| 1. |
- Andersson, Ulf, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Pathways to arithmetic fact retrieval and percentage calculation in adolescents
- 2017
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Ingår i: British Journal of Educational Psychology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0007-0998 .- 2044-8279. ; 87:4, s. 647-663
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundDeveloping sufficient mathematical skills is a prerequisite to function adequately in society today. Given this, an important task is to increase our understanding regarding the cognitive mechanisms underlying young people's acquisition of early number skills and formal mathematical knowledge.AimsThe purpose was to examine whether the pathways to mathematics model provides a valid account of the cognitive mechanisms underlying symbolic-number processing and mathematics in adolescents. The pathways model states that the three pathways should provide independent support to symbolic-number skill. Each pathway's unique contribution to formal mathematics varies depending on the complexity and demand of the tasks.SampleThe study used a sample of 114 adolescents (71 girls). Their mean age was 14.60 years (SD = 1.00).MethodsThe adolescents were assessed on tests tapping the three pathways and general cognitive abilities (e.g., working memory). A structural equation path analysis was computed.ResultsSymbolic-number comparison was predicted by the linguistic pathway, the quantitative pathway, and processing speed. The linguistic pathway, quantitative pathways, and symbolic-number comparison predicted arithmetic fact retrieval. The linguistic pathway, working memory, visual analogies, and symbolic-number comparison predicted percentage calculation.ConclusionsThere are both similarities and differences in the cognitive mechanisms underlying arithmetic fact retrieval and percentage calculation in adolescents. Adolescents’ symbolic-number processing, arithmetic fact retrieval, and percentage calculation continue to rely on the linguistic pathways, whereas the reliance upon the spatial pathway has ceased. The reliance upon the quantitative pathway varies depending on the task.
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| 2. |
- Botvinik-Nezer, Rotem, et al.
(författare)
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Variability in the analysis of a single neuroimaging dataset by many teams
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 582, s. 84-88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Data analysis workflows in many scientific domains have become increasingly complex and flexible. Here we assess the effect of this flexibility on the results of functional magnetic resonance imaging by asking 70 independent teams to analyse the same dataset, testing the same 9 ex-ante hypotheses(1). The flexibility of analytical approaches is exemplified by the fact that no two teams chose identical workflows to analyse the data. This flexibility resulted in sizeable variation in the results of hypothesis tests, even for teams whose statistical maps were highly correlated at intermediate stages of the analysis pipeline. Variation in reported results was related to several aspects of analysis methodology. Notably, a meta-analytical approach that aggregated information across teams yielded a significant consensus in activated regions. Furthermore, prediction markets of researchers in the field revealed an overestimation of the likelihood of significant findings, even by researchers with direct knowledge of the dataset(2-5). Our findings show that analytical flexibility can have substantial effects on scientific conclusions, and identify factors that may be related to variability in the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging. The results emphasize the importance of validating and sharing complex analysis workflows, and demonstrate the need for performing and reporting multiple analyses of the same data. Potential approaches that could be used to mitigate issues related to analytical variability are discussed. The results obtained by seventy different teams analysing the same functional magnetic resonance imaging dataset show substantial variation, highlighting the influence of analytical choices and the importance of sharing workflows publicly and performing multiple analyses.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Dahlbäck, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Two ways of grounding the discussion on extended cognition
- 2011
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Ingår i: Expanding the Space of Cognitive Science. - : Cognitive Science Society, Inc.. - 9780976831877 ; , s. 2347-2352
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We question two of the basic foundations of the Extended Mind hypothesis originally formulated by Clark and Chalmers, i.e. that all cognition is organism centered and that the important theoretical issues that the debate surrounding the Extended Mind hypothesis can fruitfully be resolved by to a large extent rely on invented examples of cognitive activities as the empirical foundation. We suggest that one way to proceed is to frame the hypothesis within the larger theoretical framework of activity theory, and another is to conduct extensive field studies of extended cognitive processes. We illustrate our position with examples of how these can be used to reformulate some of the aspects of the Extended Mind hypothesis.
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| 5. |
- Lind, Thérese, et al.
(författare)
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Competence, Confidence, and Gender: The Role of Objective and Subjective Financial Knowledge in Household Finance
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Family and Economic Issues. - : SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG. - 1058-0476 .- 1573-3475. ; 41:4, s. 626-638
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We studied the association of individual differences in objective financial knowledge (i.e. competence), subjective financial knowledge (i.e. confidence), numeric ability, and cognitive reflection on a broad set of financial behaviors and feelings towards financial matters. We used a large diverse sample (N = 2063) of the adult Swedish population. We found that both objective and subjective financial knowledge predicted frequent engagement in sound financial practices, while numeric ability and cognitive reflection could not be linked to the considered financial behaviors when controlling for other relevant cognitive abilities. In addition, both objective and subjective financial knowledge served as a buffer against financial anxiety, while we did not detect similar buffering effects of numeric ability and cognitive reflection. Subjective financial knowledge was found to be a stronger predictor of sound financial behavior and subjective wellbeing than objective financial knowledge. Women reported a lower level of subjective financial wellbeing even though they reported a more prudent financial behavior than men, when controlling for sociodemographics and cognitive abilities. Our findings help to understand heterogeneity in peoples propensity to engage in sound financial behaviors and have implications for important policy issues related to financial education.
