| 1. |
- Nasiritousi, Naghmeh, et al.
(författare)
-
The Performance of the Climate-Energy Nexus
- 2020
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Ingår i: Governing the climate–energy nexus : Institutional Complexity and Its Challenges to Effectiveness and Legitimacy - Institutional Complexity and Its Challenges to Effectiveness and Legitimacy. - 9781108676397 ; , s. 212-234
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 2. |
- Skovgaard, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon Pricing
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Governing the Climate-Energy Nexus : Institutional Complexity and Its Challenges to Effectiveness and Legitimacy - Institutional Complexity and Its Challenges to Effectiveness and Legitimacy. - 9781108676397 ; , s. 156-180
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 3. |
- Zelli, Fariborz, et al.
(författare)
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Analytical Framework: Assessing Coherence, Management, Legitimacy and Effectiveness in an Institutional Nexus
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Governing the Climate-Energy Nexus : Challenges to Coherence, Legitimacy and Effectiveness - Challenges to Coherence, Legitimacy and Effectiveness. - 9781108676397 ; , s. 21-42
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter establishes four evaluative themes that will be employed across this volume to analyze the institutional complexity of policy fields in the climate-energy nexus: coherence, management, legitimacy, and effectiveness. Coherence among institutions is conceptualized along four dimensions: convergence on an overarching core norm for the policy field, balanced coverage and distribution of memberships (private, public, hybrid), balanced coverage and distribution of governance functions (standards and commitments, operational activities, information and networking, financing), and mechanisms underlying cross-institutional relations (cognitive, normative, behavioural). Management will be examined according to types of managing agents, political levels (from domestic to global), and the consequences of management efforts in enhancing coherence. Legitimacy will be assessed along nine dimensions, among them expertise, transparency, accountability, or procedural and distributive fairness. Effectiveness, finally, will be examined in terms of normative and legal output produced by the institutions, their behaviour-changing outcome, and their ultimate problem-solving impact. Altogether, the four themes and their dimensions make up a novel framework for an in-depth analysis of a governance nexus. They help us examine a variety of important questions in a comparative research design, combining a high level of ambition with feasibility and novelty.
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| 4. |
- Zelli, Fariborz, et al.
(författare)
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Conclusions: Coherence, Management, Legitimacy and Effectiveness in the Climate-Energy Nexus
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Governing the Climate-Energy Nexus : Challenges to Coherence, Legitimacy and Effectiveness - Challenges to Coherence, Legitimacy and Effectiveness. - 9781108676397 ; , s. 235-261
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concluding chapter first summarizes some of the volume’s main results along the four evaluative themes. In terms of coherence and management, the three policy fields under scrutiny – renewable energy, fossil fuel subsidy reform and carbon pricing – are roughly marked by coordination, rather than competition or outright harmony. Regarding legitimacy, the specializations and work backgrounds of stakeholders lead to considerable variations in their perceptions of institutions. For effectiveness, institutional complexity plays both a supportive and a hindering role across all three cases. Following the summary, a series of policy recommendations are developed, including: improving awareness of each other’s activities to avoid duplication of efforts and conflicting messages; aligning interpretations of central concepts, i.e. what constitutes renewable sources of energy, fossil fuel subsidies and carbon pricing; building stronger connections to counterparts in other areas of the climate-energy nexus and beyond; and entrusting one institution with an orchestrator role. Finally, the chapter suggests a future research agenda on the governance of the climate-energy nexus, e.g. to learn more about the causes of institutional complexity, to identify conditions for successful management efforts, and to examine further sub-fields and even other domains outside the climate-energy nexus.
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| 5. |
- Zelli, Fariborz, et al.
(författare)
-
Introduction: The Governance of the Climate-Energy Nexus
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Governing the Climate-Energy Nexus : Challenges to Coherence, Legitimacy and Effectiveness - Challenges to Coherence, Legitimacy and Effectiveness. - 9781108676397 ; , s. 1-18
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The introduction first explains the rationale and theoretical and empirical contributions of the edited volume. The book seeks to address a considerable gap of knowledge of the nature of the relationship between institutions governing the climate-energy nexus in a multilevel context. In particular, there is scant research on consequences on the legitimacy and effectiveness of governance arrangements and the climate-energy nexus as a whole. For an in-depth analysis of institutional complexity in the nexus, we selected three policy fields as case studies: renewable energy, fossil fuel subsidy reform, and carbon pricing. We made this choice since the three cases represent urgent and major components of the climate-energy nexus, since they vary considerably in the number and mix of institutions that govern them at the international level, and since they differ in their positioning within the climate-energy nexus – with carbon pricing primarily a climate change issue, renewable energy lying at the core of energy governance, and fossil fuel subsidy reform falling in between. The chapter concludes with an outline of the ccontributions to the book, structured along the volume’s three parts on mapping (I) coherence and management (II), and legitimacy and effectiveness (III).
