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1.	Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al. (författare) Keyword Mingling workshop - a method for identifying and consolidating industrially perceived needs and requirements of future operators 2012 Ingår i: Swedish Production Symposium, SPS12. - 9789175197524 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Investments into the production technology of the future require a firm basis in the needsof production industry. However, gathering, sorting and ranking cross-industrial futureneeds remains a steep challenge to technology developers. Gathering feedback from justone or a few case companies can result in a biased set of priorities, since feedback fromspecific industrial sectors may often be highly influenced by their industry- and productspecificchallenges. This paper describes a structured method called “Keyword Mingling”that addresses the collection of such feedback in a multi-partner workshop format.The workshop method presented in this paper resolves this by using a highly interactive"mingling" technique to get participants in a large group workshop (between 15 - 20people) to answer a specific question. The participants discuss ideas in smaller groups,share their findings to the group at large, co-operatively organize the input from allparticipants into functional categories, and finally perform a 'ranking' of the results. Theoutcome is a prioritized list of concerns to focus research efforts on, providing workshopanalysts with a finished structure for reporting the results. The method was tested in twoworkshops within the project "The Operator of the Future" and resulted in plenty ofpositive feedback from participants, who felt that the input was relevant, well-structured,and easy to agree with due to the consensus categorizing.
2.	Bruch, Jessica, et al. (författare) Towards a Methodology for the Assessment of Information Requirements in a Proactive Assembly Work Setting 2008 Ingår i: Proceedings of the second Swedish Production Symposium. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
3.	Chari, Arpita, 1986, et al. (författare) Swedish manufacturing practices towards a sustainability transition in industry 4.0 : A resilience perspective 2021 Ingår i: Proceedings of the ASME 2021 16th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, MSEC 2021. - : American Society of Mechanical Engineers. - 9780791885062 ; 1 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The Swedish strategic innovation programme, Produktion2030, is a national long-term effort towards global industrial competitiveness addressing Swedish industry’s transition towards climate goals of the European Green Deal while simultaneously realising smart manufacturing and Industry 4.0 (I4.0). This paper investigated the extent of sustainability implementation and implications of I4.0 technologies through a nation-wide quantitative survey in Produktion2030’s 113 collaborative research projects. The analysis showed that 71% of the assessed projects included environmental aspects, 60% social aspects, and 45% Circular Economy (CE) aspects. Further, 65% of the projects implemented I4.0 technologies to increase overall sustainability. The survey results were compared with literature to understand how I4.0 opportunities helped derive sustainability and CE benefits. This detailed mapping of the results along with eight semi-structured interviews revealed that a majority of the projects implemented I4.0 technologies to improve resource efficiency, reduce waste in operations and incorporate CE practices in business models. The results also showed that Swedish manufacturing is progressing in the right direction of sustainability transition by deriving key resilience capabilities from I4.0-based enablers. Industries should actively adopt these capabilities to address the increasingly challenging and unpredictable sustainability issues arising in the world and for a successful transition towards sustainable manufacturing in a digital future.
4.	Fässberg, Tommy, 1984, et al. (författare) An empirical study towards a definition of production complexity 2011 Ingår i: 21st International Conference on Production Research. - : Fraunhofer-Verlag. - 9783839602935 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Mass customisation increases the number of product variants, shortens product cycles, and results in increasingly complex production systems. The complexity needs to be defined, and further operationalized to support management of production complexity. This paper's contribution is the empirical findings of perceived production complexity at three manufacturing companies, from the perspective of different functions/roles within the production systems; production engineers, operative personnel, internal logistics, and in one company also man-hour planning. Data was collected through observations, interviews, and cross-functional workshops. Results show that mass customisation is the greatest driver and cause of complexity. The increase of product variants affects complexity for all three investigated roles in the production system.
5.	Grane, Camilla, et al. (författare) The operator of the future – a key to competitive industry in a future information society 2012 Ingår i: Swedish Production Symposium, SPS12. - 9789175197524 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Increased global competition and forthcoming demographic changes is expected for the Swedish industry. The process and manufacturing industry needs to develop solutions that can provide increased flexibility and production efficiency. A key for the future competitiveness is the operator of the future who works closest to the value adding processes. In the project “The operator of the future”, “Framtidsoperatören” in Swedish, the overall aim is to increase the competiveness of Swedish industry by developing an advanced toolbox that meets future needs. In a pre-study, the tasks and needs of the operator of the future were investigated through workshops with 25 representatives from 15 Swedish process and manufacturing industries and system developers. The results had similarities across industries and suggest solutions that support communication, control and constant learning. The tools should be intuitive and situation adapted with use of strengthened senses. These results give the direction for a continued development of a future toolbox. Through a combination of new supporting technologies and new ways of collaboration the operators of the future might find their work more interesting, stimulating, and developing, leading to enhanced competiveness of Swedish industry.
6.	Hedelind, Mikael, et al. (författare) Factory-in-a-Box - Solutions for Availability and Mobility of Flexible Production Capacity 2007 Ingår i: The Swedish Production Symposium,2007. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The objective of this paper is to present examples of how to realize a flexible and reconfigurable production system. An ongoing research project in Sweden called Factory-in-a-Box will be presented which is one research initiative within this area. The purpose of the Factory-in-a-Box project is to develop solutions for mobile production capacity on demand. Three key features have been identified as enablers for these kinds of production capabilities: mobility, flexibility, and speed. The concept consists of standardized modules that can be installed in e.g. containers and easily transported by trucks, rail vehicles, and boats. The modules can easily be combined into complete production systems and reconfigured for new products and/or scaled to handle new volumes. The goal of the Factory-in-a-Box project is to build fully operative production modules that are developed in close cooperation between different academic and industrial partners. This paper will present the results from these demonstrators giving examples of the usability of the Factory-in-a-Box concept in industry.