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| 6. |
- Skagenholt, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Connectome-based predictive modeling indicates dissociable neurocognitive mechanisms for numerical order and magnitude processing in children
- 2023
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Ingår i: Neuropsychologia. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0028-3932 .- 1873-3514. ; 184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Symbolic numbers contain information about their relative numerical cardinal magnitude (e.g., 2 < 3) and ordinal placement in the count-list (e.g., 1, 2, 3). Previous research has primarily investigated magnitude discrimination skills and their predictive capacity for math achievement, whereas numerical ordering has been less systematically explored. At approximately 10-12 years of age, numerical order processing skills have been observed to surpass cardinal magnitude discrimination skills as the key predictor of arithmetic ability. The neurocognitive mechanisms underlying this shift remain unclear. To this end, we investigated childrens (ages 10-12) neural correlates of numerical order and magnitude discrimination, as well as task-based functional connectomes and their predictive capacity for numeracy-related behavioral outcomes. Results indicated that number discrimination uniquely relied on bilateral temporoparietal correlates, whereas order processing recruited the bilateral IPS, cerebellum, and left premotor cortex. Connectome-based models were not cross -predictive for numerical order and magnitude, suggesting two dissociable mechanisms jointly supported by vi-suospatial working memory. Neural correlates of learning and memory were predictive of age and arithmetic ability, only for the ordinal task-connectome, indicating that the numerical order mechanism may undergo a developmental shift, dissociating it from mechanisms supporting cardinal number processing.
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| 7. |
- Skagenholt, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Examining the Triple Code Model in numerical cognition: An fMRI study
- 2018
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE. - 1932-6203. ; 13:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Triple Code Model (TCM) of numerical cognition argues for the existence of three representational codes for number: Arabic digits, verbal number words, and analog nonsymbolic magnitude representations, each subserved by functionally dissociated neural substrates. Despite the popularity of the TCM, no study to date has explored all three numerical codes within one fMRI paradigm. We administered three tasks, associated with each of the aforementioned numerical codes, in order to explore the neural correlates of numerosity processing in a sample of adults (N=46). Independent task-control contrast analyses revealed task-dependent activity in partial support of the model, but also highlight the inherent complexity of a distributed and overlapping fronto-parietal network involved in all numerical codes. The results indicate that the TCM correctly predicts the existence of some functionally dissociated neural substrates, but requires an update that accounts for interactions with attentional processes. Parametric contrasts corresponding to differences in task difficulty revealed specific neural correlates of the distance effect, where closely spaced numbers become more difficult to discriminate than numbers spaced further apart. A conjunction analysis illustrated overlapping neural correlates across all tasks, in line with recent proposals for a fronto-parietal network of number processing. We additionally provide tentative results suggesting the involvement of format-independent numerosity-sensitive retinotopic maps in the early visual stream, extending previous findings of nonsymbolic stimulus selectivity. We discuss the functional roles of the components associated with the model, as well as the purported fronto-parietal network, and offer arguments in favor of revising the TCM.
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| 8. |
- Skagenholt, Mikael, 1992-
(författare)
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Neurocognitive Foundations of Child and Adult Number Processing : Neural Correlates and Functional Circuits Across Typical Development
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The ability to mentally represent the exact numerosity of up to four perceived objects, as well as approximately estimating differences in numerical magnitude, appears to constitute a core-cognitive number sense. Symbolic representations of number (e.g., “two” and “2”) have been argued to gain meaning through a mapping against the analog nonsymbolic numerical magnitude representation (e.g., ••). Alternatively, symbolic number processing abilities may develop independently of nonsymbolic numerical cognition, instead dependent on learning the order and content of the verbal count-list (i.e., 1, 2, 3, …). This thesis aimed to determine which of these proposals best correspond to the brain’s processing of numerical information, with implications for the development of mathematics curricula.Four neuroimaging studies provide biomarkers for typical numerical cognition. Results indicate that symbolic numbers increasingly acquire semantic reference from other symbols; nonsymbolic quantities are processed in an asemantic visuospatial manner; neural correlates reach adult-level maturity at 11 years of age; numerical order and magnitude recruit independent mechanisms; and that maturation of executive functions and lexico-semantics is key for symbolic number processing. These results support the view of increasingly independent mechanisms for symbolic and nonsymbolic numerical cognition across development.