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| 6. |
- Bauer, Fredric, et al.
(författare)
-
Petrochemicals and climate change: Powerful fossil fuel lock-ins and interventions for transformative change
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- With the risk of climate breakdown, pressure is increasing for all sectors of the economy to break with fossil fuel dependence and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this context, the chemical industry requires more focused attention as it uses more fossil-fuel based energy than any other industry and the production of chemicals is associated with very large emissions. Beyond the climate crisis, the chemical industry significantly impacts several critical dimensions of sustainability, including the planetary boundaries for novel entities, biosphere integrity, and ocean acidification. In this report, we focus on the petrochemical sector, which represents the largest share of the chemicals industry and is generally understood to refer to the part of the industry that relies on fossil-fuel feedstocks from oil, gas, and coal. The petrochemicals sector produces chemicals mainly used for plastics and fertilisers, but the products also end up in paints, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and other applications. This report provides a critical exploration of the petrochemical sector to strengthen awareness of its relevance to the climate crisis and to provide tools and recommendations for decision-makers in different domains to initiate, support, and accelerate much-needed transformation. The report highlights the rapid expansion of the petrochemical sector as well as the range and growth of economic, infrastructural, and political interlinkages with the fossil fuel extraction sector. It argues that these developments and dynamics are crucial to understanding pathways, strategies, and interventions for a low-carbon transition for petrochemicals.
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| 7. |
- Drake, Evan, et al.
(författare)
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Do Political Institutions Influence the Dismantling of Fossil Fuel Subsidies? Lessons from the OECD Countries and a Comparative Analysis of Canadian and German Production Subsidies
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice. - 1387-6988.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite a global consensus that fossil fuel subsidies should be reformed, limited progress has been made. The study assesses whether domestic political institutions insulating politicians from backlash and compensating those affected by reforms make subsidies easier to dismantle. It was found that proportional representation and corporatism were correlated with lower levels of fossil fuel subsidies in OECD countries. A comparative case study of coal production subsidies in Germany and gas production subsidies in Canada suggests that political insulation and compensation contributed towards the dismantling of fossil fuel subsidies. The findings provide an understanding of the impact of corporatism and electoral systems on reform.
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| 8. |
- Droste, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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A political economy theory of fossil fuel subsidy reforms in OECD countries
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - 2041-1723. ; 15:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fossil fuel subsidies continue to be a considerable barrier to meeting the targets of the Paris Agreement. It is thus crucial to understand the political economy of fossil fuel subsidies and their reform. To understand these mechanisms in the developed world, we use a database of different types of fossil fuel subsidy reforms among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. We find evidence for four intertwined processes i) a market-power mechanism: higher market shares for renewables ease fossil fuel subsidy reforms, and ii) a policy mechanism: reforms reduce the levels of fossil fuel subsidies. Importantly, both effects are contingent on iii) a polity mechanism where institutional quality influences the feasibility and effectiveness of political reforms, and iv) a feedback mechanism where systemic lock-ins determine the effectiveness of market competition. Our results even suggest that reforms carried out by effective governments with low corruption control are associated with increasing subsidies per capita. Renewable energy support can however provide a leverage point to break path-dependencies in fossil fuel-based economies. This turns out to be more effective when coupled with improvements to institutional quality and the insulation of political processes from pro-subsidy interests.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
-
Governing the Climate-Energy Nexus : Challenges to Coherence, Legitimacy and Effectiveness
- 2020
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- Combating climate change and transitioning to fossil-free energy are two central and interdependent challenges facing humanity today. Governing the nexus of these challenges is complex, and includes multiple intergovernmental and transnational institutions. This book analyses the governance interactions between such institutions, and explores their consequences for legitimacy and effectiveness. Using a novel analytical framework, the contributors examine three policy fields: renewable energy, fossil fuel subsidy reform, and carbon pricing. These fields are compared in terms of their institutional memberships, governance functions and overarching norms. Bringing together prominent researchers from political science and international relations, the book offers an essential resource for future research and provides policy recommendations for effective and legitimate governance of the climate-energy nexus. Rooted in the most recent research, it is an invaluable reference for researchers, policymakers and other stakeholders in climate change and energy politics.