7.	Vallhagen, Johan, 1965, et al. (författare) Visual Production – strategic manufacturing system development tools for aerospace industry 2011 Ingår i: Proceedings XX International Symposium on Air Breathing Engines (ISABE), Göteborg 2011. - 9781600868955 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract This paper addresses thestrategic development of complexaerospace production systems withan approach based on visualisationtechniques. The core issue is howto manage a large variety ofproduct mixes in different phasesof their life-cycle.Many virtual manufacturingtools are, or can be used. However,there are many gaps in terms ofwhat tasks the tools can support aswell as lack of integration betweendifferent tools. The conclusion isthat they don’t provide a completepicture and decision support.A distinction can be made between1) analytics-based tools fordeterministic system optimization;and 2) combinations of sets ofvisualizations for human expertdecisions combining data that isdifficult to integrate.This paper describes the VisualProduction project. It is based onthe second approach and isdeveloping a demonstrator of thecombination and augmentation of ahigh-precision realistic model ofthe real manufacturing system andadditional simulations andinformation models to increasefidelity and usability of thecombined visualization of themanufacturing situation. Theexpected effects are e.g. increasedefficiency and effectiveness duringdevelopment and increased decisionsupport capability by visualizingdifferent perspectives incollaborative expert teamwork.
8.	Aschenbrenner, Doris, et al. (författare) Sustainable human-robot co-production for the bicycle industry 2021 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 104, s. 857-862 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Bicycle production has not changed much over the last 100 years, it is still performed mainly by manual labor in mass production. During the global pandemic, the demand for ecologically friendly and customized transport has increased. Hence, customers start to impose the same requirements on bikes as on cars: they want more customized products and short delivery time. This publication describes an approach to transform bicycle manufacturing towards human-robot co-production to enable smaller batch sizes and production on-shoring. We list the challenges of this transformation, our applied methods, and presents preliminary results of the cobot-driven prototypes.
9.	Barletta, Ilaria Giovanna, 1988, et al. (författare) Prerequisites for a high-level framework to design sustainable plants in the e-waste supply chain 2015 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 29, s. 633-638 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Currently few attempts to properly structure knowledge that specifically supports a fully sustainable e-waste treatment system design have been proposed in literature. As a result, this paper sets up the prerequisites for a high-level framework to design sustainable plants in the supply chain of e-waste. The framework addresses production and environmental engineers mainly. The methodology grows out of literature studies, research project’s outcomes and interviews with a group of sector experts. Stemming from this, a list of prerequisites was presented for the case study of an automated plant for e-waste sorting in order to design it while considering the triple-bottom-line of sustainability.
10.	Berg, Magnus, 1975, et al. (författare) Production ramp-up in the manufacturing industry - Findings from a case study 2005 Ingår i: 3rd International Conference on Reconfigurable Manufacturing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.. Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
11.	Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al. (författare) Prerequisites and Conditions for Socially Sustainable Manufacturing in Europe’s Future Factories – results overview from the SO SMART Project 2016 Ingår i: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2194-5365 .- 2194-5357. ; 490, s. 319-330 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract This paper provides an overview of the EU project SO SMART(Socially Sustainable Manufacturing for the Factories of the Future), acoordinated support action (CSA) project. SO SMART examined the conditionsin Europe for creating socially sustainable workplaces in the manufacturingsector, where factories flourish along with their social environment. The projectwas international (with partners from five countries), multidisciplinary andparticipatory, involving participation of several science domain experts and awider community of academic and industry beneficiaries who participated inpanels, workshops, conference events and an online forum created specificallyfor the project.
12.	Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al. (författare) Social Sustainability Challenges for European Manufacturing Industry: Attract, Recruit and Sustain 2013 Ingår i: IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 1868-4238 .- 1868-422X. - 9783642412660 ; 414, s. 78-85 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The purpose of this paper is to link social sustainability challenges to manufacturing companies, focusing on the upcoming recruitment crisis caused by demographic changes in Europe. The findings are based on literature studies that were validated and reflected upon as the study progressed. The conclusion is that diversity within the manufacturing industry has to be increased in order to expand the pool of possible employees by focusing on three main improvements: providing interesting jobs, work flexibility and an improved image of the industry.
13.	Berlin, Johanna, 1971, et al. (författare) A dynamic simulation tool for a productive and environmental efficient food production 2007 Ingår i: LCA in Foods Gothenburg, Sweden 25-26 April 2007. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
14.	Berlin, Johanna, 1971, et al. (författare) A dynamic simulation tool for a productive and environmentally efficient food production 2007 Ingår i: Proceedings from the 5th International Conference LCA in Foods 25-26 April 2007, Gothenburg, Sweden. Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
15.	Bokrantz, Jon, 1988, et al. (författare) Handling of Production Disturbances in the Manufacturing Industry 2016 Ingår i: Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management. - 1741-038X. ; 27:8, s. 1054-1075 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose – A common understanding of what events to regard as production disturbances (PD) are essential for effective handling of PDs. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to answer the two questions: how are individuals with production or maintenance management positions in industry classifying different PD factors? Which factors are being measured and registered as PDs in the companies monitoring systems? Design/methodology/approach – A longitudinal approach using a repeated cross-sectional survey design was adopted. Empirical data were collected from 80 companies in 2001 using a paper-based questionnaire, and from 71 companies in 2014 using a web-based questionnaire.Findings – A diverging view of 21 proposed PD factors is found between respondents in manufacturing industry, and there is also a lack of correspondence with existing literature. In particular, planned events are not classified and registered to the same extent as downtime losses. Moreover, the respondents are often prone to classify factors as PDs compared to what is actually registered. This diverging view has been consistent for over a decade, and hinders companies to develop systematic and effective strategies for handling of PDs.Originality/value – There has been no in-depth investigation, especially not from a longitudinal perspective, of the personal interpretation of PDs from people who play a central role in achieving high reliability of production systems.