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| 9. |
- Skagenholt, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Neurodevelopmental differences in child and adult number processing : An fMRI-based validation of the triple code model
- 2021
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Ingår i: Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. - : Elsevier. - 1878-9293 .- 1878-9307. ; 48
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The triple code model of numerical cognition (TCM) details the neurocognitive mechanisms associated with perceiving and manipulating numerical information in exact symbolic (Arabic digits and number words) and approximate nonsymbolic numerical magnitude (e.g., dot arrays) representation codes. The current study provides a first empirical fMRI-based investigation into neurodevelopmental differences in 30 healthy children?s and 44 healthy adults? recruitment of neural correlates associated with the Arabic digit, number word, and nonsymbolic magnitude codes. Differences between the two groups were found in cingulate regions commonly associated with domain-general aspects of cognitive control, as opposed to neural correlates of number processing per se. A primary developmental difference was identified in verbal number discrimination, where only adults recruited left-lateralized perisylvian language areas in accordance with the TCM. We therefore call for a revision of the verbal code and a formulation of separate child and adult-specific neurocognitive mechanisms associated with the discrimination of number words. Although further research is necessary, results indicate that numerical discrimination abilities in middle-school-aged children operate close to adult-level maturity. Neurodevelopmental differences may be more apparent in younger children, or on the level of functional network dynamics as opposed to a shift in recruited neural substrates.
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| 10. |
- Skagenholt, Mikael, 1992-, et al.
(författare)
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Neurodevelopmental differences in task-evoked number network connectivity : Comparing symbolic and nonsymbolic number discrimination in children and adults
- 2022
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Ingår i: Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. - : Elsevier. - 1878-9293 .- 1878-9307. ; 58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Numerical cognition can take place in multiple representational formats, such as Arabic digits (e.g., 1), verbal number words (e.g., “two”), and nonsymbolic (e.g., •••) numerical magnitude. Basic numerical discrimination abilities are key factors underlying the development of arithmetic abilities, acting as an important developmental precursor of adult-level numeracy. While prior research has begun to detail the neural correlates associated with basic numerical discrimination skills in different representational formats, the interactions between functional neural circuits are less understood. A growing body of evidence suggests that the functional networks recruited by number discrimination tasks differ between children and adults, which may provide valuable insights into the development of numerical cognition. To this end, we posed two questions: how do the interactions between functional circuits associated with number processing differ in children and adults? Are differences in functional network connectivity modulated by numerical representational codes? A theoretically motivated 22 ROI analysis indicated significant functional connectivity differences between children and adults across all three codes. Adults demonstrated sparser and more consistent connectivity patterns across codes, indicative of developmental domain-specialization for number processing. Although neural activity in children and adults is similar, the functional connectivity supporting number processing appears subject to substantial developmental maturation effects.
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| 11. |
- Skagerlund, Kenny, et al.
(författare)
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Decision-making competence and cognitive abilities : Which abilities matter?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. - : Wiley. - 0894-3257 .- 1099-0771. ; 35:1, s. 1-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Decision-making competence is a skill that is associated with numerous positive life outcomes. Even though multiple cognitive abilities have been shown to predict decision-making competence, few studies have incorporated a large test battery tapping into several cognitive abilities concurrently in the same models. The current paper presents a study that sought to investigate which cognitive abilities predicted overall decision-making competence in adults using hierarchical regression analysis. A cognitive test battery, comprising abilities such as general intelligence, executive functions, numeracy, visuospatial ability, and time perception, was administered to 182 participants. Results indicate that both general intelligence, which was consistently the strongest predictor, and numeracy contributed independently to overall decision-making competence. Executive functions did predict overall decision-making competence, while all predictors were included in the models. A novel finding concerns the relationship between time perception and decision-making competence. The complementary roles of these cognitive abilities are discussed.
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| 12. |
- Skagerlund, Kenny, et al.
(författare)
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Development of magnitude processing in children with developmental dyscalculia : space, time, and number
- 2014
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Research Foundation. - 1664-1078. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Developmental dyscalculia (DD) is a learning disorder associated with impairments in a preverbal non-symbolic approximate number system (ANS) pertaining to areas in and around the intraparietal sulcus (IPS). The current study sought to enhance our understanding of the developmental trajectory of the ANS and symbolic number processing skills, thereby getting insight into whether a deficit in the ANS precedes or is preceded by impaired symbolic and exact number processing. Recent work has also suggested that humans are endowed with a shared magnitude system (beyond the number domain) in the brain. We therefore investigated whether children with DD demonstrated a general magnitude deficit, stemming from the proposed magnitude system, rather than a specific one limited to numerical quantity. Fourth graders with DD were compared to age-matched controls and a group of ability-matched second graders, on a range of magnitude processing tasks pertaining to space, time, and number. Children with DD displayed difficulties across all magnitude dimensions compared to age-matched peers and showed impaired ANS acuity compared to the younger, ability-matched control group, while exhibiting intact symbolic number processing. We conclude that (1) children with DD suffer from a general magnitude processing deficit, (2) a shared magnitude system likely exists, and (3) a symbolic number-processing deficit in DD tends to be preceded by an ANS deficit.
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| 13. |
- Skagerlund, Kenny, et al.
