| 1. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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PST
- 2019
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Annan publikation (mjukvara/multimedium) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- PST is a tool for performing space syntax and regular accessibility analyses. It currently consists of two main parts - a C++ and Python library called Pstalgo and a plugin for the desktop application QGIS.PST is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. The GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free software for all its users.For latest download visit either the Chalmers publication page, or find "Releases" on the Github page.
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| 2. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Quantitative comparison of cities : Distribution of street and building types based on density and centrality measures
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings - 11th International Space Syntax Symposium, SSS 2017. - : Instituto Superior Tecnico, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Georrecursos. - 9789729899447 ; 2, s. 44.1-44.18
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been argued that different urban configurations-planned vs. organic, treelike vs. grid like-perform differently when it comes to the intensity and distribution of pedestrian flows, built density and land uses. However, definitions of urban configurations are often rather abstract, ill-defined and at worse end in fixed stereotypes hiding underlying spatial complexity. Recent publications define morphological typologies based on quantitative variables (e.g. Barthelemy, 2015; Serra, 2013a; Gil et al., 2012; Berghauser Pont and Haupt, 2010) and solve some of these shortcomings. These approaches contribute to the discussion of types in two ways: firstly, they allow for the definition of types based on multiple variables in a precise and repeattable manner, enabling the study of large samples and the comparison between both cities and regions; secondly, they frame design choices in terms of types without being fixed and so open up for design explorations where the relation between the variables can be challenged to propose new types. This paper explores the typologies defined by Serra (2013a) and Berghauser Pont and Haupt (2010) further, as these target two of the most important morphological entities of urban form, namely the street network and the building structure. The purpose is to gain a better understanding of how types are composed and distributed within and across different cities. The method is based on GIS and statistical modeling of four cities to allow for a comparative analysis of four cities: Amsterdam, London, Stockholm and Gothenburg. For the street network, we process the Road-Centre-line maps to obtain a clean network model, then run segment angular analysis to calculate the space syntax measures of betweenness at different metric radii, defining the "centrality palimpsest" (Serra, 2013a). For the building structure, we process elevation data to obtain building height, then run accessible density analysis for all building density metrics (FSI, GSI, OSR, L) using the Place Syntax Tool (Berghauser Pont and Marcus, 2014). The street and building types are defined using cluster analysis (unsupervised classification), following a similar approach to Serra (2013a). The result is a typology of street ('paths') and building types ('places'), with different profiles of centrality and density across scales. The spatial distribution and frequency of these types across the four cities gives an objective summary of their spatial structure, identifying common as well as unique traits.
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| 3. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
The spatial distribution and frequency of street, plot and building types across five European cities
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Environment and Planning B-Urban Analytics and City Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 46:7, s. 1226-1242
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Typologies have always played an important role in urban planning and design practice and formal studies have been central to the field of urban morphology. These studies have predominantly been of a historical-qualitative nature and do not support quantitative comparisons between urban areas and between different cities, nor offer the precise and comprehensive descriptions needed by those engaged in urban planning and design practice. To describe contemporary urban forms, which are more diffuse and often elude previous historic typologies, systematic quantitative methods can be useful but, until recently, these have played a limited role in typo-morphological studies. This paper contributes to recent developments in this field by integrating multi-variable geometric descriptions with inter-scalar relational descriptions of urban form. It presents typologies for three key elements of urban form (streets, plots and buildings) in five European cities, produced using statistical clustering methods. In a first instance, the resulting typologies contribute to a better understanding of the characteristics of streets, plots and buildings. In particular, the results offer insight into patterns between the types (i.e. which types are found in combination and which not) and provide a new large scale comparative analysis across five European cities. To conclude, a link between quantitative analysis and theory is established, by testing two well-known theoretical propositions in urban morphology: the concept of the burgage cycle and the theory of natural movement.
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| 4. |
- Stavroulaki, Ioanna, 1976, et al.
