- 1538-8514. ; 13:7, s. 1964-1976
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For decades, the standard procedure when screening for candidate anticancer drug combinations has been to search for synergy, defined as any positive deviation from trivial cases like when the drugs are regarded as diluted versions of each other (Loewe additivity), independent actions (Bliss independence), or no interaction terms in a response surface model (no interaction). Here, we show that this kind of conventional synergy analysis may be completely misleading when the goal is to detect if there is a promising in vitro therapeutic window. Motivated by this result, and the fact that a drug combination offering a promising therapeutic window seldom is interesting if one of its constituent drugs can provide the same window alone, the largely overlooked concept of therapeutic synergy (TS) is reintroduced. In vitro TS is said to occur when the largest therapeutic window obtained by the best drug combination cannot be achieved by any single drug within the concentration range studied. Using this definition of TS, we introduce a procedure that enables its use in modern massively parallel experiments supported by a statistical omnibus test for TS designed to avoid the multiple testing problem. Finally, we suggest how one may perform TS analysis, via computational predictions of the reference cell responses, when only the target cell responses are available. In conclusion, the conventional error-prone search for promising drug combinations may be improved by replacing conventional (toxicology-rooted) synergy analysis with an analysis focused on (clinically motivated) TS.
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| 16. |
- Kumpiene, Jurate, et al.
(författare)
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Utilisation of chemically stabilized arsenic-contaminated soil in a landfill cover
- 2013
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0944-1344 .- 1614-7499. ; 20:12, s. 8649-8662
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to determine if an As-contaminated soil, stabilized using zerovalent iron (Fe0) and its combination with gypsum waste, coal fly ash, peat, or sewage sludge, could be used as a construction material at the top layer of the landfill cover. A reproduction of 2 m thick protection/vegetation layer of a landfill cover using a column setup was used to determine the ability of the amendments to reduce As solubility and stimulate soil functionality along the soil profile. Soil amendment with Fe0 was highly efficient in reducing As in soil porewater reaching 99 % reduction, but only at the soil surface. In the deeper soil layers (below 0.5 m), the Fe treatment had a reverse effect, As solubility increased dramatically exceeding that of the untreated soil or any other treatment by one to two orders of magnitude. A slight bioluminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri was detected in the Fe0 treatment. Soil amendment with iron and peat showed no toxicity to bacteria and was the most efficient in reducing dissolved As in soil porewater throughout the 2 m soil profile followed by iron and gypsum treatment, most likely resulting from a low soil density and a good air diffusion to the soil. The least suitable combination of soil amendments for As immobilization was a mixture of iron with coal fly ash. An increase in all measured enzyme activities was observed in all treatments, particularly those receiving organic matter. For As to be stable in soil, a combination of amendments that can keep the soil porous and ensure the air diffusion through the entire soil layer of the landfill cover is required.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Lindskog, Staffan, et al.
(författare)
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Division of nuclear liabilities between different license holders and owners
- 2011
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. - New York : American Society of Mechanical Engineers. - 9780791854983 ; , s. 985-994
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden was one of the first six countries to build and operate a nuclear power reactor. Thus, there exists a corresponding legacy in terms of liabilities for decommissioning and waste management of the historic facilities. Compliance with the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) and its corollary on equity between generations implies that plans for decommissioning must be made and funds set aside for its execution. The need for precision in the cost estimates often governs the timing of the technical planning. Cost estimates are treacherous since cost raisers may be identified and evaluated only after considerable efforts have been made. Further complications and challenges arise as a result of changes that take place between construction and decommissioning of facilities in terms of the entities involved as owners, operators, license holders, Authorities and financiers. From this perspective, the present paper summarizes the general legislation as well as the legislation that applies particularly to nuclear activities. It also summarizes the relation between the nuclear decommissioning fund system and financial reporting. Three examples are provided that wholly or partially fall under the Studsvik act (that specifically covers old facilities): The Ågesta nuclear power plant The Ranstad uranium mining and beneficiation facility The Neutron Research Laboratory at Studsvik The findings include the following: It is important that the legislation be clear as to what is included and not. The rationale for the legislation should also be clear and well communicated. Old agreements can be significant for the assessment of liabilities, even in cases where a party may no longer exist. Support for assessment of when activities are continuing or not (which may have a strong significance for the liability) can be found in court cases on chemically contaminated soil. Analysis of facilities and the work carried out at different times can be very helpful in determining whether or not a facility is auxiliary. In order to be essentially correct, annual reporting must be coherent with the declarations of the funding system and in compliance with the IAR/IFRS standards. Keeping of searchable records is essential Research is essential, not only to provide bases for high quality decisions, but also to promote consensus based on agreement on factual circumstances
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| 19. |
- Lindskog, Staffan, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainability of nuclear energy with regard to decommissioning and waste management
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning. - 1743-7601 .- 1743-761X. ; 8:2, s. 246-264
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sustainability aspects of nuclear power are analysed with regard to such environmental liabilities that are associated with decommissioning of nuclear facilities and with nuclear waste management. Sustainability is defined and evaluated based on information searches that also include energy from combustion of coal. It is concluded that the claims on sustainability put forward by different parties are inconsistent and that coherent methodologies for evaluation are needed together with appropriately structured knowledge bases. Examples are presented from the perspective of the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority. It is found that nuclear power can qualify as sustainable only if the nuclear liability associated with protection of health and the environment - now and in the future – is appropriately managed. Sustainability awareness is analysed in a historic perspective, and it is found that it has been around for at least as long as agriculture, and that at least some of the shortcomings are actually modern inventions. Comprehensive perspectives are essential, since sustainability awareness may appear as trends. It is a historical fact that planning for decommissioning and estimation of associated costs are frequently treacherous exercises. However, costs must be relatively accurately estimated already at early stages so that adequate funds are available at the time when they are needed. Thus, the timing of the technical planning is often governed by the needs for financial planning. It is the duty of the present generation to assess what is adequate and to find responsible solutions. But the next generation should also be asked to carefully consider the perspective that they provide to us.