16.	Bokrantz, Jon, 1988, et al. (författare) Maintenance in digitalised manufacturing: Delphi-based scenarios for 2030 2017 Ingår i: International Journal of Production Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-5273. ; 191, s. 154-169 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Despite extensive research on future manufacturing and the forthcoming fourth industrial revolution (implying extensive digitalisation), there is a lack of understanding regarding the specific changes that can be expected for maintenance organisations. Therefore, developing scenarios for future maintenance is needed to define long-term strategies for the realisation of digitalised manufacturing. This empirical Delphi-based scenario planning study is the first within the maintenance realm, examining a total of 34 projections about potential changes to the internal and external environment of maintenance organisations, considering both hard (technological) and soft (social) dimensions. The paper describes a probable future of maintenance organisations in digitalised manufacturing in the year 2030, based on an extensive three-round Delphi survey with 25 maintenance experts at strategic level from the largest companies within the Swedish manufacturing industry. In particular, the study contributes with development of probable as well as wildcard scenarios for future maintenance. This includes e.g. advancement of data analytics, increased emphasis on education and training, novel principles for maintenance planning with a systems perspective, and stronger environmental legislation and standards. The scenarios may serve as direct input to strategic development in industrial maintenance organisations and are expected to substantially improve preparedness to the changes brought by digitalised manufacturing.
17.	Bokrantz, Jon, 1988, et al. (författare) Smart Maintenance: a research agenda for industrial maintenance management 2020 Ingår i: International Journal of Production Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-5273. ; 224 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract How do modernized maintenance operations, often referred to as “Smart Maintenance”, impact the performance of manufacturing plants? This question is a pressing challenge for practitioners and scholars in industrial maintenance management, in direct response to the transition to an industrial environment with pervasive digital technologies. This paper is the second part of a two-paper series. We present an empirically grounded research agenda that reflects the heterogeneity in industrial adoption and performance of Smart Maintenance. Focus groups and interviews with more than 110 experts from over 20 different firms were used to identify contingencies, responses, and performance implications of Smart Maintenance. The findings were transformed into a contingency model, providing the basis for a research agenda consisting of five principal areas: (1) environmental contingencies; (2) institutional isomorphism; (3) implementation issues related to change, investments and interfaces; (4) the four dimensions of Smart Maintenance; and (5) performance implications at the plant and firm level. The agenda can guide the field of industrial maintenance management to move from exploratory work to confirmatory work, studying the validity of the proposed concepts as well as the magnitude and direction of their relationships. This will ultimately help scholars and practitioners answer how Smart Maintenance can impact industrial performance.
18.	Bokrantz, Jon, 1988, et al. (författare) Smart Maintenance: an empirically grounded conceptualization 2020 Ingår i: International Journal of Production Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-5273. ; 223 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract How do modernized maintenance operations, often referred to as “Smart Maintenance”, impact the performance of manufacturing plants? The inability to answer this question backed by data is a problem for industrial maintenance management, especially in light of the ongoing rapid transition towards an industrial environment with pervasive digital technologies. To this end, this paper, which is the first part of a two-paper series, aims to investigate and answer the question, “What is Smart Maintenance?”. The authors deployed an empirical, inductive research approach to conceptualize Smart Maintenance using focus groups and interviews with more than 110 experts from over 20 different firms. By viewing our original data through the lens of multiple general theories, our findings chart new directions for contemporary and future maintenance research. This paper describes empirical observations and theoretical interpretations cumulating in the first empirically grounded definition of Smart Maintenance and its four underlying dimensions; data-driven decision-making, human capital resource, internal integration, and external integration. In addition, the relationships between the underlying dimensions are specified and the concept structure formally modeled. This study thus achieves concept clarity with respect to Smart Maintenance, thereby making several theoretical and managerial contributions that guide both scholars and practitioners within the field of industrial maintenance management.
19.	Bokrantz, Jon, 1988, et al. (författare) Smart Maintenance: Instrument Development, Content Validation and an Empirical Pilot 2020 Ingår i: International Journal of Operations and Production Management. - 1758-6593 .- 0144-3577. ; 40:4, s. 481-506 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose: Scholars and practitioners within industrial maintenance management are focused on understanding antecedents, correlates and consequences of the concept of “Smart Maintenance”, which consists of the four dimensions data-driven decision-making, human capital resource, internal integration and external integration. In order to facilitate this understanding, valid and reliable empirical measures need to be developed. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a psychometric instrument that measures the four dimensions of Smart Maintenance. Design/methodology/approach: The results from two sequential empirical studies are presented, which include generating items to represent the constructs, assessment of content validity, as well as an empirical pilot test. With input from 50 industrial experts, a pool of 80 items that represent the constructs are generated. Thereafter, using data from 42 industrial and academic raters, the content validity of all items is assessed quantitatively. Finally, using data from 59 manufacturing plants, the dimensionality and factor structure of the instrument are tested. Findings: We demonstrate content validity and provide evidence of good model fit and psychometric properties for one-factor models with 8-11 items for each of the four constructs, as well as a combined 24-item four-factor model. Originality/value: We provide recommendations for scholarly use of the instrument in further theory-testing research, as well as its practical use to assess, benchmark and longitudinally evaluate Smart Maintenance within the manufacturing industry.