(författare)
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Disentangling Mathematics from Executive Functions by Investigating Unique Functional Connectivity Patterns Predictive of Mathematics Ability
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of cognitive neuroscience. - : MIT PRESS. - 0898-929X .- 1530-8898. ; 31:4, s. 560-573
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What are the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms that give rise to mathematical competence? This study investigated the relationship between tests of mathematical ability completed outside the scanner and resting-state functional connectivity (FC) of cytoarchitectonically defined subdivisions of the parietal cortex in adults. These parietal areas are also involved in executive functions (EFs). Therefore, it remains unclear whether there are unique networks for mathematical processing. We investigate the neural networks for mathematical cognition and three measures of EF using resting-state fMRI data collected from 51 healthy adults. Using 10 ROIs in seed to whole-brain voxel-wise analyses, the results showed that arithmetical ability was correlated with FC between the right anterior intraparietal sulcus (hIP1) and the left supramarginal gyrus and between the right posterior intraparietal sulcus (hIP3) and the left middle frontal gyrus and the right premotor cortex. The connection between the posterior portion of the left angular gyrus and the left inferior frontal gyrus was also correlated with mathematical ability. Covariates of EF eliminated connectivity patterns with nodes in inferior frontal gyrus, angular gyrus, and middle frontal gyrus, suggesting neural overlap. Controlling for EF, we found unique connections correlated with mathematical ability between the right hIP1 and the left supramarginal gyrus and between hIP3 bilaterally to premotor cortex bilaterally. This is partly in line with the "mapping hypothesis" of numerical cognition in which the right intraparietal sulcus subserves nonsymbolic number processing and connects to the left parietal cortex, responsible for calculation procedures. We show that FC within this circuitry is a significant predictor of math ability in adulthood.
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| 14. |
- Skagerlund, Kenny, et al.
(författare)
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Financial literacy and the role of numeracy-How individuals attitude and affinity with numbers influence financial literacy
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. - 2214-8043 .- 2214-8051. ; 74, s. 18-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being financially literate is an important life skill that is equally important for ones own sake as well as for society. Findings indicate that individuals are financially illiterate while interventions to increase the level of financial literacy are ineffective. The effect of financial literacy on financial behavior reported in correlation studies may be driven by some unknown third variable, such as individual cognitive ability. The current study investigated the role of cognitive and emotional factors in attaining financial literacy. In a representative sample of the general population, our regression models indicate that a central component of financial literacy can be traced to numeracy and the emotional attitude towards numbers (i. e. mathematics anxiety). Thus, a driving force behind becoming financially literate resides in the ability to understand numbers and having an emotional attitude towards numbers that does not interfere with an individuals daily engagement in activities involving mathematics and financial decisions.
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| 15. |
- Skagerlund, Kenny, et al.
(författare)
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How does mathematics anxiety impair mathematical abilities? Investigating the link between math anxiety, working memory, and number processing
- 2019
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE. - 1932-6203. ; 14:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In contemporary society, it is essential to have adequate mathematical skills. Being numerate has been linked to positive life outcomes and well-being in adults. It is also acknowledged that math anxiety (MA) hampers mathematical skills increasingly with age. Still, the mechanisms by which MA affect performance remain debated. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), we contrast the different ways in which MA has been suggested to interfere with math abilities. Our models indicate that MA may affect math performance through three pathways: (1) indirectly through working memory ability, giving support for the affective drop hypothesis of MAs role in mathematical performance, (2) indirectly through symbolic number processing, corroborating the notion of domain-specific mechanisms pertaining to number, and (3) a direct effect of MA on math performance. Importantly, the pathways vary in terms of their relative strength depending on what type of mathematical problems are being solved. These findings shed light on the mechanisms by which MA may interfere with mathematical performance.
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| 16. |
- Skagerlund, Kenny, et al.
(författare)
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Investigating the Neural Correlates of the Affect Heuristic Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of cognitive neuroscience. - : MIT PRESS. - 0898-929X .- 1530-8898. ; 33:11, s. 2265-2278
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated the neural correlates of the so-called affect heuristic, which refers to the phenomenon whereby individuals tend to rely on affective states rather than rational deliberation of utility and probabilities during judgments of risk and utility of a given event or scenario. The study sought to explore whether there are shared regional activations during both judgments of relative risk and relative benefit of various scenarios, thus being a potential candidate of the affect heuristic. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we developed a novel risk perception task, based on a preexisting behavioral task assessing the affect heuristic. A whole-brain voxel-wise analysis of a sample of participants (n = 42) during the risk and benefit conditions revealed overlapping clusters in the left insula, left inferior frontal gyrus, and left medial frontal gyrus across conditions. Extraction of parameter estimates of these clusters revealed that activity of these regions during both tasks was inversely correlated with a behavioral measure assessing the inclination to use the affect heuristic. More activity in these areas during risk judgments reflect individuals ability to disregard momentary affective impulses. The insula may be involved in integrating viscero-somatosensory information and forming a representation of the current emotional state of the body, whereas activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus and medial frontal gyrus indicates that executive processes may be involved in inhibiting the impulse of making judgments in favor of deliberate risk evaluations.