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| 12. |
- Katsivelis, Paul, 1964-
(författare)
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Sharia och livet : Islamisk retorik om makt, moral och medelvägen (wasatiyya) på al-Jazira
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Claiming a 40 million viewer population, with 97% of viewers Muslims (www.allied-media.com), Jazeera Satellite Channel (JSC) stands out within the sphere of influence among the Arab world. This thesis will examine whether Islam within JSC programming is open to progressive ideas that challenge the intellectual and material lives of its adherents.Few media in the Arab world try to exploit the political potential of television as much as JSC. The network covers a broad array of topics ranging from domestic and international relations to moral guidance within Islam. The media’s interest in Islam became a burning issue in the West since the coordinated terror attacks in September 11, 2001 that destroyed the World Trade Centre in New York. Not only were the terror attacks broadcasted live on television screens around the world, but the traumatic crime scene footage in the weeks that followed framed Islam as a religion that promotes violence.The Muslim answer to this “biased” and unbalanced framing of 9/11 attacks was JSC among other things. The influence of JSC on its audience’s weltanschauung can hardly be overestimated. In many viewer’s eyes the channel tries to counterbalance the western dominance of the news media. It represents a way of looking at the world from an (Arab)-Muslim perspective.One of the major programs that illustrates this tendency is the Islamic talk show al-Sharīca wa-l-ḥayāt (“Shariah and Life”).The thesis consists of a critical discourse analysis of dozens of episodes of Sharia and Life of the fall season 2007. The reason behind the choice of critical discourse analysis as an approach is to explore the traces of ideology in the construct of the program’s premise and the promotion of a specific social order in the name of Islam.A major feature of Sharia and Life, beyond the fact that the program is aired on one of the largest Arab news channel, is its infamous host, sheikh Yusuf Al Qaradawi. Al Qaradawi’s lifework as a scholar and a preacher is marked by what he regards as wasatiyya - which is commonly defined as a conciliatory or a moderate stance. For Al Qaradawi, Islam is a way of life that can be adjusted to the realities of modern day life through the prism of wasatiyya. The term wasatiyya is used, albeit indirectly, by other hosts of Al Qaradawi, some are religious figures, others not.The relation with the Other is also a major topic that is expressed in Sharia and Life in terms of a neo-colonial critique as well as a critique against today’s value system. In both cases, however, the social ideals of Islam are linked with values that emphasize the role of the family, religion and paternal authority. Though Islam is consistently articulated as coherent creed, a number of hosts recognize that fitna (“civil strife”) constitutes a challenge to the moral integrity of Islam’s normative values.Delving into the influences of one popular program that offers its public legal guidance reveals a complex dynamic about how each of the distinct factors addressed above impacts Arab culture, religion and society. The results of this analysis will be reviewed within this thesis.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Lundsgaarde, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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The politics of climate finance coordination
- 2021
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- • Climate finance coordination challenges reflect political differences, including divergent interests among ministries involved in the governance of multilateral climate funds.• Differences in the histories and governance of the Climate Investment Funds (CIF) and Green Climate Fund (GCF) – two key multilateral climate funds – shape debate on their respective advantages and future roles.• The multilateral funds have encouraged cross-governmental coordination at country level. However, there are competing views on which governmental actors at national level are best-suited to take responsibility for coordinating climate finance planning and implementation.• The cross-sectoral orientation of climate finance coordination contrasts with existing development coordination approaches, which emphasize coordination within separate policy sectors.
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| 15. |
- Nasiritousi, Naghmeh, et al.
(författare)
-
The Performance of the Climate-Energy Nexus : Assessing The Effectiveness Of The Institutional Complexes On Renewable Energy Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform And Carbon Pricing
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Governing the Climate-Energy Nexus. - Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. - 9781108484817 ; , s. 212-234
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How does institutional complexity affect effectiveness? This chapter addresses this question for the three policy fields studied in this book: renewable energy, fossil fuel subsidy reform, and carbon markets. The chapter takes a comprehensive perspective across the three case studies by examining three dimensions of effectiveness: output (generating regulations and intrastructure), outcome (changing behaviour), and impact (solving the problem). The study relies on a two-track approach, integrating assessments by researchers and interviews with key stakeholders. The results show how the considerable institutional complexity in the climate-energy nexus has consequences for effectiveness. Notwithstanding the methodical challenges for evaluating effectiveness under conditions of institutional complexity, these insights demonstrate that such an assessment is of high importance and should be continued for other contexts of global governance. In particular, the findings of this chapter help to identify suitable management options – i.e. options for formally regulating the linkage between institutions – for the climate-energy nexus. With these suggestions and its conceptual and empirical novelty, the chapter contributes to a variety of literatures – on climate and energy governance, on institutional complexity, and on effectiveness – while being of interest to different stakeholders operating in the climate-energy nexus.
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| 16. |
- Peterson, Lauri, et al.
(författare)
-
Bureaucratic politics and the allocation of climate finance
- 2019
-
Ingår i: World Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0305-750X .- 1873-5991. ; 117, s. 72-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The financing of climate measures in developing countries - climate finance - is an increasingly important issue in global climate governance. While a growing body of literature has highlighted the importance of bureaucratic actors within governments as a factor influencing political decisions, quantitative studies on climate finance have so far only focused on extra-governmental factors. We argue that this is a serious shortcoming given that the allocation of climate finance involves ministries with different priorities. This paper addresses the gap by studying how the involvement of ministries in policy processes influences the implementation of bilateral climate finance. We find that ministry involvement matters for both the selection and allocation of climate finance. First, we discover that involvement of the ministry of development means that lower income countries are more likely to be selected as recipients of climate finance but surprisingly that does not mean recipients acquire more climate finance. Second, we discover that when the ministry of environment is involved, donor countries are more likely to provide aid to UNFCCC allies, and when it is the ministry holding the "lead" on climate finance, non-allies tend to receive less aid than allies.