(författare)
-
PST (Place Syntax Tool) Documentation v3.2.4-3.2.5_20230110
- 2023
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- PST is an open source tool for performing spatial analyses. It combines the space syntax description of the urban environment with conventional descriptions of attraction into a combined accessibility analysis tool. It is currently available as a plugin for QGIS, an open source GIS software. Earlier PST versions are also available as a plugin for the MapInfo Professional GIS software. PST is developed by KTH School of Architecture, Chalmers School of Architecture (SMoG) and Spacescape AB. Alexander Ståhle, Lars Marcus, Daniel Koch, Martin Fitger, Ann Legeby, Gianna Stavroulaki, Meta Berghauser Pont, Anders Karlström, Pablo Miranda Carranza, Tobias Nordström. The software was first introduced in a paper by Ståhle, A., Marcus, L. and Karlström, A., (2005), ”Place Syntax: Geographic accessibility with axial lines in GIS”, published in the proceedings of the 5th Space Syntax Symposium held in Delft, the Netherlands. PST is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. The GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free software for all its users. The application is available via: https://github.com/SMoG-Chalmers/PST/releases/tag/v3.2.4 Download: pstqgis_3.2.4_2023-01-10.zip The code is released under GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE and is available at https://github.com/SMoG-Chalmers/PST
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| 5. |
- Ståhle, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Designguide för Smarta gator
- 2022
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Designguiden för smarta gator konkretiserar hur de fyra megatrenderna urbanisering, digitalisering, samhällsförändringar och miljöförändringar leder till nya krav och utformningsprinciper för framtidens gator. Guiden är tänkt att fungera som en inspiration och ett underlag för att förnya svensk gatupolicy på nationell, regional och kommunal nivå.Guiden innehåller utöver en inledning följande kapitel: en historisk tillbakablick (gatans utveckling), gatans användning, gatans delar, gatans design, designprocessen, guidens genomförande.
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| 6. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Development of urban types based on network centrality, built density and their impact on pedestrian movement
- 2019
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Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 46:8, s. 1549-1564
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A better understanding of the relationship between the built environment and urban processes is central in guiding urban processes in more sustainable trajectories. Of particular importance to this endeavour is the idea of urban types. However, on closer scrutiny, while such types may capture the symbolic dimension of urban form, they frequently do not capture its performance or functional dimension. This prohibits precise policy formulation on the topic. This paper first presents a methodology for generating urban types relevant to urban practice (using analytical and statistical methods) and, second, an empirical test of the differences in performance concerning their influence on the presence of people in public space (an essential driver of many other urban processes). For this reason, a large (and to our knowledge unique) pedestrian survey of three European metropolitan areas was conducted and used to test the performance of the urban types developed. The results prove that the methodology for developing the types is robust, as it picks up generally recognised spatial patterns in all three cities. Further, the types were able to explain the intensity of pedestrian flow, its spatial distribution and fluctuations of intensity in space and time. These are vital steps forward and provide more useable typologies in urban planning and design practice.
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| 7. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Förtätning av stationsnära områden för god tillgänglighet. Utveckling av en analys - och utvärderingsmetod
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det finns en vilja att förtäta i närheten av stationer för att öka användningen av kollektivtrafik och därmed minska klimatpåverkan kopplad till transpor- ter. Förtätning bidrar bland annat till att skapa levande stationssamhällen, med blandade funktioner, god tillgäng- lighet och miljöer som är trygga och vistelsevänliga där olika grupper och behov möts. Potentialerna är många men så även utmaningarna. Förtätning av stationsnära områden kan också leda till oönskade konsekven- ser för social, ekonomisk och ekologisk hållbarhet. Den här rap- porten kan förhoppningsvis ge ökad förståelse för förtätning i relation till regional tillgänglighet samt för positiva och negativa konsekvenser av förtätning i stationsnära områden. Den kan också skapa insikter om hur olika alternativ för utveckling av stations- nära områden kan värderas utifrån Agenda 2030, särskilt Mål 11: Hållbara städer och samhällen. Rapporten är framtagen inom projektet Urbana stationssamhäll- en – förtätning av stationsnära områden för god tillgänglighet (2020–2022) som finansierats av Trafikverket och bedrivits i sam- verkan mellan Urban Futures vid GMV (projektägare), Arkitektur och samhällsbyggnadsteknik vid Chalmers tekniska högskola, Gö- teborgsregionen (GR), Samhällsplanering vid Högskolan Dalarna och Samhällsplanering och miljö vid KTH.
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| 8. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
INTEGRATED URBAN ENVIRONMENT EFFECT ANALYSIS OF INFRASTRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS
- 2022
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The report presents the method developed within the research project ‘Stadsmiljöanalys- Analys av tätbebyggda miljöer i infrastrukturprojekt’, funded by Trafikverket (Swedish Transport Authority). This project sets up an integrated methodology for analysing and estimating the local impact of road and rail infrastructure projects in urban environments, either by way of new infrastructure or by way of retrofits, focusing on socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural-historical effects. While the focus is on national transport infrastructure investments, the method addresses local effects. This stems from the acknowledgement that each infrastructure investments results in a redistribution of accessibility where increasing accessibility on a regional and interurban scale might create encroachments on a local scale including the reduction of the usability of areas near to the infrastructure due to emissions and noise, risk of accidents, negative impacts on wildlife as well as barrier effects. It is these encroachments this method aims to highlight with the aim to reduce negative trade-offs of new or transformed transport infrastructure and recognize both local opportunities and sensitivities. In this project the direct effects of infrastructure projects in relation to the three perspectives (socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural-historical are described and measured in a precise manner through a series of spatial analyses. The cumulative, indirect, effects and broader consequences are also assessed, in relation to the sustainable development goals. The overall assessment methodology is based on a before-and-after analysis workflow, systematically comparing the existing situation (how it is, how it functions, how it affects people) to the future scenarios proposed by planning. The methodology is showcased using two infrastructural transformations projects in Söderköping and Mölndal, Sweden, as case studies. The overarching goal of the research project is to contribute to an improved integration between infrastructure and local urban areas and communities in projects initiated and developed by the Swedish Transport Authority, Trafikverket. The presented methodology builds on the ILKA (Integrerad landskapskaraktärsanalys) method, currently used by the Swedish Transport Authority. While ILKA focuses mainly on the inventory of the current landscape on a regional scale, this project widens the scope to also address urban areas and to include, besides the ecological descriptions, also socio-economic and cultural-historical analysis that are currently less emphasized. Such an integrated method can improve the ability of the Swedish Transport Authority to develop projects that contribute to sustainable urban development and, furthermore, create a unified work procedure in the organization.