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| 17. |
- Skagerlund, Kenny
(författare)
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Magnitude Processing in Developmental Dyscalculia : A Heterogeneous Learning Disability with Different Cognitive Profiles
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Developmental dyscalculia (DD) is a learning disability that is characterized by severe difficulties with acquiring age-appropriate mathematical skills that cannot be attributed to insufficient education, language skills, or motivation. The prevalence rate is estimated at 3-6%, meaning that a substantial portion of the population struggles to learn mathematics to such a large degree that it affects overall well-being and academic prospects. However, our understanding of the etiology of DD is incomplete and there are competing hypotheses regarding the characteristics of DD and its underlying causal factors. The purpose of the current thesis is to contribute to our understanding of DD from the perspective of cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience. To this end, we identify children with DD to identify the cognitive determinants of DD that hamper their ability to learn basic mathematics. It is believed that human beings are endowed with an innate ability to represent numerosities, an ability phylogenetically shared with other species. We investigate whether the purported innate number system plays a role in children with DD insofar as failures in this system may undermine the acquisition of symbolic representations of number. Although some researchers believe DD is a monolithic learning disability that is genetic and neurobiological in origin, the empirical support for various hypotheses suggests that DD may be shaped by heterogeneous characteristics and underlying causes. The present thesis, and the studies presented therein, provides support for the notion that DD is indeed heterogeneous. We identify at least two subtypes of DD that are characterized by specific deficits in number processing, and one subtype that could more aptly be labelled as a mathematical learning disability, the causal factors of which are likely limited to deficits in non-numerical abilities. In addition, we locate candidate neurocognitive correlates that may be dysfunctional in DD.
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| 18. |
- Skagerlund, Kenny, et al.
(författare)
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Magnitude processing in the brain : an fMRI study of time, space, and numerosity as a shared cortical system
- 2016
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. - : Frontiers Media. - 1662-5161. ; 10:500
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Continuous dimensions, such as time, space, and numerosity, have been suggested to be subserved by common neurocognitive mechanisms. Neuroimaging studies that have investigated either one or two dimensions simultaneously have consistently identified neural correlates in the parietal cortex of the brain. However, the degree of neural overlap across several dimensions has yet to be established, and it remains an open question whether a potential overlap can be conceptualized as a neurocognitive magnitude processing system. The current functional resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated the potential neurocognitive overlap across three dimensions. A sample of adults (N = 24) performed three different magnitude processing tasks: a temporal discrimination task, a number discrimination task, and a line length discrimination task. A conjunction analysis revealed several overlapping neural substrates across multiple magnitude dimensions, and we argue that these cortical nodes comprise a distributed magnitude processing system. Key components of this predominantly right-lateralized system include the intraparietal sulcus, insula, premotor cortex, inferior frontal gyrus and frontal eye-fields. Together with previous research highlighting IPS, our results suggest that the insula also is a core component of the magnitude processing system. We discuss the functional role of each of these components in the magnitude processing system and suggest that further research of this system may provide insight into the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders where cognitive deficits in magnitude processing are manifest.
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| 19. |
- Skagerlund, Kenny, et al.
(författare)
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Maps in the Head and Maps in the Hand
- 2012
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. - : Cognitive Science Society 2012. - 9780976831884 ; , s. 2339-2344
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Using the perspective of situated cognition we studied how people interact with a physical map to help them navigate through an unfamiliar environment. The study used a mixture of cognitive ethnography and traditional experimental methods. We found that the difference between high and low performing navigators showed up in the speed they completed their task and also in the way they use maps. High performers plan routes using a survey method whereas low performers use a route strategy. We suggest that when people are given a task that does not match their cognitive style they try to transform the task to better suit their cognitive abilities and cognitive style.
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| 20. |
- Skagerlund, Kenny, et al.
(författare)
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Mathematics anxiety and number processing: The link between executive functions, cardinality, and ordinality
- 2024
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Ingår i: Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. - : SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD. - 1747-0218 .- 1747-0226.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One important factor that hampers children's learning of mathematics is math anxiety (MA). Still, the mechanisms by which MA affects performance remain debated. The current study investigated the relationship between MA, basic number processing abilities (i.e., cardinality and ordinality processing), and executive functions in school children enrolled in grades 4-7 (N = 127). Children were divided into a high math anxiety group (N = 29) and a low math anxiety group (N = 31) based on the lowest quartile and the highest quartile. Using a series of analyses of variances, we find that highly math-anxious students do not perform worse on cardinality processing tasks (i.e., digit comparison and non-symbolic number sense), but that they perform worse on numerical and non-numerical ordinality processing tasks. We demonstrate that children with high MA show poorer performance on a specific aspect of executive functions-shifting ability. Our models indicate that shifting ability is tied to performance on both the numerical and non-numerical ordinality processing tasks. A central factor seems to be the involvement of executive processes during ordinality judgements, and executive functions may constitute the driving force behind these delays in numerical competence in math-anxious children.
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| 21. |
- Skagerlund, Kenny, et al.