20.	Braun, Greta, 1995, et al. (författare) Bridging Skill Gaps - A Systematic Literature Review of Strategies for Industry 2024 Ingår i: Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. - 2352-751X .- 2352-7528. ; 52, s. 687-696 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Industries are facing extensive needs for both digital and green transitions. Adding to the challenges, environmental crises, a recent pandemic, and military conflicts are forming a “perfect storm”. Consequently, companies need to rapidly adapt to new requirements and create resilient, sustainable, and human-centric solutions, a combination often called industry 5.0. A highly skilled workforce is required, where “right-skilled” employees will drive successful technology adoption and business transformation. Unfortunately, many companies face skill gaps, causing a slowdown in productivity and sustainable development. Fully bridging the skills gaps is not achievable only through recruiting of young talent. Ongoing demographic changes are causing a decrease in the working population, making hiring harder and increasing industry competition for existing talent. Upskilling existing workforces is a natural solution to bridge the skill gaps. This paper presents the results from a systematic literature review conducted in January 2023 using the PRISMA method. The study included 40 articles and thematically analyzed solutions for bridging skill gaps. Identified solutions address employers, employees, education providers, students, job seekers, researchers, and policymakers. Results highlighted that collaboration between stakeholders potentially helps bridge skill gaps in industry. Employees requiring upskilling need to understand what skills are relevant, and how they can absorb state-of-the-art knowledge and learn new skills. Employers should support their employees, supply relevant resources, and define clear skill requirements. Education providers on the other hand, must adapt to changing industrial business needs and gradually adapt traditional curricula, in parallel with regular education. Academia and industry collaboration is vital. Thus, flexible and rapid training and re-training solutions and approaches are needed, not just on-off activities. The main contribution of this paper is to review actions that employers, employees, education providers, researchers, students, job seekers, and policymakers need to take to bridge skill gaps. This analysis can be used by industrial practitioners, policymakers, and education providers to work with strategies to bridge skill gaps in their business and in their work. The theoretical implication of this work is the acknowledgement of the existing skill gap and the synthesis of actions for stakeholders. The article can be used to set future research directions to get closer insights into the derived challenges and success factors when bridging skill gaps.
21.	Braun, Greta, 1995, et al. (författare) Ingenjör4.0 – A National Upskilling Programme to Bridge Industry’s Skill Gap 2023 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 2212-8271. ; 120, s. 1286-1291, s. 1286-1291 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Manufacturing industry needs major transformation to meet disruptive environmental, social, and economic challenges, thus requiring a highly skilled workforce. This paper presents key functionalities, results, and best-practices for the launch and operation of a national upskilling platform. The Swedish upskilling programme Ingenjör 4.0's operations have been constantly user-monitored through participant surveys measuring appreciation for training content from the participants and identifying areas with potential for improvement. Thematic analysis of 137 survey responses identified dimensions relevant for an upskilling programme's success. Results show that success factors and hurdles typically lie within the following dimensions: relevance, organization and structure, working life competencies, support from teachers, and collaboration with other learners. The paper concludes that national programmes like Ingenjör4.0 can, in a short time, have deep impact on skill levels for manufacturing industries in areas such as industrial digitalization. Highlighted success factors are: participant appreciation of highly relevant content, collaboration with other participants, highly competent teachers, and the collaboration between universities. Obstacles for the learners are feelings of mismatch in challenges and prior knowledge, lack of feedback and applicable working life examples in the teaching, and the need for increased collaboration with other participants.
22.	Braun, Greta, 1995, et al. (författare) Motivational Challenges of Engineers Participating in an Online Upskilling Program 2022 Ingår i: Proceedings of the European Conference on e-Learning, ECEL. - : Academic Conferences International Ltd. - 2048-8637 .- 2048-8645. - 9781713862482 ; 21:1, s. 25-31 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The present powerful surge of available online learning platforms will provide employees with enhanced opportunities to rapidly develop their skills, regardless of time and place. Despite the potential, there are challenges for participants on online learning platforms to finalise the courses they engage in. The reasons for the high number of students dropping out before completion of the course are motivational, social, and technological. Studies show that large skill gaps exist among industry employees worldwide. It is often caused by the implementation of new technologies, digitalization, as well as increasing requirements on sustainability and resilience. E-learning provides a major opportunity to bridge such skill gaps. Thus, the flexibility offered by online learning platforms can be of high value for upskilling of industrial employees. This paper describes a study on the skills and learning processes of engineers in industry, participating in a national Swedish upskilling programme. The programme offers online learning modules, provided by 13 collaborating Swedish universities. The paper proposes a method for understanding underlying challenges in the participants’ motivation and their module completion rates. The questionnaire “HowULearn”, developed by Helsinki University, has been previously validated at several universities, consistently delivering a valuable understanding of student learning and motivation. To accommodate the methodological needs of this study, the questionnaire was adapted for an industrial context, investigating motivational challenges of learners on the Ingenjör4.0 platform. The primary outcome of the study is a framework for analysing learner challenges related to motivation within e-learning contexts. Further, this paper suggests a way of utilising the HowULearn questionnaire for participants on the Ingenjör4.0 online learning platform, to understand their challenges. The adapted questionnaire was tested with participants of the platform (22 respondents) and the results were analysed by identifying participant challenges. The outcome and conclusions of this study will improve the Ingenjör4.0 online learning platform but can also be used generically, to improve other e-learning environments.
23.	Braun, Greta, 1995, et al. (författare) Skills Matching for a Greener Industry 4.0-A Literature Review 2022 Ingår i: Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. ; 21, s. 677-688 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Manufacturing industry has historically had a very high leverage on environmental impact. Therefore, it is urgent to identify how the industry and its employees can contribute to change towards a sustainable society. Industry leaders need to enable their employees to create sustainable solutions, using technologies rising in industry 4.0. However, nowadays there are also critical discussions about whether this trend has reached our workplace settings in a satisfactory way. Namely, there is a growing skill gap among employees in manufacturing industries causing a lack of capability to match skill needs for fast technological development and requirements on sustainability. The resulting mismatch of technical and managerial knowledge and experience will critically impact companies in competitive markets. Despite a vast range of educational initiatives available on the global market, less employees than needed are developing new skills. A smart matching process to strategically support employees in their learning paths, by matching them to new relevant skills and matching those skills to learning activities, could bridge the widespread skill gap and address challenges e.g., motivation to learn. This study reviews existing research on functional matching processes for individually tailored learning and upskilling paths for employees that need to develop skills in industry. The study's result maps out parts in a matching system and identifies the existing gap in literature.