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| 9. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
INTEGRERAD STADSMILJÖEFFEKTANALYS (ISMA) AV INFRASTRUKTURELLA FÖRÄNDRINGAR
- 2022
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The report (in Swedish) presents the method developed within the research project ‘Stadsmiljöanalys- Analys av tätbebyggda miljöer i infrastrukturprojekt’, funded by Trafikverket (Swedish Transport Authority). This project sets up an integrated methodology for analysing and estimating the local impact of road and rail infrastructure projects in urban environments, either by way of new infrastructure or by way of retrofits, focusing on socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural-historical effects. While the focus is on national transport infrastructure investments, the method addresses local effects. This stems from the acknowledgement that each infrastructure investments results in a redistribution of accessibility where increasing accessibility on a regional and interurban scale might create encroachments on a local scale including the reduction of the usability of areas near to the infrastructure due to emissions and noise, risk of accidents, negative impacts on wildlife as well as barrier effects. It is these encroachments this method aims to highlight with the aim to reduce negative trade-offs of new or transformed transport infrastructure and recognize both local opportunities and sensitivities. In this project the direct effects of infrastructure projects in relation to the three perspectives (socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural-historical are described and measured in a precise manner through a series of spatial analyses. The cumulative, indirect, effects and broader consequences are also assessed, in relation to the sustainable development goals. The overall assessment methodology is based on a before-and-after analysis workflow, systematically comparing the existing situation (how it is, how it functions, how it affects people) to the future scenarios proposed by planning. The methodology is showcased using two infrastructural transformations projects in Söderköping and Mölndal, Sweden, as case studies. The overarching goal of the research project is to contribute to an improved integration between infrastructure and local urban areas and communities in projects initiated and developed by the Swedish Transport Authority, Trafikverket. The presented methodology builds on the ILKA (Integrerad landskapskaraktärsanalys) method, currently used by the Swedish Transport Authority. While ILKA focuses mainly on the inventory of the current landscape on a regional scale, this project widens the scope to also address urban areas and to include, besides the ecological descriptions, also socio-economic and cultural-historical analysis that are currently less emphasized. Such an integrated method can improve the ability of the Swedish Transport Authority to develop projects that contribute to sustainable urban development and, furthermore, create a unified work procedure in the organization.
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| 10. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
Quantitative comparison of the distribution of densities in three Swedish cities
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Proceedings ISUF 2017 XXIV international conference: City and territory in the globalization age. - : UNIV POLITECNICA VALENCIA. ; , s. 1327-1336
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Typologies play a role in urban studies since a long time, but definitions are often rather abstract, ill-defined and at worst end in fixed stereotypes hiding underlying spatial complexity. Traditional typologies are focussing on separate elements, which allow for understanding crucial differences of one spatial feature in greater detail, but lack the capacity to capture the interrelation between elements. Further, they often focus on one scale level and therefore lack to acknowledge for interscalarity. Recent publications define morphological typologies based on quantitative variables, building on the seminal book ´Urban Space and Structures´ by Martin and March, published in 1972, but using more advanced spatial analysis and statistics. These approaches contribute to the discussion of types in two ways: firstly, they define types in a precise and repeatable manner allowing for city-scale comparisons; secondly, they acknowledge cross-scale dynamics important for e.g. living qualities and economic processes where not only the local conditions are important, but also the qualities in proximity. This paper focuses on the comparison of building types in three Swedish cities, using the multi-variable and multi-scalar density definition. A statistical clustering method is used to classify cases according to their measured similarity across the scales. The results show that working with types is a fruitful way to reveal the individual identity of these types, compare cities and highlight some differences in the way the three cities are structured.