(författare)
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Number Processing and Heterogeneity of Developmental Dyscalculia: Subtypes With Different Cognitive Profiles and Deficits
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Learning Disabilities. - : SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC. - 0022-2194 .- 1538-4780. ; 49:1, s. 36-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated if developmental dyscalculia (DD) in children with different profiles of mathematical deficits has the same or different cognitive origins. The defective approximate number system hypothesis and the access deficit hypothesis were tested using two different groups of children with DD (11-13 years old): a group with arithmetic fact dyscalculia (AFD) and a group with general dyscalculia (GD). Several different aspects of number magnitude processing were assessed in these two groups and compared with age-matched typically achieving children. The GD group displayed weaknesses with both symbolic and nonsymbolic number processing, whereas the AFD group displayed problems only with symbolic number processing. These findings provide evidence that the origins of DD in children with different profiles of mathematical problems diverge. Children with GD have impairment in the innate approximate number system, whereas children with AFD suffer from an access deficit. These findings have implications for researchers selection procedures when studying dyscalculia, and also for practitioners in the educational setting.
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| 22. |
- Skagerlund, Kenny, et al.
(författare)
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Processing of space, time, and number contributes to mathematical abilities above and beyond domain-general cognitive abilities
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of experimental child psychology (Print). - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. - 0022-0965 .- 1096-0457. ; 143, s. 85-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current study investigated whether processing of number, space, and time contributes to mathematical abilities beyond previously known domain-general cognitive abilities in a sample of 8- to 10-year-old children (N = 133). Multiple regression analyses revealed that executive functions and general intelligence predicted all aspects of mathematics and overall mathematical ability. Working memory capacity did not contribute significantly to our models, whereas spatial ability was a strong predictor of achievement. The study replicates earlier research showing that non-symbolic number processing seems to lose predictive power of mathematical abilities once the symbolic system is acquired. Novel findings include the fact that time discrimination ability was tied to calculation ability. Therefore, a conclusion is that magnitude processing in general contributes to mathematical achievement. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 23. |
- Skagerlund, Kenny, et al.
(författare)
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The Affect Heuristic and Risk Perception - Stability Across Elicitation Methods and Individual Cognitive Abilities
- 2020
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : FRONTIERS MEDIA SA. - 1664-1078. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The reliance on feelings when judging risks and benefits is one of the most fundamental valuation processes in risk perception. Although previous research suggests that the affect heuristic reliably predicts an inverse correlation between risk and benefit judgments, it has not yet been tested if the affect heuristic is sensitive to elicitation method effects (joint/separate evaluation) and to what extent individual differences in cognitive abilities may mediate the risk-benefit correlation. Across two studies we find that (1) the risk-benefit correlation is stable across different elicitation methods and for different domains (e.g., social domain, sensation-seeking domain, health domain, economic domain) and (2) the strength of the inverse correlation is tied to individual cognitive abilities-primarily cognitive reflection ability.
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| 24. |
- Strömbäck, Camilla, et al.
(författare)
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Does self-control predict financial behavior and financial well-being?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance. - : Elsevier. - 2214-6350 .- 2214-6369. ; 14, s. 30-38
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To improve our understanding of how people make financial decisions, it is important to investigate what psychological characteristics influence individuals’ positive financial behavior and financial well-being. In this study, we explore the effect of individual differences in self-control and other non-cognitive factors on financial behavior and financial well-being. A survey containing measures of financial behavior, subjective financial well-being, self-control, optimism, deliberative thinking and demographic variables was sent to a representative sample (n=2063)" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: normal; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; color: rgb(80, 80, 80); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; position: relative;"> of the Swedish population. Our findings extend the application of the behavioral lifecycle hypothesis beyond savings behavior, to include general financial behavior. People with good self-control are more likely to save money from every pay-check, have better general financial behavior, feel less anxious about financial matters, and feel more secure in their current and future financial situation.
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| 25. |
- Strömbäck, Camilla, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Subjective self-control but not objective measures of executive functions predicts financial behavior and well-being
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance. - : Elsevier. - 2214-6350 .- 2214-6369. ; 27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Executive functions consist of three separable but correlated functions; inhibition, working memory, and shifting. Here we used an extensive and validated battery of objective performance measures of executive functions and intelligence to investigate if individual differences in these cognitive abilities can explain sound financial behavior and subjective financial well-being. Additionally, we measured a set of self-reported personality traits, including self-control, optimism, and deliberative thinking. We found that neither executive functions nor intelligence was associated with sound financial behavior and financial well-being in our sample. Although objective self-control, measured as the ability to override impulses (i.e. inhibition), could not be linked to financial behavior and financial wellbeing, subjective (i.e. self-reported) self-control had a strong positive effect. This indicates that the ability to avoid financial temptation is more important than the cognitive ability to override impulses when it comes to sound financial behavior and financial well-being.