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| 17. |
- Pickering, Jonathan, et al.
(författare)
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Acting on Climate Finance Pledges: Inter-Agency Dynamics and Relationships with Aid in Contributor States
- 2015
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Ingår i: World Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-5991 .- 0305-750X. ; 68, s. 149-162
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Developed countries have relied heavily on aid budgets to fulfill their pledges to boost funding for addressing climate change in developing countries. However, little is known about how interaction between aid and other ministries has shaped contributorsâ diverse approaches to climate finance. This paper investigates intra-governmental dynamics in decision-making on climate finance in seven contributor countries (Australia, Denmark, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, the UK, and the US). While aid agencies retained considerable control over implementation, environment and finance ministries have played an influential and often contrasting role on key policy issues, including distribution between mitigation and adaptation and among geographical regions.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Pihl, E., et al.
(författare)
-
Ten new insights in climate science 2020- A horizon scan
- 2020
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Ingår i: Global Sustainability. - : Cambridge University Press. - 2059-4798.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Non-technical summary We summarize some of the past year's most important findings within climate change-related research. New research has improved our understanding of Earth's sensitivity to carbon dioxide, finds that permafrost thaw could release more carbon emissions than expected and that the uptake of carbon in tropical ecosystems is weakening. Adverse impacts on human society include increasing water shortages and impacts on mental health. Options for solutions emerge from rethinking economic models, rights-based litigation, strengthened governance systems and a new social contract. The disruption caused by COVID-19 could be seized as an opportunity for positive change, directing economic stimulus towards sustainable investments. Technical summary A synthesis is made of ten fields within climate science where there have been significant advances since mid-2019, through an expert elicitation process with broad disciplinary scope. Findings include: (1) a better understanding of equilibrium climate sensitivity; (2) abrupt thaw as an accelerator of carbon release from permafrost; (3) changes to global and regional land carbon sinks; (4) impacts of climate change on water crises, including equity perspectives; (5) adverse effects on mental health from climate change; (6) immediate effects on climate of the COVID-19 pandemic and requirements for recovery packages to deliver on the Paris Agreement; (7) suggested long-term changes to governance and a social contract to address climate change, learning from the current pandemic, (8) updated positive cost-benefit ratio and new perspectives on the potential for green growth in the short- A nd long-term perspective; (9) urban electrification as a strategy to move towards low-carbon energy systems and (10) rights-based litigation as an increasingly important method to address climate change, with recent clarifications on the legal standing and representation of future generations. Social media summary Stronger permafrost thaw, COVID-19 effects and growing mental health impacts among highlights of latest climate science.
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| 20. |
- Skovgaard, Jakob
(författare)
-
Conclusions and Ways Forward
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Politics of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Their Reform. - : Cambridge University Press. ; , s. 305-318
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Skovgaard, Jakob
(författare)
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EU Climate Policy after the Crisis
- 2014
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Ingår i: Environmental Politics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0964-4016 .- 1743-8934. ; 23:1, s. 1-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the period 2009–2011, Member States discussed whether the EU should increase its emissions reduction target for 2020 beyond the existing 20%. This discussion has not resulted in any agreement, the different actors being deeply divided between those calling for a step-up to a higher target (for instance 30%) and those opposed to any kind of increase. The division can be seen as a result of a conflict between policy frames. The economic crisis has deepened the division between those who see climate-change policy as detrimental to growth and those seeing it as beneficial to growth. Whereas the latter group – including the UK and DG Climate Action – subscribe to the green growth policy frame, the former – including Poland – subscribe to the ‘trade-off policy frame’. Many Member States have been internally divided between proponents and opponents of a step-up, often with environment ministries in the former camp and finance and economics ministries in the latter.
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| 23. |
- Skovgaard, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
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Finance for Fossils – the Role of Public Financing in Expanding Petrochemicals
- 2022
-
Ingår i: SSRN Electronic Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1556-5068.