24.	Bärring, Maja, 1988, et al. (författare) 5G Enabled Manufacturing Evaluation for Data-Driven Decision-Making 2018 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 27, s. 266-271 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Manufacturing industries are experiencing a technical paradigm shift that will change how they run their operations. Equipment and personnel generate an ever-increasing amount of data, and connectivity enables to utilize data to a larger extent. Connecting a machine is not a technical obstacle anymore, but with all available data, the challenge is to understand the requirements of data to support efficient decision-making. This paper will address the requirements of data by domain experts, in the context of more real-time data available. A focus group interview was performed, assessing the key factors of big data; volume, velocity, and variety of data.
25.	Bärring, Maja, 1988, et al. (författare) Digital Technologies Enabling Data of Production Systems for Decision Support 2020 Ingår i: Smart and Sustainable Manufacturing Systems. - 2520-6478 .- 2572-3928. ; 4:2, s. 62-79 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Using digital technologies can support the flow and use of digital information in a timelier manner both within and between production systems. Smart manufacturing systems use these enabling technologies to maximize the capabilities’ cost, delivery, flexibility, and quality. The focus in industry so far has mainly been on the technologies and systems, but to succeed in digitalization, it is vital to understand how the technologies can be put into practice to meet the needs of an industrial organization. The focus of this article is to demonstrate how digital technologies can be used to enable data from production systems to inform decisions and generate value for an organization. This article showcases this with examples from real-world industrial cases, and the technologies used are 3-D laser scanning and 5G communication. The 3-D laser scanning is used to collect spatial data to build a virtual representation of a factory, and 5G is utilized to collect machine data from various data sources, e.g., the machine computer and external sensors. The results show that available data can support multiple roles in the organization and throughout the different phases of a production system. The status of the machine can be monitored in real time, a design can be evaluated against a system’s behavior, an organization can learn from the data transformed into information, and the virtual representation provides a very accurate and photorealistic representation of a system as-is. Digital technologies can enable more data representing the system and support the organization in knowing more about their processes when used in the right way.
26.	Bärring, Maja, 1988, et al. (författare) Factory Radio Design of a 5G Network in Offline Mode 2021 Ingår i: IEEE Access. - 2169-3536 .- 2169-3536. ; 9, s. 23095-23109 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The manufacturing industry is connecting people and equipment with new digital technologies, enabling a more continuous stream of data to represent processes. With more things connected, the interest in a connectivity solution that can support communication with high reliability and availability will increase. The fifth generation of telecommunication, i.e., 5G has promising features to deliver this, but the factory environment introduces new challenges to ensure reliable radio coverage. This will require efficient ways to plan the Factory Radio Design prior to installation. 3D laser scanning is used at an ever-increasing rate for capturing the spatial geometry in a virtual representation to perform layout planning of factories. This paper presents how to combine 3D laser scanning and physical optics (PO) for planning the Factory Radio Design of a cellular Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network (5G) in a virtual environment. 3D laser scanning is applied to obtain the spatial data of the factory and the virtual representation serves as the environment where PO computation techniques can be performed. The simulation result is validated in this paper by comparison to measurements of the installed network and empirical propagation models. The results of the study show promising opportunities to simulate the radio coverage in a virtual representation of a factory environment.
27.	Chari, Arpita, 1986, et al. (författare) Analysing the antecedents to digital platform implementation for resilient and sustainable manufacturing supply chains - An IDEF0 modelling approach 2023 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526. ; 429 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Digital platforms offer opportunities to enhance the resilience of manufacturing supply chains facing complexity, data sharing challenges, external stressors (e.g., resource scarcity, geo-political factors), emerging risks and environmental sustainability. Despite the growing importance of digital platforms for industrial value creation, limited research has focused on their practical application in this context. Furthermore, a comprehensive understanding of the holistic factors crucial for successful implementation is lacking. Through a qualitative empirical research approach involving three case companies in a manufacturing value chain, this study examines the challenges, requirements, and opportunities associated with leveraging digital platforms for resilient supply chains. Additionally, the paper demonstrates the use of a structured modelling technique, IDEF0, to identify interconnected antecedents that support the use of digital platforms in building resilience within manufacturing supply chains. The findings contribute to advancing knowledge in resilience modelling and dynamic capabilities for resilience, along with providing valuable insights for practitioners seeking to harness the potential of digital platforms for improved supply chain resilience.
28.	Chari, Arpita, 1986, et al. (författare) Modeling Risk Prioritization of a Manufacturing Supply Chain using Discrete Event Simulation 2023 Ingår i: Proceedings - Winter Simulation Conference. - 0891-7736. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Supply chains face a myriad of adverse risks that impact their daily operations and make them vulnerable. In addition, supply chains continue to grow in size and complexity which further sophisticates the problem. Lack of a structured approach and limitations in existing risk management methods contribute towards effective mitigation strategies not being properly developed. In this paper, we develop a discrete event simulation modelling approach to quantify the performance and risk assessment of a manufacturing supply chain in Sweden which is under the impact of risks. This approach could support decision makers by prioritizing risks according to their performance impact and facilitating the development of mitigation strategies to enhance the resilience of the supply chain. The conceptual digital model can also be used to generate synthetic data to build an artificial intelligence-enhanced predictive demonstrator model to showcase capabilities for building data-driven resilience of the supply chain. 2.14.0.0
29.	Cimini, Chiara, et al. (författare) Smart logistics and the logistics operator 4.0 2020 Ingår i: IFAC-PapersOnLine. - : Elsevier BV. - 2405-8963. ; 53, s. 10615-10620 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is expected to deeply change several aspects of the manufacturing industry. Among them, the logistics and supply chain activities will be affected by these changes both at operational and managerial level to face the market drivers of flexibility and mass-customisation. In this context, the work of operators in internal and external logistics will be affected by these changes and increase the interaction between humans and machines. The evolution of the roles of humans in Logistics 4.0 will give birth to "The Logistics Operator 4.0"paradigm. The aim of this paper is to investigate the impacts of Industry 4.0 technologies on the different roles of logistics operators that work in the main logistics domains and areas.