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| 11. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
SMARTA GATOR - SMART STREETS Vad säger 1000 vetenskapliga artiklar om städernas gator?
- 2020
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this presentation, we present the results of a systematic review on the multifunctionality of streets. We focus on the empirical papers that help us identify the physical factors which have been proven to support and improve the different functions of streets, from the social and ecologic to the economic and technical.
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| 12. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial Morphology Lab
- 2018
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 13. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
Urban Calculator
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Major steps have in recent decades been taken when it comes to understanding how cities work. Essential is the change from understanding cities as locations to understanding them as flows (Batty 2013). In principle this means that we need to understand locations (or places) as defined by flows (or different forms of traffic), rather than locations only served by flows. This implies that we need to understand the built form and spatial structure of cities as a system, that by shaping flows creates a series of places with very specific relations to all other places in the city, which also give them very specific performative potentials. It also implies the rather fascinating notion that what happens in one place is dependent on its relation to all other places (Hillier 1996). Hence, to understand the individual place, we need a model of the city as a whole. Extensive research in this direction has taken place in recent years, that has also spilled over to urban design practice, not least in Sweden, where the idea that to understand the part you need to understand the whole is starting to be established. With the Urban Calculator that we present here, we take a important leap towards integrating this knowledge in the daily practice of urban designers and other professionals active in urban development. The objective of this project is to provide a user-friendly software that allows for effective knowledge transfer. The software will support the evaluation of different urban scenario’s as well as mirror these against a references database. The project is expected to impact decision making in urban development projects, especially during the initial phases.
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| 14. |
- Bobkova, Evgeniya, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Structure of Plot Systems and Economic Activity in Cities: Linking Plot Types to Retail and Food Services in London, Amsterdam and Stockholm
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Urban Science. - : MDPI AG. - 2413-8851. ; 3:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plot systems (also referred to as "property", "parcel", or "lot") are generally recognised as the organisational framework of urban form that contributes to the economic performance of cities. However, studies that link the spatial form of plots to economic data are limited. The paper builds on the theory of Webster and Lai, which argues that the process of urbanisation is aligned with increased subdivision of property rights (increased division of land into plots, for example) due to the process of economic specialisation that is typical of cities. The aim of the paper is to test this theory by analysing whether there is a correlation between: (a) the shape and structure of plot systems, which are classified as types based on three plot metrics (size, compactness, and frontage index) and b) economic activity, measured as the concentration of retail and food activities per plot. The paper will use statistical analysis to relate plot types to economic activity in three European cities (London, Amsterdam, and Stockholm). The results provide empirical support for our initial hypothesis and Webster and Lai’s theory, which states that plots of smaller size, more regular shape, and smaller frontage generally correspond to a higher concentration of economic activity in cities.
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| 15. |
- Bolin, David, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Functional ANOVA modelling of pedestrian counts on streets in three European cities
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A, (Statistics in Society). - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1467-985X .- 0964-1998. ; 184:4, s. 1176-1198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relation between pedestrian flows, the structure of the city and the street network is of central interest in urban research. However, studies of this have traditionally been based on small data sets and simplistic statistical methods. Because of a recent large-scale cross-country pedestrian survey, there is now enough data available to study this in greater detail than before, using modern statistical methods. We propose a functional ANOVA model to explain how the pedestrian flow for a street varies over the day based on its density type, describing the nearby buildings, and street type, describing its role in the city’s overall street network. The model is formulated and estimated in a Bayesian framework using hour-by-hour pedestrian counts from the three European cities, Amsterdam, London and Stockholm. To assess the predictive power of the model, which could be of interest when building new neighbourhoods, it is compared with four common methods from machine learning, including neural networks and random forests. The results indicate that this model works well but that there is room for improvement in capturing the variability in the data, especially between cities.
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| 16. |
- Gil, Jorge, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Street Networks - Alternative models, measures & their merits
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cities concentrate intensive human activities requiring highly complex networked infrastructure for movement, public transport and myriad other spatial interactions. The planning and management of multi-modal street networks for diverse users therefore requires an understanding of urban layout beyond motorised vehicle networks as simple linear conduits of movement. In seeking to address these issues, there has been a profusion of studies of street networks in recent years, with increasing attention from network scientists such as physicists, in addition to studies from transport, geographical and urban fields. These studies take different approaches to representing street networks, each with a different focus, sophistication and level of detail. The models used are based on paradigms grounded in different traditions, often with little reflection upon which is the appropriate representation of the system for a particular application. The different approaches typically generate different results without necessarily comparing means of representation and methods of analysis for different modes and contexts. A few studies have made comparisons but none has yet been done systematically across a wider set of approaches. In this international, inter-disciplinary contribution, we identify and characterise different representations of street networks, and associated measures, and compare analytic results for a sample area to bring out the commonalities, differences and relative merits of the different approaches. This review is a first step to build a foundation for deeper and more consistent understanding of the meaning and significance of the different models, and of their utility for particular applications.