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| 20. |
- Matthews, Bethany E., et al.
(författare)
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Micro- and Nanoscale Surface Analysis of Late Iron Age Glass from Broborg, a Vitrified Swedish Hillfort
- 2023
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Ingår i: Microscopy and Microanalysis. - : Oxford University Press. - 1431-9276 .- 1435-8115. ; 29:1, s. 50-68
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Archaeological glasses with prolonged exposure to biogeochemical processes in the environment can be used to understand glass alteration, which is important for the safe disposal of vitrified nuclear waste. Samples of mafic and felsic glasses with different chemistries, formed from melting amphibolitic and granitoid rocks, were obtained from Broborg, a Swedish Iron Age hillfort. Glasses were excavated from the top of the hillfort wall and from the wall interior. A detailed microscopic, spectroscopic, and diffraction study of surficial textures and chemistries were conducted on these glasses. Felsic glass chemistry was uniform, with a smooth surface showing limited chemical alteration (<150 nm), irrespective of the position in the wall. Mafic glass was heterogeneous, with pyroxene, spinel, feldspar, and quartz crystals in the glassy matrix. Mafic glass surfaces in contact with topsoil were rougher than those within the wall and had carbon-rich material consistent with microbial colonization. Limited evidence for chemical or physical alteration of mafic glass was found; the thin melt film that coated all exposed surfaces remained intact, despite exposure to hydraulically unsaturated conditions, topsoil, and associated microbiome for over 1,500 years. This supports the assumption that aluminosilicate nuclear waste glasses will have a high chemical durability in near-surface disposal facilities.
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| 21. |
- McCloy, John S., et al.
(författare)
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Reproduction of melting behavior for vitrified hillforts based on amphibolite, granite, and basalt lithologies
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Nature. - 2045-2322. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- European Bronze and Iron Age vitrified hillforts have been known since the 1700s, but archaeological interpretations regarding their function and use are still debated. We carried out a series of experiments to constrain conditions that led to the vitrification of the inner wall rocks in the hillfort at Broborg, Sweden. Potential source rocks were collected locally and heat treated in the laboratory, varying maximum temperature, cooling rate, and starting particle size. Crystalline and amorphous phases were quantified using X-ray diffraction both in situ, during heating and cooling, and ex situ, after heating and quenching. Textures, phases, and glass compositions obtained were compared with those for rock samples from the vitrified part of the wall, as well as with equilibrium crystallization calculations. ‘Dark glass’ and its associated minerals formed from amphibolite or dolerite rocks melted at 1000–1200 °C under reducing atmosphere then slow cooled. ‘Clear glass’ formed from non-equilibrium partial melting of feldspar in granitoid rocks. This study aids archaeological forensic investigation of vitrified hillforts and interpretation of source rock material by mapping mineralogical changes and glass production under various heating conditions.
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| 22. |
- Nava-Farias, Lorena, et al.
(författare)
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Applying laboratory methods for durability assessment of vitrified material to archaeological samples
- 2021
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Ingår i: npj Materials Degradation. - : Springer Nature. - 2397-2106. ; 5:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Laboratory testing used to assess the long-term chemical durability of nuclear waste forms may not be applicable to disposal because the accelerated conditions may not represent disposal conditions. To address this, we examine the corrosion of vitrified archeological materials excavated from the near surface of a ~1500-year old Iron Age Swedish hillfort, Broborg, as an analog for the disposal of vitrified nuclear waste. We compare characterized site samples with corrosion characteristics generated by standard laboratory durability test methods including the product consistency test (PCT), the vapor hydration test (VHT), and the EPA Method 1313 test. Results show that the surficial layer of the Broborg samples resulting from VHT displays some similarities to the morphology of the surficial layer formed over longer timescales in the environment. This work provides improved understanding of long-term glass corrosion behavior in terms of the thickness, morphology, and chemistry of the surficial features that are formed.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Pearce, Carolyn I., et al.