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The petrochemicals industry (mainly plastics and fertilizer production) is expanding, despite increasing attention to the environmental impact of petrochemicals. In our paper, we explore the role public finance plays in the petrochemicals industry. We do so by mapping the public and private financial flows into large-scale petrochemical projects for the decade 2010-20 and discuss the role of public financial institutions for the development of the industry globally. Secondly, we provide a detailed analysis of the roles international and domestic public finance has in enabling two case studies of prominent petrochemical projects. Namely the Sadara plant in Saudi Arabia and the Surgil plant in Uzbekistan. The cases are illustrative of the dynamics of state interest and involvement in fossil fuel producing countries as well as of lending and guarantees from foreign export credit and development finance institutions, and how such public finance plays an important role in leveraging private finance. Our findings show how public finance for petrochemicals is highly globalized and to a large degree originates in developed countries. As these industrial infrastructures are designed to last decades, the public finance thus strongly contributes to the carbon lock-in of the sector and limits the possibilities for low-carbon investments needed to comply with the UN Paris Agreement.
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| 24. |
- Skovgaard, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
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Finance for fossils – The role of public financing in expanding petrochemicals
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Global Environmental Change. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-3780. ; 80
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The petrochemicals industry (mainly plastics and fertilizer production) is expanding, despite increasing attention to the environmental impact of petrochemicals. In our paper, we explore the role public finance plays in the petrochemicals industry. We do so by mapping the public and private financial flows into large-scale petrochemical projects for the decade 2010-20 and discuss the role of public financial institutions for the development of the industry globally. Secondly, we provide a detailed analysis of the roles international and national public finance has in enabling two prominent petrochemical projects: namely the Sadara plant in Saudi Arabia and the Surgil plant in Uzbekistan. The cases are illustrative of the dynamics of state interest and involvement in fossil fuel producing countries as well as of lending and guarantees from foreign export credit agencies (ECAs) and development finance institutions, and how such public finance plays an important role in leveraging private finance. Our findings show how public finance for petrochemicals is highly globalized and to a large degree originates in developed countries. As these industrial infrastructures are designed to last decades, the public finance thus strongly contributes to the carbon lock-in of the sector and limits the possibilities for low-carbon investments needed to comply with the UN Paris Agreement.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Skovgaard, Jakob
(författare)
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Greener than expected? EU finance ministries address climate finance
- 2015
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Ingår i: Environmental Politics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0964-4016 .- 1743-8934. ; 24:6, s. 951-969
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate finance constitutes an integral part of the European Union’s climate policy. Yet, climate policy is increasingly addressed by non-environmental institutions. In examining the transfer of climate finance from the Environment Council to the Council for Economic and Financial Affairs (ECOFIN) in spring 2009, I analyse how climate finance has been framed in ECOFIN. Two finance ministerial framings quickly became intrinsic to ECOFIN and had a substantial influence on climate finance decisions: securing an effective response to climate change and limiting public expenditure. While policy entrepreneurs managed to build a consensus on most issues around an effective response to climate change, Member States at the October 2009 ECOFIN Council could not agree on a joint position due to some Member States’ emphasis on limiting expenditure. Only the European Council was capable of resolving the issue.
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| 27. |
- Skovgaard, Jakob
(författare)
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International Push, Domestic Reform?
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Politics of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Their Reform. - : Cambridge University Press. ; , s. 100-120
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 28. |
- Skovgaard, Jakob
(författare)
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Learning about Climate Change: Finance Ministries in International Climate Change Politics
- 2012
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Ingår i: Global Environmental Politics. - 1526-3800. ; 12:4, s. 1-1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the course of the last four years, finance ministries have increasingly been involved in the international climate change negotiations. The involvement has to a large degree been due to the framing of climate change as a market failure. The framing calls for an active climate change policy and has therefore been at odds with the framing of climate change policy previously predominant in finance ministries: that it constitutes expenditure to be avoided. The framing of climate change policy as expenditure has continued to persist, something which has led to clashes within and between finance ministries. The article calls for further research focusing on the role of the two frame and of finance ministries as actors in climate change politics.
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| 29. |
- Skovgaard, Jakob
(författare)
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Limiting costs or correcting market failures? : Finance ministries and frame alignment in UN climate finance negotiations
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-1553 .- 1567-9764. ; 17:1, s. 89-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Finance ministries are increasingly involved in UN climate finance negotiations,yet this development received very limited attention in the literature on climate finance or climate negotiations. It is not obvious from the literature on bureaucratic politics how these ministries will position themselves on climate finance: they may frame climate finance as expenditure to be limited or as an instrument for correcting the market failure of climate change. This paper investigates which frames have characterised the positions of finance ministries on key issues in the climate finance negotiations, and whether the use of a given frame corresponds to particular factors. Case studies of Denmark, India, Indonesia and the USA based on official documents and interviews show that the position of each finance ministry is generally consistent with one particular frame. The Indonesian and Danish finance ministries predominantly framed climate finance as a way of correcting a marketfailure. The Indian Ministry of Finance emphasised Common but Differentiated Responsibilities,which fits with the budget frame. The US Treasury’s position similarly fits with the budget frame while sharing elements of the market failure frame. Finance ministries that had the lead on climate finance were more likely follow the budget frame. The use of both frames cuts across the divide between industrialised and emerging economies. With the exception of the USA, left- and right-wing governments were equally likely to adopt either frame. These findings indicate that strengthening finance ministry forums built around the market failure frame can be a way of reducing norm fragmentation.