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| 17. |
- Lopes, Flávia, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Simplified geodata models for integrated urban and public transport planning
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 26th AGILE Conference on Geographic Information Science. ; 4:32
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current division between urban and transport planning is a significant obstacle to achieving sustainable urban development. To transform cities towards sustainability, both fields must adopt shared or at least compatible models of the urban systems, namely transport, street and public space networks for all users and urban activities. Although several models and tools have emerged in recent years to facilitate this integration, there are still usability gaps that hinder their wider adoption. One of the gaps is a lack of flexibility to operate at different stages of integrated planning. To address this gap, the study aims to develop a set of aligned and flexible multimodal urban network models and tools to support different stages of planning. This paper focuses on the public transport geodata models, which were built by aggregating a General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) dataset at various spatial and temporal levels. The aggregation levels range from a baseline data model that is useful for detailed planning stages, up to a topological data model that is suitable for macro scale and strategic planning. By using this unified set of models, the dialogue between the two fields at different integrated planning phases can be facilitated, and decision-making can be enhanced.
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| 18. |
- Marcus, Lars, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Empirical support for a theory of spatial capital: Housing prices in Oslo and land values in Gothenburg
- 2019
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Ingår i: 12th International Space Syntax Symposium, SSS 2019.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Land is, besides labour and capital, one of the classic production factors in economic theory. However, neoclassical economics dominating the 20thcentury, simplified production theory to only labour and capital, treating land either as just another form of capital or as the natural resources it harbours. This hides the central role of land – in the meaning of spatial extension and location – for contemporary economies, where land rent is an essential cost and location a productive factor for most economic activities, not least since these increasingly are located in cities. Critical here is the confusion often found concerning property values and the distinction between land and improvements, the latter most often constituted by buildings, where buildings quite naturally can be treated as capital, while land cannot. Importantly, while property value can be increased by its owner through improvements, such as new buildings, she is very limited in influencing the land value, since this is a collective variable dependent on the economic development of the city as a whole. It is here proposed that improvements on land in contemporary urbanised economies to a dominant degree concern systems of centrality and accessibility generating relative locations, that are further enhanced by buildings and land division, and that this constitutes what is proposed to be called a spatial capital, which to a large degree is created through the practices of urban planning and design. In this paper we investigate the dependency of spatial form on land value. First, we review how spatial form and the configurations of accessibility it generates on land, influences housing prices to find support for the intimate relationship between relative location and monetary market values. Second, we investigate the dominance of land values compared to improvement values in four Swedish cities of different size Third, we investigate how known parameters of spatial form correlates with land values in Gothenburg, Sweden. We see close associations between spatial form and land values, both in shape of market housing prices and as property taxation values. Land value holds a larger share of total property taxation value in larger cities, suggesting that relative location is valued higher where economic activity is greater. Furthermore, we find clear correlations between spatial form and land taxation values. Altogether, these findings indicate that spatial capital encompasses monetary value. In extension, these findings also indicate how knowledge based and skilful urban planning and design can create measurable value.
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| 19. |
- Marcus, Lars, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Location-based density and differentiation - adding attraction variables to Space Syntax
- 2018
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Ingår i: 24TH ISUF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE: CITY AND TERRITORY IN THE GLOBALIZATION AGE. - 9788490485743 ; , s. 1379-1389
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The central variables in any urban model are distance and attraction (Wilson 2000). Space Syntax research has contributed to the development of new geometric descriptions and measures of distance that have proven successful when it comes to capturing pedestrian movement. However, the description and measurement of attractions has not been central to the field. An important exception is the development of Place Syntax analysis, which concerns new methodologies and software that opens for analysis not only of different kinds of accessibilities in the street network in itself but also analysis of the accessibility within the network to different forms of attractions, for instance, residents or retail (Stahle et al 2005). Place Syntax analysis is a generic form of analysis, why we may choose to analyse the accessibility to particular socio-economic attractions, but we may also conceive of a model of 'pure 'spatial form - a kind of architectural model of the city. For instance, Place Syntax analysis has been applied in different kinds of density analysis, transforming density measures from area-based measures to location-based measures (Stahle et al 2005). In this paper, we extend such spatial attraction to not only include the variable of density but also diversity and present results from an extensive empirical study including four European cities, paving the way towards a more complete architectural model of the city including both the analysis of distance and attractions.