(författare)
-
Reducing risk and uncertainty associated with nuclear waste processing and disposal : a Hanfort tank waste study
- 2018
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Department of Energy’s Environmental Management cleanup effort is focused on developing and implementing innovative and high impact technologies and solutions that positively impact the overall mission lifecycle by: (1) reducing lifecycle costs; (2) accelerating lifecycle schedules; (3) mitigating mission uncertainties, vulnerabilities, and risks; and (4) minimizing the mortgage associated with long-term, post-closure and post-completion stewardship. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and its partnering institutions, are focused on reducing risk and uncertainty across the integrated flowsheet which includes safe waste storage, retrieval, pretreatment, immobilization, disposal, and tank closure. In this presentation, an overview of the major Hanford flowsheet unit operations will be provided and examples of specific projects focused on reducing risks and uncertainties will be explored. For example, a key issue of Hanford tank waste processing and disposal is that, although radionuclides (e.g., technetium) drive the disposal risk for the low-activity flowsheet, the presence of ‘benign’ elements (e.g., aluminum) dictate processing limits or rates in both retrieval and pretreatment unit operations and have other potential downstream negative impacts. Thus, safe, cost-effective, and efficient waste processing depends on a fundamental understanding of aluminum chemistry in high ionic strength, highly alkaline solutions where water activity is low. Once the waste has been retrieved, processed, and immobilized, controlling the behavior of risk driving elements (e.g., Tc and/or I for low-activity waste) in the waste form and the environment becomes essential for waste form disposal or tank closure.With respect to low-activity waste form disposal, material solutions must demonstrate that the risk driving radioactive elements will be contained in a manner wholly consistent with statutory requirements. Modelling future performance remains a challenge for performance assessment (PA) formalism. An appealing option is to perform an inverse PA (IPA) and look far into the past. Archeological artifacts, analogous to wasteform materials (i.e. glass and concrete) that have been left by our ancestors and exposed to the environment for thousands of years can be used to check for comprehensiveness as well as to validate and refine predicted wasteform durability. An IPA describes the features, events and processes that have influenced the corrosion of a material over time and can help establish the most likely scenarios that should be included in PA for the future. An IPA for ancient glass from a hillfort at Broborg, Sweden (ca. 400-575 AD), used to fortify the fort walls will also be one of the key focal points of this presentation.
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| 26. |
- Plymale, Andrew E., et al.
(författare)
-
Niche Partitioning of Microbial Communities at an Ancient Vitrified Hillfort : Implications for Vitrified Radioactive Waste Disposal
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Geomicrobiology Journal. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0149-0451 .- 1521-0529. ; 38:1, s. 36-56
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Because microbes cannot be eliminated from radioactive waste disposal facilities, the consequences of bio-colonization must be understood. At a pre-Viking era vitrified hillfort, Broborg, Sweden, anthropogenic glass has been subjected to bio-colonization for over 1,500 years. Broborg is used as a habitat analogue for disposed radioactive waste glass to inform how microbial processes might influence long-term glass durability. Electron microscopy and DNA sequencing of surficial material from the Broborg vitrified wall, adjacent soil, and general topsoil show that the ancient glass supports a niche microbial community of bacteria, fungi, and protists potentially involved in glass alteration. Communities associated with the vitrified wall are distinct and less diverse than soil communities. The vitrified niche of the wall and adjacent soil are dominated by lichens, lichen-associated microbes, and other epilithic, endolithic, and epigeic organisms. These organisms exhibit potential bio-corrosive properties, including silicate dissolution, extraction of essential elements, and secretion of geochemically reactive organic acids, that could be detrimental to glass durability. However, long-term biofilms can also possess a homeostatic function that could limit glass alteration. This study documents potential impacts that microbial colonization and niche partitioning can have on glass alteration, and subsequent release of radionuclides from a disposal facility for vitrified radioactive waste.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Sjöblom, Rolf, et al.
(författare)
-
Assessment of the reason for the vitrification of a wall at a hillfort. The example of Broborg in Sweden
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Archaeological Science. - : Elsevier. - 2352-409X .- 2352-4103. ; 43
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It was discovered around 250 years ago that some of the rock material in the walls of some hillforts had been subjected to such high temperature that it had vitrified. This prompted a debate as to the reason for it that is still going on today: did the vitrification come about as a result of hostile action, by accident, or for the purpose of constructing the fort? The present paper is based on the recognition that hillforts are different, and therefore should be evaluated individually. All identifiable factors of interest should be included, and especially those that might disprove any alternative. Thus, incentives, competence and petrographic aspects were evaluated for the hillfort named Broborg (dated to the Migration Period, in Sweden A.D. 400–550), and it is concluded that the vitrification here came about for the purpose of constructing the fort.