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| 30. |
- Skovgaard, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping and clustering the adoption of carbon pricing policies : what polities price carbon and why?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Climate Policy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1469-3062 .- 1752-7457. ; 19:9, s. 1173-1185
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carbon pricing, including carbon taxes and emissions trading, has been adopted by different kinds of polities worldwide. Yet, beyond the increasing adoption over time, little is known about what polities–countries as well as sub- and supranational entities–adopt carbon pricing and why. This paper explores patterns of adoption (both implemented policies and those scheduled to be) through cluster analysis, with the purpose of investigating factors that could explain polities’ decisions to adopt carbon pricing. The study contributes empirically by studying carbon taxes and emissions trading together and by ordering the polities adopting carbon pricing into clusters. It also contributes theoretically, by exploring constellations of variables that drive the adoption of carbon pricing within individual clusters. We investigated 66 adopted policies of carbon pricing, which were divided into five clusters: early adopters, North-American subnational entities, Chinese pilot provinces, second-wave developed polities, and second-wave developing polities. The analysis indicates that the reasons for adopting carbon pricing have shifted over time. While international factors (climate commitments or influences from polities within the same region) are increasingly salient, domestic factors (including crises and income levels) were more important for the early adopters. Key policy insights Carbon pricing has become a global mainstream policy instrument. Economic and fiscal crises provide windows of opportunity for promoting carbon pricing. The international climate regime can support the adoption of carbon pricing through mitigation commitments and international financial and technical assistance. Learning between polities from the same region is a useful tool for promoting carbon pricing. Carbon intensive economies tend to prefer emissions trading over carbon taxes.
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| 31. |
- Skovgaard, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
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Multilateral Climate Finance Coordination : Politics and Depoliticization in Practice
- 2023
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Ingår i: Global Environmental Politics. - : MIT Press. - 1526-3800 .- 1536-0091. ; 23:2, s. 125-147
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The governance of public climate finance for mitigation and adaptation in developing countries is fragmented on both the international and national levels, with a high diversity of actors with overlapping mandates, preferences, and areas of expertise. In the absence of one unifying actor or institution, coordination among actors has emerged as a response to this fragmentation. In this article, we study the coordination efforts of the two most important multilateral climate funds, the Climate Investment Funds (CIF) and the Green Climate Fund (GCF), on the global level as well as within two recipient countries, Kenya and Zambia. The CIF and the GCF are anchored within the World Bank and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, respectively, and represent two diverging perspectives on climate finance. We find that on both levels, coordination was depoliticized by treating it as a technical exercise, rendering invisible the political divergences among actors. The implications of this depoliticization are that both funds coordinate mainly with actors with similar preferences, and consequently, coordination did not achieve its objectives. The article contributes to the literatures on coordination, climate finance, and environmental governance by showing how a response to the fragmentation of climate governance did not overcome political fault lines but rather reinforced them.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Skovgaard, Jakob
(författare)
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Policy coherence and organizational cultures : Energy efficiency and greenhouse gas reduction targets
- 2018
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Ingår i: Environmental Policy and Governance. - : Wiley. - 1756-9338 .- 1756-932X. ; 28:5, s. 350-358
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addresses coherence at the levels of policy objectives and instruments. The existing literature usually links policy coherence to strong hierarchical coordination mechanisms. This paper builds on two cases of, respectively, hierarchical imposition and deliberation within the European Commission (the step‐up to a 30% greenhouse gas reduction target on the one hand, and the energy efficiency target on the other), to show that coherence of policy objectives is negatively affected by conflicting organizational cultures. The analysis shows, first, that deliberation was possible when the disagreement between organizations was rooted in differing causal beliefs regarding policy instruments, while hierarchical imposition was used when the disagreement was rooted in differences in normative beliefs regarding policy objectives. Secondly, it appears that accommodation between differing causal and normative ideas concerning policy objectives and instruments can be solved both by power and by deliberation, the latter requiring more time and effort.