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| 26. |
- Tinghög, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
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Gender differences in financial literacy : The role of stereotype threat
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. - : Elsevier. - 0167-2681 .- 1879-1751. ; 192, s. 405-416
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding why women display less financial literacy than men is crucial for developing policies to reduce gender inequalities and improve womens financial behavior. In a series of studies, we investigate whether the observed gender gap in financial literacy can be identified in nonnumerical contexts, if it can be related to confidence in financial matters, and if it can be attributed to stereotype threat, which posits that inbuilt prejudices about gender and finance undermine performance among women in tasks involving finance. We utilized data from the Swedish Standardized Scholastic Aptitude Test ( n = 40,662) to investigate if there is a greater difference in reading comprehension between men and women when reading about topics related to finance. Furthermore, we conducted large-scale online data collection ( n = 1989), including a survey on financial vocabulary and an experiment that manipulated the salience of the financial content across conditions when assessing financial literacy. The results show that the observed gender gap in financial literacy is robust also in a nonnumerical financial contexts and that it can not be attributed to a difference in (displayed) confidence. Finally, mediation analysis showed a significant indirect effect of gender on financial literacy through financial anxiety suggesting that a stereotype threat for women in the financial domain contributes to the observed gender gap. (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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| 27. |
- Träff, Ulf, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive mechanisms underlying third graders' arithmetic skills : Expanding the pathways to mathematics model.
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of experimental child psychology (Print). - : Elsevier. - 0022-0965 .- 1096-0457. ; 167, s. 369-387
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A modified pathways to mathematics model was used to examine the cognitive mechanisms underlying arithmetic skills in third graders. A total of 269 children were assessed on tasks tapping the four pathways and arithmetic skills. A path analysis showed that symbolic number processing was directly supported by the linguistic and approximate quantitative pathways. The direct contribution from the four pathways to arithmetic proficiency varied; the linguistic pathway supported single-digit arithmetic and word problem solving, whereas the approximate quantitative pathway supported only multi-digit calculation. The spatial processing and verbal working memory pathways supported only arithmetic word problem solving. The notion of hierarchical levels of arithmetic was supported by the results, and the different levels were supported by different constellations of pathways. However, the strongest support to the hierarchical levels of arithmetic were provided by the proximal arithmetic skills.
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| 28. |
- Träff, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Development of early domain-specific and domain-general cognitive precursors of high and low math achievers in grade 6
- 2020
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Ingår i: Child Neuropsychology. - : ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD. - 0929-7049 .- 1744-4136. ; 26:8, s. 1065-1090
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated from a longitudinal retrospective perspective what characterizes and predicts 6th graders (M-age = 12.95, SD = 0.27) with low (LMA) or high (HMA) math achievement concerning the development of early domain-specific and domain-general cognitive abilities. They were examined and compared to average achievers (n = 88) at four-time points from kindergarten (M-age = 6.58, SD = 0.36) to third grade (M-age = 9.53, SD = 0.33). The LMA (n = 27) or HMA (n = 41) children exhibited persistent multi-weakness and multi-strength profiles, respectively, present already prior to formal schooling. The cognitive profiles of the two groups, and their development, were mostly qualitatively similar, but there were also important qualitative differences. Logistic regression analyzes showed that superior verbal arithmetic, logical reasoning, and executive functions are vital for developing superior mathematical skills while inferior verbal arithmetic, logical reasoning, and spatial processing ability constitute unique potential risk factors for low mathematical skills.
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| 29. |
- Träff, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Heterogeneity of developmental dyscalculia: Cases with different deficit profiles
- 2017
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media. - 1664-1078.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context: The aim was to further understand the heterogeneity of developmental dyscalculia (DD). Utilizing four children (8-9 year-old) performance was contrasted against predominant hypotheses of DD.Case report: Despite showing similar mathematical deficits, these children showed remarkable interindividual variability regarding cognitive profile and deficits. Two cases were consistent with the approximate number system deficit account, and the general magnitude-processing deficit account. One case had an access deficit in combination with a general cognitive deficit. One cases suffered from general cognitive deficits only.Conclusions: The results showed that DD cannot be attributed to a single explanatory factor. These findings support a multiple deficits account of DD and suggest that some cases have multiple deficits, whereas other cases have a single deficit. We discuss a previously proposed distinction between primary DD and secondary DD, and suggest hypotheses of dysfunctional neurocognitive correlates responsible for the displayed deficits.