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| 20. |
- Stavroulaki, Ioanna, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL STREETS_Final research report
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A state-of-the-art, quantitative systematic review of scientific literature on the theme of multifunctional streets was conducted, including scientific papers of the last 10 years, filtered from Web of Science and Scopus. The review is part of a 3-year research project (2019-2021) named: “Smart streets” (Smarta gator) led by Alexander Ståhle (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) and financed by Vinnova (Swedish governmental agency for Innovation systems). The research project aims to develop a Street Multifunctionality Index (Gatufunktionsindex) to assess how existing and designed streets combine five different street functions - Social, Ecologic, Economic, Technical and Traffic - and also produce design guidelines for the design and planning of future multifunctional streets, either in new infrastructure or via retrofits. Within this project, the aim of the systematic review is twofold: first, to assess the degree in which the multifunctionality of streets is addressed in recent literature and provide an overview of the field by identifying where the general literature on the subject is trending, which are the recurrent issues studied, what themes are missing or being understudied; second, since an end product of the research project is to provide guidelines for urban design and planning practice, the review aims to identify the physical factors which have been empirically proven to support the different street functions, and especially those which support multiple functions. The second aim is pursued through focused thematic reviews, which complement the general overview of the field.
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| 21. |
- Stavroulaki, Ioanna, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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A systematic review of the scientific literature on the theme of multifunctional streets
- 2020
-
Ingår i: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. - : IOP Publishing. - 1755-1307 .- 1755-1315. ; 588:5
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cities consist of 20-30% streets, a gigantic infrastructure that must be maintained and developed. As such, they have the potential to contribute to tackling contemporary challenges as the increasing urbanization and climate change which place higher demands on urban environments, from quality of life, health and safety to environmental sustainability. Multifunctional streets are introduced as an answer to these challenges, as they can fulfil this multitude of functions. This paper presents a state-of-the-art, quantitative systematic review of scientific literature on the theme of multifunctional streets. Scientific papers were filtered from Web of Science and Scopus. Only scientific papers of the last 10 years were included. We will first present a survey of the field and then focus on the empirical papers that help us identify the physical factors which have been proven to support and improve the different functions of streets, from the social and ecologic to the economic and technical. The empirical studies represent 24% of the scientific papers selected, where the social function is the one most frequently studied, followed by the ecologic and the economic function. Within the social function the empirical papers in relation to health (39%) and safety (21%) dominate, followed by the ones studying liveability (9%). We will focus on empirical studies on the themes of Liveability and Safety, two important variables of the Social function, interrelating yet often conflicting.
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| 22. |
- Stavroulaki, Ioanna, 1976
(författare)
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Directions in Space Syntax. Space Syntax modelling of pedestrian flows for sustainable urban development
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 13th Space Syntax Symposium. - 9788293677673
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Keynote speech. Modelling pedestrian flows has been one of the main directions of Space Syntax since its introduction, but what we see in the last years is that it has also become a central interdisciplinary objective within the Sustainable Development research agenda. The agenda calls for promotion of sustainable mobility (i.e. walking, cycling, public transport) and a clear shift from car-oriented development. There is an acknowledged need in the broader fields of urban development to model pedestrian flows: to explain and assess the functioning of existing built environments, to predict future situations and assist scenario analysis when planning new areas and infrastructural changes and support decision-making. The keynote argues that Space Syntax can claim expertise for this emerging interdisciplinary field of study, having built a relevant and comprehensive theoretical and methodological framework and having provided sufficient and solid empirical evidence that it is an appropriate methodology to model pedestrian flows. What is more, it is perfectly aligned with the main tenets of Sustainable Development. The keynote continues to lay out the opportunities created for Space Syntax research by the Sustainable Development research agenda, but also the needs for further development. Using recent and current projects from the Spatial Morphology Group (SMoG) at Chalmers University of Technology, three research priorities are identified and exemplified further.