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| 34. |
- Skovgaard, Jakob
(författare)
-
Power beyond conditionality: European organisations and the Hungarian minorities in Romania and Slovakia
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of International Relations and Development. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1581-1980 .- 1408-6980. ; 14:4, s. 440-468
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article addresses the power of three international organisations, the Council of Europe (CoE), the European Union (EU) and the High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM) regarding the Hungarian minority policies of Romania, Slovakia and Hungary. It is argued that most of the academic literature within the field misses the point when relying on a rather limited conceptualisation of power as something which one actor uses to get another actor to do what it otherwise would not have done. Using a broader conceptualistion of power, including the power to interpret norms and their application, leads to a better understanding of the roles of the CoE and the HCNM. Analysing the three organisations' approaches to the Hungarian minority education policy in Romania and Slovakia, as well as the Hungarian Status Law, reveals how the CoE and the HCNM interpreted norms of national minority policy and their application to the addressed policies. These interpretations shaped EU policy on the subject, and Romania, Slovakia and Hungary had to take the EU policy seriously due to their desire to join the EU. The three organisations engaged in an exchange of power, in which the CoE and the OSCE High Commissioner bestowed legitimacy on the EU, which in return could provide them with increased leverage over the accession states. Journal of International Relations and Development (2011) 14, 440-468. doi:10.1057/jird.2011.1; published online 22 July 2011
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Skovgaard, Jakob
(författare)
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The devil lies in the definition : competing approaches to fossil fuel subsidies at the IMF and the OECD
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1567-9764 .- 1573-1553.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fossil fuel subsidy reform has in recent years been addressed by international economic organizations including the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The two organizations have differed significantly in how they define fossil fuel subsidies. The IMF’s definition constitutes a radical break with previous definitions by including environmental externalities, while the OECD’s is more conventional. The article explores the factors that explain why these international economic organizations have approached fossil fuel subsidies so differently. The exact definition of fossil fuel subsidies is contested. Furthermore, fossil fuels subsidies can be framed in ways that emphasize, respectively, their macroeconomic, fiscal, environmental, and distributive consequences. The article finds that institutional interaction lifted OECD involvement in fossil fuel subsidies to a new level, whereas the impetus to address fossil fuel subsidies within the IMF came largely from the IMF staff. In both cases, the organization’s bureaucracy constituted the most important factor shaping how the organizations addressed such subsidies and hence the main reason why they differ in how they approach fossil fuel subsidies.
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| 37. |
- Skovgaard, Jakob
(författare)
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The Economisation of Climate Change : How the G20, the OECD and the IMF Address Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Climate Finance
- 2021
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The effort to address climate change cuts across a wide range of non-environmental actors and policy areas, including international economic institutions such as the Group of Twenty (G20), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). These institutions do not tend to address climate change so much as an environmental issue, but as an economic one, a dynamic referred to as 'economisation'. Such economisation can have profound consequences for how environmental problems are addressed. This book explores how the G20, IMF, and OECD have addressed climate finance and fossil fuel subsidies, what factors have shaped their specific approaches, and the consequences of this economisation of climate change. Focusing on the international level, it is a valuable resource for graduate students, researchers, and policymakers in the fields of politics, political economy and environmental policy.
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| 38. |
- Skovgaard, Jakob
(författare)
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The Limits of Entrapment: The Negotiations on EU Reduction Targets, 2007-11
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Common Market Studies. - : Wiley. - 0021-9886. ; 51:6, s. 1141-1157
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2007, the EU decided to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 20/30 per cent, something which was considered a proof of the EU's willingness to take on high targets independently of others. In the period 2009-11, the EU was debating but could not reach an agreement on stepping up to a 30 per cent reduction target. This raises the question: why did the EU go from being capable of adopting high targets independently of others to being incapable of agreeing whether it should increase its mitigation effort? It is argued that whereas actors sceptical of a high target could be rhetorically entrapped in 2007, such entrapment was impossible in the 2009-11 period. The lack of entrapment can be explained in terms of changes in the international and socio-economic contexts, which led to changes in the policy processes and the normative environment, which again made effective entrapment impossible.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Skovgaard, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
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The politics of fossil fuel subsidies and their reform : Implications for climate change mitigation
- 2019
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change. - : Wiley. - 1757-7780. ; 10:4, s. 300-302
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The production and consumption of fossil fuels need to decrease significantly to meet the 2015 Paris Agreement's ambitious climate change goals. However, fossil fuels continue to receive significant amounts of government support. Although reforming fossil fuel subsidies can yield climate change mitigation benefits, the specific international and domestic political context and political economy of fossil fuel subsidies means that such reform is not straightforward and may not be aligned with traditional climate politics. Our objective in this review article is to examine the implications of the politics of fossil fuel subsidies and their reform for climate change mitigation. The first step of examining these implications is to review existing studies on the size and impacts of global fossil fuel subsidies. Subsequently, we discuss the international politics of fossil fuel subsidies, including the emerging norm of fossil fuel subsidy reform, and the respective roles played by the international climate regime and several international economic institutions. Finally, we examine why fossil fuel subsidies are introduced and maintained at the domestic level, how fossil fuel subsidy reform has functioned in practice, and whether and how such reform could be conceived as an instrument for climate policy. This article is categorized under: The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior Policy and Governance > Private Governance of Climate Change.