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| 30. |
- Träff, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Kindergarten Domain-Specific and Domain-General Cognitive Precursors of Hierarchical Mathematical Development: A Longitudinal Study
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Educational Psychology. - : AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC. - 0022-0663 .- 1939-2176. ; 112:1, s. 93-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined cognitive precursors of hierarchical mathematical development. Six-year-old children (n = 258) were assessed on number skills, cognitive skills, and arithmetic 1 year prior to school entry. Skills in advanced arithmetic and advanced mathematics were assessed in Grades 3 and 6, respectively. Path analyses were computed and provided longitudinal evidence for a hierarchy of mathematics. During development, the reliance on prior skills at lower, most proximal levels becomes increasingly important in order to acquire and succeed at later and higher levels of mathematics. The study extends the Fuchs et al. (2010b) model as the mechanisms underlying 3 different hierarchical levels of mathematics all involve an interplay between domain-specific number abilities (i.e., sequence knowledge, digit comparison) and general cognitive abilities (i.e., logical reasoning, phonological awareness, working memory). The constellation of domain-specific number and domain-general cognitive mechanisms subserving mathematics at different hierarchical levels showed a high degree of similarity. However, the importance of number abilities decreases during development, whereas the importance of general cognitive abilities remains approximately equal across levels of mathematical learning. Early symbolic number skills (i.e., counting sequence knowledge, digit comparison) are subserved by general cognitive mechanisms such as working memory. phonological awareness. and rapid automatic naming processes.
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| 31. |
- Träff, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Logical Reasoning, Spatial Processing, and Verbal Working Memory: Longitudinal Predictors of Physics Achievement at Age 12-13 Years
- 2019
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : FRONTIERS MEDIA SA. - 1664-1078. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To date, few studies have tried to pinpoint the mechanisms supporting childrens skills in science. This study investigated to what extent logical reasoning, spatial processing, and working memory, tapped at age 9-10 years, are predictive of physics skills at age 12-13 years. The study used a sample of 81 children (37 girls). Measures of arithmetic calculation and reading comprehension were also included in the study. The multiple regression model accounted for 24% of the variation in physics achievement. The model showed that spatial processing (4.6%) and verbal working memory (4.5%) accounted for a similar amount of unique variance, while logical reasoning accounted for 5.7% variance. The measures of arithmetic calculation and reading comprehension did not account for any unique variance. Nine percent of the accounted variance was shared variance. The results demonstrate that physics is a multivariate discipline that draws upon numerous cognitive resources. Logical reasoning ability is a key component in order for children to learn about abstract physics facts, concepts, theories, and applying complex scientific methods. Spatial processing is important as it may sub-serve the assembly of diverse sources of visual-spatial information into a spatial-schematic image. The working memory system provides a flexible and efficient mental workspace that can supervise, coordinate, and execute processes involved in physics problem-solving.
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| 32. |
- Träff, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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The importance of domain-specific number abilities and domain-general cognitive abilities for early arithmetic achievement and development
- 2023
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Ingår i: British Journal of Educational Psychology. - : WILEY. - 0007-0998 .- 2044-8279. ; 93:3, s. 825-841
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Childrens numerical and arithmetic skills differ greatly already at an early age. Although research focusing on accounting for these large individual differences clearly demonstrates that mathematical performance draws upon several cognitive abilities, our knowledge concerning key abilities underlying mathematical skill development is still limited.Aims First, to identify key cognitive abilities contributing to childrens development of early arithmetic skills. Second, to examine the extent to which early arithmetic performance and early arithmetic development rely on different or similar constellations of domain-specific number abilities and domain-general cognitive abilities.Sample In all, 134 Swedish children (M (age) = 6 years and 4 months, SD = 3 months, 74 boys) participated in this study.Method Verbal and non-verbal logical reasoning, non-symbolic number comparison, counting knowledge, spatial processing, verbal working memory and arithmetic were assessed. Twelve months later, arithmetic skills were reassessed. A latent change score model was computed to determine whether any of the abilities accounted for variations in arithmetic development.Results Arithmetic performance was supported by counting knowledge, verbal and non-verbal logical reasoning and spatial processing. Arithmetic skill development was only supported by spatial processing.Conclusions Results show that young childrens early arithmetic performance and arithmetic development are supported by different cognitive processes. The findings regarding performance supported Fuchs et al.s model (Dev Psychol, 46, 2010b, 1731) but the developmental findings did not. The developmental findings align partially to Geary et al.s (J Educ Psychol, 109, 2017, 680) hypothesis stating that young childrens early arithmetic development is more dependent on general cognitive abilities than number abilities.
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| 33. |
- Östergren, Rickard, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive conditions of children at risk of developing mathematical learning disabilities
- 2013
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Various hypotheses have been advanced regarding the origin of mathematical learning disabilities (MLD). The present study set out to test a number of hypotheses regarding the underlying condition for the development of MLD, namely: the domain general hypothesis, number sense deficit, numerosity coding deficit, access deficit and multiple deficits. These hypotheses were tested on a sample of eight-year-old children that was divided into three groups: MLD (N = 13), typical achievers (TA, N = 57) and high achievers (HA, N = 25) based on a longitudinal approach of stability in performance on arithmetic tests. The development of the three groups was also assessed using data from preschool to grade two. The results revealed support for the hypothesis of multiple deficits that are primarily located in intraparietal sulci (IPS) and manifest themselves as both number sense deficits and deficits in spatial processing. This type of deficit is supported by less developed general abilities in the domains of both phonological ability and nonverbal intelligence, resulting in poorer number knowledge for those children at risk of MLD. The HA group displayed a superior early number knowledge in combination with superior domain general abilities, which support the development of number knowledge.
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