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| 29. |
- Sjöblom, Rolf
(författare)
-
Classification of ash as hazardous or non-hazardous waste
- 2014
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Combustion and incineration are utilized extensively in Sweden for the generation of heat and electricity. Substantial volumes of ash with varying chemical composition are also generated in the process. Classification of such ash as hazardous or non-hazardous under the European union legislation is, in principle, a “mission impossible” since the chemical forms of the inorganic components are very complex. Consequently, a method has been identifiedaccording to which reference substances are selected such that they represent the hazards of the actual forms of those trace elements that might influence health and the environment. The reference substances have been selected such that the hazard is not underestimated, that the result becomes reasonable realistic and that the evaluation is feasible to carry out. There areindications, especially with regard to ecotoxicity, that the method is overly cautious, and a potential is identified for combining testing with information from Authority data bases. It is explained and exemplified that ash may be very susceptible to ageing, and that this in many cases, and for most of the elements of interest, may improve the properties considerably. This not only influences the status of an ash with regard to the acceptance criteria for landfilling, butalso influences the classification. Leach properties are important when the degree of solid solution is to be assessed. Elements with similar properties, especially regarding their ionic radii, tend to exchange for each other even in solids. The effect is strongest for those elements that are the lowest abundance. Solid solution effects may lead to that trace elements become as inaccessible as the major elements in a certain crystalline phase. Iron(hydr)oxides and other ironrich phases frequently act as sinks for chromium, nickel and zinc, and in many cases this implies that most of these elements may not contribute to a classification as hazardous. The method has been applied to around 30 facilities with typically several ashes at each facility. It is concluded that this approach has lead to that many ashes have been classified in a cautious bur also reasonably realistic manner which at the same time has been practical.
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| 30. |
- Sjöblom, Rolf
(författare)
-
Classification of waste as hazardous or non-hazardous : the cases of ash and slag
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Waste Management and the Environment VI. - : WIT Press. - 9781845646066 - 9781845646073 ; , s. 285-296
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Anyone who owns and manages waste is obligated by law to know if it is hazardous or non-hazardous. However, proper classification of waste from incineration and combustion facilities as well as from steel mills may initially appear as a "mission impossible". In such waste, oxides of various elements appear in the form of various phases with non-stoichiometric and varying compositions that do not appear in the data bases on hazardous properties of various substances. The trace elements - which are the ones of highest significance for the classification - do not form phases of their own but are included in the phases formed by the major elements in the form of solid solution. Different batches of waste may have different ranges of compositions rendering direct testing an insurmountable task. A method is presented by means of which such residues can be classified in a conservative but still reasonably realistic and feasible manner. According to this method, elements of interest are regarded as if they appeared as simple oxides or as mixed oxides with iron. These reference substances are selected in such a manner that they can be found in databases on hazardous properties of various substances. Such data of the reference substances can then be used together with data from chemical analysis to calculate whether the waste in question is hazardous or non-hazardous. This approach has been pursued in Sweden at more than 30 plants with good results. It is anticipated that the method - after adjustment - can be used also under upcoming new legislation
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Sjöblom, Rolf, et al.
(författare)
-
Energy generation by waste incineration: the management of impregnated wood
- 2015
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Ingår i: Energy and Sustainability VI. - Southampton, UK : WIT Transactions on Ecology and The Environment. - 9781845649449 - 9781845649456 ; , s. 89-100
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Landfilling of organic waste is no longer allowed in Sweden. Instead, essentially all such waste is being recycled, and about half of it goes to incineration which accounts for about 10% of the total need for heating of buildings. Incineration implies destruction of potentially harmful constituents in the waste, but does not destroy contaminant elements such as arsenic which almost exclusively originates from impregnated wood. Methods for identification of chromium, copper and arsenic in such wood are analysed as well as techniques for sorting it into two categories. If incinerated separately, these can give rise to ash with Cr, Cu and As, and ash with only Cu. The former ash has a small volume and can be stabilized/landfilled at a qualified facility, and the latter ash might be used for beneficiation of Cu. In addition, the contamination by As, especially, in other fuels will be small and consequently also in the ash, thus facilitating its use. It is found that such sorting may be achieved using visual inspection as well as x-ray fluorescence (XRF), whilst use of reagents does not appear to offer any advantage over these two. Both methods are already in industrial use in Sweden, thus proving the feasibility of segregation and stabilization of contaminants in impregnated wood.
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| 33. |
- Sjöblom, Rolf, et al.