30.	Claesson, Torbjörn, 1976, et al. (författare) The key Concepts of Lean Production and Anticipated Effects on Worker Well-being of Lean Production Concepts 2009 Ingår i: Proceedings of The International 3'rd Swedish Production Symposium, SPS '09, 2-3 December, Göteborg, Sweden. - 9789163360060 ; , s. 213-219 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The Lean Production concept was first heard of in 1988. The concept builds upon the notion of the Toyota Production System (TPS). Despite the vast amount of material that has been published on the topic there still seems to be no common definition of the term. Such a definition is not provided in this paper but four key concepts of Lean Production and a proposition of a conceptual model are presented. In addition an account of the expected main effects in respect to worker well-being of a number of concepts associated with Lean Production is given.
31.	David, Romero, et al. (författare) TOWARDS AN OPERATOR 4.0 TYPOLOGY: A HUMAN-CENTRIC PERSPECTIVE ON THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION TECHNOLOGIES 2016 Ingår i: International Conference on Computers & Industrial Engineering CIE 46. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract This paper presents early concepts and future projections of the so-called ‘Operator 4.0’, understood as a smart, skilled operator who performs not only cooperative work with robots but also aided work by machines as and if needed by means of human cyber-physical systems, advanced human-machine interaction technologies and adaptive automation towards achieving human-automation symbiosis work systems. This research introduces an Operator 4.0 typology as well as exploring a set of key enabling technologies that can support the development of human-automation symbiosis work systems for the Operator 4.0 in the Factory of the Future defined within the Industry 4.0 framework.
32.	Dencker, Kerstin, 1972-, et al. (författare) Characteristic of a proactive assembly system 2008 Ingår i: MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE NEW FRONTIER. - NEW YORK : SPRINGER. - 9781848002661 - 9781848002678 ; , s. 123-128 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Competitive assembly systems must cope with frequent demand changes, requiring drastically shortened resetting and ramp-up times. Characteristics of assembly systems capable of rapid change are e.g. Flexibility; Robustness, Agility, and ability to handle frequent changes and disturbances. This paper proposes proactivity as a vital factor of semi-automated assembly systems to increase speed of change. Proactive systems utilize the full potential of human operators and technical systems. Such systems have ability to dynamically change system automation levels, resulting in decrease of time consumed for assembly tasks. Proactivity criteria for assembly systems are reviewed based on theory and industrial case studies
33.	Dencker, Kerstin, 1972-, et al. (författare) Proactive Assembly Systems – realizing the potential of human collaboration with automation 2009 Ingår i: Annual Reviews in Control. - : Elsevier. - 1367-5788 .- 1872-9088. ; 33:2, s. 230-237 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Manufacturing competitiveness frequently relies on company ability to rapidly reconfigure their assembly systems. This paper introduces assembly system proactivity, a concept based on interrelated levels of automation, human competence, and information handling. Increased and structured human involvement contributes to increased system ability to proactively address predicted and unpredicted events. Correct involvement of human operators will utilize the combined potential of human and technical capabilities, providing cost-efficient assembly system solutions. The ProAct project is developing proactive assembly system models and evaluates proactive, feature-based solutions. Focus is on realising the potential of cost-efficient and semi-automated systems with relevant human involvement, i.e. highly skilled operators who add flexibility and functionality.
34.	Despeisse, Mélanie, 1985, et al. (författare) Battery Production Systems: State of the Art and Future Developments 2023 Ingår i: IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. - 1868-4238 .- 1868-422X. ; 692, s. 521-535 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract This paper discusses the state of the art in battery production research, focusing on high-importance topics to address industrial needs and sustainability goals in this rapidly growing field. We first present current research around three themes: human-centred production, smart production management, and sustainable manufacturing value chains. For each theme, key subtopics are explored to potentially transform battery value chains and shift to more sustainable production models. Such systemic transformations are supported by technological advances to enable superior manufacturing performance through: skills and competence development, improved production ergonomics and human factors, automation and human-robot collaboration, smart production planning and control, smart maintenance, data-driven solutions for production quality and its impact on battery performance (operational efficiency and durability), circular battery systems supported by service-based business models, more integrated and digitalized value chains, and increased industrial resilience. Each subtopic is discussed to suggest directions for further research to realise the full potential of digitalization for sustainable battery production.
35.	Dimirovski, Georgi M, et al. (författare) Control system approaches for sustainable development and instability management in the globalization age 2006 Ingår i: Annual Reviews in Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 1367-5788. ; 30:1, s. 103-115 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The civilization of mankind in the globalization age depends heavily on advanced information technologies emerging from automation and decision expertise and their respective scientific disciplines. The broad area of social systems, being essentially human centred systems, is a cross-, inter- and multi-disciplinary challenge to the control community. Social systems of contemporary civilization are reviewed from the systems science viewpoint and on the grounds of recent developments in control science and technology. Recent developments have emphasised the social responsibility of the control community during the on-going globalization and changes from the Cold-War bipolar world to a unipolar one, on the way to mankind's multi-polar world of the future. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
36.	Erdem, Ilker, 1987, et al. (författare) A novel comparative design procedure for reconfigurable assembly fixtures 2017 Ingår i: CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1755-5817 .- 1878-0016. ; 19, s. 93-105 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract While market requirements demand that manufacturing systems increase their responsiveness, assembly fixtures remain limited in corresponding to the same demand. Fixture designers as practitioners are left without guidance to design reconfigurable fixtures. This study proposes a comparative design procedure for reconfigurable assembly fixtures that can adapt to manufacturing system characteristics by using efficiency metrics. In this study, a theoretical analysis based on manufacturing systems is presented to establish efficiency metrics. Later, these metrics are utilized in a design procedure that offers guidance and determines the efficiency of fixtures in conceptual and detailed design stages. Finally, an experimental verification is presented.