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| 23. |
- Stavroulaki, Ioanna, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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GIS-based Time model. Urban development in Gothenburg, 1960 to present
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The GIS-based Time model of Gothenburg aims to map the process of urban development in Gothenburg since 1960 and in particular document the changes in the spatial form of the city - streets, buildings and plots - through time. Major steps have in recent decades been taken when it comes to understanding how cities work. Essential is the change from understanding cities as locations to understanding them as flows (Batty 2013)1. In principle this means that we need to understand locations (or places) as defined by flows (or different forms of traffic), rather than locations only served by flows. This implies that we need to understand the built form and spatial structure of cities as a system, that by shaping flows creates a series of places with very specific relations to all other places in the city, which also give them very specific performative potentials. It also implies the rather fascinating notion that what happens in one place is dependent on its relation to all other places (Hillier 1996)2. Hence, to understand the individual place, we need a model of the city as a whole. Extensive research in this direction has taken place in recent years, that has also spilled over to urban design practice, not least in Sweden, where the idea that to understand the part you need to understand the whole is starting to be established. With the GIS-based Time model for Gothenburg that we present here, we address the next challenge. Place is not only something defined by its spatial relation to all other places in its system, but also by its history, or its evolution over time. Since the built form of the city changes over time, often by cities growing but at times also by cities shrinking, the spatial relation between places changes over time. If cities tend to grow, and most often by extending their periphery, it means that most places get a more central location over time. If this is a general tendency, it does not mean that all places increase their centrality to an equal degree. Depending on the structure of the individual city’s spatial form, different places become more centrally located to different degrees as well as their relative distance to other places changes to different degrees. The even more fascinating notion then becomes apparent; places move over time! To capture, study and understand this, we need a "time model". The GIS-based time model of Gothenburg consists of: • 12 GIS-layers of the street network, from 1960 to 2015, in 5-year intervals • 12 GIS-layers of the buildings from 1960 to 2015, in 5-year intervals • 12 GIS- layers of the plots from1960 to 2015, in 5-year intervals In the GIS-based Time model, for every time-frame, the combination of the three fundamental components of spatial form, that is streets, plots and buildings, provides a consistent description of the built environment at that particular time. The evolution of three components can be studied individually, where one could for example analyze the changing patterns of street centrality over time by focusing on the street network; or, the densification processes by focusing on the buildings; or, the expansion of the city by way of occupying more buildable land, by focusing on plots. The combined snapshots of street centrality, density and land division can provide insightful observations about the spatial form of the city at each time-frame; for example, the patterns of spatial segregation, the distribution of urban density or the patterns of sprawl. The observation of how the interrelated layers of spatial form together evolved and transformed through time can provide a more complete image of the patterns of urban growth in the city. The time model was created following the principles of the model of spatial form of the city, as developed by the Spatial Morphology Group (SMoG) at Chalmers University of Technology, within the three-year research project ‘International Spatial Morphology Lab (SMoL)’ The GIS-layers will be made available for download from SND (Swedish National Data Service) within 2020. 1. Batty, M. (2013), The New Science of Cities, Cambridge: MIT Press. 2. Hillier, B., (1996), Space Is the Machine. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press
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| 25. |
- Stavroulaki, Ioanna, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Methodology and results of an international observational study on pedestrian movement tracking anonymised Wi-Fi signals from mobile phones
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper presents the methodology and results of an international observational study on pedestrian movement, using innovative high-end technology of tracking anonymised Wi-Fi signals from mobile phones. The pedestrian survey was conducted during three weeks in October 2017 in 60 neighbourhoods across three cities in Europe - London, Amsterdam, Stockholm. The survey was led by Chalmers University in cooperation with Bumbee Labs consultancy firm. More than 300 streets of different network centrality profiles were monitored, ranging from small alleys to high streets, in neighbourhoods which differed in density type,from suburban villa areas of low density to central high-density areas with primarily closed building blocks.The aim is to quantify the separate and combined effects of spatial form, particularly built density and street centrality, on pedestrian movement. The collected data record how many people passed each street per hour, but also their average speed and exact paths through the area; revealing both flow patterns and intensities, and the microstructure of individual paths. The paper, first, presents the methodology and technology of collecting and processing anonymised pedestrian data through mobile phone Wi-Fi tracking and the results of the study. Then, results are tested against spatial variables and types to discuss how movement is influenced by street centrality, density and other attractors. Finally, the paper discusses the possible utilisations of pedestrian data in urban analysis and design, not least in a time when big data become increasingly accessible and when the boost of pedestrian mobility in cities is a central planning objective.
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| 26. |
- Stavroulaki, Ioanna, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Representations of street networks in space syntax towards flexible maps and multiple graphs
- 2017
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Ingår i: 11th International Space Syntax Symposium, SSS 2017, Lisbon, Portugal, 3-7 July 2017. ; 5, s. 174.1-174.16
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The shift from Axial to Line-segment maps is one of the most important developments in Space Syntax analysis, both theoretically and methodologically. It followed a long line of investigations and discussions within the field of Space Syntax, which addressed critical issues related to the Axial map representation (e.g. Hillier and Iida,2005; Hillier,1999a,1999b; Turner,2001; Steadman,2004, Dalton, 2001). At the same time, it opened up new possibilities by allowing for the use of Road-centre-line maps in Space Syntax analysis; that is, largely available GIS-based segment maps, used in most areas of urban modelling (e.g. Turner,2007; Dalton et al.,2003). Today, several models implement syntactical analysis to Road-centre-line maps, while claiming to form valid alternatives to the Axial map, not least in capturing the perceptual and cognitive affordances presented by the environment.This paper focuses on such alternative models with a twofold aim: first, to help make well-grounded choices in applying syntactical analysis to Road-centre-line maps; and second, to explore the methodological potentials of Line-segment maps, which are created by their flexibility, by being the least aggregated representations of street networks. The paper introduces an experimental software application to push the investigations and exploit these methodological possibilities even further.The models discussed in this paper are: 1) Angular Segment Analysis (e.g. Turner,2007; Hillier and Iida,2005); 2) Natural Streets maps (Jiang and Liu,2007) and Continuity maps (Figueiredo and Amorim,2005); 3) Directional Distance model (Peponis et al.,2008). Based on a systematic comparison of: a) their geometric representation of the street network (the ‘map’), b) the dual- graph they calculate, and c) the measure of distance they use, we argue that they can all be seen as parametrically defined representations, based on a Line-segment map. In other words, with the same Line-segment map one could produce all of them, if a different set of angular parameters was used, to either define the graph elements (nodes, edges), or to calculate distance. These models, parametrically redefine the relation between the ‘map’ and the ‘graph’; thus, challenging the one-to-one relation between the two, that the Axial map was founded upon.The methodological importance of this development goes beyond the specific models described in this paper. If the same Line-segment map can produce different graphs by using a different set of angular parameters, then, for instance, one could easily change the parameters to follow the latest theoretical insights on human cognition, without having to change the map. Going even further, one could develop and test different representational models to explore new theoretical and methodological paths, by using one single map. The experimental tool also presented in this paper is a step in that direction, allowing to test different models using a single software.