(författare)
-
Financial planning for the decommissioning of a nuclear power plant
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Environmental Impact. - Southampton : WIT Press. - 9781845646042 - 9781845646059 ; , s. 3-14
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- After their service life is over, nuclear power plants must be decommissioned. Accordingly, Sweden has a system with segregated funds to cover the costs. Payments to the funds are dictated by the results of recurrent cost estimates. Recently, differences have been observed between different estimations for the Barsebäck BWR:s. Therefore, the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority, who oversees the system, has commissioned the present study with the objective to investigate the reasons. The work comprises analyses of generic deviances as well as specific ones. It was found that the variations are within the ranges observed elsewhere, but that the precision in comparisons between different reactors can be improved. No new cost raisers were identified for the Barsebäck reactors. It was found that the cost estimation community strongly recommends the parametric method for early estimates whilst the cost calculations on decommissioning are mostly based on the bottom-up method. It is proposed that the parametric method be attempted for comparison between different reactors
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| 34. |
- Sjöblom, Rolf, et al.
(författare)
-
Finansiella aspekter vid avveckling av kärnkraftverk (BWR)
- 2012
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- After their service life is over, nuclear power plants must be decommissioned. Accordingly,Sweden has a system with segregated funds to cover the costs. Paymentsto the funds are dictated by the results of recurrent cost estimates.Recently, differences have been observed between different estimations for the twopermanent shut-down BWR:s at the Barsebäck site. Therefore, the Swedish RadiationSafety Authority, who oversees the system, has commissioned the present studywith the objective to investigate the reasons. The work comprises analyses of genericdeviances as well as specific ones.It was found that the variations are within the ranges observed elsewhere, but thatthe precision in comparisons between different reactors can be improved. No newcost raisers were identified for the two reactors. It was found that the cost estimationcommunity strongly recommends the parametric method for early estimates whilstthe cost calculations on decommissioning are mostly based on the bottom-up method.It is proposed that the parametric method can be attempted for comparison betweendifferent reactors.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Sjöblom, Rolf, et al.
(författare)
-
Long term aspects of landfilling and surface disposal : Lessons learned from nuclear and non-nuclear decommissioning, remediation and waste management
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - : Scienpress Ltd. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 2:2, s. 35-51
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fields of landfilling of conventional waste and that of surface disposal of nuclear waste have developed quite independently and also partly out of phase with each other. The paper analyses what knowledge and experience might be mutually beneficial as well as what further knowledge may be needed.It is found that even though knowledge may exist, and information from lessons learned elsewhere be available, action may be subject to considerable initiation or incubation times. Legislation on financial reporting is summarized and its implications for early technical and financial planning are assessed. Prerequisites for long-term behaviour are analysed for the waste forms as well as for the seals and covers. The rationale for using natural and anthropogenic analogues is compiled, and alternative seals for landfills are analysed based on this information. Lessons learned from nuclear decommissioning are presented, and the difficulties encountered when the decommissioning takes place long times after commissioning and operation of a facility are illuminated. Comparison is made with contaminated soil in which area openly available domestic publications are lass abundant in some areas. The differences between end of license and end of responsibilities are clarified. Uranium-containing waste is presented as an example. Prerequisites are presented for natural uranium together with its progenies and for depleted uranium, initially without any daughters. It is found that both alternatives are associated with a number of issues to consider, and that both call for long-term containment for conventional chemical hazard and radiological hazard reasons.
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| 37. |
- Sjöblom, Rolf
(författare)
-
Long-term developments in residues from the processing of alum shale and possible remedies
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Energy production and management in the 21st century. - Southampton : WIT Press. - 9781845648169 - 9781845648176 ; , s. 789-800
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In large parts of the world, the gas market has changed dramatically due to the fracking of rock, including shale. It is also anticipated that significant changes will take place in the oil market due to the rapid introduction of the processing of shale for the purpose of oil and gas generation. Many fear that there will be substantial consequences for the environment, especially in the long term. The purpose of the present paper is to share some experiences from related historical activities in Sweden where alum shale has been used for oil extraction, burning of lime, alum production and uranium beneficiation. Legacies exist in terms of shale ash and fines as well as residues from the leaching of uranium, in quantities of a total of tens of millions of tonnes, and at various stages of remediation. The long-term integrity of these residues is analyzed with regard to the possibility of development of acid mine drainage, and in view of the low Ca and high S content. It is found that such developments cannot be excluded for the cases in which the alum shale had not been (properly) combusted. Waste materials having appropriately high pH acid buffering capacities to inhibit acidification are identified together with injection as a promising method of application. The need for mixing on a local scale is discussed together with the possible influence of the injection of slurry on ongoing fires. It is found that further knowledge is needed on a number of issues.
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| 38. |
- Sjöblom, Rolf, et al.