37.	Fantini, Paola, et al. (författare) Mapping the Current Social Sustainability Practices of the European Manufacturing Industry 2014 Ingår i: Swedish Production Symposium 2014, SPS14. - 9789198097412 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract A survey among European production companies was carriedout to map the level of understanding and action regarding social sustainability practices. In order to determine whether sufficient measures are in place to tackle upcoming demographic challenges. The study explored topics of labour practices, human capital development, job design, work-lifebalance, talent management, employee turnover & satisfaction management and stakeholder and community practices. The results indicate that although many companies report having a strategy in place for social sustainability, practices in place appear to only address the fundamental hygiene factors of the workplace, rather than focusing strategically on combating demographicschallenges.
38.	Fantini, P., et al. (författare) Socially Sustainable Manufacturing: Exploring the European Landscape 2014 Ingår i: IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1868-4238 .- 1868-422X. - 9783662447352 ; 439:2, s. 474-481 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Sustainable manufacturing has been extensively researched in the last decades, however there is a lack of coherence in literature specifically addressing its social dimension. Within the framework of the Social Sustainability-themed project SO SMART (Socially Sustainable Manufacturing for the Factories of the Future), a preliminary explorative survey and interview study were deployed among manufacturing companies and their stakeholders in Europe to investigate the extent to which they understand and practice social sustainability in relation to their business activities and context. Using an inquiry approach based on the main concepts related to social sustainability found in literature, this paper reports findings on preliminary exploration of the European landscape of social sustainability-related practices from a corporate and societal perspective. Findings contribute to the creation of a basis of shared knowledge as a prerequisite for extending and further developing concepts and models for socially sustainable manufacturing ecosystems.
39.	Fasth Berglund, Åsa, 1978, et al. (författare) Cognitive automation strategie: Improving use-efficiency of carrier and content of information 2014 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 17, s. 67-70 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The production paradigm of mass customization puts high demand on the production system and the people who works there. This is especially true for final assembly where the number of variants is the richest. To handle this variety, the operator needs the correct information accessible at the right time; the operator wants to know how and when to assemble what part. What is correct information includes the amount of information (content of information), how it is presented (carrier of information) and who is the receiver (specific operator). The strategy for Cognitive Automation will be more and more important for companies within this paradigm. This paper aims to show the use-Efficiency of information, both carrier and content, in two industrial case studies. Furthermore how the cognitive automation strategy within a company is connected to the maturity of technology. ©2014 Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
40.	Fasth Berglund, Åsa, 1978, et al. (författare) Level of automation analysis in manufacturing systems 2010 Ingår i: Advances in Human Factors, Ergonomics, and Safety in Manufacturing and Service Industries. - 9781439835005 ; , s. 233-242 Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Manufacturing tends to be polarizing in terms of automation. Final assembly and other mass-customization operations in the production flow show an increase in allocation of functions to the operators. In contrast, early manufacturing phases, where high repeatability is possible and needed, show an increase in automation with high autonomy, adaptability, and robustness towards disturbances, with operators in a more supervision role. Manufacturing automation may benefit from a differentiated view; manufacturing automation has a strong physical component, i.e. the traditional physical ergonomic and task allocation view of operator work. On the other hand, increasing presence of information technology, manufacturing execution systems, and various operator support information have resulted in a radical change for the operator situation in terms of cognitive ergonomics. This paper presents a methodology for analysis of semi-automated manufacturing systems, in terms of physical and cognitive levels of automation (LoA). The aim is to determine appropriate task allocation by generating a span of possible solutions for physical and cognitive automation levels. Results are based on ten industrial case studies from assembly operations in Swedish companies.
41.	Fasth Berglund, Åsa, 1978, et al. (författare) Relations between complexity, quality and cognitive automation in mixed-model assembly 2013 Ingår i: Journal of Manufacturing Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0278-6125. ; 4:11, s. 449-455 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Modern assembly systems are adapting to the increased mass customization resulting in shorter cycle times, more variants and increased complexity for final assembly operators. More variants require additional support functions targeted for assembly operators to avoid assembly errors. An industrial case study was carried out in order to examine the relations between complexity, quality and cognitive automation. Complexity was quantified by the measure Operator Choice Complexity (OCC). Assembly errors were measured from historical data and cognitive automation was assessed on a task level. Results show that complexity positively correlates with assembly errors and that the usage of cognitive support is low. Over 60% of all tasks in the study were performed based on own experience. Increased usage of cognitive automation is needed in final assembly to minimize the negative effects of complexity.
42.	Fasth Berglund, Åsa, 1978, et al. (författare) Task allocation in production systems - Measuring and Analysing Levels of Automation 2013 Ingår i: IFAC Proceedings Volumes (IFAC-PapersOnline). - 2405-8963. - 9783902823410 ; 12:1, s. 435-441 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Due to the paradigm of mass customisation, most of the tasks in final assembly are still performed by humans. Hence, the tasks are becoming more and more complex and the operators need not only physical but also cognitive support to perform their work. The paper discusses the need for a quantitative and easy-to-use method, which simultaneously considers physical and cognitive automation in order to choose and use the best suited Levels of Automation. A concept model used for task allocation is presented. It consists of a five-step main loop supported by other areas or relations were information is gathered to enable a decision in the main loop. The model is compared to Olders’ et al. (1997) sixteen requirements for a task allocation method in order to prove its usefulness. The method has been developed, validated, and verified together with end-users (industry and novice users) in twenty companies to verify its practical ease-of-use.