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| 27. |
- Stavroulaki, Ioanna, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Statistical modelling and analysis of big data on pedestrian movement
- 2019
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Ingår i: 12th International Space Syntax Symposium, SSS 2019.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work follows a long line of studies and empirical investigations in Space Syntax research, that, in general, try to conceptualise, describe and quantify the relation between physical space and human agency. How many people share public space is known to affect many socio-economic processes in cities, such as segregation, vitality and local commercial markets. Observing and measuring pedestrian movement through surveys, as well as statistically analysing it have been at the core of diverse investigations not least in the field of Space Syntax, not only a means to validate and measure the dependence of pedestrian movement on spatial configuration, but also as a means to forecast and predict pedestrian flows. However, these studies do not necessarily provide us with comparable, let alone generalisable findings that can lead to generalisable propositions. They remain in most cases specific investigations of particular cities, neighbourhoods or types of areas (e.g. city centres). Another issue, as will be elaborated in this paper, is that the typical statistical methods used, such as multivariate regression models, are not always the optimal or even suitable for modelling pedestrian movement, typically measured in pedestrian counts. This paper aims therefore, to directly address three methodological challenges: first, construction of comparable GIS-models; second, gathering large scale pedestrian data; third, applying advanced statistical modelling suitable for pedestrian data.The ultimate goal is to estimate the impact of spatial form on urban life in a way that is methodologically sound and can provide robust results that can be generalisable, and allows us to speak of the relation between spatial form and pedestrian movement in a way that is not specific to a certain area, or types of areas or streets, or even to a specific city. The results show, first, high and consistent correlations between spatial form and pedestrian movement in a study of unprecedented size that comprises three cities, including a large range of neighbourhoods of varying morphological types, from villa areas to urban cores, and offer convincing proof that the tested morphological variables have a strong impact on the spatial distribution of pedestrian flows in cities. Second, the study shows that the model with all explanatory variables has the highest explanatory power and the best model fit where Angular integration and Accessible FSI are the explanatory variables with the largest effect on pedestrian movement, but others are significantly contributing to the predictive power of the model. Third, the study contributes to the advancement of the statistical modelling that is suitable for the specificities of the data used, proposing the use of a negative Binomial model instead of regression models, most common in the field.
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| 28. |
- Stavroulaki, Ioanna, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Utformning som stödjer gators livskvalitet (liveability)
- 2019
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Multifunktionella gator är gator som kan uppfylla flera funktioner. De utgör inte bara transportinfrastruktur, utan kan också fungera som livliga och inkluderande offentliga rum, platser för ekonomisk utveckling och som ekologiska korridorer vilka aktivt stöder ekosystemtjänster. Som en del av en större litteraturgranskning i ämnet multifunktionella gator som genomförs inom forskningsprojektet ”Smarta gator” gör vi riktade granskningar avseende de fysiska faktorer som kan stödja de olika gatufunktionerna, dvs. sociala, ekologiska, ekonomiska och tekniska funktioner, baserat på evidens från empiriska studier. Totalt står empiriska studier för 45 % av de 844 utvalda fullständiga vetenskapliga artiklarna som i sin tur är ett urval av 1974 sammanfattningarna vi har läst. Sociala funktioner är de som främst studeras i de empiriska artiklarna, följt av ekologiska och ekonomiska funktioner. Inom sociala funktioner dominerar de som behandlar hälsa (61 %) följt av dem som studerar säkerhet (20 %) och livskvalitet (liveabilty) (7 %) . 17 Juni 2019, www.smartagator.se
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