(författare)
-
Management of intergenerational environmental liabilities : example of decommissioning of nuclear research and development facilities
- 2012
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning. - 1743-7601 .- 1743-761X. ; 7:2, s. 135-158
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The character is described of various prerequisites for and obstacles against fulfilment of the polluter pays principle in the case of decommissioning of old nuclear research and development (R&D) facilities, and the relevance to other areas is analyzed. Background is compiled in the areas of Swedish old nuclear R&D facilities, environmental liabilities in some areas, and legislation. Two completed decommissioning projects and two under planning are described together with some findings on planning for decommissioning and on cost estimation. Also, an example is given on developing a basis for regulation relating to small facilities. It is concluded that although the polluter pays principle is easy to understand, it may be complicated to implement, especially in cases where there is a gap in time between the operations and the decommissioning. Pitfalls may be plentiful and extensive awareness and substantial efforts are warranted for adequate funds to be available at the time when they are needed. Thus, it is essential that internationally available advice and knowledge be utilized, information exchanged, and necessary knowledge acquired. It is also important to realize that the planning is usually dictated by the needs for financial planning, and that there is a substantial difference between end of license and end of liability. A need for information exchange between different areas of technology is identified and it is hoped that the present work might contribute to such processes.
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| 39. |
- Sjöblom, Rolf
(författare)
-
Molecular reorientations in some hydrogen bonded solids
- 1975
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Proton magnetic resonance second moments and relaxation times at various temperatures are reported for tri- and dimethyl ammonium iodide, bromide, chloride and hydrogen oxalate, and for most of the twenty common amino acids. A general procedure is described for the calculation of theoretical second moments and relaxation times in dipolar solids. In several cases, this procedure is applied to determine the molecular reorientations present as well as the corresponding activation barriers. The results are discussed with particular reference to hydrogen bonding.
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| 40. |
- Sjöblom, Rolf
(författare)
-
Mätmetodik och sorteringsteknik med avseende på krom, koppar och arsenik (CCA) i träbaserade bränslen
- 2014
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of the work that has lead to the present report has been to investigate the prerequisites for purer fuels - and thereby also purer ashes - through sorting of impregnated wood. The work has comprised information and literature searches with regard to copper, chromium and arsenic in fuels and ashes together with the prerequisites for measuring and sorting. The work has also comprised a number of visits and interviews. The compilation made in the present report shows that it is technically and practically possible andfeasible to identify wood that contains copper, chromium and arsenic as well as to quantify these elements in incoming fuels. In the case of arsenic, the result of such an identification and sorting depends only on how comprehensively it is being carried out, since in practice, impregnated wood is the only source forthis element.
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| 41. |
- Sjöblom, Rolf, et al.
(författare)
-
On the possibility of using vitrified forts as anthropogenic analogues for assessment of long-term behaviour of vitrified waste
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Waste Management and the Environment VI. - : WIT Press. - 9781845646066 - 9781845646073 ; , s. 225-236
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- An information survey was conducted in the areas of natural analogues, vitrified forts, combustion technology and vitrified waste.The main purpose was to identify if vitrified stone material in hillforts might be used as anthropogenic analogues for glass containing waste.Such comparisons are needed in order for predictions to be made regarding the long-term integrity of the waste forms.The scope was to compare the chemistry as well as the processes used for the generation of the glasses. It was found that the vitrified forts contain glass material with wide variations in composition of the major elements.They cover and exceed those in the glasses made of waste with only the exception of phosphorus.Natural glasses as well as archaeological glasses show much narrower ranges of compositions, and they do not coincide with those of the glasses containing waste. Quality of heat analyses indicated that it is likely that the stone material in the forts was melted for the purpose of obtaining long-lasting structures.This narrows the range of possible processes used, and facilitates reconstruction of the ancient methods by means of testing.This, in turn, provides possibilities of comparison between ancient and modern methods, which can then be used as a basis for validation of the use of the analogue.
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| 42. |
- Sjöblom, Rolf, et al.
(författare)
-
Reputation asset and environmental liability
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Environmental Impact II. - Southampton : WIT Press. - 9781845647629 - 9781845647636 ; , s. 467-478
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The second largest asset to a company may well be its good reputation. Environmental liabilities warrant special attention in this regard since they may well constitute the largest uncertainty in an annual report, and it is not seldom discovered that they have been underestimated. The purpose of the paper is to compile and present a road map as to how to meet the legal and other requirements, and to analyse the alternatives of proactive and reactive approaches. The legal requirements are to be found in various pieces of legislation, on different topics, and with a highly varying degree of detail. It is found that general statements, including the polluter pays principle, together with the requirements on annual reporting provide a good basis for developing a company strategy. Further information about how to plan for decommissioning and restoration, including financial planning can be found in various recommendations and standards from e.g. IAEA, OECD/NEA and ASTM, and support on cost methods is available from AACE and ISPA. More detail can be found in various open sources such as journal articles, conference proceedings and books. It is concluded that a proactive strategy, which includes early technical and financial planning, is associated with the lowest overall costs, and can eliminate many of the otherwise potentially very troublesome cost raisers. It is also concluded that with proper planning, funding is to be made using untaxed assets. Using taxed assets can constitute an efficient road block against proper decommissioning and remediation actions. It is concluded that a proactive and proper management of environmental liabilities – if properly communicated – can constitute an important asset in terms of raised confidence among share holders, customers, interested parties and others.