43.	Fasth, Åsa, 1978, et al. (författare) Analysing changeability and time parameters due to levels of Automation in an assembly system 2008 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Products of today are becoming increasingly customized. Smaller batches in the assembly and decreasing time limits for set-ups between products are some of the resulting demands on the assembly systems, due to the increasing number of variants in the assembly flow. Consequently, assembly systems have to become more flexible and efficient. When companies adopt automated solutions, there is a need to determine the correct amount of automation. It is also necessary to identify the optimal parts of the value-flow to be automated. In automation decisions it is necessary to consider human resources, as well as mechanical technology and information flow. The paper will discuss the importance of measuring different time parameters in an assembly system. Furthermore an analysis of the ability to change level of automation in an assembly system will be discussed based on theory and a case study example
44.	Fasth, Åsa, 1978, et al. (författare) COGNITIVE AUTOMATION STRATEGY -FOR RECONFIGURABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ASSEMBLY SYSTEMS 2013 Ingår i: Assembly Automation. - 0144-5154. ; 33:3, s. 294-303 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose - The paper aims to discuss the importance to consider both the physical and cognitive automation when aiming for a flexible or reconfigurable assembly system in order to handle the increased demand for mass customized production. Furthermore to maintain or improve the social sustainabilitin within the company. Design/methodology/approach - The methodologies used in this paper is both a theoretical review about task allocation and levels of automation. For the industriacl case studies a methodology called DYNAMO++ is used.Findings - The paper provides both theoretical and empirical insights about the importance of considering both the cognitive and physical automation when aiming for a reconfigurable assembly system.Research limitations/implications - The paper will only discuss the cognitive strategy from a social sustainability perspetctive and not from an economical or environmantel angle.Practical implications - The paper presents data from three industrial case studies, mostly in automotive industry. The result points towards a need for a more structured and quantitative method when choosing automation solutions and towards an increased use of cognitive automation solution. Originality/value - The paper demonstrate an advance in the state of the art in task allocation. The concept model and the DYNAMO++ method can be seen as a step closer towards quantitative measures of task allocation (i.e. changes in both physical and cognitive LoA) and dynamic changes over time.
45.	Fasth, Åsa, 1978, et al. (författare) Concept model towards optimising Levels of Automation (LoA) in assembly systems 2010 Ingår i: Proceedings of the 3rd CIRP Conference on Assembly Technologies and Systems. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Advanced automation is a common solution to achieve high productivity and quality. However, the human operator still has not been surpassed by automation in terms of flexibility and adaptability. Therefore, appropriate Levels of Automation (LoA) must be selected to meet the triggers for change caused by internal and external demands. This paper presents a concept model, aiming towards optimizing automation solutions in assembly system to avoid over or under automated systems.
46.	Fasth, Åsa, 1978, et al. (författare) Designing proactive assembly systems : Criteria and interaction between automation, information, and competence 2010 Ingår i: Asian International Journal of Science and Technology in production and manufacturing engineering (AIJSTPME). - 1906-151X. ; vol 2 issue 4 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Production companies of today face extreme challenge to meet the rapid changes and increased flexibility that mass customization require. More and more customers are requiring the product to suite specific needs such as design, function and sustainability. These requirements results in increasing demands for the developers of the product but also for the personnel who will assemble the products in the final assembling. This paper suggests the need for further development, primarily addressing time parameters in dynamically changing assembly systems. We propose proactivity as a vital characteristic of semi-automated assembly systems, to increase fulfilment of customer demands and decrease non value-adding tasks. In proactive assembly systems, the potential of human operators and technical systems is utilised. Criteria for proactivity are reviewed from automation, information, and competence perspectives. Empirical data have been collected from five production companies in Sweden.
47.	Fasth, Åsa, 1978, et al. (författare) Designing proactive assembly systems – Criteria and interaction between Automation, Information, and Competence 2009 Ingår i: CIRP Conference on Manufacturing Systems, University of Grenoble, France, 2009. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Increasing customisation of products results in decreasing production batch sizes, especially in the final assembly. Industry must therefore increase their capability to handle smaller batches as well as radically decrease set up time between different product groups and new products. This paper suggests the need for further development, primarily addressing time parameters in dynamically changing assembly systems. We propose proactivity as a vital characteristic of semi-automated assembly systems, to increase fulfilment of customer demands and decrease non value-adding tasks. In proactive assembly systems, the full and complementary potential of human operators and technical systems is utilised. Criteria for proactivity in assembly systems are reviewed from automation, information, and competence perspectives.
48.	Fasth, Åsa, 1978, et al. (författare) Development of production cells with regard to physical and cognitive automation -A decade of evolution 2011 Ingår i: International Symposium on Assembly and Manufacturing (ISAM). Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract This paper will discuss a company’s view and evolution of physical and cognitive automation regarding four product families that have been put in production the past decade. The focus of this paper is on the mindset of the production engineers when changing the assembly cells of the products.Results, from observations and interviews, reveal that both the physical and cognitive automation have been considered when designing new assembly cells at the company. Automation has decreased during time covered by the studies. Further, an evolution in lean production and increased involvement of the operators have been in focus during the last two product cell designs, in order to reach recourse and volume flexibility. Moreover, in order to decrease the product complexity, the engineers always design one cell per product family.
49.	Fasth, Åsa, 1978, et al. (författare) Does Levels of Automation need to be changed in an assembly system? - A case study 2008 Ingår i: The 2nd Swedish Production Symposium (SPS), Stockholm, Sweden. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Production of to day is getting more and more competitive and companies have to be on top in their area in order to survive. This paper discuss if Levels of Automation need to be changed in assembly systems in order to achieve companies goals when it comes to flexibility and time minimisation. The empirical data is gathered through case studies at six different companies.
50.	Fasth, Åsa, 1978, et al. (författare) From Task Allocation Towards Resource Allocation when Optimising Assembly Systems 2012 Ingår i: Procedia CIRP - Elsevier. - 2212-8271. ; 3, s. 400-405 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The article discusses the question; is it possible to reach route flexibility and system proactivity through resource allocation and task optimisation. In order to answer this, differences between three types of optimisation regarding task and resource allocation are discussed: Global Task and Resource optimisation, Task optimisation and local resource allocation, but with resource alternatives, Task optimisation and local resource allocation (optimisation), with prioritised resources, shown as a possible solution in this paper in order to increase the route flexibility and proactivity in the system planning. An example of the last approach will be shown using a logic language (SOP) with help of software tool called Sequence Planner (SP).

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