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| 41. |
- Skovgaard, Jakob
(författare)
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The Role of Finance Ministries in Environmental Policy Making : The case of European Union Emissions Trading System reform in Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands
- 2017
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Ingår i: Environmental Policy and Governance. - : Wiley. - 1756-932X. ; 27:4, s. 351-351
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environmental policy-making increasingly involves ministries beyond environment ministries. In particular, finance ministries are important, since they control the public budget and address environmental issues from a perspective different from environmental actors. The role of finance ministries is especially salient in the European Union's (EU) Emissions Trading System (ETS), which has been subject to interventions to keep up the falling emission allowance price. The price of ETS allowances has dropped to a tenth of the expected price. The drop led to proposals for intervening in the ETS, including postponing the auctioning of emission allowances and structural reform. While the Netherlands and Denmark supported such intervention, Germany blocked an EU decision on the subject for months. To investigate whether the role of finance ministries explains the differences in government positions, this article analyses these three Member States. The analysis shows that finance ministries were involved in the policy processes and reluctantly supported intervening in the ETS. This position was due more to the desire to have a functioning ETS with minimal state intervention than to the fiscal impact of such intervention, as this impact was clouded in uncertainty. However, the finance ministries were not decisive in determining government positions, which were instead determined by the political orientation of the government (in Germany and the Netherlands) and by previous commitments to ambitious EU emission reduction targets (in Denmark). The analysis underlines the importance of studying the role of finance ministries and their different objectives (fiscal, macroeconomic) in environmental policy-making.
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| 42. |
- Skovgaard, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
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The unlikely Mexican carbon tax—a question of economic-environmental synergies?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0964-0568 .- 1360-0559. ; 66:13, s. 2623-2639
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2013, Mexico was the first developing country to adopt a carbon tax, confounding expectations that adoption of such taxes is mostly driven by international commitments and hindered by economic concerns: Mexico was not subject to international climate commitments and constituted an economy dependent on oil and exports to its NAFTA trading partners, which did not price carbon. To address this puzzle, we examine the relationship between environmental and economic factors in the adoption of the tax and whether they originate from the international or national level. We find that the idea of carbon pricing was introduced from abroad, allowing entrepreneurs to frame the carbon tax as economically and environmentally beneficial and build a coalition spanning economic and environmental actors. The 2012 elections and resulting fiscal reform moved the tax onto the legislative agenda and secured its passage.
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| 43. |
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The Politic of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Their Reform
- 2018
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fossil fuel subsidies strain public budgets, and contribute to climate change and local air pollution. Despite widespread agreement among experts about the benefits of reforming fossil fuel subsidies, repeated international commitments to eliminate them, and valiant efforts by some countries to reform them, they continue to persist. This book helps explain this conundrum, by exploring the politics of fossil fuel subsidies and their reform. Bringing together scholars and practitioners, the book offers new case studies both from countries that have undertaken subsidy reform, and those that have yet to do so. It explores the roles of various intergovernmental and non-governmental institutions in promoting fossil fuel subsidy reform at the international level, as well as conceptual aspects of fossil fuel subsidies. This is essential reading for researchers and practitioners, and students of political science, international relations, law, public policy, and environmental studies. This title is also available as Open Access.
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| 44. |
- Tilsted, Joachim Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Ending fossil-based growth: Confronting the political economy of petrochemical plastics
- 2023
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Ingår i: One Earth. - Göteborg : IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet AB. - 2590-3322 .- 2590-3330. ; 6:6, s. 607-619
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The expanding petrochemical industry depends on fossil fuels both as feedstock and a source of energy and is at the heart of the intertwined global crises relating to plastics, climate, and toxic emissions. Addressing these crises requires uprooting the deep-seated lock-ins that sustain petrochemical plastics. This perspective identifies lock-ins that stand in the way of ambitious emission reductions and ending plastic pollution. We emphasize that addressing the growing plastic production and consumption requires confronting the political economy of petrochemicals.We put forward key elements needed to address the dual challenges of moving away from the unsustainable production of plastics and drastically reducing emissions from the petrochemical sector and argue for attention to the links between fossil fuels and plastics, which in turn involves challenging entrenched power structures and vested interests linked to the fossil-based plastics economy. A critical step would be ensuring attention to the production of petrochemicals and related upstream issues in the upcoming global plastics treaty.
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| 45. |
- van Asselt, Harro, et al.
(författare)
-
Reforming fossil fuel subsidies requires a new approach to setting international commitments
- 2021
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Ingår i: One Earth. - : Elsevier BV. - 2590-3330 .- 2590-3322. ; 4:11, s. 1523-1526
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fossil fuel subsidy reform is a sensible climate change mitigation option, yet government support for fossil fuel production and consumption remains high. International efforts to phase out fossil fuel subsidies can be strengthened by distinguishing between different subsidies, taking into account their climate impacts and the feasibility of reform.
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| 46. |
- van Asselt, Harro, et al.
(författare)
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The Politics and Governance of Energy Subsidies
- 2016
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Ingår i: The Palgrave Handbook of the International Political Economy of Energy. - 9781137556318 ; , s. 269-288
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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