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| 43. |
- Sjöblom, Rolf, et al.
(författare)
-
Stabilization of lead in incineration fly ash by ageing and carbonatation in contact with moisture and air
- 2016
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Substainable Development and Planning. - 1743-7601 .- 1743-761X. ; 11:5, s. 683-693
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2016 WIT Press. Residues from incineration of waste vary considerably in quality not only depending on the composition of the waste and the incineration system, but also on the extent and duration of contact with moisture and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Lead has a rather varying abundance and an even more varying availability in ash as determined by leach tests. Fresh fly ash from Jönköping Energi AB has a relatively low content of lead in comparison with other similar ashes but a somewhat high leach rate in relation to the total amount. Thus, in determining the pertinent destinations for this ash, it is appropriate to assess the availability after prolonged contact with moisture and air. It was found that the leaching decreased by up to around three orders of magnitude after such conditioning, which will what take place in a landfill over time. The effect was confirmed by pilot tests. The paper also describes the ash chemistry and possible mechanisms for the stabilization. It is concluded that the stabilization can facilitate landfilling.
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| 44. |
- Sjöblom, Rolf, et al.
(författare)
-
Sustainability of combustion and incineration of renewable fuels : the example of Sweden
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Biomass to biofuels. - Southampton : WIT Press. - 9781784660345 - 9781784660369 ; , s. 215-226
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- According to the statistics at the EC Commission, Sweden is the Champion byfar in Europe in terms of renewable energy. It comprised around 45% of the totalin the year 2008. This position has been reached by a combination of naturalresources, political determination and technology development.A major contributor to this is the extensive utilization of district heatingwhich amounts to around 50 TWh per year, and which covers about half of thetotal need for industrial and domestic buildings. The district heating is basedmainly on combustion of bio fuels together with waste and some peat.This practice is generally very positive from a sustainability perspective forthe following reasons: (1) bio fuels are renewable, and so is peat, although over a longer time span; (2) waste is being recovered for energy purposes; and (3) ash material is, in many cases, re-circulated and recycled.However, sustainability is not only about total percentages, but also on thequality in the processes, especially in terms of qualification of fuels and ashesand the associated possibilities for more efficient combustion and incinerationprocesses as well as ash utilization. Efficiency in this regard of course alsoincludes protection of health and the environment. These aspects are explored in a technical as well as a legal perspective, and some possibilities for furtherdevelopment and improvement are identified and discussed.The compilation and analyses are based on more than ten years of researchreports (mostly in Swedish) financed by District Heating in Sweden (SvenskFjärrvärme), [The Swedish] Thermal Engineering Research Institute(Värmeforsk), the Swedish Waste Management (Avfall Sverige) and SvenskaEnergiaskor AB (which translates to: “Swedish Energy Ashes Inc.”).Keywords: sustainable, combustion, incineration, bio fuels, waste, ash, Sweden.
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| 45. |
- Sjöblom, Rolf
(författare)
-
Sustainability of combustion and incineration of renewable fuels: example of Sweden
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Energy and sustainability IV. - Southampton : WIT Press. - 9781845647285 - 9781845647292 ; , s. 173-184
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- According to the statistics at the EC Commission, Sweden is the Champion by far in Europe in terms of renewable energy. It comprised around 45% of the total in the year 2008. This position has been reached by a combination of natural resources, political determination and technology development. A major contributor to this is the extensive utilization of district heating which amounts to around 50 TWh per year, and which covers about half of the total need for industrial and domestic buildings. The district heating is based mainly on combustion of bio fuels together with waste and some peat. This practice is generally very positive from a sustainability perspective for the following reasons: (1) bio fuels are renewable, and so is peat, although over a longer time span; (2) waste is being recovered for energy purposes; and (3) ash material is, in many cases, re-circulated and recycled. However, sustainability is not only about total percentages, but also on the quality in the processes, especially in terms of qualification of fuels and ashes and the associated possibilities for more efficient combustion and incineration processes as well as ash utilization. Efficiency in this regard of course also includes protection of health and the environment. These aspects are explored in a technical as well as a legal perspective, and some possibilities for further development and improvement are identified and discussed. The compilation and analyses are based on more than ten years of research reports (mostly in Swedish) financed by District Heating in Sweden (Svensk Fjärrvärme), [The Swedish] Thermal Engineering Research Institute (Värmeforsk), the Swedish Waste Management (Avfall Sverige) and Svenska Energiaskor AB (which translates to: \“Swedish Energy Ashes Inc.”)
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| 46. |
- Sjöblom, Rolf
(författare)
-
The long-term effects of nuclear accidents
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Waste Management and the Environment VII. - Southampton : WIT Press. - 9781845647605 - 9781845647612 ; , s. 355-366
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of the present paper is to present some examples, based mainly on Swedish work, of late effects of nuclear accidents together with their implications and possible remedies, or absence of need for remedies. It took six years after the Three Mile Island accident before it was realized that the core was partially converted into very corrosion resistant corium which was distributed throughout the reactor system in the form of fines. It is essential that techniques for removal of such debris be developed for the Fukushima plant in order for large areas to become accessible. The ability of caesium-137 to bind irreversibly to soil material is essential in conjunction with ploughing, since it will not only imply self-shielding but also that caesium-137 is hindered from entering the groundwater as well as plants. Disposal of top soil material may be greatly facilitated if such immobilization can eliminate the need for a top seal. However, such operations are irreversible, and knowledge of the long-term properties of the soil material must be available before any decisions can be made. Thus, previous experience, especially on the long term behaviour is essential. Such long-term results are available in Sweden from tests started already in the early 60's. The issues have been studied in substantial detail since the level of protection has been much higher in Sweden than e. g. in Japan. Otherwise, the total fallouts are comparable in magnitude with Sweden receiving around 5% of the total from Chernobyl, and Japan receiving from Fukushima what corresponds to about 8 % of that from Chernobyl, all figured as caesium-137. The distribution is much more concentrated in Japan, however. The major need for protection in Sweden relates to ash and reindeer in which areas Authority restrictions still apply. Even modest levels of caesium-137 in the bio-fuel may lead to levels in the ash that warrant consideration.
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| 47. |
|
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| 48. |
- Sjöblom, Rolf, et al.
(författare)
-
Vitrified forts as anthropogenic analogues for assessment of long-term stability of vitrified waste in natural environments
- 2013
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning. - 1743-7601 .- 1743-761X. ; 8:3, s. 380-399
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The area’s natural analogues, vitrifi ed forts, combustion technology, and vitrifi ed waste have been reviewed.The purpose was to identify if investigations of vitrifi ed rock in hill forts might be warranted for assessing thelong-term integrity of vitrifi ed waste in natural environments. Wastes that are being vitrifi ed include ash fromincineration of domestic waste, contaminated soil and fi ssion products from reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel.It was found that vitrifi ed materials in at least 200 hill forts constitute good anthropogenic analogues to vitrified waste. The compositions vary considerably from site to site and even within one site and may correspondrelatively well to the spans of parameters in the various vitrifi ed wastes. Glasses in vitrifi ed forts comparefavourably to archaeological artefacts which are soda- and potash-based and consequently have different corrosionbehaviours and may weather too quickly. Natural glasses might be too limited in composition variationand are perhaps also too durable. Combustion technology considerations based on quality of heat analysesindicate that at least some of the vitrifi cations of hill forts were carried out with the specifi c purpose of achievingstrong and durable constructions. This makes it considerably easier to envisage how the vitrifi cations mighthave been carried out, and this, in turn, facilitates comparisons between anthropogenic analogues and modernvitrifi ed wastes.
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- Sjöblom, Rolf, et al.
(författare)
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Vitrified Hillforts as Anthropogenic Analogues for Nuclear Waste Glasses – Project Planning and Initiation
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning. - 1743-7601 .- 1743-761X. ; 11:6, s. 897-906
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nuclear waste must be deposited in such a manner that it does not cause significant impact on theenvironment or human health. In some cases, the integrity of the repositories will need to sustain fortens to hundreds of thousands of years. In order to ensure such containment, nuclear waste is frequentlyconverted into a very durable glass. It is fundamentally difficult, however, to assure the validity ofsuch containment based on short-term tests alone. To date, some anthropogenic and natural volcanicglasses have been investigated for this purpose. However, glasses produced by ancient cultures for thepurpose of joining rocks in stonewalls have not yet been utilised in spite of the fact that they might offersignificant insight into the long-term durability of glasses in natural environments. Therefore, a projectis being initiated with the scope of obtaining samples and characterising their environment, as well asto investigate them using a suite of advanced materials characterisation techniques. It will be analysedhow the hillfort glasses may have been prepared, and to what extent they have altered under in-situconditions. The ultimate goals are to obtain a better understanding of the alteration behaviour of nuclearwaste glasses and its compositional dependence, and thus to improve and validate models for nuclearwaste glass corrosion. The paper deals with project planning and initiation, and also presents some earlyfindings on fusion of amphibolite and on the process for joining the granite stones in the hillfort walls.
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